1
|
Wei J, Abdurexit A, Jamal R, Abdiryim T, You J, Li Z, Shang J, Cheng Q. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Recycled Polypropylene/Polyolefin Elastomer Composites with High Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:972. [PMID: 38611230 PMCID: PMC11013364 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of waste plastics has gradually become a hot topic in the current scientific community. In response to the needs for high-impact performance R-PP-based composites, carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced polyolefin elastomer (POE)/recycled polypropylene (R-PP) composite (CF/POE/R-PP) was prepared by the mechanical blending method, and its mechanical and thermal properties were systematically studied. It was found that the CF could effectively improve the bending and notch impact strength as well as enhance the thermal stability of POE/R-PP. Furthermore, a stable and dispersed composite interface formed by the combination of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) with the surface of CF and the fusion alkyl chains in R-PP and POE further enhanced the CF's reinforcing effect. As a result, the addition of 9 wt.% CF successfully improved the heat resistance of the composite material, and the residual carbon content increased by 97.84% after sintering. The composite toughening of POE and CF effectively improved the impact strength of the composite material, with a maximum increase of over 1000%. This study ultimately resulted in a high-impact-resistant composite material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (J.S.); (Q.C.)
| | - Abdukeyum Abdurexit
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Chemical Engineering Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (R.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Ruxangul Jamal
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Chemical Engineering Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (R.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Tursun Abdiryim
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (J.S.); (Q.C.)
| | - Jiangan You
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (J.S.); (Q.C.)
| | - Zhiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Chemical Engineering Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (R.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jin Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (J.S.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (J.S.); (Q.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Freudenthaler PJ, Fischer J, Liu Y, Lang RW. Polypropylene Post-Consumer Recyclate Compounds for Thermoforming Packaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020345. [PMID: 36679226 PMCID: PMC9862954 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) plastic packaging waste consists of a variety of different plastic packaging products with a great span in rheological and mechanical behavior. Therefore, the resulting post-consumer recyclates usually show melt mass-flow rates (MFR) in the region of injection molding grades and intermediate mechanical properties. High-quality packaging applications demand a distinct property profile that is met by tailor-made PP grades and cannot be met by recyclates with intermediate performance. One such application with high market volume is high-stiffness thermoforming trays. The aim of this research was to blend intermediate-performance recyclates with a virgin PP grade to obtain compounds that fulfill the rheological and mechanical demands of this application. Three commercially available PP post-consumer recyclates were acquired and compounded with different blending ratios with a high stiffness, low MFR virgin PP grade. As the pure recyclates show different rheological properties, the blending ratios had to be adapted for each of them to fit into the MFR range of 2-4 g/10 min which is desirable for thermoforming applications. The resulting PP recyclate compounds show a distinct correlation of recyclate content with rheological and mechanical performance. However, the resulting property profile was directly dependent on the performance of the originally used recyclate. The best-performing recyclate could be used in a blending ratio of 65 m% recyclate content while adhering to both property limits, the MFR of 2-4 g/10 min and the lower bound tensile stiffness of 1500 MPa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Freudenthaler
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-732-2468-6620
| | - Joerg Fischer
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Yi Liu
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St. Peterstraße 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Reinhold W. Lang
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Larionov IS, Balkaev DA, Salakhov II, Badrutdinova AV, Amirov RR, Amirova LM. Relationship between the Rheological and Molecular Structural Characteristics of Polypropylene. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x22700432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
4
|
Density Functional Theory Study of the Regioselectivity in Copolymerization of bis-Styrenic Molecules with Propylene Using Zirconocene Catalyst. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12091039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) was used to study the regioselectivity of the copolymerization of propylene and the bis-styrenic molecules (DVB and BVPE) using a zirconocene catalyst. This study reveals the following: when hydrogen is introduced to reactivate the catalyst on the vinyl bonds containing DVB or BVPE, the second vinyl bond is inserted into the polymer in a regio-irregular 1,2-way. (I) The 1,2-insertion mode forms more thermodynamically stable products. (II) The 2,1 insertion, DVB-PP1, or BVPE-PP1 needs to rotate 180° along the Zr-C1 bond to complete the process; thus, it is easier to accomplish the 1,2 insertion. (III) The analysis of the local electrophilicity/nucleophilicity index and the Fukui functions also indicate that the 1,2-insertion mode is the optimal insertion mode. Investigating the mechanism of this experimental phenomenon is important in the development of a functionalization strategy for polypropylene (PP) polymers.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang H, Dong C, Han X, Han Y, Zhao F, Yan N, Hu Y, Zhao G. Synergistic toughening of poly(lactic acid) by poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) and poly(methyl methacrylate)–poly(butyl acrylate)–poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymer. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering Liaoning Petrochemical University Fushun China
| | - Chungang Dong
- School of Petrochemical Engineering Liaoning Petrochemical University Fushun China
| | - Xiangyan Han
- School of Petrochemical Engineering Liaoning Petrochemical University Fushun China
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- School of Petrochemical Engineering Liaoning Petrochemical University Fushun China
| | - Fengyang Zhao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering Liaoning Petrochemical University Fushun China
| | - Nan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Yuexin Hu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering Liaoning Petrochemical University Fushun China
| | - Guiyan Zhao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering Liaoning Petrochemical University Fushun China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nghiem LD, Iqbal HMN, Zdarta J. The shadow pandemic of single use personal protective equipment plastic waste: A blue print for suppression and eradication. CASE STUDIES IN CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 4:100125. [PMID: 38620856 PMCID: PMC8387200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2021.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Single use personal protective equipment (PPE) has played a major role in preventing COVID-19 infection. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, over 4 million tonnes of polypropylene PPE waste has been disposed into the environment in uncontrolled manner causing significant and long-term ecological damage. This work also highlights several effective measures to alleviate the problem of polypropylene PPE waste. Short-term measures include knowledge sharing to minimise the use of single use PPE and to adapt innovative polypropylene recycling technologies. To prepare for a future pandemic, it is also essential to phase out polypropylene PPE using natural based polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long D Nghiem
- University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Jakub Zdarta
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Comparison of Properties with Relevance for the Automotive Sector in Mechanically Recycled and Virgin Polypropylene. RECYCLING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling6040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) has a high recycling potential. However, the properties of mechanically recycled PP (R-PP) have not been fully compared to those of virgin PP (V-PP). Therefore, in this study, properties of R-PP and V-PP were compared using data from recyclers, virgin plastic suppliers, and the literature. The properties of recyclates could not be directly correlated either with the properties of the virgin polymers from which the recyclates were made or the recycling parameters. It was found that the MFR of R-PP was higher; MFR R-PP had a median value (m) of 11 g/10 min while MFR V-PP had a median value of 6.3 g/10 min (at 230 °C and with 2.16 kg). In terms of mechanical properties, in many cases R-PP exhibited stiffer and more brittle behavior, with a slightly higher Young’s modulus (ER-PP = 1400 and EV-PP = 1200 MPa), a reduced elongation at break (ɛbR-PP = 4 l.-% and ɛbV-PP = 83 l.-%), and notched charpy impact strength (NCISR-PP = 4.8 and NCISV-PP = 7.5 kJ/m2). However, the values for every property had a broad distribution. In addition to existing information from the literature, our research sheds fresh light on the variation of the characteristics of recycled polypropylenes presently on the market.
Collapse
|