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Miravalle E, Viada G, Bonomo M, Barolo C, Bracco P, Zanetti M. Recycling of Commercially Available Biobased Thermoset Polyurethane Using Covalent Adaptable Network Mechanisms. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2217. [PMID: 39125243 PMCID: PMC11314662 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Until recently, recycling thermoset polyurethanes (PUs) was limited to degrading methods. The development of covalent adaptable networks (CANs), to which PUs can be assigned, has opened novel possibilities for actual recycling. Most efforts in this area have been directed toward inventing new materials that can benefit from CAN theory; presently, little or nothing has been applied to industrially producible materials. In this study, both an industrially available polyol (Sovermol780®) and isocyanate (Tolonate X FLO 100®) with percentages of bioderived components were employed, resulting in a potentially scalable and industrially producible material. The resultant network could be reworked up to three times, maintaining the crosslinked structure without significantly changing the thermal properties. Improvements in mechanical parameters were observed when comparing the pristine material to the material exposed to three rework processes, with gains of roughly 50% in elongation at break and 20% in tensile strength despite a 25% decrease in Young's modulus and crosslink density. Thus, it was demonstrated that theory may be profitably applied even to materials that are not designed including additional bonds but instead rely just on the dynamic urethane bond that is naturally present in the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Miravalle
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Gabriele Viada
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Matteo Bonomo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (M.B.)
- Instm Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
- SUSPLAS@UniTo, Sustainable Plastic Scientific Hub, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (M.B.)
- Instm Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
- SUSPLAS@UniTo, Sustainable Plastic Scientific Hub, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Pierangiola Bracco
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (M.B.)
- SUSPLAS@UniTo, Sustainable Plastic Scientific Hub, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Zanetti
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (M.B.)
- Instm Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
- SUSPLAS@UniTo, Sustainable Plastic Scientific Hub, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Rayung M, Ghani NA, Hasanudin N. A review on vegetable oil-based non isocyanate polyurethane: towards a greener and sustainable production route. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9273-9299. [PMID: 38505386 PMCID: PMC10949916 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08684d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition from conventional polyurethane (PU) to non isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) is driven mainly by safety concerns, environmental considerations, and sustainability issues associated with the current PU technology. NIPU has emerged as a promising alternative, addressing limitations related to traditional PU production. There has been increasing interest in bio-based NIPU aligning with the aspiration for green materials and processes. One important biomass resource for the development of bio-based NIPU is vegetable oil, an abundant, renewable, and relatively low cost feedstock. As such, this review aims to provide insight into the progression of NIPU derived from vegetable oils. This article highlights the synthetic and green approach to NIPU production, emphasizing the method involving the polyaddition reaction of cyclic carbonates and amines. The review includes case studies on vegetable oil-based NIPU and perspectives on their properties. Further, discussions on the potential applications and commercial importance of PU and NIPU are included. Finally, we offer perspectives on possible research directions and the future prospects of NIPU, contributing to the ongoing evolution of PU technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwah Rayung
- School of Wood Industry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pahang Kampus Jengka 26400 Bandar Tun Razak Pahang Malaysia
| | - Noraini Abd Ghani
- Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
- Fundamental and Applied Science Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Hasanudin
- Terra Mineral Lab Sdn Bhd Level 16, Perak Techno Trade Centre Bandar Meru Jaya, Off Jalan Jelapan Ipoh 30020 Perak Darul Ridzuan Malaysia
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Afewerki S, Edlund U. Engineering an All-Biobased Solvent- and Styrene-Free Curable Resin. ACS POLYMERS AU 2023; 3:447-456. [PMID: 38107415 PMCID: PMC10722568 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable production of polymers and materials derived from renewable feedstocks such as biomass is vital to addressing the current climate and environmental challenges. In particular, finding a replacement for current widely used curable resins containing undesired components with both health and environmental issues, such as bisphenol-A and styrene, is of great interest and vital for a sustainable society. In this work, we disclose the preparation and fabrication of an all-biobased curable resin. The devised resin consists of a polyester component based on fumaric acid, itaconic acid, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, 1,4-butanediol, and reactive diluents acting as both solvents and viscosity enhancers. Importantly, the complete process was performed solvent-free, thus promoting its industrial applications. The cured biobased resin demonstrates very good thermal properties (stable up to 415 °C), the ability to resist deformation based on the high Young's modulus of ∼775 MPa, and chemical resistance based on the swelling index and gel content. We envision the disclosed biobased resin having tailorable properties suitable for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Afewerki
