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Jantachum P, Phinyocheep P. Compatibilization of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Reinforced Natural Rubber Nanocomposite by Modified Natural Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:363. [PMID: 38337252 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to global warming and environmental concerns, developing a fully bio-based nanocomposite is an attractive issue. In this work, the cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from Luffa cylindrica, a renewable resource, were explored as a bio-based reinforcing filler in natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites. In addition, modified natural rubber was explored as a potential compatibilizer to assist the filler dispersion in the rubber nanocomposite. The effect of the CNC content (0-15 phr) on cure characteristics and the mechanical, dynamic, and thermal properties of NR/CNC nanocomposites was investigated. The results showed that the scorch time and cure time of the nanocomposites increased with increased CNC contents. The optimum tensile strength of NR nanocomposites having 5 phr of the CNC (NR-CNC5) was 20.60% higher than the corresponding unfilled NR vulcanizate, which was related to the increased crosslink density of the rubber nanocomposite. The incorporation of oxidized-degraded NR (ODNR) as a compatibilizer in the NR-CNC5 nanocomposite exhibited a considerably reduced cure time, which will lead to energy conservation during production. Moreover, the cure rate index of NR-CNC5-ODNR is much higher than using a petroleum-based silane coupling agent (Si69) as a compatibilizer in the NR-CNC5 nanocomposite. The good filler dispersion in the NR-CNC5 nanocomposite compatibilized by ODNR is comparable to the use of Si69, evidenced by scanning electron microscopy. There is, therefore, a good potential for the use of modified NR as a bio-based compatibilizer for rubber nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyarat Jantachum
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pranee Phinyocheep
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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2
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Hamedi S, Mahmoodi-Barmesi M, Kermanian H, Ramezani O, Razmpour Z. Investigation of physicochemical and biological properties of bacterial cellulose & zein-reinforced edible nanocomposites based on flaxseed mucilage containing Origanum vulgare L. essential oil. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127733. [PMID: 37918591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of zein and different amounts of bacterial cellulose (BC; 1, 2 and 3 wt%) on the physical, mechanical and barrier properties of flaxseed mucilage/carboxymethyl cellulose (FM/CMC) composite was investigated. The appearance of the absorption band at 1320cm-1 in the ATR-FTIR spectra of nanocomposites indicated the successful introduction of zein into their structure. The characteristic peak at 2θ of 9° belonging to zein disappeared in XRD patterns of the prepared composites suggesting the successful coating of zein via hydrogen bonding interactions. SEM images proved the formation of semi-spherical zein microparticles in the FM/CMC matrix. TGA plots ascertained the addition of zein and nanocellulose caused a significant increase in the thermal stability of FM/CMC film, although zein showed a greater effect. The presence of zein and nanocellulose increased the mechanical strength of nanocomposites. The WVP of FM/CMC decreased after the incorporation of zein and nanocellulose, which created a tortuous path for the diffusion of water molecules. The zein particles exhibited a greater influence on improving the mechanical and barrier properties compared to nanocellulose. FM/CMC-Z film exhibited the highest mechanical strength (49.07 ± 5.89 MPa) and the lowest WVP (1.179 ± 0.076). The composites containing oregano essential oil (EO) showed higher than 60 % antibacterial properties. The bactericidal efficiency of FM/CMC/Z-EO and FM/CMC/Z-EO/BC1 nanocomposites decreased about 10% compared to FM/CMC/EO and FM/CMC-Z/BC1. This evidenced the successful encapsulation of EO molecules in zein particles. According to the in vitro release study, entrapment of EO into zein particles could delay the release and provide the extended antimicrobial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Hamedi
- Faculty of New Technologies and Aerospace Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Kermanian
- Faculty of New Technologies and Aerospace Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Omid Ramezani
- Faculty of New Technologies and Aerospace Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Razmpour
