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Ibáñez-García A, Berbegal-Pina R, Vidal R, Martínez-García A. Sustainability in the Development of Natural Pigment-Based Colour Masterbatches and Their Application in Biopolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2116. [PMID: 39125143 PMCID: PMC11314074 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This article is focused on the development and characterization of a series of biodegradable and eco-friendly colour masterbatches (MBs), based on natural pigments and biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS). Four commercial natural pigments were used, spirulina, curcumin, beetroot and chlorophyllin, to develop the colour masterbatches using a twin-screw extruder. The natural pigment-based MBs were added at 2, 4 and 6 wt%, as additives to study the effect on the properties of injected biodegradable parts (PLA and PBS). The injected samples were characterized in terms of their mechanical (tensile and Charpy impact tests) and visual properties (according to CieLab). In addition, the ageing of the coloured material was followed by colorimetric analysis after its exposure under a Xenon lamp. The mechanical results showed that the addition of coloured masterbatches in different percentages (2-6 wt%) did not significantly change the properties of the materials with respect to the as-received ones. A noticeable colour difference in the injected samples was observed after the first 50 h of artificial light exposure. Regarding environmental concerns, the study showed that the carbon footprint of natural pigments and electricity consumption during extrusion and pelletizing were lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ibáñez-García
- AIJU Technological Institute for Children’s Products & Leisure, 03440 Ibi, Spain; (R.B.-P.); (A.M.-G.)
| | - Raquel Berbegal-Pina
- AIJU Technological Institute for Children’s Products & Leisure, 03440 Ibi, Spain; (R.B.-P.); (A.M.-G.)
| | - Rosario Vidal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Green Investigation and Development, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain;
| | - Asunción Martínez-García
- AIJU Technological Institute for Children’s Products & Leisure, 03440 Ibi, Spain; (R.B.-P.); (A.M.-G.)
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Gil-Guillén I, Freitas PAV, González-Martínez C, Chiralt A. Obtaining Cellulose Fibers from Almond Shell by Combining Subcritical Water Extraction and Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide. Molecules 2024; 29:3284. [PMID: 39064863 PMCID: PMC11279672 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Almond shell (AS) represents about 33% of the almond fruit, being a cellulose-rich by-product. The use of greener methods for separating cellulose would contribute to better exploitation of this biomass. Subcritical water extraction (SWE) at 160 and 180 °C has been used as a previous treatment to purify cellulose of AS, followed by a bleaching step with hydrogen peroxide (8%) at pH 12. For comparison purposes, bleaching with sodium chlorite of the extraction residues was also studied. The highest extraction temperature promoted the removal of hemicellulose and the subsequent delignification during the bleaching step. After bleaching with hydrogen peroxide, the AS particles had a cellulose content of 71 and 78%, with crystallinity index of 50 and 62%, respectively, for those treated at 160 and 180 °C. The use of sodium chlorite as bleaching agent improved the cellulose purification and crystallinity index. Nevertheless, cellulose obtained by both bleaching treatments could be useful for different applications. Therefore, SWE represents a promising green technique to improve the bleaching sensitivity of lignocellulosic residues, such as AS, allowing for a great reduction in chemicals in the cellulose purification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gil-Guillén
- Institute of Food Engineering—FoodUPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (P.A.V.F.); (C.G.-M.); (A.C.)
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Cherkashina NI, Pavlenko ZV, Pushkarskaya DV, Denisova LV, Domarev SN, Ryzhikh DA. Synthesis and Properties of Polystyrene Composite Material with Hazelnut Shells. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3212. [PMID: 37571106 PMCID: PMC10422431 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the potential use of hazelnut shell powder in the production of a composite material. Polystyrene was used as a polymer matrix. This work presents the results of modifying hazelnut powder particles to create a polystyrene shell on their surfaces. Modification of the filler increased its contact angle wetted with water from θ=60.16±1.03° to θ=87.02±1.10°. Composite materials containing from 10 to 50 wt.% of modified hazelnut shell powder were prepared and studied. As a result of the experiments, it was found that the composites have optimal physical, mechanical, and operational properties at the following ratio: polystyrene 60-80 wt.%, modified hazelnut shell powder 20-40 wt.%. If the introduction of polystyrene was more than 90 wt.%, the flexural strength and Vickers hardness were quite low at the load of 200 g, and accordingly, the durability of such materials was not satisfactory. These samples are characterized by small percentages of hazelnut shells; therefore, the resulting material will be of pale, unsaturated color. The upper limit of the working temperature range for the composite lies between 265.0-376.0 °C, depending on the percentage of the hazelnut shell powder filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Igorevna Cherkashina
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Chemistry, Belgorod State Technological University Named after V.G. Shukhov, 308012 Belgorod, Russia; (Z.V.P.); (D.V.P.); (L.V.D.); (S.N.D.); (D.A.R.)
