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Kawcher Alam M, Sahadat Hossain M, Anisur Rahman Dayan M, Bahadur NM, Shaikh MAA, Ahmed S. Fabrication and Characterization of a Bioscaffold Using Hydroxyapatite and Unsaturated Polyester Resin. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:15210-15221. [PMID: 38585056 PMCID: PMC10993257 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Outstanding biodegradability and biocompatibility are attributes associated with particular polyester substances that make this group useful in specific biomedical fields. To assess the potential as a biomaterial, a novel composite consisting of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) was developed in this work. Using a hand-lay-up technique, various percentages (50, 40, 30, 20, and 10%) of HAp were reinforced into the UPR matrix to fabricate composite materials out of glass sheets. Prior to processing of the composite samples, hydroxyapatite was chemically synthesized in a wet chemical manner. Using a universal testing machine (UTM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), the fabricated samples were characterized. The crystallographic parameters of synthesized hydroxyapatite (HAp) were also estimated through a range of formulas. The optimal amount for hydroxyapatite was 40% according to the findings of the tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), percentage of elongation at break (EB), bending strength (BS), and bending modulus (BM). Improvements in TS, TM, BS, and BM for the ideal combination were 39.39, 9.21, 912.05, and 259.96%, in each case, over the controlled one. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has been implemented to determine the degradation temperature of the fabricated composites up to 600 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Kawcher Alam
- Glass
Research Division, Institute of Glass & Ceramic Research and Testing, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sahadat Hossain
- Glass
Research Division, Institute of Glass & Ceramic Research and Testing, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Anisur Rahman Dayan
- Textile
Physics Division, Bangladesh Jute Research
Institute, Manik Mia
Avenue, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Newaz Mohammed Bahadur
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Aftab Ali Shaikh
- Glass
Research Division, Institute of Glass & Ceramic Research and Testing, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Samina Ahmed
- Glass
Research Division, Institute of Glass & Ceramic Research and Testing, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
- BCSIR
Dhaka Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
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2
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Saied M, Ward A, Hamieda SF. Effect of apricot kernel seed extract on biophysical properties of chitosan film for packaging applications. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3430. [PMID: 38341481 PMCID: PMC10858884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural biodegradable biopolymer that has drawbacks in mechanical and antibacterial properties, limiting its usage in biological and medicinal fields. Chitosan is combined with other naturally occurring substances possessing biological antibacterial qualities in order to broaden its application. Ethanolic apricot kernel seed extract was prepared, analyzed, and incorporated into chitosan film with different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 wt%). Furthermore, the effect of AKSE and γ-radiation (20 Gy and 20 kGy) on the physical properties of the film was studied. The prepared films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which revealed that AKSE did not cause any change in the molecular structure, whereas the γ-irradiation dose caused a decrease in the peak intensity of all concentrations except 0.75 wt%, which was the most resistant. In addition, their dielectric, optical, and antimicrobial properties were studied. Also, AKSE-enhanced optical qualities, allowed them to fully block light transmission at wavelengths of 450-600 nm. The dielectric properties, i.e., permittivity (ε'), dielectric loss (ε''), and electrical conductivity (σ), increased with increasing AKSE concentration and film irradiation. The antimicrobial studies revealed that the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Canodida albicans increased with AKSE incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saied
- Microwave Physics and Dielectrics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Azza Ward
- Microwave Physics and Dielectrics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Farag Hamieda
- Microwave Physics and Dielectrics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Ruiz-Bustos R, López-Uceda A, López-Martínez MI, Van Duijn J. The Mechanical Performance of Recycled Slate Waste Fiber Composites Based on Unsaturated Polyester Resins. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6041. [PMID: 37687734 PMCID: PMC10489072 DOI: 10.3390/ma16176041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, there has been increasing social awareness for environmental conservation, which is driving the development of composite materials based on natural fibers. These new materials have interesting properties that allow for their use in a variety of applications. This study deals with the development of composite materials based on unsaturated polyester resins reinforced with recycled mineral fibers, such as slate fibers obtained from slate production waste, which have similar properties to glass fiber. The mechanical properties of these composites have been determined by tensile and flexural/bending tests. The influence of various variables such as matrix composition (flexible polyester content) and the weight percentage of fiber added to mechanical properties were evaluated. The flexible/rigid polyester content varied from 0 to 40% and the fiber one from 0 to 30 wt%. Composites with ≥20 wt% of slate fiber reinforcement are shown to have tensile (35 MPa) and flexural (57 MPa) strengths that can compete with materials reinforced with artificial fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Ruiz-Bustos
- Department of Mechanics, School of Engineering Sciences, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Leonardo da Vinci, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km. 396, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (A.L.-U.); (M.I.L.-M.); (J.V.D.)
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4
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Chiou AH, Lin CH. Material and mechanical characterization of recycled polypropylene reinforced with different weight percentages of short glass fiber developed by injection molding. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19403. [PMID: 37681144 PMCID: PMC10480661 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop short glass fiber-reinforced recycled polypropylene composites using injection molding technique with varying fiber percentages (0-50 wt%). The study aimed to evaluate the mechanical and material properties of the composites and their potential applications. To achieve this, polypropylene composite pellets were prepared using a low-cost and simple manufacturing method that involved plastic recycling using a crushing method and pelletizing with different weight percentages of short glass fiber using twin-screw extruder. The study conducted various analyses, such as melt flow index, capillary rhinometry, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the recycled polypropylene/short glass fiber composites exhibited improved heat resistance, crystallization rate, and thermal stability compared to the pure polymer. The best impact mechanical (about 3.65 ± 0.09 J/m) properties were obtained at 50 wt% of short glass fiber in the fabricated composites. Scanning electron microscope analysis indicated a uniform dispersion of short glass fiber in the polypropylene matrix. The potential applications of these composites were found in household appliances, industrial plastic products, and other areas. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of short glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites as a cost-effective, environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Huei Chiou
- Department of Mechanical and Computer-Aided Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 632, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Hua Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Computer-Aided Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 632, Taiwan, ROC
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5
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Gañán P, Barajas J, Zuluaga R, Castro C, Marín D, Tercjak A, Builes DH. The Evolution and Future Trends of Unsaturated Polyester Biocomposites: A Bibliometric Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2970. [PMID: 37447615 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) is one of the first commercialized polymer matrices for composites reinforced with glass fibers, but has remained popular to this day. To reduce their environmental impact, natural fibers have been used as reinforcements. Researchers all over the world are still interested in these composites, and numerous papers have been published in the last four decades. Using bibliometric analysis, this work provides compiled, structured, and relevant information about the evolution and current state of these materials. This first study on UPR biocomposites based on bibliometric analysis examined 531 published papers identified in the Scopus database from 1982 to July 2022. An analysis of the most active states, leading institutions, and leading authors is followed by the identification of key areas such as the most common natural fibers used as reinforcements, fiber treatments, and composite design parameters such as processing techniques; recently, composite testing; and technological applications. The findings emphasize the importance of staying active in this global field and provide information on novel promising topics for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piedad Gañán
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1, 70-01, Medellín 050031, Colombia
| | - Jaime Barajas
- Dirección de Planeación, Unidad de Analítica y Estudios de Contexto, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1, No 70-01, Medellín 050031, Colombia
| | - Robin Zuluaga
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1, 70-01, Medellín 050031, Colombia
| | - Cristina Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1, 70-01, Medellín 050031, Colombia
| | - Daniel Marín
- 'Research and Development Center, Andercol-Akzonobel', Andercol S.A.S, Autopista Norte, 95-84, Medellín 050031, Colombia
| | - Agnieszka Tercjak
- 'Materials + Technologies' Group (GMT), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Daniel H Builes
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1, 70-01, Medellín 050031, Colombia
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Influence of Stacking Sequence on Mechanical Properties of Basalt/Ramie Biodegradable Hybrid Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040985. [PMID: 36850268 PMCID: PMC9962832 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the mechanical properties of basalt/ramie/polyester hybrid composite laminates were investigated. A matrix of 45% polyester was used, as it has good bonding properties between fibers. The composite laminates were fabricated using a hand layup technique, with seven layers stacked in different sequences and impregnated in the polyester matrix to create a hybrid configuration. Tensile, flexural, impact, compression, and hardness tests were conducted according to ASTM standards for mechanical characterization. The results showed that the overall stacking sequence of sample number seven (BRBRBRB) had the highest tensile strength at 120 MPa, impact energy at 8 J, flexural strength at 115 MPa, compression strength at 70 MPa, and hardness of 77. Natural fiber-reinforced composites are being used in current automotive industry applications, such as in electric vehicles.