- Faculty of New Technologies and Aerospace Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Park YW, Yoon JH, Shin KH, Cho YJ, Yun JH, Han WH, Hong MH, Kang DG, Kim HY. Enhancing Stiffness and Oil Resistance of Fluorosilicone Rubber Composites through Untreated Cellulose Reinforcement. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4489. [PMID: 38231938 PMCID: PMC10707869 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorosilicone rubber, essential in automotive and aerospace owing to its excellent chemical resistance, plays a pivotal role in sealing technology, addressing the industry's evolving demands. This study explores the preparation and properties of fibrillated cellulose-reinforced fluorosilicone rubber composites to enhance their stiffness and oil resistance. Fibrillated cellulose sourced as a wet cake and subjected to processing and modification is incorporated into a fluorosilicone rubber matrix. The resulting composites are analysed by tensile and compression tests, along with compressive stress-relaxation testing in air and in an oil-immersed environment. The findings demonstrate significant improvements in the mechanical properties, including an increased Young's modulus and elongation at break, whereas the tensile strength remained uncompromised throughout the testing procedures. Morphological analysis of the fracture surfaces revealed a remarkable interfacial affinity between the fibrillated cellulose and rubber matrix, which was attributed in part to the modified fatty acids and inorganic nanoparticles. The presence of fibrillated cellulose enhanced the stress-relaxation characteristics under oil-immersion conditions. These results contribute to the domain of advanced elastomer materials, with potential for applications requiring enhanced mechanical properties and superior oil resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Won Park
- Chemical Materials R&D Department, Chassis & Material Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myeon, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.P.); (K.-H.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (J.-H.Y.)
| | - Jeong-Hwan Yoon
- Chemical Materials R&D Department, Chassis & Material Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myeon, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.P.); (K.-H.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (J.-H.Y.)
| | - Kyoung-Ho Shin
- Chemical Materials R&D Department, Chassis & Material Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myeon, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.P.); (K.-H.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (J.-H.Y.)
| | - Yeon-Jee Cho
- Chemical Materials R&D Department, Chassis & Material Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myeon, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.P.); (K.-H.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (J.-H.Y.)
| | - Ju-Ho Yun
- Chemical Materials R&D Department, Chassis & Material Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myeon, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.P.); (K.-H.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (J.-H.Y.)
| | - Won-Hee Han
- R&D Centre, Lion Advanced Materials Inc., 87 Beotkkot-gil, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon 34342, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hyuk Hong
- R&D Centre, Lion Advanced Materials Inc., 87 Beotkkot-gil, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon 34342, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gug Kang
- Research & Development Institute, Pyung Hwa Oil Seal Industry Co., Ltd., 42 Nongongjungang-ro 51-gil, Nongong-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42982, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Kim
- Research & Development Institute, Pyung Hwa Oil Seal Industry Co., Ltd., 42 Nongongjungang-ro 51-gil, Nongong-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42982, Republic of Korea
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A facile synthesis approach of silica aero-gel/eicosane particles and its potential application on polyester fabric to impart thermoregulation properties. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12935. [PMID: 36685384 PMCID: PMC9853369 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This article aims to study the thermo-regulating properties of infiltrated Phase change material (PCM) micro-particles treated on polyester fabric. The melt infiltration method was implemented for the synthesis of the Silica aero-gel/Eicosane particles by dispersing eicosane in silica aero-gel. Synthesized particles were incorporated into the polyester knitted fabric by both exhaustion dyeing and coating method to impart the thermoregulation characteristics. The crystalline structure and the particle size of aero-gel infiltrated PCM particles were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzer. The presence of eicosane particles deposited on the fabric surface was confirmed by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Finally, while the sample was subjected to heating, both the dyed and coated fabric showed resistance against the rise of temperature due to the presence of phase transition PCM micro-particles compared to the untreated raw fabric sample.
