1
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Le CV, Yoon H. Advances in the Use of Conducting Polymers for Healthcare Monitoring. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1564. [PMID: 38338846 PMCID: PMC10855550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) are an innovative class of materials recognized for their high flexibility and biocompatibility, making them an ideal choice for health monitoring applications that require flexibility. They are active in their design. Advances in fabrication technology allow the incorporation of CPs at various levels, by combining diverse CPs monomers with metal particles, 2D materials, carbon nanomaterials, and copolymers through the process of polymerization and mixing. This method produces materials with unique physicochemical properties and is highly customizable. In particular, the development of CPs with expanded surface area and high conductivity has significantly improved the performance of the sensors, providing high sensitivity and flexibility and expanding the range of available options. However, due to the morphological diversity of new materials and thus the variety of characteristics that can be synthesized by combining CPs and other types of functionalities, choosing the right combination for a sensor application is difficult but becomes important. This review focuses on classifying the role of CP and highlights recent advances in sensor design, especially in the field of healthcare monitoring. It also synthesizes the sensing mechanisms and evaluates the performance of CPs on electrochemical surfaces and in the sensor design. Furthermore, the applications that can be revolutionized by CPs will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Van Le
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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2
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Rubežienė V, Varnaitė-Žuravliova S, Sankauskaitė A, Pupeikė J, Ragulis P, Abraitienė A. The Impact of Structural Variations and Coating Techniques on the Microwave Properties of Woven Fabrics Coated with PEDOT:PSS Composition. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4224. [PMID: 37959904 PMCID: PMC10649923 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimizing the impact of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) holds paramount importance in safeguarding individuals who frequently utilize electrical and electronic devices. Electrically conductive textiles, which possess specialized EMR shielding features, present a promising solution to mitigate the risks related to EMR. Furthermore, these textile-based shielding materials could find application as radar-absorbing materials in stealth technology, emphasizing the need for substantial absorption capabilities in shielding mechanisms. In this study, various textile-based materials with an electrically conductive coating that contain the conjugated polymer system poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) were prepared and investigated. The influence of the textile substrate structural parameters, coating deposit, and coating method on their microwave properties-transmission, reflection, and absorption-was investigated. Reflection and transmission measurements were conducted within a frequency range of 2 to 18 GHz. These measurements revealed that, for the tested samples, the shielding properties are determined by the combined effect of reflection and absorption. However, the role of these two parameters varies across the tested frequency range. It was defined that for fabrics coated on one side, better reflection reduction is obtained when the shielding effectiveness (SE) is below |20| dB. It was found that by controlling the coating deposition on the fabric, it is possible to fine-tune the electrical properties to a certain extent, thereby influencing the microwave properties of the coated fabrics. The studies of prepared samples have shown that reflection and transmission parameters depend not only on the type and quantity of conductive paste applied to the fabric but also on the fabric's construction parameters and the coating technique used. It was found that the denser the substrate used for coating, the more conductive paste solidifies on the surface, forming a thicker coat on the top. For conductive fabrics with the same substrate to achieve a particular SE value using the knife-over-roll coating technology, the required coating deposit amount is considerably lower as compared with the deposit necessary in the case of screen printing: for the knife-over-roll-coated sample to reach SE 15 dB, the required deposit is approximately 14 g/m2; meanwhile, for a sample coated via screen printing, this amount rises to 23 g/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalija Rubežienė
- Department of Textile Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, 48485 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.R.); (A.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Sandra Varnaitė-Žuravliova
- Department of Textile Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, 48485 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.R.); (A.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Audronė Sankauskaitė
- Department of Textile Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, 48485 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.R.); (A.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Julija Pupeikė
- Department of Textile Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, 48485 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.R.); (A.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Paulius Ragulis
- Physical Technology Department, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Aušra Abraitienė
- Department of Textile Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, 48485 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.R.); (A.S.); (J.P.)