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrica Edlund
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Smorawska J, Włoch M, Głowińska E. Structure-Property Relationship and Multiple Processing Studies of Novel Bio-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6246. [PMID: 37763524 PMCID: PMC10533108 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the growing demand for polymeric materials has led to an increased need to develop effective recycling methods. This study focuses on the multiple processing of bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (bio-TPUs) as a sustainable approach for polymeric waste management through mechanical recycling. The main objective is to investigate the influence of two reprocessing cycles on selected properties of bio-TPUs. Two series of bio-based TPUs were synthesized via a solvent-free two-step method with the use of hexamethylene diisocyanate or hexamethylene diisocyanate/partially bio-based diisocyanate mixtures, bio-based poly(triamethylene ether) glycol, and bio-based 1,3 propanediol. Both the raw bio-TPUs and those subjected to two reprocessing cycles were examined with respect to their chemical, physical, thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical properties. The conducted research revealed that reprocessing led to changes in the phase separation between the hard and soft segments, thereby affecting the bio-TPUs' properties. Both series of materials showed similar chemical structures regardless of reprocessing (slight changes were observed in the range of carbonyl peak). The thermal properties of TPUs exhibited slight differences after each reprocessing cycle, but generally, the non-processed and reprocessed bio-TPUs were thermally stable up to about 300 °C. However, significant differences were observed in their mechanical properties. The tensile strength increased to 34% for the twice-reprocessed bio-TPUs, while the elongation at break increased by ca. 200%. On the other hand, the processing cycles resulted in a decrease in the hardness of both bio-TPU series (ca. 3-4 °ShA). As a result, the prepared bio-TPUs exhibited characteristics that were closer to those of the sustainable materials model, promoting the circular economy of plastics, with environmental benefits arising from their recyclability and their high content of bio-based monomers (78.4-78.8 wt.%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewa Głowińska
- Department of Polymers Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriel Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (J.S.); (M.W.)
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Gómez-Ruiz L, Martínez-Nova A, Simón-Pérez E, Morán-Cortés JF. Degree of Knowledge and Commitment of the Spanish Podiatry Community to Green Podiatry: A Preliminary Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6761. [PMID: 37754620 PMCID: PMC10530967 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20186761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is real and we are witnessing its consequences, such as rising temperatures, water scarcity, and sea-level rise, among other significant impacts. As healthcare professionals, podiatrists should be concerned about climate change; however, they still contribute to the damage caused. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the level of awareness among podiatrists regarding this issue and determine their attitudes toward the climate change process. The study involved conducting a survey comprising a series of questions, including personal information, Likert-scale questions, and short questions to evaluate attitudes toward environmental sustainability in their workplace and how they contribute to the climate change process. The questions addressed their commuting habits to determine sustainability, the number of hours of physical exercise per week, and their clinical attitudes, such as prescribing unnecessary treatments or emphasizing sports as the primary treatment. The results revealed that nearly 89% of the respondents were unaware of ecological podiatry or shoe recycling. Regarding clinical attitudes, 31.1% of the respondents stated that they prescribe sports as the primary treatment for all their patients, while 37.9% do so in most cases. They also tend to avoid prescribing unnecessary treatments, with 44.9% stating that they never prescribe them unless absolutely necessary. In conclusion, based on this survey, Spanish podiatrists do not undertake favorable actions for climate change and lack knowledge of the concept of "ecological podiatry". To improve the situation, efforts should focus on waste reduction, eliminating unnecessary treatments, and promoting and practicing ecological podiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gómez-Ruiz
- Nursing Department, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda, Virgen del Puerto, 2, 10600 Plasencia Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alfonso Martínez-Nova
- Nursing Department, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda, Virgen del Puerto, 2, 10600 Plasencia Cáceres, Spain