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As V, Kumar G, Dey N, Karunakaran R, K A, Patel AK, S T, Andaluri G, Lin YC, Santhana Raj D, Ponnusamy VK. Valorization of nano-based lignocellulosic derivatives to procure commercially significant value-added products for biomedical applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114400. [PMID: 36265604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biowaste, produced from nature, is preferred to be a good source of carbon and ligninolytic machinery for many microorganisms. They are complex biopolymers composed of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose traces. This biomass can be depolymerized to its nano-dimensions to gain exceptional properties useful in the field of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, high-strength materials, etc. Nano-sized biomass derivatives overcome the inherent drawbacks of the parent material and offer promises as a potential material for a wide range of applications with their unique traits such as low-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability and environmentally friendly nature with versatility. This review focuses on the production of value-added products feasible from nanocellulose, nano lignin, and xylan nanoparticles which is quite a novel study of its kind. Dawn of nanotechnology has converted bio waste by-products (hemicellulose and lignin) into useful precursors for many commercial products. Nano-cellulose has been employed in the fields of electronics, cosmetics, drug delivery, scaffolds, fillers, packaging, and engineering structures. Xylan nanoparticles and nano lignin have numerous applications as stabilizers, additives, textiles, adhesives, emulsifiers, and prodrugs for many polyphenols with an encapsulation efficiency of 50%. This study will support the potential development of composites for emerging applications in all aspects of interest and open up novel paths for multifunctional biomaterials in nano-dimensions for cosmetic, drug carrier, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickram As
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Nibedita Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Rohini Karunakaran
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Excellence in Biomaterials Engineering (CoEBE), AIMST University, 08100, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia; Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Anbarasu K
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- PhD Program of Aquatic Science and Technology & Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Thanigaivel S
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gangadhar Andaluri
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Yuan-Chung Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung city, 804, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, 804, Taiwan.
| | - Deena Santhana Raj
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- PhD Program of Aquatic Science and Technology & Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, 804, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, 804, Taiwan; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan.
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Tom M, Thomas S, Seantier B, Grohens Y, Mohamed PK, Haponiuk JT, Kim J. APPROACHING SUSTAINABILITY: NANOCELLULOSE REINFORCED ELASTOMERS—A REVIEW. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.22.77013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Awareness of the environmental implications of conventional reinforcing fillers and the urge to reduce the carbon footprint have lead researchers to focus more on natural and sustainable materials. Nanocellulose from multitudinous sources finds use in elastomer engineering because of its distinctive properties, such as renewability, sustainability, abundance, biodegradability, high aspect ratio, excellent mechanical properties, and low cost. Green alternatives for conventional fillers in elastomer reinforcing have gained considerable interest to curb the risk of fillers from nonrenewable sources. The differences in properties of nanocellulose and elastomers render attractiveness in the search for synergistic properties resulting from their combination. This review addresses the isolation techniques for nanocellulose and challenges in its incorporation into the elastomer matrix. Surface modifications for solving incompatibility between filler and matrices are discussed. Processing of nanocomposites, various characterization techniques, mechanical behavior, and potential applications of nanocellulose elastomer composites are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milanta Tom
- 1 School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
- 2 Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - Sabu Thomas
- 1 School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
- 3 Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa 17011
| | - Bastien Seantier
- 2 Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - Yves Grohens
- 2 Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - P. K. Mohamed
- 4 Global R&D Centre, Asia, Apollo Tyres Ltd., Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 602105
| | - Józef T. Haponiuk
- 5 Department of Polymer Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland 80-233
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- 6 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea 22212
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Development of natural rubber nanocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanocrystal isolated from oil palm biomass. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Development and Characterization of Unmodified and Modified Natural Rubber Composites Filled with Modified Clay. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173515. [PMID: 36080590 PMCID: PMC9460175 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel composite based on rubber and modified bentonite clay (Clay) was investigated. The modified bentonite clay was developed by dispersing in ethanol solutions (Et-OH) using ultrasonic method. The effect of Et-OH on the dispersion of bentonite clay at various mixing temperatures in case of different type of rubber matrix, i.e., natural rubber (NR), epoxidized natural rubber (ENR25, ENR50) on dynamic mechanical rheology, Payne effect, XRD and mechanical properties of rubber composites were studied in detail. The bentonite clay dispersion in Et-OH at a mixing temperature of 80 °C improves the intercalation and exfoliation in rubber chains. Bentonite clay is highly intercalated in ENR 50-Clay composite, which can be confirmed from its superior mechanical properties. The results indicated that sonication of bentonite clay in Et-OH improves the interlayer spacing of bentonite clay by partial intercalation of rubber matrix.