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Jordà-Reolid M, Moreno V, Martínez-Garcia A, Covas JA, Gomez-Caturla J, Ivorra-Martinez J, Quiles-Carrillo L. Incorporation of Argan Shell Flour in a Biobased Polypropylene Matrix for the Development of High Environmentally Friendly Composites by Injection Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2743. [PMID: 37376389 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new composite material is developed using a semi bio-based polypropylene (bioPP) and micronized argan shell (MAS) byproducts. To improve the interaction between the filler and the polymer matrix, a compatibilizer, PP-g-MA, is used. The samples are prepared using a co-rotating twin extruder followed by an injection molding process. The addition of the MAS filler improves the mechanical properties of the bioPP, as evidenced by an increase in tensile strength from 18.2 MPa to 20.8 MPa. The reinforcement is also observed in the thermomechanical properties, with an increased storage modulus. The thermal characterization and X-ray diffraction indicate that the addition of the filler leads to the formation of α structure crystals in the polymer matrix. However, the addition of a lignocellulosic filler also leads to an increased affinity for water. As a result, the water uptake of the composites increases, although it remains relatively low even after 14 weeks. The water contact angle is also reduced. The color of the composites changes to a color similar to wood. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of using MAS byproducts to improve their mechanical properties. However, the increased affinity with water should be taken into account in potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jordà-Reolid
- Innovative Materials and Manufacturing Area-AIJU, Technological Institute for Children's Products & Leisure, 03440 Ibi, Spain
| | - Virginia Moreno
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Asunción Martínez-Garcia
- Innovative Materials and Manufacturing Area-AIJU, Technological Institute for Children's Products & Leisure, 03440 Ibi, Spain
| | - José A Covas
- Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Jaume Gomez-Caturla
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Juan Ivorra-Martinez
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
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Valdés A, Mondragon G, Garrigós MC, Eceiza A, Jiménez A. Microwave-assisted extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from almond ( Prunus amygdalus) shell waste. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1071754. [PMID: 36761988 PMCID: PMC9902720 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1071754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Almond (Prunus amygdalus) is one of the most common tree nuts on a worldwide basis. This nut is highly regarded in the food and cosmetic industries. However, for all these applications, almonds are used without their shell protection, which is industrially removed contributing approximately 35-75% of the total fruit weight. This residue is normally incinerated or dumped, causing several environmental problems. In this study, a novel cellulose nanocrystal (CNCs) extraction procedure from almond shell (AS) waste by using microwave-assisted extraction was developed and compared with the conventional approach. A three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design with five central points was used to evaluate the influence of extraction temperature, irradiation time, and NaOH concentration during the alkalization stage in crystallinity index (CI) values. A similar CI value (55.9 ± 0.7%) was obtained for the MAE process, comprising only three stages, compared with the conventional optimized procedure (55.5 ± 1.0%) with five stages. As a result, a greener and more environmentally friendly CNC extraction protocol was developed with a reduction in time, solvent, and energy consumption. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, X-ray diffractogram (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and thermal stability studies of samples confirmed the removal of non-cellulosic components after the chemical treatments. TEM images revealed a spherical shape of CNCs with an average size of 21 ± 6 nm, showing great potential to be used in food packaging, biological, medical, and photoelectric materials. This study successfully applied MAE for the extraction of spherical-shaped CNCs from AS with several advantages compared with the conventional procedure, reducing costs for industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantzazu Valdés
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain,*Correspondence: Arantzazu Valdés,
| | - Gurutz Mondragon
- Materials Technologies Group, Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country - UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - María Carmen Garrigós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Arantxa Eceiza
- Materials Technologies Group, Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country - UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alfonso Jiménez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