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3
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Qu Z, Zhu Z, Liu Y, Yu M, Ye TT. Parasitic capacitance modeling and measurements of conductive yarns for e-textile devices. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2785. [PMID: 37188687 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductive yarns have emerged as a viable alternative to metallic wires in e-Textile devices, such as antennas, inductors, interconnects, and more, which are integral components of smart clothing applications. But the parasitic capacitance induced by their micro-structure has not been fully understood. This capacitance greatly affects device performance in high-frequency applications. We propose a lump-sum and turn-to-turn model of an air-core helical inductor constructed from conductive yarns, and systematically analyze and quantify the parasitic elements of conductive yarns. Using three commercial conductive yarns as examples, we compare the frequency response of copper-based and yarn-based inductors with identical structures to extract the parasitic capacitance. Our measurements show that the unit-length parasitic capacitance of commercial conductive yarns ranges from 1 fF/cm to 3 fF/cm, depending on the yarn's microstructure. These measurements offer significant quantitative estimation of conductive yarn parasitic elements and provide valuable design and characterization guidelines for e-Textile devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Qu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhechen Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yulong Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengxia Yu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terry Tao Ye
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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4
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Tian H, Gu W, Li XS, Ren TL. Stretchable Ink Printed Graphene Device with Weft-Knitted Fabric Substrate Based on Thermal-Acoustic Effect. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20334-20345. [PMID: 37040205 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Thermal-acoustic devices have great potential as flexible ultrathin sound sources. However, stretchable sound sources based on a thermal-acoustic mechanism remain elusive, as realizing stable resistance in a reasonable range is challenging. In this study, a stretchable thermal-acoustic device based on graphene ink is fabricated on a weft-knitted fabric. After optimization of the graphene ink concentration, the device resistance changes by 8.94% during 4000 cycles of operation in the unstretchable state. After multiple cycles of bending, folding, prodding, and washing, the sound pressure level (SPL) change of the device is within 10%. Moreover, the SPL has an increase with the strain in a specific range, showing a phenomenon similar to the negative differential resistance (NDR) effect. This study sheds light on the use of stretchable thermal-acoustic devices for e-skin and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wen Gu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Shi Li
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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5
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Sau S, Kundu S. Improved electrical and mechanical properties of highly stretchable polymeric films prepared by blending DMF with the mixed solution of PEDOT:PSS and PVA. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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6
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Kausar A. Nanocarbon Nanocomposites of Polyaniline and Pyrrole for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding: Design and Effectiveness. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2086816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
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7
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Ojstršek A, Jug L, Plohl O. A Review of Electro Conductive Textiles Utilizing the Dip-Coating Technique: Their Functionality, Durability and Sustainability. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4713. [PMID: 36365707 PMCID: PMC9654088 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The presented review summarizes recent studies in the field of electro conductive textiles as an essential part of lightweight and flexible textile-based electronics (so called e-textiles), with the main focus on a relatively simple and low-cost dip-coating technique that can easily be integrated into an existing textile finishing plant. Herein, numerous electro conductive compounds are discussed, including intrinsically conductive polymers, carbon-based materials, metal, and metal-based nanomaterials, as well as their combinations, with their advantages and drawbacks in contributing to the sectors of healthcare, military, security, fitness, entertainment, environmental, and fashion, for applications such as energy harvesting, energy storage, real-time health and human motion monitoring, personal thermal management, Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) shielding, wireless communication, light emitting, tracking, etc. The greatest challenge is related to the wash and wear durability of the conductive compounds and their unreduced performance during the textiles' lifetimes, which includes the action of water, high temperature, detergents, mechanical forces, repeated bending, rubbing, sweat, etc. Besides electrical conductivity, the applied compounds also influence the physical-mechanical, optical, morphological, and comfort properties of textiles, depending on the type and concentration of the compound, the number of applied layers, the process parameters, as well as additional protective coatings. Finally, the sustainability and end-of-life of e-textiles are critically discussed in terms of the circular economy and eco-design, since these aspects are mainly neglected, although e-textile' waste could become a huge problem in the future when their mass production starts.