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Gao X, Han T, Tang B, Yi J, Cao M. Reinforced Structure Effect on Thermo-Oxidative Stability of Polymer-Matrix Composites: 2-D Plain Woven Composites and 2.5-D Angle-Interlock Woven Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173454. [PMID: 36080533 PMCID: PMC9459825 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermo-oxidative stability of carbon fiber polymer matrix composites with different integral reinforced structures was investigated experimentally and numerically. Specimens of 2-D plain woven composites and 2.5-D angle-interlock woven composites were isothermally aged at 180 °C in hot air for various durations up to 32 days. The thermal oxidative ageing led to the degradation of the matrix and the fiber/matrix interface. The degradation mechanisms of the matrix were examined by ATR-FTIR and thermal analysis. The interface cracks caused by thermal oxidative ageing were sensitive to the reinforced structure. The thermo-oxidative stability of the two composites was numerically compared in terms of matrix shrinking and crack evolution and then experimentally validated by interlaminar shear tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhong Gao
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Tiancong Han
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Bolin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Jie Yi
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Miao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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Effect of Design Parameters on the Flexural Strength of Reinforced Concrete Sandwich Beams. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12081021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sandwich beams are preferable for aerostructure and marine structures due to their high mechanical strength, durability, stiffness, and fatigue resistance. This paper presents a study on the flexural behavior of sandwich beams made of self-compacting concrete comprising a polystyrene inner core with wire mesh reinforcement. The effect of the design parameters such as the inner core area, percentage of tension reinforcement, and wire mesh on the moment carrying capacity and failure modes of sandwich beams was analyzed. Ten beams were cast and tested to failure with simply supported end conditions and they were classified into three different groups. The longitudinal section of the inner core area was varied by 0% (control beam), 25%, 50%, and 75% of the gross area. The tension reinforcement ratio varied between 0.6 and 1.5%. In addition, the effect of the wire mesh in shear and flexural resistance was studied. The load-carrying capacity of sandwich beams increased with flexural reinforcement. In addition, the welded wire mesh improved the sandwich beams’ flexural and shear performance. The conventional expressions for the moment of resistance were valid for sandwich beams, whereas the shear strength expressions overestimated the capacity; therefore, modifications were suggested. The refined models had a significant agreement with the experimental results.
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9
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Bakhori SNM, Hassan MZ, Bakhori NM, Rashedi A, Mohammad R, Daud MYM, Aziz SA, Ramlie F, Kumar A, J N. Mechanical Properties of PALF/Kevlar-Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Hybrid Composite Laminates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122468. [PMID: 35746044 PMCID: PMC9227521 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural and synthetic fibres are in high demand due to their superior properties. Natural fibres are less expensive and lighter as compared to synthetic fibres. Synthetic fibres have drawn much attention, especially for their outstanding properties, such as durability, and stability. The hybridisation between natural and synthetic fibres composite are considered as an alternative to improve the current properties of natural and synthetic fibres. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the physical and mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) and Kevlar reinforced unsaturated polyester (UP) hybrid composites. The PALF/Kevlar hybrid composites were fabricated by using hand layup method utilising unsaturated polyester as the matrix. These composites were laid up to various laminated configurations, such as [PKP]s, [PPK]s, [KPP]s, [KKP]s, [PPP]s and [KKK]s, whereby PALF denoted as P and Kevlar denoted as K. Next, they were cut into size and dimensions according to standards. Initially, the density of PALF/Kevlar reinforced unsaturated polyester were evaluated. The highest density result was obtained from [KKK]s, however, the density of hybrid composites was closely indistinguishable. Next, moisture absorption behaviour and its effects on the PALF/Kevlar reinforced unsaturated polyester were investigated. The water absorption studies showed that the hybridisation between all PALF and Kevlar specimens absorbed moisture drastically at the beginning of the moisture absorption test and the percentage of moisture uptake increased with the volume fraction of PALF in the samples. The tensile test indicated that all specimens exhibited nonlinear stress-strain behaviour and shown a pseudo-ductility behaviour. [KKP]s and [KPK]s hybrid composites showed the highest tensile strength and modulus. The flexural test showed that [KPK]s had the highest flexural strength of 164.0 MPa and [KKP]s had the highest flexural modulus of 12.6 GPa. In terms of the impact strength and resistance, [KKP]s outperformed the composite laminates. According to SEM scans, the hybrid composites demonstrated a stronger interfacial adhesion between the fibres and matrix than pure PALF composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nadia Mohd Bakhori
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.N.M.B.); (M.Z.H.); (N.M.B.); (R.M.); (M.Y.M.D.); (S.A.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Mohamad Zaki Hassan
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.N.M.B.); (M.Z.H.); (N.M.B.); (R.M.); (M.Y.M.D.); (S.A.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Noremylia Mohd Bakhori
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.N.M.B.); (M.Z.H.); (N.M.B.); (R.M.); (M.Y.M.D.); (S.A.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Ahmad Rashedi
- College of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0810, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Roslina Mohammad
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.N.M.B.); (M.Z.H.); (N.M.B.); (R.M.); (M.Y.M.D.); (S.A.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Mohd Yusof Md Daud
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.N.M.B.); (M.Z.H.); (N.M.B.); (R.M.); (M.Y.M.D.); (S.A.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Sa’ardin Abdul Aziz
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.N.M.B.); (M.Z.H.); (N.M.B.); (R.M.); (M.Y.M.D.); (S.A.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Faizir Ramlie
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.N.M.B.); (M.Z.H.); (N.M.B.); (R.M.); (M.Y.M.D.); (S.A.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Anil Kumar
- Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur 228118, India;
| | - Naveen J
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India;