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Masłowski M, Aleksieiev A, Miedzianowska J, Efenberger-Szmechtyk M, Strzelec K. Antioxidant and Anti–Aging Activity of Freeze–Dried Alcohol–Water Extracts from Common Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) and Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) in Elastomer Vulcanizates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071460. [PMID: 35406332 PMCID: PMC9003077 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The research article aimed to examine the antioxidant nature of freeze–dried extracts from Urtica dioica L. and Mentha piperita L. and to present a deep characterization of their influence on the properties of natural rubber–based vulcanizates before and after simulated aging processes. Natural extracts were prepared in three solvent systems at selected volume ratios: water (100), methanol–water (50/50), ethanol–water (50/50), which were further lyophilized and used as additive to natural rubber mixtures. Freeze–dried materials were investigated by UV–VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) were also examined. Prepared samples were subjected to accelerated simulated degradation processes by using ultraviolet and thermo-oxidative aging. Vulcanizates resistance to degradation effects was determined by the study of cross-linking density (equilibrium swelling method), mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break) and color change in comparison with the results of the reference samples. The research showed that analyzed extracts are characterized by a high content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity, thus have a protective influence on elastomer vulcanizates against damaging effects of aging processes, which consequently extends the lifetime of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Masłowski
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.A.); (J.M.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrii Aleksieiev
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.A.); (J.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Justyna Miedzianowska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.A.); (J.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Magdalena Efenberger-Szmechtyk
- Institute of Fermentation Technology & Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-530 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.A.); (J.M.); (K.S.)
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Hu J, Yang F, Liu K, Kong Z, Qin J, Duan Y, Zhang J. Effects of cellulose nanocrystals on the vulcanization of natural rubber/cellulose nanocrystals nanocomposite and corresponding regulating strategies. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zhengqing Kong
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Jinli Qin
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yongxin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
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Low DYS, Supramaniam J, Abd Rahim AHB, Tang SY, Leo BF. Morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties of natural rubber reinforced with cellulose nanofibers from oil palm empty fruit bunch. J RUBBER RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-021-00126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Surface Modified Nanocellulose and Its Reinforcement in Natural Rubber Matrix Nanocomposites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193241. [PMID: 34641056 PMCID: PMC8512685 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber is of significant economic importance owing to its excellent resilience, elasticity, abrasion and impact resistance. Despite that, natural rubber has been identified with some drawbacks such as low modulus and strength and therefore opens up the opportunity for adding a reinforcing agent. Apart from the conventional fillers such as silica, carbon black and lignocellulosic fibers, nanocellulose is also one of the ideal candidates. Nanocellulose is a promising filler with many excellent properties such as renewability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, reactive surface, low density, high specific surface area, high tensile and elastic modulus. However, it has some limitations in hydrophobicity, solubility and compatibility and therefore it is very difficult to achieve good dispersion and interfacial properties with the natural rubber matrix. Surface modification is often carried out to enhance the interfacial compatibilities between nanocellulose and natural rubber and to alleviate difficulties in dispersing them in polar solvents or polymers. This paper aims to highlight the different surface modification methods employed by several researchers in modifying nanocellulose and its reinforcement effects in the natural rubber matrix. The mechanism of the different surface medication methods has been discussed. The review also lists out the conventional filler that had been used as reinforcing agent for natural rubber. The challenges and future prospective has also been concluded in the last part of this review.
