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Nifant’ev IE, Vinogradov AA, Vinogradov AA, Bagrov VV, Kiselev AV, Minyaev ME, Samurganova TI, Ivchenko PV. Heterocene Catalysts and Reaction Temperature Gradient in Dec-1-ene Oligomerization for the Production of Low Viscosity PAO Base Stocks. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Parfenova LV, Kovyazin PV, Bikmeeva AK, Palatov ER, Ivchenko PV, Nifant’ev IE, Khalilov LM. Catalytic Properties of Zirconocene-Based Systems in 1-Hexene Oligomerization and Structure of Metal Hydride Reaction Centers. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062420. [PMID: 36985393 PMCID: PMC10058051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite large-scale investigations of homogeneous single-site metallocene catalysts and systems based on them, there are still unsolved problems related to the control of their activity and chemo- and stereoselectivity. A solution to these problems is required to develop efficient methods for the synthesis of practically useful products of alkene transformations, such as dimers, oligomers, and polymers. Here we studied the catalytic activity of structurally diverse zirconocenes (L2ZrCl2, L = Cp, C5Me5, Ind, L2 = Me2CCp2, Me2SiCp2, Me2C2Cp2, rac-Me2CInd2, rac-H4C2Ind2, BIPh(Ind)2, H4C2[THInd]2), and co-catalysts activating the system, namely HAlBui2, MMAO-12, and (Ph3C)[B(C6F5)4], at low activator/Zr ratios in a 1-hexene oligomerization reaction. The influence of catalyst structure and system composition on the alkene conversion, the type of products, and the reaction stereoselectivity were investigated. The composition of hydride intermediates formed in the L2ZrCl2–HAlBui2–activator system (L2 = ansa-Me2CCp2, Ind) was studied by NMR spectroscopy. Participation of the bis-zirconium hydride complex as the precursor of catalytically active sites of the alkene dimerization reaction was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila V. Parfenova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Oktyabrya, 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-347-284-3527
| | - Pavel V. Kovyazin
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Oktyabrya, 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Almira Kh. Bikmeeva
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Oktyabrya, 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Eldar R. Palatov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Oktyabrya, 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Pavel V. Ivchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya E. Nifant’ev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonard M. Khalilov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Oktyabrya, 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia
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Nifant'ev IE, Vinogradov AA, Vinogradov AA, Minyaev ME, Bagrov VV, Salakhov II, Shaidullin NM, Chalykh AE, Shapagin AV, Ivchenko PV. Heterocene-catalyzed ethylene/oct-1-ene copolymerization under MAO-free and low-MAO conditions: The synthesis of highly statistical copolymers and their use in blending with HDPE. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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Transition Metal-(μ-Cl)-Aluminum Bonding in α-Olefin and Diene Chemistry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217164. [PMID: 36363991 PMCID: PMC9654437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Olefin and diene transformations, catalyzed by organoaluminum-activated metal complexes, are widely used in synthetic organic chemistry and form the basis of major petrochemical processes. However, the role of M−(μ-Cl)−Al bonding, being proven for certain >C=C< functionalization reactions, remains unclear and debated for essentially more important industrial processes such as oligomerization and polymerization of α-olefins and conjugated dienes. Numerous publications indirectly point at the significance of M−(μ-Cl)−Al bonding in Ziegler−Natta and related transformations, but only a few studies contain experimental or at least theoretical evidence of the involvement of M−(μ-Cl)−Al species into catalytic cycles. In the present review, we have compiled data on the formation of M−(μ-Cl)−Al complexes (M = Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Ni), their molecular structure, and reactivity towards olefins and dienes. The possible role of similar complexes in the functionalization, oligomerization and polymerization of α-olefins and dienes is discussed in the present review through the prism of the further development of Ziegler−Natta processes and beyond.
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A competetive way to low-viscosity PAO base stocks via heterocene-catalyzed oligomerization of dec-1-ene. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Modification of 1-Hexene Vinylidene Dimer into Primary and Tertiary Alkanethiols. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aliphatic thiols are in high demand in materials chemistry. Herein, a synthesis of thio-derivatives of 1-hexene vinylidene dimer is described. The approach, based on a hydroalumination reaction with further replacement of the organoaluminum function with sulfur using thiourea or dimethyl disulfide, provides anti-Markovnikov products, 2-butyloctane-1-thiol or 5-(methylsulfanylmethyl)undecane, in moderate yields. The reaction of a vinylidene dimer with phosphorus pentasulfide in the presence of catalytic amounts of (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) selectively gives the Markovnikov product, 5-methylundecane-5-thiol, with a yield of up to 77%.