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Hameed A, Snari RM, Alaysuy O, Alluhaybi AA, Alhasani M, Abumelha HM, El-Metwaly NM. Development of photoluminescent artificial nacre-like nanocomposite from polyester resin and graphene oxide. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3104-3114. [PMID: 35621710 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Long-lasting phosphorescent nacre-like material was simply prepared from a nanocomposite of inorganic and organic materials. Low molecular weight unsaturated polyester (PET), graphene oxide (GO), and nanoparticles of rare-earth activated aluminate pigment were used in the preparation process of an organic/inorganic hybrid nanocomposite. Using methylethylketone peroxide (MEKP) as a hardener, we were able to develop a fluid solution that hardens within minutes at room temperature. Covalent and hydrogen bonds were introduced between the polyester resin and graphene oxide nanosheets. The interface interactions of those bonds resulted in toughness, excellent tensile strength, and high durability. The produced nacre substrates demonstrated long-persistent and reversible luminescence. The excitation of the produced nacre substrates at 365 nm resulted in a 524 nm emission. After being exposed to UV light, the photoluminescent nacre substrates became green. The increased superhydrophobic activity of the produced nacre substrates was achieved without affecting their physico-mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan M Snari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omaymah Alaysuy
- Depertment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alluhaybi
- Department of Chemistry, Rabigh College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alhasani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hana M Abumelha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa M El-Metwaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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11
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Huang X, Guo Y, Yan X, Yin G, Feng G. A new type of unsaturated polyester resin with epoxy functionalized nano‐silica and dimer fatty acid: Preparation and property. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Guangzhou China
| | - Yan‐ting Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Guangzhou China
| | - Xu‐ming Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Guangzhou China
| | - Guo‐qiang Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Guangzhou China
| | - Guang‐zhu Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Guangzhou China
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12
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A Review on the Effect of Fabric Reinforcement on Strength Enhancement of Natural Fiber Composites. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093025. [PMID: 35591358 PMCID: PMC9103548 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of reinforcements on the strength of natural fiber composites. Recent advancements in natural fiber composites have minimized the usage of man-made fibers, especially in the field of structural applications such as aircraft stiffeners and rotor blades. However, large variations in the strength and modulus of natural fiber degrade the properties of the composites and lower the safety level of the structures under dynamic load. Without compromising the safety of the composite structure, it is significant to enrich the strength and modulus of natural fiber reinforcement for real-time applications. The strength and durability of natural fiber can be enriched by reinforcing natural fiber. The reinforcement effect on natural fiber in their woven, braided, and knit forms enhances their structural properties. It improves the properties of natural fiber composites related to reinforcement with short and random-orientation fibers. The article also reviews the effect of the hybridization of natural fiber with cellulosic fiber, synthetic fiber, and intra-ply hybridization on its mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, and free vibration characteristics, which are important for predicting the life and performance of natural fiber composites for weight-sensitive applications under dynamic load.
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13
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Bamboo-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset and Thermoplastic Polymer Composites: A Review of Properties, Fabrication, and Potential Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071387. [PMID: 35406261 PMCID: PMC9003382 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural-fiber-reinforced composites, especially bamboo, are an alternative material to compete with conventional materials. Their environmentally friendly, renewable, low-cost, low-density, non-toxic, and fully biodegradable properties are concerning for researchers because of their advantages over synthetic polymers. This comprehensive review presents the results of work on bamboo fiber composites with special reference to bamboo types, thermoplastic and thermoset polymers matrices, hybrid composites, and their applications. In addition, several studies prove that these properties are very good and efficient in various applications. However, in the development of composite technology, bamboo fiber has certain constraints, especially in moisture conditions. Moisture is one of the factors that reduces the potential of bamboo fiber and makes it a critical issue in the manufacturing industry. Therefore, various efforts have been made to ensure that these properties are not affected by moisture by treating the surface fibers using chemical treatments.
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Mohd Bakhori SN, Hassan MZ, Mohd Bakhori N, Jamaludin KR, Ramlie F, Md Daud MY, Abdul Aziz S. Physical, Mechanical and Perforation Resistance of Natural-Synthetic Fiber Interply Laminate Hybrid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071322. [PMID: 35406196 PMCID: PMC9002485 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural and synthetic fibres have emerged in high demand due to their excellent properties. Natural fibres have good mechanical properties and are less expensive, making them a viable substitute for synthetic fibers. Owing to certain drawbacks such as their inconsistent quality and hydrophilic nature, researchers focused on incorporating these two fibres as an alternative to improve the limitations of the single fibre. This review focused on the interply hybridisation of natural and synthetic fibres into composites. Natural fibres and their classifications are discussed. The physical and mechanical properties of these hybrid composites have also been included. A full discussion of the mechanical properties of natural/synthetic fibre hybrid composites such as tensile, flexural, impact, and perforation resistance, as well as their failure modes, is highlighted. Furthermore, the applications and future directions of hybrid composites have been described in details.
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15
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Evaluation of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Short Entada mannii-Glass Fiber Hybrid Composites. FIBERS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fib10030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the physical and mechanical properties of short Entada mannii- glass fiber polypropylene hybrid composites. The polymeric hybrid composite was produced by combining different ratios of Entada mannii fiber (EMF)/glass fiber (GF) using the compression molding technique. The tensile properties, compressive strength, impact strength and hardness were evaluated while the fracture surface morphology was examined using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). It further evaluates the moisture absorption and percentage void content of the developed composites. The experimental results show that tensile, compressive, impact and hardness properties of all the hybrid composites were significantly improved as compared with single reinforced composites. Specifically, hybrid composites (EMF/GF5) revealed an overall tensile strength of 41%, hardness of 51% and compressive strength of 47% relative to single reinforced composites, which can be ascribed to enhanced fiber–matrix bonding. The chemical treatment enhanced the EMF fiber surface and promoted good adhesion with the polypropylene (PP) matrix. Moisture absorption properties revealed that the addition of EMF/GF reduces the amount of moisture intake of the hybrid composites attributed to good cementing of the fiber–matrix interface. Morphological analysis revealed that single reinforced composites (EMF1 and GF2) were characterized by fiber pullout and deposition of voids in the composite as compared with the hybrid composites.