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Supramaniam J, Low DYS, Wong SK, Tan LTH, Leo BF, Goh BH, Darji D, Mohd Rasdi FR, Chan KG, Lee LH, Tang SY. Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Palm CNF-ZnO Nanocomposites with Antibacterial and Reinforcing Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5781. [PMID: 34071337 PMCID: PMC8197859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) isolated from plant biomass have attracted considerable interests in polymer engineering. The limitations associated with CNF-based nanocomposites are often linked to the time-consuming preparation methods and lack of desired surface functionalities. Herein, we demonstrate the feasibility of preparing a multifunctional CNF-zinc oxide (CNF-ZnO) nanocomposite with dual antibacterial and reinforcing properties via a facile and efficient ultrasound route. We characterized and examined the antibacterial and mechanical reinforcement performances of our ultrasonically induced nanocomposite. Based on our electron microscopy analyses, the ZnO deposited onto the nanofibrous network had a flake-like morphology with particle sizes ranging between 21 to 34 nm. pH levels between 8-10 led to the formation of ultrafine ZnO particles with a uniform size distribution. The resultant CNF-ZnO composite showed improved thermal stability compared to pure CNF. The composite showed potent inhibitory activities against Gram-positive (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)) and Gram-negative Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) bacteria. A CNF-ZnO-reinforced natural rubber (NR/CNF-ZnO) composite film, which was produced via latex mixing and casting methods, exhibited up to 42% improvement in tensile strength compared with the neat NR. The findings of this study suggest that ultrasonically-synthesized palm CNF-ZnO nanocomposites could find potential applications in the biomedical field and in the development of high strength rubber composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janarthanan Supramaniam
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (J.S.); (D.Y.S.L.); (S.K.W.)
| | - Darren Yi Sern Low
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (J.S.); (D.Y.S.L.); (S.K.W.)
| | - See Kiat Wong
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (J.S.); (D.Y.S.L.); (S.K.W.)
| | - Loh Teng Hern Tan
- Clinical School Johor Bahru, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Johor Bahru 80100, Johor Darul Ta’zim, Malaysia;
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Bey Fen Leo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX), School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Health and Well-Being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Dazylah Darji
- Malaysian Rubber Board Engineering and Technology Division, RRIM, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (D.D.); (F.R.M.R.)
| | - Fatimah Rubaizah Mohd Rasdi
- Malaysian Rubber Board Engineering and Technology Division, RRIM, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (D.D.); (F.R.M.R.)
| | - Kok Gan Chan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Learn Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Siah Ying Tang
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (J.S.); (D.Y.S.L.); (S.K.W.)
- Advanced Engineering Platform, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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14
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Theoretical Determination of High-Energy Photon Attenuation and Recommended Protective Filler Contents for Flexible and Enhanced Dimensionally Stable Wood/NR and NR Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060869. [PMID: 33799832 PMCID: PMC7998293 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to theoretically determine the high-energy-photon-shielding properties of flexible wood/natural rubber (NR) and NR composites containing photon protective fillers, namely Pb, Bi2O3, or Bi2S3, using XCOM. The properties investigated were the mass attenuation coefficient (µm), linear attenuation coefficient (µ), and half value layer (HVL) of the composites, determined at varying photon energies of 0.001–5 MeV and varying filler contents of 0–1000 parts per hundred parts of rubber by weight (phr). The simulated results, which were in good agreement with previously reported experimental values (average difference was 5.3%), indicated that overall shielding properties increased with increasing filler contents but decreased with increasing incident photon energies. The results implied the potential of bismuth compounds, especially Bi2O3, to replace effective but highly toxic Pb as a safer high-energy-photon protective filler, evidenced by just a slight reduction in µm values compared with Pb fillers at the same filler content and photon energy. Furthermore, the results suggested that the addition of 20 phr wood particles, primarily aimed to enhance the rigidity and dimensional stability of Pb/NR, Bi2O3/NR, and Bi2S3/NR composites, did not greatly reduce shielding abilities; hence, they could be used as dimensional reinforcers for NR composites. Lastly, this work also reported the optimum Pb, Bi2O3, or Bi2S3 contents in NR and wood/NR composites at photon energies of 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 MeV, with 316–624 phr of filler being the recommended contents, of which the values depended on filler type and photon energy of interest.
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