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Bassiouny D, Petersmann S, Zohdy M, Morsi T, Taha D. Trueness and intaglio fit of custom-made polyetheretherketone post-and-cores fabricated using different techniques. J Prosthet Dent 2024:S0022-3913(24)00457-8. [PMID: 39089926 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Applications of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as a promising alternative to ceramic materials have extended to include post-and-cores. However, information regarding the available fabrication techniques for producing custom-made PEEK post-and-cores and their effect on accuracy is still scarce. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the trueness and intaglio fit of custom-made PEEK post-and-cores fabricated using different techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten mandibular second premolars were collected, decoronated, and endodontically treated. For the fabrication of custom-made post-and-cores, each post space was prepared, scanned, and designed by using the exocad software program. Each reference design was used to fabricate PEEK post-and-cores with 3 different techniques (N=30): group P, heat pressing; group S, subtractive manufacturing, and group A, additive manufacturing. All the fabricated restorations were scanned, providing the test data as standard tessellation language (STL) files, which were imported with the reference data into a reverse engineering software program to evaluate the 3D trueness of each fabrication technique. To evaluate the intaglio fit, restorations coated with silicone material were scanned to provide the test data as STL files, which were superimposed on the STL files of the scanned restorations. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and 2-way mixed model ANOVA tests were used to analyze the data (α=.05). RESULTS For 3D trueness, root mean square (RMS) values representing the deviations between the scans of the fabricated restorations and the reference designs varied significantly among different groups (P<.001), with the highest mean deviation found in group A (102.8 ±31 µm), while the lowest mean deviation was found in group S (42.2 ±11 µm). For the intaglio fit, the deviations between the scans of the fabricated restorations and the scans of the coated restorations varied significantly among different groups (P<.001), with the highest mean deviation found in group A (228.4 ±47 µm), while the lowest mean deviation was found in group S (96.2 ±14 µm). Simple effects comparisons showed the highest value of deviation in the apical area in group A (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Custom-made PEEK post-and-cores fabricated by using subtractive manufacturing and heat pressing techniques showed better trueness and intaglio fit compared with additively manufactured restorations. Before printed PEEK restorations can be considered a suitable alternative to pressed or milled ones, improvements are required to confirm their reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Bassiouny
- Assistant Lecturer, Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sandra Petersmann
- Senior Researcher, DMiRE Research Center, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Villach, Austria
| | - Maged Zohdy
- Professor, Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek Morsi
- Professor, Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; and Vice Dean of Postgraduate Affairs, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa Taha
- Associate Professor, Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Associate Professor, Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt; and Visiting Researcher, Section Medical Materials Science & Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Spina R, Morfini L. Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing of Ceramics: A Review on Filament-Based Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2779. [PMID: 38894042 PMCID: PMC11173494 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is very important due to its potential to build components and products using high-performance materials. The filament-based 3D printing of ceramics is investigated, revealing significant developments and advancements in ceramic material extrusion technology in recent years. Researchers employ several typologies of ceramics and binders to achieve fully dense products. The design of the filament and the necessary technological adaptations for 3D printing are fully investigated. From a material perspective, this paper reviews and analyzes the recent developments in additive manufacturing of material-extruded ceramics products, pointing out the performance and properties achieved with different material-binder combinations. The main gaps to be filled and recommendations for future developments in this field are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Spina
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management (DMMM), Politecnico di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (CNR-IFN), 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Morfini
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management (DMMM), Politecnico di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Zhou Z, Shi R, Wang J, Han X, Gao W, Jiao J, Qi Y, Li Y, Zhou Y, Zhao J. Finite Element Analysis of Different Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyetheretherketone Dental Implants in Implant-supported Fixed Denture. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2024:101902. [PMID: 38685354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2024.101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of polyetheretherketone-based dental implants, and analyze the stress and strain around different kinds of dental implants by finite element analysis. METHODS The radiographic data was disposed to models in Mimics 19.0. 3D models of implants, crowns and jawbones were established and combined in SolidWorks 2018. Appling axial and oblique loads of 100 N, cloud pictures were exported in Ansys Workbench 18.0 to calculate and analyze the stress and strain in and around different implants. RESULTS Oblique load tended to deliver more stress to bone tissue than axial load. The uniformity of stress distribution was the best for 30% short carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone implants at axial and buccolingual directions. Stress shielding phenomenon occurred at the neck of 60% continuous carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone and titanium implants. Stress concentration appeared in PEEK implants and the load of bone tissue would aggravate. CONCLUSIONS 30% short carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone implants demonstrate a more uniform stress distribution in bone-implant contact and surrounding bone than titanium. Stress shielding and stress concentration may be avoided in bone-implant interface and bone tissue. Bone disuse-atrophy may be inhibited in PEEK-based implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Ruining Shi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Junqi Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Xiao Han
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Weijia Gao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Junjie Jiao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yuanzheng Qi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yongli Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Jinghui Zhao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Zhu J, Mo C, Tong L, Liu X. Synthesis and Properties of Semicrystalline Poly(ether nitrile ketone) Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:251. [PMID: 38257050 PMCID: PMC10821403 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
As a high-performance engineering plastic, polyarylene ether nitrile (PEN) is widely used in many fields. The presence of cyano groups of PEN ensures its good adhesion to other substrates, but the inherent low crystallinity of PEN limits its application. In this work, the poly(aryl ether ketone) segment was introduced into PEN via copolymerization using both 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile and 4,4'-Difluorobenzophenone as the starting reagents to prepare poly (ether nitrile ketone) (BP-PENK). The effect of composition and thermal treatment on the crystallization behavior and properties of poly (ether nitrile ketone) were systematically studied. It was found that when the content of DFBP is 30%, the copolymer BP-PENK30 had the best mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 109.9 MPa and an elongation at a break value of 45.2%. After thermal treatment at 280 °C for 3 h, BP-PENK30 had the highest crystallinity with a melting point of 306.71 °C, a melting enthalpy of 5.02 J/g, and crystallinity of 11.83%. Moreover, with the increase in crystallinity, the dielectric constant and energy density increased after thermal treatment. Therefore, the introduction of poly(aryl ether ketone) chain segments and thermal treatment can effectively improve the crystallization and the comprehensive properties of PEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- Sichuan Aerospace Fenghuo Servo Control Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Chao Mo
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China;
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Novel CN Polymeric Materials, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Lifen Tong
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China;
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Novel CN Polymeric Materials, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China;
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Novel CN Polymeric Materials, Chengdu 611731, China
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Hümbert S, Atzler F, Voggenreiter H. Mechanical Characterisation of Bond Formation during Overprinting of PEEK Laminates. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:161. [PMID: 38204015 PMCID: PMC10780085 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The latest generation of high-temperature 3D printers enables the production of complex structural components from aerospace-grade thermoplastics such as PEEK (polyether ether ketone). However, adding long or continuous fibres is currently limited, and thermal stresses introduced during the process restrict the maximum part dimensions. Combining 3D-printed components with continuous fibre-reinforced components into one hybrid structure has the potential to overcome such limitations. This work aims to determine whether in situ bonding between PEEK laminates and PEEK 3D printing during overprinting is feasible and which process parameters are significantly responsible for the bonding quality. To this end, the bonding is analysed experimentally in two steps. Firstly, the influence of the process parameters on the thermal history and the strength of the bond is investigated. In the second step, a detailed investigation of the most critical parameters is carried out. The investigation showed the feasibility of overprinting with bonding strengths of up to 15 MPa. It was shown that the bonding strength depends primarily on the temperature in the interface. Additionally, the critical parameters to control the process were identified. The process influences that were displayed form the basis for future hybrid component and process designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hümbert
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute for Structures and Design (BT), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Johann KS, Wolf A, Bonten C. Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Liquid Crystalline Polymers with Low and High Melting Temperatures. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:152. [PMID: 38204005 PMCID: PMC10779961 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing allows for the production of complex components using various types of materials such as plastics, metals and ceramics without the need for molding tools. In the field of high-performance polymers, semi-crystalline polymers such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK) or amorphous polymers such as polyetherimide (PEI) are already successfully applied. Contrary to semi-crystalline and amorphous polymers, thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) do not change into an isotropic liquid during melting. Instead, they possess anisotropic properties in their liquid phase. Within the scope of this work, this special group of polymers was investigated with regard to its suitability for processing by means of fused filament fabrication. Using an LCP with a low melting temperature of around 280 °C is compared to processing an LCP that exhibits a high melting temperature around 330 °C. In doing so, it was revealed that the achievable mechanical properties strongly depend on the process parameters such as the direction of deposition, printing temperature, printing speed and layer height. At a layer height of 0.10 mm, a Young's modulus of 27.3 GPa was achieved. Moreover, by employing an annealing step after the printing process, the tensile strength could be increased up to 406 MPa at a layer height of 0.15 mm. Regarding the general suitability for FFF as well as the achieved uniaxial mechanical properties, the LCP with a low melting temperature was advantageous compared to the LCP with a high melting temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai S. Johann
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Costa JM, Sequeiros EW, Vieira MF. Fused Filament Fabrication for Metallic Materials: A Brief Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7505. [PMID: 38138650 PMCID: PMC10744462 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is an extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) technology mostly used to produce thermoplastic parts. However, producing metallic or ceramic parts by FFF is also a sintered-based AM process. FFF for metallic parts can be divided into five steps: (1) raw material selection and feedstock mixture (including palletization), (2) filament production (extrusion), (3) production of AM components using the filament extrusion process, (4) debinding, and (5) sintering. These steps are interrelated, where the parameters interact with the others and have a key role in the integrity and quality of the final metallic parts. FFF can produce high-accuracy and complex metallic parts, potentially revolutionizing the manufacturing industry and taking AM components to a new level. In the FFF technology for metallic materials, material compatibility, production quality, and cost-effectiveness are the challenges to overcome to make it more competitive compared to other AM technologies, like the laser processes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in FFF for metallic materials, including the metals and binders used, the challenges faced, potential applications, and the impact of FFF on the manufacturing (prototyping and end parts), design freedom, customization, sustainability, supply chain, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Costa
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (E.W.S.); (M.F.V.)