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Neme I, Gonfa G, Masi C. Activated carbon from biomass precursors using phosphoric acid: A review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11940. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Ceraulo M, La Mantia FP, Mistretta MC, Titone V. The Use of Waste Hazelnut Shells as a Reinforcement in the Development of Green Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112151. [PMID: 35683824 PMCID: PMC9182734 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable Mater-Bi (MB) composites reinforced with hazelnut shell (HS) powder were prepared in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder followed by compression molding and injection molding. The effects of reinforcement on the morphology, static and dynamic mechanical properties, and thermal and rheological properties of MB/HS biocomposites were studied. Rheological tests showed that the incorporation of HS significantly increased the viscosity of composites with non-Newtonian behavior at low frequencies. On the other hand, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination revealed poor interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the filler. The thermal property results indicated that HS could act as a nucleating agent to promote the crystallization properties of biocomposites. Furthermore, the experimental results indicated that the addition of HS led to a significant improvement in the thermomechanical stability of the composites. This paper demonstrates that the incorporation of a low-cost waste product, such as hazelnut shells, is a practical way to produce low-cost biocomposites with good properties. With a content of HS of 10%, a remarkable improvement in the elastic modulus and impact strength was observed in both compression and injection-molded samples. With a higher content of HS, however, the processability in injection molding was strongly worsened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ceraulo
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, VialedelleScienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.L.M.); (M.C.M.); (V.T.)
- INSTM, Consortium for Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50125 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Paolo La Mantia
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, VialedelleScienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.L.M.); (M.C.M.); (V.T.)
- INSTM, Consortium for Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Mistretta
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, VialedelleScienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.L.M.); (M.C.M.); (V.T.)
| | - Vincenzo Titone
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, VialedelleScienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.L.M.); (M.C.M.); (V.T.)
- Irritec S.p.A., Via Industriale sn, 98070 Rocca di Caprileone, Italy
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Tomishima H, Luo K, Mitchell AE. The Almond ( Prunus dulcis): Chemical Properties, Utilization, and Valorization of Coproducts. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 13:145-166. [PMID: 34936815 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-052720-111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Almonds (Prunus dulcis) are one of the most consumed tree-nuts worldwide, with commercial production in arid environments such as California, Spain, and Australia. The high consumption of almonds is partly due to their versatile usage in products such as gluten-free flour and dairy alternatives as well as them being a source of protein in vegetarian diets. They contain high concentrations of health-promoting compounds such as Vitamin E and have demonstrated benefits for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and improving vascular health. In addition, almonds are the least allergenic tree nut and contain minute quantities of cyanogenic glycosides. Production has increased significantly in the past two decades with 3.12 billion pounds of kernel meat produced in California alone in 2020 (USDA 2021), leading to a new emphasis on the valorization of the coproducts (e.g., hulls, shells, skins, and blanch water). This article presents a review of the chemical composition of almond kernels (e.g., macro and micronutrients, phenolic compounds, cyanogenic glycosides, and allergens) and the current research exploring the valorization of almond coproducts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Tomishima
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Kathleen Luo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Alyson E Mitchell
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA;
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Ibáñez-García A, Martínez-García A, Ferrándiz-Bou S. Recyclability Analysis of Starch Thermoplastic/Almond Shell Biocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071159. [PMID: 33916363 PMCID: PMC8038610 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is focused on studying the effect of the reprocessing cycles on the mechanical, thermal, and aesthetic properties of a biocomposite. This process is based on starch thermoplastic polymer (TPS) filled with 20 wt% almond shell powder (ASP) and epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) as a compatibilizing additive. To do so, the biocomposite was prepared in a twin-screw extruder, molded by injection, and characterized in terms of its mechanical, thermal, and visual properties (according to CieLab) and the melt flow index (MFI). The analyses carried out were tensile, flexural, Charpy impact tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effects of the reprocessing were also studied for the biodegradable unfilled TPS polymer. The results showed that TPS and TPS/ASP biocomposite suffer changes progressively on the properties studied after each reprocessing cycle. Furthermore, it was observed that the addition of ASP intensified these effects regarding TPS. However, in spite of the progressive degradation in both cases, it is technically feasible to reprocess the material at least three times without needing to incorporate virgin material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ibáñez-García