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Nifant'ev IE, Vinogradov AA, Vinogradov AA, Ivchenko PV. Alternative mechanistic interpretation for unconventional catalytic behaviour of triisobutylaluminium-activated heterocenes in ethylene polymerization. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ti Group Metallocene-Catalyzed Synthesis of 1-Hexene Dimers and Tetramers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092775. [PMID: 34066770 PMCID: PMC8125888 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Hexene transformations in the catalytic systems L2MCl2–XAlBui2 (L = Cp, M = Ti, Zr, Hf; L = Ind, rac-H4C2[THInd]2, M = Zr; X = H, Bu i) and [Cp2ZrH2]2-ClAlR2 activated by MMAO-12, B(C6F5)3, or (Ph3C)[B(C6F5)4] in chlorinated solvents (CH2Cl2, CHCl3, o-Cl2C6H4, ClCH2CH2Cl) were studied. The systems [Cp2ZrH2]2-MMAO-12, [Cp2ZrH2]2-ClAlBui2-MMAO-12, or Cp2ZrCl2-HAlBui2-MMAO-12 (B(C6F5)3) in CH2Cl2 showed the highest activity and selectivity towards the formation of vinylidene head-to-tail alkene dimers. The use of chloroform as a solvent provides further in situ dimer dimerization to give a tetramer yield of up to 89%. A study of the reaction of [Cp2ZrH2]2 or Cp2ZrCl2 with organoaluminum compounds and MMAO-12 by NMR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of Zr,Zr-hydride clusters as key intermediates of the alkene dimerization. The probable structure of the Zr,Zr-hydride clusters and ways of their generation in the catalytic systems were analyzed using a quantum chemical approach (DFT).
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Ali A, Muhammad N, Hussain S, Jamil MI, Uddin A, Aziz T, Tufail MK, Guo Y, Wei T, Rasool G, Fan Z, Guo L. Kinetic and Thermal Study of Ethylene and Propylene Homo Polymerization Catalyzed by ansa-Zirconocene Activated with Alkylaluminum/Borate: Effects of Alkylaluminum on Polymerization Kinetics and Polymer Structure. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:268. [PMID: 33467427 PMCID: PMC7830494 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of ethylene and propylene polymerization catalyzed by homogeneous metallocene were investigated using 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride followed by quenched-flow methods. The studied metallocene catalysts are: rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 (Mt-I), rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 (Mt-II) activated with ([Me2NPh][B(C6F5)4] (Borate-I), [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] (Borate-II), and were co-catalyzed with different molar ratios of alkylaluminum such as triethylaluminium (TEA) and triisobutylaluminium (TIBA). The change in molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, microstructure and thermal properties of the synthesized polymer are discussed in detail. Interestingly, both Mt-I and Mt-II showed high activity in polyethylene with productivities between 3.17 × 106 g/molMt·h to 5.06 × 106 g/molMt·h, activities were very close to each other with 100% TIBA, but Mt-II/borate-II became more active when TEA was more than 50% in cocatalyst. Similarly, Polypropylene showed the highest activity of 11.07 106 g /molMt·h with Mt-I/Borate-I/TIBA. The effects of alkylaluminum on PE molecular weight were much more complicated; MWD curve changed from mono-modal in Mt-I/borate-I/TIBA to bimodal type when TIBA was replaced by different amounts of TEA. In PE, the active center fractions [C*]/[Zr] of Mt-I/borate were higher than that of Mt-II/borate and average chain propagation rate constant (k p) value slightly decreased with the increase of TEA/TIBA ratio, but the Mt-II/borate systems showed higher k p 1007 k p (L/mol·s). In PP, the Mt-I/borate presented much higher [C*]/[Zr] and k p value than the Mt-II. This work also extend to investigate the mechanistic features of zirconocenes catalyzed olefin polymerizations that addressed the largely unknown issues in zirconocenes in the distribution of the catalyst, between species involved in polymer chain growth and dormant state. In both metallocene systems, chain transfer with alkylaluminum is the dominant way of chain termination. To understand the mechanism of cocatalyst effects on PE Mw and (MWD), the unsaturated chain ends formed via β-H transfer have been investigated by 1H NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Nadeem Muhammad
- Department of Enviromental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.M.); (M.K.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Shahid Hussain
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Muhammad Imran Jamil
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Azim Uddin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Tariq Aziz
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Muhammad Khurram Tufail
- Department of Enviromental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.M.); (M.K.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Yintian Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Tiantian Wei
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Ghulam Rasool
- Department of Enviromental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.M.); (M.K.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Li Guo
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
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