- LAETA/INEGI—Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elsa W. Sequeiros
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (E.W.S.); (M.F.V.)
- LAETA/INEGI—Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel F. Vieira
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (E.W.S.); (M.F.V.)
- LAETA/INEGI—Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Li Y, Xu G, Zhao W, Wang T, Li H, Liu Y, Wang G. Machine Learning-Based Operational State Recognition and Compressive Property Prediction in Fused Filament Fabrication. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:1347-1360. [PMID: 38116211 PMCID: PMC10726200 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
3D printing has exhibited significant potential in outer space and medical implants. To use this technology in the specific high-value scenarios, 3D-printed parts need to satisfy quality-related requirements. In this article, the influence of the filament feeder operating states of 3D printer on the compressive properties of 3D-printed parts is studied in the fused filament fabrication process. A machine learning approach, back-propagation neural network with a genetic algorithm (GA-BPNN) optimized by k-fold cross-validation, is proposed to monitor the operating states and predict the compressive properties. Vibration and current sensors are used in situ to monitor the operating states of the filament feeder, and a set of features are extracted and selected from raw sensor data in time and frequency domains. Results show that the operating states of the filament feeder significantly affected the compressive properties of the fabricated samples, the operating states were accurately recognized with 96.3% rate, and compressive properties were successfully predicted by the GA-BPNN. This proposed method has the potential for use in industrial applications after 3D printing without requiring any further quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Li
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoning Xu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tongcai Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haochen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Aditya T, Mesa-Restrepo A, Civantos A, Cheng MK, Jaramillo-Correa C, Posada VM, Koyn Z, Allain JP. Ion Bombardment-Induced Nanoarchitectonics on Polyetheretherketone Surfaces for Enhanced Nanoporous Bioactive Implants. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4922-4934. [PMID: 37932955 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the biocompatible, nontoxic, and radiolucent properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), its biologically inert surface compromises its use in dental, orthopedic, and spine fusion industries. Many efforts have been made to improve the biological performance of PEEK implants, from bioactive coatings to composites using titanium alloys or hydroxyapatite and changing the surface properties by chemical and physical methods. Directed plasma nanosynthesis (DPNS) is an atomic-scale nanomanufacturing technique that changes the surface topography and chemistry of solids via low-energy ion bombardment. In this study, PEEK samples were nanopatterned by using argon ion irradiation by DPNS to yield active nanoporous biomaterial surface. PEEK surfaces modified with two doses of low and high fluence, corresponding to 1.0 × 1017 and 1.0 × 1018 ions/cm2, presented pore sizes of 15-25 and 60-90 nm, respectively, leaving exposed PEEK fibers and an increment of roughness of nearly 8 nm. The pores per unit area were closely related for high fluence PEEK and low fluence PEEK surfaces, with 129.11 and 151.72 pore/μm2, respectively. The contact angle significantly decreases in hydrophobicity-hydrophilicity tests for the irradiated PEEK surface to ∼46° from a control PEEK value of ∼74°. These super hydrophilic substrates had 1.6 times lower contact angle compared to the control sample revealing a rough surface of 20.5 nm only at higher fluences when compared to control and low fluences of 12.16 and 14.03 nm, respectively. These super hydrophilic surfaces in both cases reached higher cell viability with ∼13 and 34% increase, respectively, compared to unmodified PEEK, with an increased expression of alkaline phosphatase at 7 days on higher fluences establishing a higher affinity for preosteblasts with increased cellular activity, thus revealing successful and improved integration with the implant material, which can potentially be used in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Aditya
- The Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Andrea Mesa-Restrepo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801-3028, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801-3028, United States
| | - Ana Civantos
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801-3028, United States
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801-3028, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801-3028, United States
| | - Ming-Kit Cheng
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801-3028, United States
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801-3028, United States
| | - Camilo Jaramillo-Correa
- The Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801-3028, United States
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801-3028, United States
| | - Viviana M Posada
- The Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zachariah Koyn
- Editekk, Inc., State College, Pennsylvania 16803, United States
| | - Jean Paul Allain
- The Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Huck Institutes for the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801-3028, United States
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801-3028, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801-3028, United States
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10
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Abbas K, Hedwig L, Balc N, Bremen S. Advanced FFF of PEEK: Infill Strategies and Material Characteristics for Rapid Tooling. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4293. [PMID: 37959972 PMCID: PMC10650530 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional vulcanization mold manufacturing is complex, costly, and under pressure due to shorter product lifecycles and diverse variations. Additive manufacturing using Fused Filament Fabrication and high-performance polymers like PEEK offer a promising future in this industry. This study assesses the compressive strength of various infill structures (honeycomb, grid, triangle, cubic, and gyroid) when considering two distinct build directions (Z, XY) to enhance PEEK's economic and resource efficiency in rapid tooling. A comparison with PETG samples shows the behavior of the infill strategies. Additionally, a proof of concept illustrates the application of a PEEK mold in vulcanization. A peak compressive strength of 135.6 MPa was attained in specimens that were 100% solid and subjected to thermal post-treatment. This corresponds to a 20% strength improvement in the Z direction. In terms of time and mechanical properties, the anisotropic grid and isotropic cubic infill have emerged for use in rapid tooling. Furthermore, the study highlights that reducing the layer thickness from 0.15 mm to 0.1 mm can result in a 15% strength increase. The study unveils the successful utilization of a room-temperature FFF-printed PEEK mold in vulcanization injection molding. The parameters and infill strategies identified in this research enable the resource-efficient FFF printing of PEEK without compromising its strength properties. Using PEEK in rapid tooling allows a cost reduction of up to 70% in tool production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Abbas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Aachen, 52064 Aachen, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Lukas Hedwig
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Aachen, 52064 Aachen, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Nicolae Balc
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Sebastian Bremen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Aachen, 52064 Aachen, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.)