- AIJU, Technological Institute for Children’s Products & Leisure, 03440 Ibi, Alicante, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965-554-475
| | | | - Santiago Ferrándiz-Bou
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Alicante, Spain;
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Rodríguez-Prieto A, Primera E, Frigione M, Camacho AM. Reliability Prediction of Acrylonitrile O-Ring for Nuclear Power Applications Based on Shore Hardness Measurements. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:943. [PMID: 33808625 PMCID: PMC8003519 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The degradation of polymeric components is of considerable interest to the nuclear industry and its regulatory bodies. The objective of this work was the development of a methodology to determine the useful life-based on the storage temperature-of acrylonitrile O-rings used as mechanical sealing elements to prevent leakages in nuclear equipment. To this aim, a reliability-based approach that allows prediction of the use-suitability of different storage scenarios (that involve different storage times and temperatures) considering the further required in-service performance, is presented. Thus, experimental measurements of Shore A hardness have been correlated with storage variables (temperature and storage time). The storage (and its associated hardening) was proved to have a direct effect on in-service durability, reducing this by up to 60.40%. Based on this model, the in-service performance was predicted; after the first three years of operation the increase in probability of failure (POF) was practically insignificant. Nevertheless, from this point on, and especially, from 5 years of operation, the POF increased from 10% to 20% at approximately 6 years (for new and stored). From the study, it was verified that for any of the analysis scenarios, the limit established criterion was above that of the storage time premise considered in usual nuclear industry practices. The novelty of this work is that from a non-destructive test, like a Shore A hardness measurement, the useful life and reliability of O-rings can be estimated and be, accordingly, a decision tool that allows for improvement in the management of maintenance of safety-related equipment. Finally, it was proved that the storage strategies of our nuclear power plants are successful, perfectly meeting the expectations of suitability and functionality of the components when they are installed after storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Rodríguez-Prieto
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Industrial Inspection and Technical Assistance, SGS Tecnos, 28042 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto Primera
- Department of Applied Statistics, University of Delaware, 531 South College Avenue, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
- Machinery and Reliability Institute (MRI), 2149 Adair Ct. Mobile, AL 36695, USA
| | - Mariaenrica Frigione
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Ana María Camacho
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Boonsuk P, Sukolrat A, Bourkaew S, Kaewtatip K, Chantarak S, Kelarakis A, Chaibundit C. Structure-properties relationships in alkaline treated rice husk reinforced thermoplastic cassava starch biocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:130-140. [PMID: 33249147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study focuses on structure-properties relationships in thermoplastic cassava starch (TPS) based biocomposites comprising 5-20 wt% of untreated and treated rice husk (RH). Alkaline treatment with 11% w/v NaOH removed the hemicellulose layer of RH as confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and resulted in a larger population of -OH groups exposing on the fibril surface. Consequently, the filler-matrix interactions between treated RH and TPS were enhanced, although Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis indicated that the surface area of treated RH was not increased. Interestingly, the biocomposites contained 20 wt% treated RH showed substantially improved tensile strength by a factor of 220% compared to the neat TPS. The biocomposite at 15 wt% treated RH showed high water absorption. TPS with all treated RH contents showed high biodegradation rate, while the thermal stability of the TPS/treated RH biocomposites was slightly decreased. These novel composites showed promising properties for applications as absorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phetdaphat Boonsuk
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Apinya Sukolrat
- Office of Scientific Instrument and Testing, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sain Bourkaew
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kaewta Kaewtatip
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sirinya Chantarak
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Antonios Kelarakis
- UCLan Research Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Chiraphon Chaibundit
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
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