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16
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Ilyas RA, Aisyah HA, Nordin AH, Ngadi N, Zuhri MYM, Asyraf MRM, Sapuan SM, Zainudin ES, Sharma S, Abral H, Asrofi M, Syafri E, Sari NH, Rafidah M, Zakaria SZS, Razman MR, Majid NA, Ramli Z, Azmi A, Bangar SP, Ibrahim R. Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Chitosan, Chitosan Blends and Their Nanocomposites for Various Advanced Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050874. [PMID: 35267697 PMCID: PMC8912483 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been much effort to provide eco-friendly and biodegradable materials for the next generation of composite products owing to global environmental concerns and increased awareness of renewable green resources. This review article uniquely highlights the use of green composites from natural fiber, particularly with regard to the development and characterization of chitosan, natural-fiber-reinforced chitosan biopolymer, chitosan blends, and chitosan nanocomposites. Natural fiber composites have a number of advantages such as durability, low cost, low weight, high specific strength, non-abrasiveness, equitably good mechanical properties, environmental friendliness, and biodegradability. Findings revealed that chitosan is a natural fiber that falls to the animal fiber category. As it has a biomaterial form, chitosan can be presented as hydrogels, sponges, film, and porous membrane. There are different processing methods in the preparation of chitosan composites such as solution and solvent casting, dipping and spray coating, freeze casting and drying, layer-by-layer preparation, and extrusion. It was also reported that the developed chitosan-based composites possess high thermal stability, as well as good chemical and physical properties. In these regards, chitosan-based “green” composites have wide applicability and potential in the industry of biomedicine, cosmetology, papermaking, wastewater treatment, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.H.N.); (N.N.)
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.A.I.); (H.A.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - Humaira Alias Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.A.I.); (H.A.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - Abu Hassan Nordin
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.H.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Norzita Ngadi
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.H.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Mohamed Yusoff Mohd Zuhri
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.A.I.); (H.A.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Salit Mohd Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Edi Syams Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144603, India;
| | - Hairul Abral
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia;
| | - Mochamad Asrofi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jember, Kampus Tegalboto, Jember 68121, East Java, Indonesia;
| | - Edi Syafri
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Agricultural Polytechnic, Payakumbuh 26271, West Sumatra, Indonesia;
| | - Nasmi Herlina Sari
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram, Mataram 83115, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia;
| | - Mazlan Rafidah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria
- Research Centre for Environment, Economic and Social Sustainability (KASES), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.Z.S.Z.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Muhammad Rizal Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nuriah Abd Majid
- Research Centre for Environment, Economic and Social Sustainability (KASES), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.Z.S.Z.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Zuliskandar Ramli
- Institute of the Malay World and Civilisation (ATMA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ashraf Azmi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Sneh Punia Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA;
| | - Rushdan Ibrahim
- Pulp and Paper Branch, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong 52109, Selangor, Malaysia;
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17
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Azlin MNM, Ilyas RA, Zuhri MYM, Sapuan SM, Harussani MM, Sharma S, Nordin AH, Nurazzi NM, Afiqah AN. 3D Printing and Shaping Polymers, Composites, and Nanocomposites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:180. [PMID: 35012202 PMCID: PMC8747384 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable technologies are vital due to the efforts of researchers and investors who have allocated significant amounts of money and time to their development. Nowadays, 3D printing has been accepted by the main industry players, since its first establishment almost 30 years ago. It is obvious that almost every industry is related to technology, which proves that technology has a bright future. Many studies have shown that technologies have changed the methods for developing particular products. Three-dimensional printing has evolved tremendously, and currently, many new types of 3D printing machines have been introduced. In this paper, we describe the historical development of 3D printing technology including its process, types of printing, and applications on polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. N. M. Azlin
- Department of Textile Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, Kuala Pilah 72000, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (A.N.A.)
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (A.N.A.)
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (A.N.A.)
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus, Kapurthala 144603, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Centre for Research and Development and Chandigarh Universiti, Pubjab 140413, India
| | - A. H. Nordin
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - N. M. Nurazzi
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - A. N. Afiqah
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (A.N.A.)
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18
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Kamarudin SH, Rayung M, Abu F, Ahmad S, Fadil F, Karim AA, Norizan MN, Sarifuddin N, Mat Desa MSZ, Mohd Basri MS, Samsudin H, Abdullah LC. A Review on Antimicrobial Packaging from Biodegradable Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:174. [PMID: 35012197 PMCID: PMC8747113 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of antimicrobial packaging has been growing rapidly due to an increase in awareness and demands for sustainable active packaging that could preserve the quality and prolong the shelf life of foods and products. The addition of highly efficient antibacterial nanoparticles, antifungals, and antioxidants to biodegradable and environmentally friendly green polymers has become a significant advancement trend for the packaging evolution. Impregnation of antimicrobial agents into the packaging film is essential for impeding or destroying the pathogenic microorganisms causing food illness and deterioration. Higher safety and quality as well as an extended shelf life of sustainable active packaging desired by the industry are further enhanced by applying the different types of antimicrobial packaging systems. Antimicrobial packaging not only can offer a wide range of advantages, but also preserves the environment through usage of renewable and biodegradable polymers instead of common synthetic polymers, thus reducing plastic pollution generated by humankind. This review intended to provide a summary of current trends and applications of antimicrobial, biodegradable films in the packaging industry as well as the innovation of nanotechnology to increase efficiency of novel, bio-based packaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Hasnah Kamarudin
- School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Uitm Shah Alam, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (F.A.); (S.A.); (F.F.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Marwah Rayung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Falah Abu
- School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Uitm Shah Alam, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (F.A.); (S.A.); (F.F.); (A.A.K.)