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11
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Chen J, Xiao J, Han X, Sima X, Guo W. An HA/PEEK scaffold with modified crystallinity via 3D-bioprinting for multiple applications in hard tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:065021. [PMID: 37852224 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Hard tissues, especially teeth and bones, are highly mineralized and the large-scale defect or total loss of them is irreversible. There is still no ideal strategy for the reconstruction of various hard tissue defects that can achieve the balance between biological and mechanical properties. Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has the potential to substitute for natural hard tissue in defect areas but is limited by its biological inertness. The addition of hydroxyapatite (HA) can significantly improve the osteogenic properties and osteointegration of PEEK materials. But the mechanical properties of HA/PEEK scaffolds are far from satisfaction making scaffolds easy to fracture. We put forward a strategy to balance the mechanical and biological properties of HA/PEEK scaffolds via the regulation of the inner crystallinity and HA mixing ratio and we systematically evaluated the modified HA/PEEK scaffolds through material characterization,in vitroandin vivoexperiments. And we found that the 20%HA/PEEK scaffolds with low crystallinity achieved the required strength and elasticity, and exhibited the characteristics of promoting the proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The results of the implantation of beagles' teeth, mandible and rib showed that the 20%HA/PEEK scaffold with low crystallinity could well withstand the local complex force in the defect area and combine well with natural bone tissue, which made it a candidate for a practical versatile hard tissue engineering scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiutian Sima
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
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12
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Moiduddin K, Mian SH, Elseufy SM, Alkhalefah H, Ramalingam S, Sayeed A. Polyether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) and Its 3D-Printed Quantitate Assessment in Cranial Reconstruction. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:429. [PMID: 37623673 PMCID: PMC10455463 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14080429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, medical imaging, and implant design have all advanced significantly in recent years, and these developments may change how modern craniomaxillofacial surgeons use patient data to create tailored treatments. Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is often seen as an attractive option over metal biomaterials in medical uses, but a solid PEEK implant often leads to poor osseointegration and clinical failure. Therefore, the objective of this study is to demonstrate the quantitative assessment of a custom porous PEEK implant for cranial reconstruction and to evaluate its fitting accuracy. The research proposes an efficient process for designing, fabricating, simulating, and inspecting a customized porous PEEK implant. In this study, a CT scan is utilized in conjunction with a mirrored reconstruction technique to produce a skull implant. In order to foster cell proliferation, the implant is modified into a porous structure. The implant's strength and stability are examined using finite element analysis. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is utilized to fabricate the porous PEEK implants, and 3D scanning is used to test its fitting accuracy. The results of the biomechanical analysis indicate that the highest stress observed was approximately 61.92 MPa, which is comparatively low when compared with the yield strength and tensile strength of the material. The implant fitting analysis demonstrates that the implant's variance from the normal skull is less than 0.4436 mm, which is rather low given the delicate anatomy of the area. The results of the study demonstrate the implant's endurance while also increasing the patient's cosmetic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaja Moiduddin
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Hammad Mian
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hisham Alkhalefah
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sundar Ramalingam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry and Dental University Hospital, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Sayeed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Bartosiak R, Kaźmierczyk F, Czapski P. The Influence of Filament Orientation on Tensile Stiffness in 3D Printed Structures-Numerical and Experimental Studies. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5391. [PMID: 37570095 PMCID: PMC10419418 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study provides a thorough analysis of the influence of filament orientation on the tensile stiffness of 3D-printed structures. This exploration employs a combination of numerical simulations and experimental trials, providing an extensive understanding of additive manufacturing, particularly 3D printing. This process involves layer-by-layer material deposition to produce three-dimensional objects. The examination specifically targets PLA-based 3D printed structures created using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology and subjects them to rigorous evaluations using a universal tensile testing machine. Additionally, this approach combines Representative Volume Element (RVE) and Classical Lamination Theory (CLT) techniques to extrapolate the mechanical properties of the test material. Although the initial methodology faces challenges in determining the shear modulus with precision, an in-depth investigation results in enhanced accuracy. Furthermore, this study introduces a parametric RVE numerical method, demonstrating its resilience in handling sensitivity to shear modulus. A comparative study of results derived from both the analytical methods and experimental trials involving five series of samples with varied layups reveals that the newly proposed numerical method shows a stronger correlation with the experimental outcomes, delivering a relative error margin of up to 8%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paweł Czapski
- Department of Strength of Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-537 Lodz, Poland (F.K.)
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14
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Zhen H, Zhao B, Quan L, Fu J. Effect of 3D Printing Process Parameters and Heat Treatment Conditions on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of PEEK Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092209. [PMID: 37177355 PMCID: PMC10181140 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) processed Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) materials are widely used in aerospace, automobile, biomedical, and electronics industries and other industries due to their excellent mechanical properties, thermal properties, chemical resistance, wear resistance, and biocompatibility, etc. However, the manufacture of PEEK materials and parts utilizing the FDM process faces the challenge of fine-tuning a list of process parameters and heat treatment conditions to reach the best-suiting mechanical properties and microstructures. It is non-trivial to make the selection only according to theoretical analysis while counting on a vast number of experiments is the general situation. Therefore, in this paper, the extrusion rate, filling angle, and printing orientation are investigated to adjust the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PEEK parts; then, a variety of heat treatment conditions were applied to tune the crystallinity and strength. The results show that the best mechanical performance is achieved at 1.0 times the extrusion rate, varied angle cross-fillings with ±10° intervals, and vertical printing. Horizontal printing performs better with reduced warpage. Additionally, both crystallinity and mechanical properties are significantly improved after heat treatment, and the best state is achieved after holding at 300 °C for 2 h. The resulting tensile strength is close to 80% of the strength of injection-molded PEEK parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Zhen
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Long Quan
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Junyu Fu
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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15
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Lay Y, Roj R, Bonnet M, Theiß R, Dültgen P. Design and Validation of Additively Manufactured Injection Molds. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:226-235. [PMID: 37123517 PMCID: PMC10133974 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The injection molding process is only economical with large batch sizes due to expensive tools that cannot be used variably. Additively manufactured tools made of plastic could reduce manufacturing costs and represent an alternative to conventionally manufactured tools for prototype applications as well as enabling small series with the injection molding process. The aim of this article was to examine additively manufactured injection molding tools; to determine their potential in terms of service life, surface quality, and production time; and to link them with the production costs so that the profitability can be assessed. Therefore, a reference component and an injection mold have been designed. To test the capabilities of different 3D printing techniques and materials, three molds have been produced by fused filament fabrication (FFF), one by PolyJet process, one by digital light processing, and for a direct comparison to conventional methods, one mold has been milled from aluminum. All molds have been tested in two series. First, they were used under the same conditions over a period of 100 injection molding cycles. Based on the knowledge obtained and an additional profitability analysis, three forms could be identified as promising. Two of these forms could be further investigated in a second series of tests. Based on all experiments, the technical feasibility of additively manufactured injection molds for small batch production could be confirmed. It could be evaluated that each manufacturing process and every material has some advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, temperature-resistant thermoplastics can be processed with FFF, which can withstand service lives of more than 150 cycles without any signs of wear and are therefore suitable for small series. On the other hand, the PolyJet process achieves good surface qualities and short production times, which means that it can be used for prototype applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Roj
- Forschungsgemeinschaft Werkzeuge und Werkstoffe e.V., Remscheid, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Theiß
- Forschungsgemeinschaft Werkzeuge und Werkstoffe e.V., Remscheid, Germany
| | - Peter Dültgen
- Forschungsgemeinschaft Werkzeuge und Werkstoffe e.V., Remscheid, Germany
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16
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Sharma N, Zubizarreta-Oteiza J, Tourbier C, Thieringer FM. Can Steam Sterilization Affect the Accuracy of Point-of-Care 3D Printed Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Customized Cranial Implants? An Investigative Analysis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12072495. [PMID: 37048579 PMCID: PMC10094830 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has become the biomaterial of choice for repairing craniofacial defects over time. Prospects for the point-of-care (POC) fabrication of PEEK customized implants have surfaced thanks to the developments in three-dimensional (3D) printing systems. Consequently, it has become essential to investigate the characteristics of these in-house fabricated implants so that they meet the necessary standards and eventually provide the intended clinical benefits. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the steam sterilization method on the dimensional accuracy of POC 3D-printed PEEK customized cranial implants. The objective was to assess the influence of standard sterilization procedures on material extrusion-based 3D-printed PEEK customized implants with non-destructive material testing. Fifteen PEEK customized cranial implants were fabricated using an in-house material extrusion-based 3D printer. After fabrication, the cranial implants were digitalized with a professional-grade optical scanner before and after sterilization. The dimensional changes for the 3D-printed PEEK cranial implants were analyzed using medically certified 3D image-based engineering software. The material extrusion 3D-printed PEEK customized cranial implants displayed no statistically significant dimensional difference with steam sterilization (p > 0.05). Evaluation of the cranial implants’ accuracy revealed that the dimensions were within the clinically acceptable accuracy level with deviations under 1.00 mm. Steam sterilization does not significantly alter the dimensional accuracy of the in-house 3D-printed PEEK customized cranial implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Hegenheimermattweg 167C, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jokin Zubizarreta-Oteiza
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Hegenheimermattweg 167C, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Céline Tourbier
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Hegenheimermattweg 167C, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Florian M. Thieringer
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Hegenheimermattweg 167C, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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17
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Bazan A, Turek P, Zakręcki A. Influence of Antibacterial Coating and Mechanical and Chemical Treatment on the Surface Properties of PA12 Parts Manufactured with SLS and MJF Techniques in the Context of Medical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2405. [PMID: 36984288 PMCID: PMC10051754 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a rapidly growing branch of manufacturing techniques used, among others, in the medical industry. New machines and materials and additional processing methods are improved or developed. Due to the dynamic development of post-processing and its relative novelty, it has not yet been widely described in the literature. This study focuses on the surface topography (parameters Sa, Sz, Sdq, Sds, Str, Sdr) of biocompatible polyamide 12 (PA12) samples made by selective laser sintering (SLS) and multi jet fusion (MJF). The surfaces of the samples were modified by commercial methods: four types of smoothing treatments (two mechanical and two chemical), and two antibacterial coatings. The smoothing treatment decreased the values of all analyzed topography parameters. On average, the Sa of the SLS samples was 33% higher than that of the MJF samples. After mechanical treatment, Sa decreased by 42% and after chemical treatment by 80%. The reduction in Sdq and Sdr is reflected in a higher surface gloss. One antibacterial coating did not significantly modify the surface topography. The other coating had a smoothing effect on the surface. The results of the study can help in the development of manufacturing methodologies for parts made of PA12, e.g., in the medical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bazan
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Areonautics, Rzeszów University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Paweł Turek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Areonautics, Rzeszów University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zakręcki
- MEDIPRINTIC Sp. Z.O.O., Wojska Polskiego 9, 39-300 Mielec, Poland
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18
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Molecular Pathways for Polymer Degradation during Conventional Processing, Additive Manufacturing, and Mechanical Recycling. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052344. [PMID: 36903589 PMCID: PMC10004996 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of the extent of degradation of polymer molecules during processing via conventional (e.g., extrusion and injection molding) and emerging (e.g., additive manufacturing; AM) techniques is important for both the final polymer material performance with respect to technical specifications and the material circularity. In this contribution, the most relevant (thermal, thermo-mechanical, thermal-oxidative, hydrolysis) degradation mechanisms of polymer materials during processing are discussed, addressing conventional extrusion-based manufacturing, including mechanical recycling, and AM. An overview is given of the most important experimental characterization techniques, and it is explained how these can be connected with modeling tools. Case studies are incorporated, dealing with polyesters, styrene-based materials, and polyolefins, as well as the typical AM polymers. Guidelines are formulated in view of a better molecular scale driven degradation control.