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8
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Islam MR, Afroj S, Novoselov KS, Karim N. Smart Electronic Textile-Based Wearable Supercapacitors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203856. [PMID: 36192164 PMCID: PMC9631069 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Electronic textiles (e-textiles) have drawn significant attention from the scientific and engineering community as lightweight and comfortable next-generation wearable devices due to their ability to interface with the human body, and continuously monitor, collect, and communicate various physiological parameters. However, one of the major challenges for the commercialization and further growth of e-textiles is the lack of compatible power supply units. Thin and flexible supercapacitors (SCs), among various energy storage systems, are gaining consideration due to their salient features including excellent lifetime, lightweight, and high-power density. Textile-based SCs are thus an exciting energy storage solution to power smart gadgets integrated into clothing. Here, materials, fabrications, and characterization strategies for textile-based SCs are reviewed. The recent progress of textile-based SCs is then summarized in terms of their electrochemical performances, followed by the discussion on key parameters for their wearable electronics applications, including washability, flexibility, and scalability. Finally, the perspectives on their research and technological prospects to facilitate an essential step towards moving from laboratory-based flexible and wearable SCs to industrial-scale mass production are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rashedul Islam
- Centre for Print Research (CFPR)The University of the West of EnglandFrenchay CampusBristolBS16 1QYUK
| | - Shaila Afroj
- Centre for Print Research (CFPR)The University of the West of EnglandFrenchay CampusBristolBS16 1QYUK
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117575Singapore
- Chongqing 2D Materials InstituteLiangjiang New AreaChongqing400714China
| | - Nazmul Karim
- Centre for Print Research (CFPR)The University of the West of EnglandFrenchay CampusBristolBS16 1QYUK
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9
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Saraswat A, Kumar S. A Topical Study of Electrochemical Response of Functionalized Conducting Polyaniline: An Overview. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Impact of Low-Pressure Plasma Treatment of Wool Fabric for Dyeing with PEDOT: PSS. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144797. [PMID: 35888265 PMCID: PMC9321670 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the effect of non-thermal plasma modification on the changes of surface morphology, color characteristics and electrical conductivity of wool fabric dyed with intrinsically conductive polymer (ICP) poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS). The wool fabric was treated with an aqueous dispersion of PEDOT: PSS, Clevios F ET, providing electrically conductive properties to textiles. The wool fabric, containing basic groups of amines (NH2), was pre-activated with low-pressure plasma of non-polymer forming nitrogen (N2) gas before exhaust dyeing with PEDOT: PSS at 90 °C was applied. This treatment imparted hydrophilicity, reduced felting, increased adhesion, improved dye ability and ensured that more PEDOT: PSS negatively charged sulfonate (−SO3−) counter ions would be electrostatically bounded with the cationic protonated amine groups of the wool fiber. Initially, before (N2) plasma treatment and after fabrics were evaluated according to the test method for aqueous liquid repellency, the surface morphology of the plasma-modified and -unmodified wool dyed fabric was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The functional groups introduced onto the surface after N2 gas plasma treatment of wool fabric were characterized by X-ray photoelectron and FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. The results of color difference measurements show that N2 gas plasma treatments provide more intense color on Clevios F ET dyed wool fabric and retain its electrical conductivity.
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11
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Chakraborty S, Simon R, Vadakkekara A, N.L. M. Microwave assisted synthesis of poly(ortho-phenylenediamine-co-aniline) and functionalised carbon nanotube nanocomposites for fabric-based supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Shen H, Ke H, Feng J, Jiang C, Wei Q, Wang Q. Highly Sensitive and Stretchable c-MWCNTs/PPy Embedded Multidirectional Strain Sensor Based on Double Elastic Fabric for Human Motion Detection. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2333. [PMID: 34578648 PMCID: PMC8467426 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the multi-dimensional complexity of human motions, traditional uniaxial strain sensors lack the accuracy in monitoring dynamic body motions working in different directions, thus multidirectional strain sensors with excellent electromechanical performance are urgently in need. Towards this goal, in this work, a stretchable biaxial strain sensor based on double elastic fabric (DEF) was developed by incorporating carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes(c-MWCNTs) and polypyrrole (PPy) into fabric through simple, scalable soaking and adsorption-oxidizing methods. The fabricated DEF/c-MWCNTs/PPy strain sensor exhibited outstanding anisotropic strain sensing performance, including relatively high sensitivity with the maximum gauge factor (GF) of 5.2, good stretchability of over 80%, fast response time < 100 ms, favorable electromechanical stability, and durability for over 800 stretching-releasing cycles. Moreover, applications of DEF/c-MWCNTs/PPy strain sensor for wearable devices were also reported, which were used for detecting human subtle motions and dynamic large-scale motions. The unconventional applications of DEF/c-MWCNTs/PPy strain sensor were also demonstrated by monitoring complex multi-degrees-of-freedom synovial joint motions of human body, such as neck and shoulder movements, suggesting that such materials showed a great potential to be applied in wearable electronics and personal healthcare monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Shen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.S.); (J.F.); (Q.W.)
| | - Huizhen Ke
- Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Jingdong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.S.); (J.F.); (Q.W.)
| | - Chenyu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Qufu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.S.); (J.F.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.S.); (J.F.); (Q.W.)