| | - So’bah Ahmad
- School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Uitm Shah Alam, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (F.A.); (S.A.); (F.F.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Fatirah Fadil
- School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Uitm Shah Alam, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (F.A.); (S.A.); (F.F.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Azrena Abdul Karim
- School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Uitm Shah Alam, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (F.A.); (S.A.); (F.F.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Mohd Nurazzi Norizan
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Norshahida Sarifuddin
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Shaiful Zaidi Mat Desa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology and Process, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang 26300, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Hayati Samsudin
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
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19
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Long Chopped Glass Fiber Reinforced Low-Density Unsaturated Polyester Resin under Different Initiation. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237307. [PMID: 34885469 PMCID: PMC8658567 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long chopped glass fiber reinforced low-density unsaturated polyester resin (LCGFR-LDUPR) composite materials with light weight and excellent mechanical properties were prepared. It was proved that long chopped glass fiber, which was in length of 15.0 mm and chopped from ER4800-T718 plied yarn, was suitable for the preparation of LCGFR-LDUPR composite samples. With the coexistence of 1.50 parts per hundred of resin (phr) of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP-II) and 0.05 phr of cobalt naphthenate, optimal preparation parameters were obtained, which were 20.00 phr of long chopped glass fiber, 2.50 phr of NH4HCO3, at a curing temperature of 58.0 °C. The lowest dosage of activated radicals produced by MEKP-II and cobalt naphthenate enabled the lower curing exothermic enthalpy and the slowest crosslinking for unsaturated polyester resin to carry out, resulting in a higher curing degree of resin. It was conducive to the formation, diffusion, and distribution of bubbles in uniform size, and also to the constitution of ideal three-dimensional framework of long glass fibers in the cured sample, which resulted in the LCGFR-LDUPR composite sample presenting the apparent density (ρ) of 0.68 ± 0.02 g/cm3, the compression strength (P) of 35.36 ± 0.38 MPa, and the highest specific compressive strength (Ps) of 52.00 ± 0.74 MPa/g·cm3. The work carried out an ideal three-dimensional framework of long chopped glass fiber in the reinforcement to low-density unsaturated polyester resin composite samples. It also presented the proper initiator/accelerator system of the lower curing exothermic enthalpy and the slowest crosslinking for unsaturated polyester resin.
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20
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He L, Xia F, Wang Y, Yuan J, Chen D, Zheng J. Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of the Amino Silicone Oil Emulsion Modified Ramie Fiber Reinforced Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234083. [PMID: 34883588 PMCID: PMC8659282 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties, interface adhesion and microstructures of the amino silicone oil emulsion (ASO) modified short ramie fiber reinforced polypropylene composites (RFPCs) with different fiber fractions were investigated. The RFPCs were made through a combined process of extrusion and injection molding. Mechanical property tests of the RFPCs revealed enhancements in tensile and flexural strengths with increase of the fiber fraction due to the high stiffness of the fiber filler and a better interfacial bonding from ASO treatment. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results indicated that fiber incorporation plays an important role in DMA parameters (storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping ratio) at Tg by forming an improved interfacial adhesion and providing more effective stress transfer rate and energy dissipation between matrix and fiber. The phase behavior analysis suggests all the RFPCs are a kind of heterogeneity system based on the Cole-Cole plot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Vehicle Body Testing Research, CATARC Automotive Test Center (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300, China;
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
| | - Dachuan Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
| | - Junchao Zheng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (J.Z.)
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21
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Suriani MJ, Ilyas RA, Zuhri MYM, Khalina A, Sultan MTH, Sapuan SM, Ruzaidi CM, Wan FN, Zulkifli F, Harussani MM, Azman MA, Radzi FSM, Sharma S. Critical Review of Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites: Processing, Properties, Applications and Cost. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203514. [PMID: 34685272 PMCID: PMC8537548 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing scientific interest has occurred concerning the utilization of natural fiber-enhanced hybrid composites that incorporate one or more types of natural enhancement. Annual natural fiber production is estimated to be 1,783,965 × 103 tons/year. Extensive studies have been conducted in the domains of natural/synthetic as well as natural/natural hybrid composites. As synthetic fibers have better rigidity and strength than natural fibers, natural/synthetic hybrid composites have superior qualities via hybridization compared to natural composites in fibers. In general, natural fiber compounds have lower characteristics, limiting the use of natural composites reinforced by fiber. Significant effort was spent in enhancing the mechanical characteristics of this group of materials to increase their strengths and applications, especially via the hybridization process, by manipulating the characteristics of fiber-reinforced composite materials. Current studies concentrate on enhancing the understanding of natural fiber-matrix adhesion, enhancing processing methods, and natural fiber compatibility. The optimal and resilient conceptions have also been addressed due to the inherently more significant variabilities. Moreover, much research has tackled natural fiber reinforced hybrid composite costs. In addition, this review article aims to offer a review of the variables that lead to the mechanical and structural failure of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, as well as an overview of the details and costings of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Suriani
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.S.); (R.A.I.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.J.S.); (R.A.I.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (M.M.H.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.S.); (R.A.I.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - A. Khalina
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. T. H. Sultan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (M.M.H.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
| | - C. M. Ruzaidi
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - F. Nik Wan
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - F. Zulkifli
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (M.M.H.)
| | - M. A. Azman
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - F. S. M. Radzi
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus-Kapurthala, Punjab 144603, India;
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22
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Kadier A, Ilyas RA, Huzaifah MRM, Harihastuti N, Sapuan SM, Harussani MM, Azlin MNM, Yuliasni R, Ibrahim R, Atikah MSN, Wang J, Chandrasekhar K, Islam MA, Sharma S, Punia S, Rajasekar A, Asyraf MRM, Ishak MR. Use of Industrial Wastes as Sustainable Nutrient Sources for Bacterial Cellulose (BC) Production: Mechanism, Advances, and Future Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3365. [PMID: 34641185 PMCID: PMC8512337 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel nanomaterial, bacterial cellulose (BC), has become noteworthy recently due to its better physicochemical properties and biodegradability, which are desirable for various applications. Since cost is a significant limitation in the production of cellulose, current efforts are focused on the use of industrial waste as a cost-effective substrate for the synthesis of BC or microbial cellulose. The utilization of industrial wastes and byproduct streams as fermentation media could improve the cost-competitiveness of BC production. This paper examines the feasibility of using typical wastes generated by industry sectors as sources of nutrients (carbon and nitrogen) for the commercial-scale production of BC. Numerous preliminary findings in the literature data have revealed the potential to yield a high concentration of BC from various industrial wastes. These findings indicated the need to optimize culture conditions, aiming for improved large-scale production of BC from waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abudukeremu Kadier
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (A.K.); (J.W.)
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Huzaifah
- Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Bintulu Campus, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu 97000, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Nani Harihastuti
- Centre of Industrial Pollution Prevention Technology, The Ministry of Industry, Jawa Tengah 50136, Indonesia; (N.H.); (R.Y.)
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (M.M.H.)
- Laboratory of Technology Biocomposite, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (M.M.H.)
| | - M. N. M. Azlin
- Laboratory of Technology Biocomposite, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Textile Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Universiti Teknologi Mara Negeri Sembilan, Kuala Pilah 72000, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Rustiana Yuliasni
- Centre of Industrial Pollution Prevention Technology, The Ministry of Industry, Jawa Tengah 50136, Indonesia; (N.H.); (R.Y.)
| | - R. Ibrahim
- Innovation & Commercialization Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong 52109, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
| | - M. S. N. Atikah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Junying Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (A.K.); (J.W.)
| | - K. Chandrasekhar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - M Amirul Islam
- Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-Based BioNanotechnology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar 144001, India;
| | - Sneh Punia
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Aruliah Rajasekar
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore 632115, India
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.R.M.A.); (M.R.I.)
| | - M. R. Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.R.M.A.); (M.R.I.)