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19
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Levy HA, Karamian BA, Yalla GR, Canseco JA, Vaccaro AR, Kepler CK. Impact of surface roughness and bulk porosity on spinal interbody implants. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:478-489. [PMID: 36075112 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinal fusion surgeries are performed to treat a multitude of cervical and lumbar diseases that lead to pain and disability. Spinal interbody fusion involves inserting a cage between the spinal vertebrae, and is often utilized for indirect neurologic decompression, correction of spinal alignment, anterior column stability, and increased fusion rate. The long-term success of interbody fusion relies on complete osseointegration between the implant surface and vertebral end plates. Titanium (Ti)-based alloys and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) interbody cages represent the most commonly utilized materials and provide sufficient mechanics and biocompatibility to assist in fusion. However, modification to the surface and bulk characteristics of these materials has been shown to maximize osseointegration and long-term stability. Specifically, the introduction of intrinsic porosity and surface roughness has been shown to affect spinal interbody mechanics, vascularization, osteoblast attachment, and ingrowth potential. This narrative review synthesizes the mechanical, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical effects on fusion efficacy associated with introduction of porosity in Ti (neat and alloy) and PEEK intervertebral implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A Levy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Brian A Karamian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Goutham R Yalla
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jose A Canseco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher K Kepler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Ortega Varela de Seijas M, Bardenhagen A, Rohr T, Stoll E. Indirect Induction Sintering of Metal Parts Produced through Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:885. [PMID: 36676622 PMCID: PMC9863239 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Avoiding loose powders and resins, material extrusion additive manufacturing is a powerful technique to produce near-net shape parts, being a cheap and safe alternative for developing complex industrial-grade products. Filaments embedded with a high packing density of metallic or ceramic granules are being increasingly used, resulting in almost fully dense parts, whereby geometries are shaped, debinded and sintered sequentially until the completion of the part. Traditionally, "brown" debinded geometries are transported to conventional furnaces to densify the powder compacts, requiring careful tailoring of the heating profiles and sintering environment. This approach is decoupled and often involves time-consuming post-processing, whereby after the completion of the shaping and debinding steps, the parts need to be transported to a sintering furnace. Here, it is shown that sintering via indirect induction heating of a highly filled commercially available filament embedded with stainless steel 316L powder can be an effective route to densify Fused Filament Fabricated (FFF) parts. The results show that densities of 99.8% can be reached with very short soaking times, representing a significant improvement compared to prior methods. A hybrid machine is proposed, whereby a custom-built machine is integrated with an induction heater to combine FFF with local indirect induction sintering. Sintering in situ, without the need for part transportation, simplifies the processing of metal parts produced through material extrusion additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Bardenhagen
- Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Technical University of Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Rohr
- European Space Agency (ESA), 2201 AA Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Stoll
- Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Technical University of Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Li T, Song Z, Yang X, Du J. Influence of Processing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Peek Plates by Hot Compression Molding. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:36. [PMID: 36614375 PMCID: PMC9820998 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic components are gaining more and more attention due to their advantages which include high specific strength, high toughness, and low manufacturing costs. Despite the fast development of such materials in engineering applications, the major challenge for the wider use of thermoplastic components is the diverse mechanical properties that are caused by uncertain factors during the molding process. In this paper, the effects of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of PEEK plates by hot compression molding are systematically investigated, including the temperature, pressure, and compression time. It was found that both temperature and time can sensitively change the mechanical properties; however, a pressure larger than 1.5 MPa showed a limited impact on the mechanical behaviors of PEEK plates. The optimal process parameters include a hot compression temperature of 400 °C, a compression time of 30 min, and a pressure of 2.5 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhuoyu Song
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiangfei Yang
- Beijing Institute of Mechanical Equipment, Beijing 100120, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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22
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Effect of Heat Treatment on Elastic Properties and Fracture Toughness of Fused Filament Fabricated PEEK for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245521. [PMID: 36559887 PMCID: PMC9785160 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents the results of an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) specimens additively manufactured (AM) by using fused filament fabrication with different printing parameters and subjected to postprocessing heat treatment. Standard and compact tension samples were manufactured with a different infill angle using 0.4 mm and 0.6 mm nozzle diameters. Some of the samples were subjected to heat treatment at 220 °C after manufacturing. Tensile tests were conducted to determine the values of elastic modulus, tensile strength, as well as mode-I fracture toughness and critical strain energy release rate. Tensile properties of single-thread and as-delivered filaments were also studied. It was concluded that heat treatment significantly improved the elastic properties, tensile strength and fracture toughness of the AM PEEK samples: the fracture resistance increased by 33 to 45% depending on the stacking order, while the tensile strength increased by some 45-65%, with the elasticity modulus grown by up to 20%. Strain fields induced in specimens by crack propagation were captured with a digital image correlation technique and compared with results of numerical simulations implemented with the extended finite-element method (XFEM). Conclusions on the optimal parameters of 3D printing of PEEK were made.