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13
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Rubeziene V, Baltusnikaite-Guzaitiene J, Abraitiene A, Sankauskaite A, Ragulis P, Santos G, Pimenta J. Development and Investigation of PEDOT:PSS Composition Coated Fabrics Intended for Microwave Shielding and Absorption. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1191. [PMID: 33917188 PMCID: PMC8068042 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents the investigation of the electromagnetic properties and resistance performance of electrically conductive fabrics coated with composition containing the conjugated polymer system poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The developed fabrics were intended for electromagnetic radiation (EMR) shielding in microwave range and for absorbing microwaves in radar operating range, so as to act as radar absorbing materials (RAM). The measurements of reflection and transmission of the developed fabrics were performed in a frequency range of 2-18 GHz, which covers the defined frequencies relevant to the application. Four types of fabrics with different fiber composition (polyamide; polyamide/cotton; wool and para-aramid/viscose) were selected and coated with conductive paste using screen printing method. It was found that EMR shielding effectiveness (SE) as well as absorption properties depend not only the amount of conductive paste topped on the fabric, but also resides in the construction parameters of fabrics. Depending on such fabric structural parameters as density, mass per unit area, type of weave, a layer of shield (or coating) just sticks on the fabric surface or penetrates into fabric, changing the shield thickness and herewith turning SE results. Meanwhile, the fiber composition of fabrics influences mostly bonding between fibers and polymer coating. To improve the resistance performance of the developed samples, a conventional textile surface modification technique, atmospheric plasma treatment, was applied. Initially, before plasma treatment and after treatment the fabrics were evaluated regarding an aqueous liquid repellency test, measuring the contact angles for the water solvent. The influence of plasma treatment on resistance performance of coated fabrics was evaluated by subjecting the plasma treated samples and untreated samples to abrasion in the Martindale abrasion apparatus and to multiplex washing cycles. These investigations revealed that applied plasma treatment visibly improved abrasion resistance as a result of better adhesion of the coating. However, washing resistance increased not so considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalija Rubeziene
- Department of Textiles Physical-Chemical Testing, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, 48485 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | | | - Ausra Abraitiene
- Department of Textile Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, 48485 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Audrone Sankauskaite
- Department of Textile Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, 48485 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Paulius Ragulis
- Microwave Laboratory of Physical Technology Department, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Gilda Santos
- CITEVE-Technological Centre for the Textile and Clothing Industries of Portugal, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal;
| | - Juana Pimenta
- CeNTI-Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal;
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14
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Gualandi I, Tessarolo M, Mariani F, Possanzini L, Scavetta E, Fraboni B. Textile Chemical Sensors Based on Conductive Polymers for the Analysis of Sweat. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:894. [PMID: 33799437 PMCID: PMC8000821 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearable textile chemical sensors are promising devices due to the potential applications in medicine, sports activities and occupational safety and health. Reaching the maturity required for commercialization is a technology challenge that mainly involves material science because these sensors should be adapted to flexible and light-weight substrates to preserve the comfort of the wearer. Conductive polymers (CPs) are a fascinating solution to meet this demand, as they exhibit the mechanical properties of polymers, with an electrical conductivity typical of semiconductors. Moreover, their biocompatibility makes them promising candidates for effectively interfacing the human body. In particular, sweat analysis is very attractive to wearable technologies as perspiration is a naturally occurring process and sweat can be sampled non-invasively and continuously over time. This review discusses the role of CPs in the development of textile electrochemical sensors specifically designed for real-time sweat monitoring and the main challenges related to this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isacco Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale ‘Toso Montanari’, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.T.); (L.P.); (B.F.)
| | - Federica Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale ‘Toso Montanari’, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Luca Possanzini
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.T.); (L.P.); (B.F.)
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale ‘Toso Montanari’, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.T.); (L.P.); (B.F.)
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15
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Mahat MM, Sabere ASM, Azizi J, Amdan NAN. Potential Applications of Conducting Polymers to Reduce Secondary Bacterial Infections among COVID-19 Patients: a Review. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 4:279-292. [PMID: 33649739 PMCID: PMC7903935 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a motivation for material scientists to search for functional materials with valuable properties to alleviate the risks associated with the coronavirus. The formulation of functional materials requires synergistic understanding on the properties of materials and mechanisms of virus transmission and disease progression, including secondary bacterial infections that are prevalent in COVID-19 patients. A viable candidate in the struggle against the pandemic is antimicrobial polymer, due to their favorable properties of flexibility, lightweight, and ease of synthesis. Polymers are the base material for personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, face mask, face shield, and coverall suit for frontliners. Conducting polymers (CPs) are polymers with electrical properties due to the addition of dopant in the polymer structure. The conductivity of polymers augments their antiviral and antibacterial properties. This review discusses the types of CPs and how their properties could be exploited to ward off bacterial infections in hospital settings, specifically in cases involving COVID-19 patients. This review also covers common CPs fabrication techniques. The key components to produce CPs at several possibilities to fit the current needs in fighting secondary bacterial infections are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Muzamir Mahat
- Textile Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Awis Sukarni Mohmad Sabere
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
| | - Juzaili Azizi
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Asyura Nor Amdan
- Bacteriology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Setia Alam, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia
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