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Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Thermal Properties of Longitudinal Basalt/Woven Glass Fiber Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Hybrid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193343. [PMID: 34641159 PMCID: PMC8513064 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of basalt/woven glass fiber reinforced polymer (BGRP) hybrid polyester composites. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to explore the chemical aspect, whereas the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermomechanical analysis (TMA) were performed to determine the mechanical and thermal properties. The dynamic mechanical properties were evaluated in terms of the storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping factor. The FTIR results showed that incorporating single and hybrid fibers in the matrix did not change the chemical properties. The DMA findings revealed that the B7.5/G22.5 composite with 7.5 wt% of basalt fiber (B) and 22.5 wt% of glass fiber (G) exhibited the highest elastic and viscous properties, as it exhibited the higher storage modulus (8.04 × 109 MPa) and loss modulus (1.32 × 109 MPa) compared to the other samples. All the reinforced composites had better damping behavior than the neat matrix, but no further enhancement was obtained upon hybridization. The analysis also revealed that the B22.5/G7.5 composite with 22.5 wt% of basalt fiber and 7.5 wt% of glass fiber had the highest Tg at 70.80 °C, and increased by 15 °C compared to the neat matrix. TMA data suggested that the reinforced composites had relatively low dimensional stabilities than the neat matrix, particularly between 50 to 80 °C. Overall, the hybridization of basalt and glass fibers in unsaturated polyester formed composites with higher mechanical and thermal properties than single reinforced composites.
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Kufel A, Para S, Kuciel S. Basalt/Glass Fiber Polypropylene Hybrid Composites: Mechanical Properties at Different Temperatures and under Cyclic Loading and Micromechanical Modelling. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195574. [PMID: 34639971 PMCID: PMC8509748 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Basalt/glass fiber polypropylene hybrid composites were developed as subjects of investigation, with the aim to characterize their properties. An injection molding machine was used to produce the test samples. The following three different tests, at various specimen temperatures, were conducted: tensile test, three-point flexural test, and Charpy impact test. To determine fatigue behavior, the samples were uniaxially loaded and unloaded. Mechanical hysteresis loops were recorded and the dissipation energy of each loop was calculated. To determine the adhesion and dispersion between the fibers and the matrix, the fractured surfaces of the various specimens, after the tensile test, were investigated using a scanning electron microscope. The results show that the production of a composite with both basalt and glass fibers, in a polypropylene matrix with maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene, can be successfully achieved. The addition of the two types of fibers increased the tensile strength by 306% and the tensile modulus by 333% for a composition, with 20% by weight, of fibers. The material properties were estimated with the help of a simulation software, and validated with a FEA. A satisfactory correlation between the simulation and measurement data was achieved. The error lays in a range of 2% between the maximum stress values. At a lower strain (up to 0.02), the stress values are very well matched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kufel
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Institute of Materials Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.K); (S.K.)
| | - Slawomir Para
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Automotive Engineering and Internal Combustion Engines, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Stanisław Kuciel
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Institute of Materials Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.K); (S.K.)
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Nurazzi NM, Asyraf MRM, Rayung M, Norrrahim MNF, Shazleen SS, Rani MSA, Shafi AR, Aisyah HA, Radzi MHM, Sabaruddin FA, Ilyas RA, Zainudin ES, Abdan K. Thermogravimetric Analysis Properties of Cellulosic Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Review on Influence of Chemical Treatments. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162710. [PMID: 34451248 PMCID: PMC8399699 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural fiber such as bamboo fiber, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber, kenaf fiber, and sugar palm fiber-reinforced polymer composites are being increasingly developed for lightweight structures with high specific strength in the automotive, marine, aerospace, and construction industries with significant economic benefits, sustainability, and environmental benefits. The plant-based natural fibers are hydrophilic, which is incompatible with hydrophobic polymer matrices. This leads to a reduction of their interfacial bonding and to the poor thermal stability performance of the resulting fiber-reinforced polymer composite. Based on the literature, the effect of chemical treatment of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites had significantly influenced the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) together with the thermal stability performance of the composite structure. In this review, the effect of chemical treatments used on cellulose natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer composites has been reviewed. From the present review, the TGA data are useful as guidance in determining the purity and composition of the composites’ structures, drying, and the ignition temperatures of materials. Knowing the stability temperatures of compounds based on their weight, changes in the temperature dependence is another factor to consider regarding the effectiveness of chemical treatments for the purpose of synergizing the chemical bonding between the natural fiber with polymer matrix or with the synthetic fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Nurazzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. Rayung
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. N. F. Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - S. S. Shazleen
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
| | - M. S. A. Rani
- School of Materials and Minerals Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - A. R. Shafi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - M. H. M. Radzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar 02100, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - F. A. Sabaruddin
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - K. Abdan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
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Application of Micromechanical Modelling for the Evaluation of Elastic Moduli of Hybrid Woven Jute-Ramie Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152572. [PMID: 34372175 PMCID: PMC8347357 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Woven laminated composite has gained researchers’ and industry’s interest over time due to its impressive mechanical performance compared to unidirectional composites. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties of the woven laminated composite are hard to predict. There are many micromechanical models based on unidirectional composite but limited to the woven laminated composite. The current research work was conducted to evaluate elastic moduli of hybrid jute–ramie woven reinforced unsaturated polyester composites using micromechanical effectiveness unidirectional models, such as ROM, IROM, Halpin–Tsai, and Hirsch, which are based on stiffness. The hybrid jute–ramie laminated composite was fabricated with different layering sizes, and the stacking sequence was completed via hand lay-up with the compression machine. Tensile modulus values for hybrid composites are between those for single jute and single ramie. Obtained p-values less than 0.05 prove the relationship between layering size and tensile modulus. This study showed that several micromechanical models, such as Halpin–Tsai’s predicted value of homogenized mechanical properties, were in good agreement with the experimental result. In the case of the hybrid composite, the micromechanical model deviates from the experimental result. Several modifications are required to improve the current existing model. A correlation function was calculated based on the differences between the elastic modulus values determined experimentally and those derived from each micromechanical model calculation.