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23
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Moby V, Dupagne L, Fouquet V, Attal JP, François P, Dursun E. Mechanical Properties of Fused Deposition Modeling of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and Interest for Dental Restorations: A Systematic Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6801. [PMID: 36234139 PMCID: PMC9572506 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to determine the optimal printing parameters for the producing of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) elements with mechanical properties suitable for dental restorations. Indeed, the mechanical properties are a critical prerequisite for the study of other parameters, such as physical, aesthetic and biological properties. An exhaustive electronic search was carried out in the PubMed, Embase and Web of knowledge databases to gather all the studies evaluating the influence of the printing parameters on the obtained mechanical properties of FDM 3D-printed PEEK elements were selected. Initially, the search resulted in 614 eligible papers. Independent screenings of the abstracts were performed by two authors to identify the articles related to the question. Twenty-nine studies were selected, of which eleven were further excluded after reading of the full text, and finally, eighteen articles were included in this review. The studies were difficult to compare due to the variability of the printing parameters and the types of PEEK. However, it seems interesting to use a high infill rate, a high chamber temperature close to that of the printing temperature and a heat post-treatment to obtain 3D PEEK elements presenting properties adapted to use as dental restorations. The analysis of the available literature suggested that the properties of PEEK could make it an interesting material in dental restorations to be performed with FDM additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moby
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, F-54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- CHRU Nancy, Service Odontologie, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Université de Lorraine, F-54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Lucien Dupagne
- Innovative Dental Materials and Interfaces Research Unit (URB2i, UR4462), Faculty of Health, Université de Paris, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Louis Mourier Hospital, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700 Colombes, France
| | - Vincent Fouquet
- Innovative Dental Materials and Interfaces Research Unit (URB2i, UR4462), Faculty of Health, Université de Paris, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Louis Mourier Hospital, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700 Colombes, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Attal
- Innovative Dental Materials and Interfaces Research Unit (URB2i, UR4462), Faculty of Health, Université de Paris, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France
- Department of Dental Materials, Charles Foix Hospital, 7 Avenue de la République, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Philippe François
- Innovative Dental Materials and Interfaces Research Unit (URB2i, UR4462), Faculty of Health, Université de Paris, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France
- Department of Dental Materials, Bretonneau Hospital, 23 rue Joseph de Maistre, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Dursun
- Innovative Dental Materials and Interfaces Research Unit (URB2i, UR4462), Faculty of Health, Université de Paris, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Henri Mondor Hospital, 1 rue Gustave Eiffel, 94000 Créteil, France
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Sun C, Kang J, Yang C, Zheng J, Su Y, Dong E, Liu Y, Yao S, Shi C, Pang H, He J, Wang L, Liu C, Peng J, Liu L, Jiang Y, Li D, Cl, Lw, CShi, Ll, Jp, Yj, CSun, CSun, Yl, Sy, Ed, Cshi, CSun, Dl, CSun, Jk, Cy, Jz, Ys, Yl, Sy, Ed, Hp, CSun, Jh, Wl. Additive manufactured polyether-ether-ketone implants for orthopaedic applications: a narrative review. BIOMATERIALS TRANSLATIONAL 2022; 3:116-133. [PMID: 36105567 PMCID: PMC9465989 DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is believed to be the next-generation biomedical material for orthopaedic implants that may replace metal materials because of its good biocompatibility, appropriate mechanical properties and radiolucency. Currently, some PEEK implants have been used successfully for many years. However, there is no customised PEEK orthopaedic implant made by additive manufacturing licensed for the market, although clinical trials have been increasingly reported. In this review article, design criteria, including geometric matching, functional restoration, strength safety, early fixation, long-term stability and manufacturing capability, are summarised, focusing on the clinical requirements. An integrated framework of design and manufacturing processes to create customised PEEK implants is presented, and several typical clinical applications such as cranioplasty patches, rib prostheses, mandibular prostheses, scapula prostheses and femoral prostheses are described. The main technical challenge faced by PEEK orthopaedic implants lies in the poor bonding with bone and soft tissue due to its biological inertness, which may be solved by adding bioactive fillers and manufacturing porous architecture. The lack of technical standards is also one of the major factors preventing additive-manufactured customised PEEK orthopaedic implants from clinical translation, and it is good to see that the abundance of standards in the field of additive-manufactured medical devices is helping them enter the clinical market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changning Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | | | - Chuncheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jibao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yanwen Su
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Enchun Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Siqi Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Changquan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Huanhao Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jiankang He
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dichen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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25
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Naghavi SA, Sun C, Hejazi M, Tamaddon M, Zheng J, Wang L, Zhang C, Varma SN, Li D, Moazen M, Wang L, Liu C. On the mechanical aspect of additive manufactured polyether-ether-ketone scaffold for repair of large bone defects. BIOMATERIALS TRANSLATIONAL 2022; 3:142-151. [PMID: 36105563 PMCID: PMC9465988 DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is widely used in producing prosthesis and have gained great attention for repair of large bone defect in recent years with the development of additive manufacturing. This is due to its excellent biocompatibility, good heat and chemical stability and similar mechanical properties which mimics natural bone. In this study, three replicates of rectilinear scaffolds were designed for compression, tension, three-point bending and torsion test with unit cell size of 0.8 mm, a pore size of 0.4 mm, strut thickness of 0.4 mm and nominal porosity of 50%. Stress-strain graphs were developed from experimental and finite element analysis models. Experimental Young's modulus and yield strength of the scaffolds were measured from the slop of the stress-strain graph to be 395 and 19.50 MPa respectively for compression, 427 and 6.96 MPa respectively for tension, 257 and 25.30 MPa respectively for three-point bending and 231 and 12.83 MPa respectively for torsion test. The finite element model was found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. Ductile fracture of the struct subjected to tensile strain was the main failure mode of the PEEK scaffold, which stems from the low crystallinity of additive manufacturing PEEK. The mechanical properties of porous PEEK are close to those of cancellous bone and thus are expected to be used in additive manufacturing PEEK bone implants in the future, but the lower yield strength poses a design challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ataollah Naghavi
- Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, UK
| | - Changning Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mahbubeh Hejazi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maryam Tamaddon
- Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jibao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Leilei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chenrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Swastina Nath Varma
- Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dichen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mehran Moazen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China,Corresponding authors: Ling Wang, ; Chaozong Liu,
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, UK,Corresponding authors: Ling Wang, ; Chaozong Liu,
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26
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Feasibility Study on the Fused Filaments of Injection-Molding-Grade Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) for 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112276. [PMID: 35683948 PMCID: PMC9182887 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike that of glycol-modified Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETG), the crystallinity of PET can be post-adjusted to enhance the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts such as food-contact tableware and bio-implants. The aforementioned PET material could be 3D printed to produce the desired parts for performance evaluation before mass production by injection molding. In this study, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), we examined the pellets, extruded filament, and printed specimen to identify variations in melting and crystalline temperatures, as well as crystallinity. It was also shown by Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) that the addition of talcum powder increased the thermal stability of filament and resulted in an interaction between the fillers and polymer matrix. The crystallinities of the filament and printed specimen were then compared with the yield strengths and Young’s moduli to confirm the effects of the decreased molecular weight of the extruded PET filament. The talcum powder effectively improved the viscosity of the PET melted during the extrusion process for the filament and then enhanced the crystallinity of the PET, thereby achieving a significantly higher Young’s modulus. The printed PET specimen presented an excellent yield strength of 25 MPa and ductile properties with strain-at-break values of 30%, successfully indicating potential applications in food-contact tableware and bio-implants.
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27
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Li J, Kim C, Pan CC, Babian A, Lui E, Young JL, Moeinzadeh S, Kim S, Yang YP. Hybprinting for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. iScience 2022; 25:104229. [PMID: 35494239 PMCID: PMC9051619 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents bioprinting methods, biomaterials, and printing strategies that may be used for composite tissue constructs for musculoskeletal applications. The printing methods discussed include those that are suitable for acellular and cellular components, and the biomaterials include soft and rigid components that are suitable for soft and/or hard tissues. We also present strategies that focus on the integration of cell-laden soft and acellular rigid components under a single printing platform. Given the structural and functional complexity of native musculoskeletal tissue, we envision that hybrid bioprinting, referred to as hybprinting, could provide unprecedented potential by combining different materials and bioprinting techniques to engineer and assemble modular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, 416 Escondido Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chi-Chun Pan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, 416 Escondido Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron Babian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Elaine Lui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, 416 Escondido Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Young
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Seyedsina Moeinzadeh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sungwoo Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yunzhi Peter Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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28
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Micovic Soldatovic D, Liebermann A, Huth KC, Stawarczyk B. Fracture load of different veneered and implant-supported 4-UNIT cantilever PEEK fixed dental prostheses. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 129:105173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Wang P, Zhang H, Cao Y, Pan A, Wu W. Additively manufactured short carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone by coating polyetherimide at the interface using fused filament fabrication. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering Beijing China
| | - Yitao Cao
- Unmanned System Research Institute Northwestern Polytechnical University Shaanxi China
| | - Aigang Pan
- School of Mechatronical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Weichao Wu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
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30