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27
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Nurazzi NM, Asyraf MRM, Fatimah Athiyah S, Shazleen SS, Rafiqah SA, Harussani MM, Kamarudin SH, Razman MR, Rahmah M, Zainudin ES, Ilyas RA, Aisyah HA, Norrrahim MNF, Abdullah N, Sapuan SM, Khalina A. A Review on Mechanical Performance of Hybrid Natural Fiber Polymer Composites for Structural Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2170. [PMID: 34209030 PMCID: PMC8271713 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of hybrid natural fiber polymer composites, there has been a recent surge in research and innovation for structural applications. To expand the strengths and applications of this category of materials, significant effort was put into improving their mechanical properties. Hybridization is a designed technique for fiber-reinforced composite materials that involves combining two or more fibers of different groups within a single matrix to manipulate the desired properties. They may be made from a mix of natural and synthetic fibers, synthetic and synthetic fibers, or natural fiber and carbonaceous materials. Owing to their diverse properties, hybrid natural fiber composite materials are manufactured from a variety of materials, including rubber, elastomer, metal, ceramics, glasses, and plants, which come in composite, sandwich laminate, lattice, and segmented shapes. Hybrid composites have a wide range of uses, including in aerospace interiors, naval, civil building, industrial, and sporting goods. This study intends to provide a summary of the factors that contribute to natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites' mechanical and structural failure as well as overview the details and developments that have been achieved with the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Nurazzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia;
| | - S. Fatimah Athiyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
| | - S. S. Shazleen
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
| | - S. Ayu Rafiqah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
| | - S. H. Kamarudin
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (S.H.K.); (M.R.)
| | - M. R. Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - M. Rahmah
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (S.H.K.); (M.R.)
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia
| | - M. N. F. Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - N. Abdullah
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
| | - A. Khalina
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
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Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite Material for Product Design: A Short Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121917. [PMID: 34207597 PMCID: PMC8228744 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural fibers have attracted great attention from industrial players and researchers for the exploitation of polymer composites because of their “greener” nature and contribution to sustainable practice. Various industries have shifted toward sustainable technology in order to improve the balance between the environment and social and economic concerns. This manuscript aims to provide a brief review of the development of the foremost natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite (NFRPC) product designs and their applications. The first part of the manuscript presents a summary of the background of various natural fibers and their composites in the context of engineering applications. The behaviors of NFPCs vary with fiber type, source, and structure. Several drawbacks of NFPCs, e.g., higher water absorption rate, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties, have limited their applications. This has necessitated the development of good practice in systematic engineering design in order to attain optimized NRPC products. Product design and manufacturing engineering need to move in a mutually considerate manner in order to produce successful natural fiber-based composite material products. The design process involves concept design, material selection, and finally, the manufacturing of the design. Numerous products have been commercialized using natural fibers, e.g., sports equipment, musical instruments, and electronic products. In the end, this review provides a guideline for the product design process based on natural fibers, which subsequently leads to a sustainable design.
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Kenaf Fiber/Pet Yarn Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Polymer Composites: Morphological, Tensile, and Flammability Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091532. [PMID: 34068794 PMCID: PMC8126255 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of natural fibers is rapidly growing in many sectors, such as construction, automobile, and furniture. Kenaf fiber (KF) is a natural fiber that is in demand owing to its eco-friendly and renewable nature. Nowadays, there are various new applications for kenaf, such as in absorbents and building materials. It also has commercial applications, such as in the automotive industry. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) is used as a fire retardant as it is low in cost and has good flame retardancy, while polyester yarn (PET) has high tensile strength. The aim of this study was to determine the horizontal burning rate, tensile strength, and surface morphology of kenaf fiber/PET yarn reinforced epoxy fire retardant composites. The composites were prepared by hybridized epoxy and Mg(OH)2 PET with different amounts of KF content (0%, 20%, 35%, and 50%) using the cold press method. The specimen with 35% KF (epoxy/PET/KF-35) displayed better flammability properties and had the lowest average burning rate of 14.55 mm/min, while epoxy/PET/KF-50 with 50% KF had the highest tensile strength of all the samples. This was due to fewer defects being detected on the surface morphology of epoxy/PET/KF-35 compared to the other samples, which influenced the mechanical properties of the composites.
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Ilyas R, Sapuan S, Harussani M, Hakimi M, Haziq M, Atikah M, Asyraf M, Ishak M, Razman M, Nurazzi N, Norrrahim M, Abral H, Asrofi M. Polylactic Acid (PLA) Biocomposite: Processing, Additive Manufacturing and Advanced Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1326. [PMID: 33919530 PMCID: PMC8072904 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, enthusiasm towards the manufacturing of biopolymers has attracted considerable attention due to the rising concern about depleting resources and worsening pollution. Among the biopolymers available in the world, polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the highest biopolymers produced globally and thus, making it suitable for product commercialisation. Therefore, the effectiveness of natural fibre reinforced PLA composite as an alternative material to substitute the non-renewable petroleum-based materials has been examined by researchers. The type of fibre used in fibre/matrix adhesion is very important because it influences the biocomposites' mechanical properties. Besides that, an outline of the present circumstance of natural fibre-reinforced PLA 3D printing, as well as its functions in 4D printing for applications of stimuli-responsive polymers were also discussed. This research paper aims to present the development and conducted studies on PLA-based natural fibre bio-composites over the last decade. This work reviews recent PLA-derived bio-composite research related to PLA synthesis and biodegradation, its properties, processes, challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - S.M. Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (M.Y.A.Y.H.); (M.Z.M.H.)
| | - M.M. Harussani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (M.Y.A.Y.H.); (M.Z.M.H.)
| | - M.Y.A.Y. Hakimi
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (M.Y.A.Y.H.); (M.Z.M.H.)
| | - M.Z.M. Haziq
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (M.Y.A.Y.H.); (M.Z.M.H.)
| | - M.S.N. Atikah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M.R.M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.R.M.A.); (M.R.I.)
| | - M.R. Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.R.M.A.); (M.R.I.)