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Elhattab K, Bhaduri SB, Sikder P. Influence of Fused Deposition Modelling Nozzle Temperature on the Rheology and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed β-Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP)/Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061222. [PMID: 35335552 PMCID: PMC8952643 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of this study is to develop and analyze 3D printed structures based on a well-known composite known as β-Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP)– polylactic acid (PLA). There are some interesting aspects of this study. First, we developed 3D printable TCP–PLA composite filaments in-house, with high reproducibility, by a one-step process method using a single screw extruder. Second, we explored the physicochemical properties of the developed TCP–PLA composite filaments. Third, we investigated the effect of an FDM-based nozzle temperature of 190 °C, 200 °C, 210 °C, and 220 °C on the composite’s crystallinity and rheological and mechanical properties. Results confirmed the successful development of constant-diameter TCP–PLA composite filaments with a homogeneous distribution of TCP particles in the PLA matrix. We observed that a higher nozzle temperature in the FDM process increased the crystallinity of the printed PLA and TCP–PLA structures. As a result, it also helped to enhance the mechanical properties of the printed structures. The rheological studies were performed in the same temperature range used in the actual FDM process, and results showed an improvement in rheological properties at higher nozzle temperatures. The bare polymer and the composite polymer-ceramic melts exhibited lower viscosity and less rigidity at higher nozzle temperatures, which resulted in enhancing the polymer melt flowability and interlayer bonding between the printed layers. Overall, our results confirmed that 3D printable TCP–PLA filaments could be made in-house, and optimization of the nozzle temperature is essential to developing 3D printed composite parts with favorable mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Elhattab
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sarit B. Bhaduri
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA;
- EEC Division, Directorate of Engineering, The National Science Foundation, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
| | - Prabaha Sikder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA;
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31
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Natarajan E, Santhosh MS, Markandan K, Sasikumar R, Saravanakumar N, Dilip AA. Mechanical and wear behaviour of PEEK, PTFE and PU: review and experimental study. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Soft polymers such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyurethane (PU) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) have gained significant research interest in the last few decades owing to their excellent material properties which can be harnessed to meet the demands of various applications such as biomedical implants and accessories, insulation panels to cooking utensils, inner coating material for non-stick cookware etc. In the present study, we provide a comprehensive review on the mechanical and tribological behaviour of PEEK, PU and PTFE polymers. Samples of these materials were also fabricated and the experimentally obtained tensile strength, flexural strength, wear rate and coefficient of frictions were ascertained with values reported in literature. It is highlighted that coefficient of friction of polymers were highly dependent on the surface texture of the polymer’s surface; where an uneven surface exhibited higher coefficient of friction. Perspectives for future progress are also highlighted in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elango Natarajan
- Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University , Kuala Lumpur 56000 , Malaysia
| | - M. S. Santhosh
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Selvam College of Technology , Namakkal , Tamilnadu , India
| | - Kalaimani Markandan
- Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University , Kuala Lumpur 56000 , Malaysia
| | - R. Sasikumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College , Salem , Tamilnadu , India
| | - N. Saravanakumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research , Coimbatore , Tamilnadu , India
| | - A. Anto Dilip
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research , Coimbatore , Tamilnadu , India
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32
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Msallem B, Maintz M, Halbeisen FS, Meyer S, Sigron GR, Sharma N, Cao S, Thieringer FM. Biomechanical Evaluation of Patient-Specific Polymethylmethacrylate Cranial Implants for Virtual Surgical Planning: An In-Vitro Study. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051970. [PMID: 35269201 PMCID: PMC8911603 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cranioplasty with freehand-molded polymethylmethacrylate implants is based on decades of experience and is still frequently used in clinical practice. However, data confirming the fracture toughness and standard biomechanical tests are rare. This study aimed to determine the amount of force that could be applied to virtually planned, template-molded, patient-specific implants (n = 10) with an implant thickness of 3 mm, used in the treatment of a temporoparietal skull defect (91.87 cm2), until the implant cracks and finally breaks. Furthermore, the influence of the weight and porosity of the implant on its force resistance was investigated. The primary outcome showed that a high force was required to break the implant (mean and standard deviation 1484.6 ± 167.7 N), and this was very strongly correlated with implant weight (Pearson’s correlation coefficient 0.97; p < 0.001). Secondary outcomes were force application at the implant’s first, second, and third crack. Only a moderate correlation could be found between fracture force and the volume of porosities (Pearson’s correlation coefficient 0.59; p = 0.073). The present study demonstrates that an implant thickness of 3 mm for a temporoparietal skull defect can withstand sufficient force to protect the brain. Greater implant weight and, thus, higher material content increases thickness, resulting in more resistance. Porosities that occur during the described workflow do not seem to reduce resistance. Therefore, precise knowledge of the fracture force of polymethylmethacrylate cranial implants provides insight into brain injury prevention and serves as a reference for the virtual design process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Msallem
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (B.M.); (N.S.); (S.C.); (F.M.T.)
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland;
| | - Michaela Maintz
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland;
| | - Florian S. Halbeisen
- Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Simon Meyer
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (B.M.); (N.S.); (S.C.); (F.M.T.)
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Guido R. Sigron
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, CH-5001 Aarau, Switzerland;
| | - Neha Sharma
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (B.M.); (N.S.); (S.C.); (F.M.T.)
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland;
| | - Shuaishuai Cao
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (B.M.); (N.S.); (S.C.); (F.M.T.)
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland;
| | - Florian M. Thieringer
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (B.M.); (N.S.); (S.C.); (F.M.T.)
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland;
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33
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Chen W, Zhang X, Tan D, Xu P, Yang B, Shi K, Zhu B, Liu Q, Lei Y, Liu S, Xue L. Improvement in Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PEEK Structure by Nonsolvent Vapor Annealing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100874. [PMID: 35139235 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The broad applications of 3D-printed poly-ether-ether-ketone (3D-PEEK) structures are largely hampered by their inadequate mechanical properties which can be improved by post treatments. At present, thermal annealing is generally used to improve the mechanical properties of 3D-PEEK. However, it cannot simultaneously improve the strength and ductility. Here, a cost-effective post-processing method is developed to improve the mechanical properties of 3D-PEEK, based on annealing in nonsolvent vapor at room temperature. The annealing in nonsolvent vapor at room temperature simultaneously improves the strength, ductility, and fracture energy of as-printed 3D-PEEK by 22.6%, 151.3% and 109.1%, respectively. The improved mechanical properties are attributed to enhanced interfacial bonding, increased crystallinity, decreased pinhole defects, and stress relaxation in the 3D-PEEK. Moreover, the annealing in both polar solvents (such as acetone and chloroform) and nonpolar solvents (such as n-hexane) are demonstrated to be effective for improving the mechanical properties of 3D-PEEK. The nonsolvent vapor-annealed 3D-PEEK can thus have potential applications in the fields of medical implants, automotive, aerospace, and more. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Chen
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Di Tan
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Peng Xu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Baisong Yang
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kui Shi
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Quan Liu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yifeng Lei
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Longjian Xue
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Weyhrich CW, Long TE. Additive manufacturing of high‐performance engineering polymers: present and future. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cody W Weyhrich
- School of Molecular Sciences, Biodesign Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Timothy E Long
- School of Molecular Sciences, Biodesign Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
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Fico D, Rizzo D, Casciaro R, Esposito Corcione C. A Review of Polymer-Based Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF): Focus on Sustainability and Recycled Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030465. [PMID: 35160455 PMCID: PMC8839523 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), one of the most encouraging additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, has fascinated great attention. Although FFF is growing into a manufacturing device with considerable technological and material innovations, there still is a challenge to convert FFF-printed prototypes into functional objects for industrial applications. Polymer components manufactured by FFF process possess, in fact, low and anisotropic mechanical properties, compared to the same parts, obtained by using traditional building methods. The poor mechanical properties of the FFF-printed objects could be attributed to the weak interlayer bond interface that develops during the layer deposition process and to the commercial thermoplastic materials used. In order to increase the final properties of the 3D printed models, several polymer-based composites and nanocomposites have been proposed for FFF process. However, even if the mechanical properties greatly increase, these materials are not all biodegradable. Consequently, their waste disposal represents an important issue that needs an urgent solution. Several scientific researchers have therefore moved towards the development of natural or recyclable materials for FFF techniques. This review details current progress on innovative green materials for FFF, referring to all kinds of possible industrial applications, and in particular to the field of Cultural Heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fico
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Daniela Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, Via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (D.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Raffaele Casciaro
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, Via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (D.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Carola Esposito Corcione
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Temperature Influence on Additive Manufactured Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216413. [PMID: 34771938 PMCID: PMC8585369 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The popular applications of Additive Manufactured (AM) polymer materials in engineering, medical, and industrial fields have been widely recognized due to their high-speed production despite their complex design shapes. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is the technique that has become the most renowned AM process due to its simplicity and because it is the cheapest method. The main objective of this research is to perform a numerical simulation of the thermo-mechanical behaviour of AM polymer with continuous carbon fibre reinforcement exposed to elevated temperatures. The influence of global thermal loads on AM material was focused on mechanical property changes at the microscale (level of fiber-matrix interaction). The mechanical response (strain/stress distribution) of the AM material on the temperature loading was modelled using the finite element method (FEM). The coupled thermal-displacement analysis was used during the numerical calculations. The strain in the sample due to its exposition on elevated temperature was measured using fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. The numerical results were compared with the experimental results achieved for the sample exposure to the same thermal conditions showing good agreement. A strong influence of the temperature on the matrix structure and the condition of bondings between fibres and matrix was observed.
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Kafle A, Luis E, Silwal R, Pan HM, Shrestha PL, Bastola AK. 3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3101. [PMID: 34578002 PMCID: PMC8470301 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a digital manufacturing process and offers virtually limitless opportunities to develop structures/objects by tailoring material composition, processing conditions, and geometry technically at every point in an object. In this review, we present three different early adopted, however, widely used, polymer-based 3D printing processes; fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA) to create polymeric parts. The main aim of this review is to offer a comparative overview by correlating polymer material-process-properties for three different 3D printing techniques. Moreover, the advanced material-process requirements towards 4D printing via these print methods taking an example of magneto-active polymers is covered. Overall, this review highlights different aspects of these printing methods and serves as a guide to select a suitable print material and 3D print technique for the targeted polymeric material-based applications and also discusses the implementation practices towards 4D printing of polymer-based systems with a current state-of-the-art approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Kafle
- Design Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal; (A.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Eric Luis
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macau SAR, China;
| | - Raman Silwal
- Design Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal; (A.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Houwen Matthew Pan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore;
| | - Pratisthit Lal Shrestha
- Design Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal; (A.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Anil Kumar Bastola
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing (CfAM), School of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK
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Rodzeń K, McIvor MJ, Sharma PK, Acheson JG, McIlhagger A, Mokhtari M, McFerran A, Ward J, Meenan BJ, Boyd AR. The Surface Characterisation of Fused Filament Fabricated (FFF) 3D Printed PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3117. [PMID: 34578018 PMCID: PMC8471434 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance thermoplastic polymer which has found increasing application in orthopaedics and has shown a lot of promise for 'made-to-measure' implants via additive manufacturing approaches. However, PEEK is bioinert and needs to undergo surface modification to make it at least osteoconductive to ensure a more rapid, improved, and stable fixation that will last longer in vivo. One approach to solving this issue is to modify PEEK with bioactive agents such as hydroxyapatite (HA). The work reported in this study demonstrates the direct 3D printing of PEEK/HA composites of up to 30 weight percent (wt%) HA using a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) approach. The surface characteristics and in vitro properties of the composite materials were investigated. X-ray diffraction revealed the samples to be semi-crystalline in nature, with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry revealing HA materials were available in the uppermost surface of all the 3D printed samples. In vitro testing of the samples at 7 days demonstrated that the PEEK/HA composite surfaces supported the adherence and growth of viable U-2 OS osteoblast like cells. These results demonstrate that FFF can deliver bioactive HA on the surface of PEEK bio-composites in a one-step 3D printing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rodzeń
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (M.J.M.); (P.K.S.); (J.G.A.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (J.W.); (B.J.M.)
| | - Mary Josephine McIvor
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (M.J.M.); (P.K.S.); (J.G.A.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (J.W.); (B.J.M.)
| | - Preetam K. Sharma
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (M.J.M.); (P.K.S.); (J.G.A.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (J.W.); (B.J.M.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Jonathan G. Acheson
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (M.J.M.); (P.K.S.); (J.G.A.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (J.W.); (B.J.M.)
| | - Alistair McIlhagger
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (M.J.M.); (P.K.S.); (J.G.A.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (J.W.); (B.J.M.)
| | - Mozaffar Mokhtari
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (M.J.M.); (P.K.S.); (J.G.A.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (J.W.); (B.J.M.)
| | - Aoife McFerran
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (M.J.M.); (P.K.S.); (J.G.A.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (J.W.); (B.J.M.)
| | - Joanna Ward
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (M.J.M.); (P.K.S.); (J.G.A.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (J.W.); (B.J.M.)
| | - Brian J. Meenan
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (M.J.M.); (P.K.S.); (J.G.A.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (J.W.); (B.J.M.)
| | - Adrian R. Boyd
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (M.J.M.); (P.K.S.); (J.G.A.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (J.W.); (B.J.M.)
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Effects of Raster Angle and Material Components on Mechanical Properties of Polyether-Ether-Ketone/Calcium Silicate Scaffolds. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152547. [PMID: 34372150 PMCID: PMC8348505 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was widely used in the fabrication of bone substitutes for its excellent chemical resistance, thermal stability and mechanical properties that were similar to those of natural bone tissue. However, the biological inertness restricted the osseointegration with surrounding bone tissue. In this study, calcium silicate (CS) was introduced to improve the bioactivity of PEEK. The PEEK/CS composites scaffolds with CS contents in gradient were fabricated with different raster angles via fused filament fabrication (FFF). With the CS content ranging from 0 to 40% wt, the crystallinity degree (from 16% to 30%) and surface roughness (from 0.13 ± 0.04 to 0.48 ± 0.062 μm) of PEEK/CS scaffolds was enhanced. Mechanical testing showed that the compressive modulus of the PEEK/CS scaffolds could be tuned in the range of 23.3–541.5 MPa. Under the same printing raster angle, the compressive strength reached the maximum with CS content of 20% wt. The deformation process and failure modes could be adjusted by changing the raster angle. Furthermore, the mapping relationships among the modulus, strength, raster angle and CS content were derived, providing guidance for the selection of printing parameters and the control of mechanical properties.
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40
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Gao R, Xie J, Yang J, Zhuo C, Fu J, Zhao P. Research on the Fused Deposition Modeling of Polyether Ether Ketone. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2344. [PMID: 34301101 PMCID: PMC8309588 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a special engineering polymer, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has been used widely due to its excellent mechanical properties, high thermal stability, and chemical resistance. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a promising process for fabricating PEEK parts. However, due to the semi-crystalline property and high melting point of PEEK, determining appropriate process parameters is important to reduce warpage deformation and improve the mechanical properties of PEEK. In this article, the influence of raster angle and infill density was determined by single factor experiment, which are the two most important parameters. The results showed that samples with 0°/90° raster angle and 50% infill density had the best comprehensive properties in terms of warpage deformation, tensile strength, and specific strength. Subsequently, based on the results above, the effects of printing speed, nozzle temperature, platform temperature, raster width, and layer thickness were analyzed by orthogonal experiment. The results indicated that platform temperature had the greatest impact on warpage deformation while printing speed and nozzle temperature were significant parameters on tensile strength. Through optimization, warpage deformation of the samples could be reduced to almost 0 and tensile strength could increase by 19.6% (from 40.56 to 48.50 MPa). This will support the development of FDM for PEEK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxiang Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (R.G.); (J.X.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.); (J.F.)
- Key Lab of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jun Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (R.G.); (J.X.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.); (J.F.)
- Key Lab of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jinghui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (R.G.); (J.X.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.); (J.F.)
- Key Lab of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chaojie Zhuo
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (R.G.); (J.X.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.); (J.F.)
- Key Lab of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianzhong Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (R.G.); (J.X.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.); (J.F.)
- Key Lab of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (R.G.); (J.X.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.); (J.F.)
- Key Lab of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Estimating the Accuracy of Mandible Anatomical Models Manufactured Using Material Extrusion Methods. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142271. [PMID: 34301029 PMCID: PMC8309312 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new solutions in craniofacial surgery brings the need to increase the accuracy of 3D printing models. The accuracy of the manufactured models is most often verified using optical coordinate measuring systems. However, so far, no decision has been taken regarding which type of system would allow for a reliable estimation of the geometrical accuracy of the anatomical models. Three types of optical measurement systems (Atos III Triple Scan, articulated arm (MCA-II) with a laser head (MMD × 100), and Benchtop CT160Xi) were used to verify the accuracy of 12 polymer anatomical models of the left side of the mandible. The models were manufactured using fused deposition modeling (FDM), melted and extruded modeling (MEM), and fused filament fabrication (FFF) techniques. The obtained results indicate that the Atos III Triple Scan allows for the most accurate estimation of errors in model manufacturing. Using the FDM technique obtained the best accuracy in models manufactured (0.008 ± 0.118 mm for ABS0-M30 and 0.016 ± 0.178 mm for PC-10 material). A very similar value of the standard deviation of PLA and PET material was observed (about 0.180 mm). The worst results were observed in the MEM technique (0.012 mm ± 0.308 mm). The knowledge regarding the precisely evaluated errors in manufactured models within the mandibular area will help in the controlled preparation of templates regarding the expected accuracy of surgical operations.
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Guo C, Liu X, Liu G. Surface Finishing of FDM-Fabricated Amorphous Polyetheretherketone and Its Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite by Dry Milling. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132175. [PMID: 34209099 PMCID: PMC8272036 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many investigations have been devoted to fused deposition modeling (FDM) of high-performance polymer-polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and carbon-fiber-reinforced PEEK (CF/PEEK) for biomedical and aerospace applications. However, the staircase effect naturally brought about by FDM restricts further applications of 3D-printed PEEK and its composites in high-temperature molds, medical implants, and precision components, which require better or customized surface qualities. Hence, this work aimed to reduce the staircase effect and improve the surface quality of 3D-printed PEEK and CF/PEEK parts by dry milling of the fluctuant exterior surface. The co-dependency between 3D printing parameters (raster angle and layer thickness) and milling parameters (depth of cut, spindle speed, and feed rate per tooth) were investigated through experiments. The difference in removal mechanisms for PEEK and CF/PEEK was revealed. It was confirmed that the smearing effect enhanced the surface quality based on the morphology analysis and the simulation model. Both the raster angle of +45°/-45° and the small layer thickness could improve the surface quality of these 3D-printed polymers after dry milling. A large depth of cut and a large feed rate per tooth were likely to deteriorate the finished polymer surface. The spindle speed could influence the morphologies without significant changes in roughness values. Finally, a demonstration was performed to verify that dry milling of 3D-printed amorphous PEEK and CF/PEEK parts could lead to a high surface quality for critical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Guo
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.G.); (X.L.)