| | - M.R. Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N.M. Nurazzi
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
| | - M.N.F. Norrrahim
- Research Center for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
| | - Hairul Abral
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia;
| | - Mochamad Asrofi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jember, Kampus Tegalboto, Jember 68121, East Java, Indonesia;
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Suriani MJ, Rapi HZ, Ilyas RA, Petrů M, Sapuan SM. Delamination and Manufacturing Defects in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Composite: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1323. [PMID: 33919480 PMCID: PMC8073675 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, most boat fabrication companies use 100% synthetic fiber-reinforced composite materials, due to their high performance of mechanical properties. In the new trend of research on the fabrication of boat structure using natural fiber hybrid with kevlar/fiberglass-reinforced composite, the result of tensile, bending, and impact strength showed that glass fiber-reinforced polyester composite gave high strength with increasing glass fiber contents. At some point, realizing the cost of synthetic fiber is getting higher, researchers today have started to use natural fibers that are seen as a more cost-effective option. Natural fibers, however, have some disadvantages, such as high moisture absorption, due to repelling nature; low wettability; low thermal stability; and quality variation, which lead to the degradation of composite properties. In recent times, hybridization is recommended by most researchers as a solution to natural fiber's weaknesses and to reduce the use of synthetic fibers that are not environmentally friendly. In addition, hybrid composite has its own special advantages, i.e., balanced strength and stiffness, reduced weight and cost, improved fatigue resistance and fracture toughness, and improved impact resistance. The synthetic-nature fiber hybrid composites are used in a variety of applications as a modern material that has attracted most manufacturing industries' attention to shift to using the hybrid composite. Some of the previous studies stated that delamination and manufacturing had influenced the performance of the hybrid composites. In order to expand the use of natural fiber as a successful reinforcement in hybrid composite, the factor that affects the manufacturing defects needs to be investigated. In this review paper, a compilation of the reviews on the delamination and a few common manufacturing defect types illustrating the overview of the impact on the mechanical properties encountered by most of the composite manufacturing industries are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Suriani
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia;
- Marine Materials Research Group, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - Hannah Zalifah Rapi
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia;
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Skudai, Johor 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Skudai, Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | - Michal Petrů
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic;
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Seri Kembangan, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Seri Kembangan, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
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Hazrati KZ, Sapuan SM, Zuhri MYM, Jumaidin R. Extraction and Characterization of Potential Biodegradable Materials Based on Dioscorea hispida Tubers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040584. [PMID: 33672030 PMCID: PMC7919467 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was driven by the stringent environmental legislation concerning the consumption and utilization of eco-friendly materials. Within this context, this paper aimed to examine the characteristics of starch and fibres from the Dioscorea hispida tuber plant to explore their potential as renewable materials. The extraction of the Dioscorea hispida starch and Dioscorea hispida fibres was carried out and the chemical composition, physical, thermal, morphological properties, and crystallinity were studied. The chemical composition investigations revealed that the Dioscorea hispida starch (DHS) has a low moisture t (9.45%) and starch content (37.62%) compared to cassava, corn, sugar palm, and arrowroot starches. Meanwhile, the Dioscorea hispida fibres (DHF) are significantly low in hemicellulose (4.36%), cellulose (5.63%), and lignin (2.79%) compared to cassava, corn hull and sugar palm. In this investigation the chemical, physical, morphological and thermal properties of the Dioscorea hispida fibre and Dioscorea hispida starch were examined by chemical composition investigation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), respectively. It was found that Dioscorea hispida waste is promising alternative biomass and sustainable material with excellent potential as a renewable filler material for food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Z. Hazrati
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.Z.H.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
- German Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah, Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.Z.H.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9769-1788
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.Z.H.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia;
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Aisyah HA, Paridah MT, Sapuan SM, Ilyas RA, Khalina A, Nurazzi NM, Lee SH, Lee CH. A Comprehensive Review on Advanced Sustainable Woven Natural Fibre Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030471. [PMID: 33540731 PMCID: PMC7867226 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the progressive application of natural fibres in polymer composites has had a major effect in alleviating environmental impacts. Recently, there is a growing interest in the development of green materials in a woven form by utilising natural fibres from lignocellulosic materials for many applications such as structural, non-structural composites, household utilities, automobile parts, aerospace components, flooring, and ballistic materials. Woven materials are one of the most promising materials for substituting or hybridising with synthetic polymeric materials in the production of natural fibre polymer composites (NFPCs). These woven materials are flexible, able to be tailored to the specific needs and have better mechanical properties due to their weaving structures. Seeing that the potential advantages of woven materials in the fabrication of NFPC, this paper presents a detailed review of studies related to woven materials. A variety of factors that influence the properties of the resultant woven NFRC such as yarn characteristics, fabric properties as well as manufacturing parameters were discussed. Past and current research efforts on the development of woven NFPCs from various polymer matrices including polypropylene, polylactic acid, epoxy and polyester and the properties of the resultant composites were also compiled. Last but not least, the applications, challenges, and prospects in the field also were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.T.P.); (S.H.L.); (C.H.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (R.A.I.); (A.K.); Tel.: +60-38947-1880 (A.K.)
| | - M. T. Paridah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.T.P.); (S.H.L.); (C.H.L.)
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.T.P.); (S.H.L.); (C.H.L.)
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (R.A.I.); (A.K.); Tel.: +60-38947-1880 (A.K.)
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Sustainable Waste Management Research Group (SWAM), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (R.A.I.); (A.K.); Tel.: +60-38947-1880 (A.K.)
| | - A. Khalina
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.T.P.); (S.H.L.); (C.H.L.)
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (R.A.I.); (A.K.); Tel.: +60-38947-1880 (A.K.)
| | - N. M. Nurazzi
- Center for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - S. H. Lee
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.T.P.); (S.H.L.); (C.H.L.)
| | - C. H. Lee
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.T.P.); (S.H.L.); (C.H.L.)
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Alsubari S, Zuhri MYM, Sapuan SM, Ishak MR, Ilyas RA, Asyraf MRM. Potential of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in Sandwich Structures: A Review on Its Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:423. [PMID: 33525703 PMCID: PMC7865634 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in using natural fiber reinforced composites is now at its highest. Numerous studies have been conducted due to their positive benefits related to environmental issues. Even though they have limitations for some load requirements, this drawback has been countered through fiber treatment and hybridization. Sandwich structure, on the other hand, is a combination of two or more individual components with different properties, which when joined together can result in better performance. Sandwich structures have been used in a wide range of industrial material applications. They are known to be lightweight and good at absorbing energy, providing superior strength and stiffness-to-weight ratios, and offering opportunities, through design integration, to remove some components from the core element. Today, many industries use composite sandwich structures in a range of components. Through good design of the core structure, one can maximize the strength properties, with a low density. However, the application of natural fiber composites in sandwich structures is still minimal. Therefore, this paper reviewed the possibility of using a natural fiber composite in sandwich structure applications. It addressed the mechanical properties and energy-absorbing characteristics of natural fiber-based sandwich structures tested under various compression loads. The results and potential areas of improvement to fit into a wide range of engineering applications were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Alsubari
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.); (S.M.S.)
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.); (S.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.); (S.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - M. R. Ishak
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Aerospace Malaysia Research Centre (AMRC), University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Sustainable Waste Management Research Group (SWAM), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Teknology Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
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Micro- and Nanocellulose in Polymer Composite Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020231. [PMID: 33440879 PMCID: PMC7827473 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The high demand for plastic and polymeric materials which keeps rising every year makes them important industries, for which sustainability is a crucial aspect to be taken into account. Therefore, it becomes a requirement to makes it a clean and eco-friendly industry. Cellulose creates an excellent opportunity to minimize the effect of non-degradable materials by using it as a filler for either a synthesis matrix or a natural starch matrix. It is the primary substance in the walls of plant cells, helping plants to remain stiff and upright, and can be found in plant sources, agriculture waste, animals, and bacterial pellicle. In this review, we discussed the recent research development and studies in the field of biocomposites that focused on the techniques of extracting micro- and nanocellulose, treatment and modification of cellulose, classification, and applications of cellulose. In addition, this review paper looked inward on how the reinforcement of micro- and nanocellulose can yield a material with improved performance. This article featured the performances, limitations, and possible areas of improvement to fit into the broader range of engineering applications.
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