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.G.); (X.L.)
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guang Liu
- School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence:
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Schönhoff LM, Mayinger F, Eichberger M, Reznikova E, Stawarczyk B. 3D printing of dental restorations: Mechanical properties of thermoplastic polymer materials. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104544. [PMID: 33901966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the seminal field of 3D printing of dental restorations, the time and cost saving manufacturing of removable and fixed dental prostheses from thermoplastic polymer materials employing fused filament fabrication (FFF) is gaining momentum. As of today, the additive manufacturing of the established semi-crystalline polyetheretherketone (PEEK) requires extensive post-processing and lacks precision. In this context, the amorphous polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU) may provide a higher predictability and reliability of the results. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties of PPSU and PEEK processed by FFF (PPSU1-3D (PPSU Radel) and PPSU2-3D (Ultrason P 3010 NAT)) or extrusion (PPSU1-EX (Radel R-5000 NT) and PEEK-CG (PEEK Juvora)). Three-point flexural strength, two-body wear, and Martens hardness (HM) and indentation modulus (EIT) were tested after aging. One-way ANOVA, the Kruskal-Wallis and the Pearson's and Spearman's correlation tests were computed (α = 0.05). PPSU1-3D and PPSU2-3D showed lower flexural strength values than PPSU1-EX and PEEK-CG. PPSU1-3D showed the highest, and PEEK-CG and PPSU1-EX the lowest height loss. The highest HM and EIT results were observed for PEEK-CG and the lowest for PPSU1-3D. Correlations were observed between all parameters except for the application height. In conclusion, the manufacturing process affected the flexural strength of PPSU, with 3D printed specimens presenting lower values than specimens cut from prefabricated molded material. This finding indicates that the 3D printing parameters employed for the additive manufacturing of PPSU specimens in the present investigation require further optimization. For 3D printed specimens, the quality of the filament showed an impact on the mechanical properties, underlining the importance of adhering to high quality standards during filament fabrication. Extruded PPSU led to comparable results with PEEK for flexural strength and two-body wear, indicating this novel dental restorative material to be a suitable alternative to the established PEEK for the manufacturing of both removable and fixed dental prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schönhoff
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Felicitas Mayinger
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Marlis Eichberger
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Elena Reznikova
- Apium Additive Technologies GmbH, Siemensallee 84, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bogna Stawarczyk
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
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Additive Manufacturing of Wood Flour/PHA Composites Using Micro-Screw Extrusion: Effect of Device and Process Parameters on Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071107. [PMID: 33807127 PMCID: PMC8037742 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on additive manufacturing of wood flour and polyhydroxyalkanoates composites using micro-screw extrusion, device and process parameters were evaluated to achieve a reliable printing. The results show that the anisotropy of samples printed by micro-screw extrusion is less obvious than that of filament extrusion fused deposition modeling. The type of micro-screw, printing speed, layer thickness, and nozzle diameter have significant effects on the performance of printed samples. The linear relationship between the influencing parameters and the screw speed is established, therefore, the performance of printed products can be controlled by the extrusion flow rate related to screw speed.
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45
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Patel A, Venoor V, Yang F, Chen X, Sobkowicz MJ. Evaluating poly(ether ether ketone) powder recyclability for selective laser sintering applications. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Guerra Silva R, Torres MJ, Zahr Viñuela J, Zamora AG. Manufacturing and Characterization of 3D Miniature Polymer Lattice Structures Using Fused Filament Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:635. [PMID: 33672584 PMCID: PMC7924027 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of additive manufacturing to produce architected lattice structures is remarkable, but restrictions imposed by manufacturing processes lead to practical limits on the form and dimension of structures that can be produced. In the present work, the capabilities of fused filament fabrication (FFF) to produce miniature lattices were explored, as they represent an inexpensive option for the production of polymer custom-made lattice structures. First, fused filament fabrication design guidelines were tested to assess their validity for miniature unit cells and lattice structures. The predictions were contrasted with the results of printing tests, showing some discrepancies between expected outcomes and resulting printed structures. It was possible to print functional 3D miniature open cell polymer lattice structures without support, even when some FFF guidelines were infringed, i.e., recommended minimum strut thickness and maximum overhang angle. Hence, a broad range of lattice structures with complex topologies are possible, beyond the cubic-type cell arrangements. Nevertheless, there are hard limits in 3D printing of miniature lattice structures. Strut thickness, length and orientation were identified as critical parameters in miniature lattice structures. Printed lattices that did not fully comply with FFF guidelines were capable of bearing compressive loads, even if surface quality and accuracy issues could not be fully resolved. Nevertheless, 3D printed FFF lattice structures could represent an improvement compared to other additive manufacturing processes, as they offer good control of cell geometry, and does not require additional post-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Guerra Silva
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Los Carrera 01567, Quilpué 2430000, Chile; (M.J.T.); (J.Z.V.)
| | - María Josefina Torres
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Los Carrera 01567, Quilpué 2430000, Chile; (M.J.T.); (J.Z.V.)
| | - Jorge Zahr Viñuela
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Los Carrera 01567, Quilpué 2430000, Chile; (M.J.T.); (J.Z.V.)
| | - Arístides González Zamora
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos 1050, Caracas, Venezuela;
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The Direct 3D Printing of Functional PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites via a Fused Filament Fabrication Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040545. [PMID: 33673299 PMCID: PMC7917676 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The manufacture of polyetheretherketone/hydroxyapatite (PEEK/HA) composites is seen as a viable approach to help enhance direct bone apposition in orthopaedic implants. A range of methods have been used to produce composites, including Selective Laser Sintering and injection moulding. Such techniques have drawbacks and lack flexibility to manufacture complex, custom-designed implants. 3D printing gets around many of the restraints and provides new opportunities for innovative solutions that are structurally suited to meet the needs of the patient. This work reports the direct 3D printing of extruded PEEK/HA composite filaments via a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) approach. In this work samples are 3D printed by a custom modified commercial printer Ultimaker 2+ (UM2+). SEM-EDX and µCT analyses show that HA particles are evenly distributed throughout the bulk and across the surface of the native 3D printed samples, with XRD highlighting up to 50% crystallinity and crystalline domains clearly observed in SEM and HR-TEM analyses. This highlights the favourable temperature conditions during 3D printing. The yield stress and ultimate tensile strength obtained for all the samples are comparable to human femoral cortical bone. The results show how FFF 3D printing of PEEK/HA composites up to 30 wt% HA can be achieved.
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48
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Mokhtari M, Archer E, Bloomfield N, Harkin‐Jones E, McIlhagger A. A review of electrically conductive poly(ether ether ketone) materials. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Archer
- School of Engineering Ulster University Newtownabbey UK
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The Effect of a Phase Change on the Temperature Evolution during the Deposition Stage in Fused Filament Fabrication. COMPUTERS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/computers10020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Additive Manufacturing Techniques such as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) produce 3D parts with complex geometries directly from a computer model without the need of using molds and tools, by gradually depositing material(s), usually in layers. Due to the rapid growth of these techniques, researchers have been increasingly interested in the availability of strategies, models or data that may assist process optimization. In fact, 3D printed parts often exhibit limited mechanical performance, which is usually the result of poor bonding between adjacent filaments. In turn, the latter is influenced by the temperature field history during deposition. This study aims at evaluating the influence of the phase change from the melt to the solid state undergone by semi-crystalline polymers such as Polylactic Acid (PLA), on the heat transfer during the deposition stage. The energy equation considering solidification is solved analytically and then inserted into a MatLab® code to model cooling in FFF. The deposition and cooling of simple geometries is studied first, in order to assess the differences in cooling of amorphous and semi-crystalline polymers. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) was taken as representing an amorphous material. Then, the deposition and cooling of a realistic 3D part is investigated, and the influence of the build orientation is discussed.
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50
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Davies R, Yi N, McCutchion P, Ghita O. Mechanical property variance amongst vertical fused filament fabricated specimens via four different printing methods. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Davies
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Nan Yi
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Paul McCutchion
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Oana Ghita
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter UK
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