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Silva TAR, Marques AC, Dos Santos RG, Shakoor RA, Taryba M, Montemor MF. Development of BioPolyurethane Coatings from Biomass-Derived Alkylphenol Polyols-A Green Alternative. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112561. [PMID: 37299359 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polyols were obtained from the thermochemical liquefaction of two biomass feedstocks, pinewood and Stipa tenacissima, with conversion rates varying between 71.9 and 79.3 wt.%, and comprehensively characterized. They exhibit phenolic and aliphatic moieties displaying hydroxyl (OH) functional groups, as confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) analysis. The biopolyols obtained were successfully employed as a green raw material to produce bio-based polyurethane (BioPU) coatings on carbon steel substrates, using, as an isocyanate source, a commercial bio-based polyisocyanate-Desmodur® Eco N7300. The BioPU coatings were analyzed in terms of chemical structure, the extent of the reaction of the isocyanate species, thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and adhesion strength. They show moderate thermal stability at temperatures up to 100 °C, and a mild hydrophobicity, displaying contact angles between 68° and 86°. The adhesion tests reveal similar pull-off strength values (ca. 2.2 MPa) for the BioPU either prepared with pinewood and Stipa-derived biopolyols (BPUI and BPUII). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out on the coated substrates for 60 days in 0.05 M NaCl solution. Good corrosion protection properties were achieved for the coatings, with particular emphasis on the coating prepared with the pinewood-derived polyol, which exhibited a low-frequency impedance modulus normalized for the coating thickness of 6.1 × 1010 Ω cm at the end of the 60 days test, three times higher than for coatings prepared with Stipa-derived biopolyols. The produced BioPU formulations show great potential for application as coatings, and for further modification with bio-based fillers and corrosion inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago A R Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Departamento de Engenharia Química (DEQ), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana C Marques
- Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Departamento de Engenharia Química (DEQ), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui G Dos Santos
- Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Departamento de Engenharia Química (DEQ), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rana A Shakoor
- Centre for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University, 9FHQ + JMF, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Maryna Taryba
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Departamento de Engenharia Química (DEQ), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Fátima Montemor
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Departamento de Engenharia Química (DEQ), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Stavila E, Yuliati F, Adharis A, Laksmono JA, Iqbal M. Recent advances in synthesis of polymers based on palm oil and its fatty acids. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14747-14775. [PMID: 37197178 PMCID: PMC10184022 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01913f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Palm oil is a versatile bio-renewable resource for consumer products, oleochemicals, and biofuels. The utilization of palm oil in polymer production as a bio-based polymer is considered a promising alternative to conventional petrochemical-based polymers due to its non-toxicity, biodegradability, and vast obtainability. Triglycerides and fatty acids in palm oil and their derivatives can be utilized as bio-based monomers for synthesizing polymers. This review summarizes the recent advancement in using palm oil and its fatty acids for polymer synthesis and their applications. Moreover, this review will overview the most commonly used synthesis pathways for producing palm oil-based polymers. Therefore, this review can be used as a reference for designing a new approach to synthesizing palm oil-based polymers with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erythrina Stavila
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, Research Organization for Nanotechnology and Material (ORNM), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Gedung 460 KST B. J. Habibie/Puspiptek, Jl. Raya Puspiptek Tangerang Selatan 15315 Banten Indonesia
| | - Frita Yuliati
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, Research Organization for Nanotechnology and Material (ORNM), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Gedung 460 KST B. J. Habibie/Puspiptek, Jl. Raya Puspiptek Tangerang Selatan 15315 Banten Indonesia
| | - Azis Adharis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Computer Science, Universitas Pertamina (UPER) Jl. Teuku Nyak Arief, RT.7/RW.8, Simprug Jakarta Selatan 12220 Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta Indonesia
| | - Joddy Arya Laksmono
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, Research Organization for Nanotechnology and Material (ORNM), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Gedung 460 KST B. J. Habibie/Puspiptek, Jl. Raya Puspiptek Tangerang Selatan 15315 Banten Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) Jl. Ganesha No. 10 Bandung 40135 Jawa Barat Indonesia
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Jašek V, Fučík J, Melcova V, Figalla S, Mravcova L, Krobot Š, Přikryl R. Synthesis of Bio-Based Thermoset Mixture Composed of Methacrylated Rapeseed Oil and Methacrylated Methyl Lactate: One-Pot Synthesis Using Formed Methacrylic Acid as a Continual Reactant. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081811. [PMID: 37111957 PMCID: PMC10146403 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methacrylated vegetable oils are promising bio-based polymerizable precursors for potential material application in several fields, such as coating technologies or 3D printing. The reactants' availability for their production is an enormous advantage, but the modified oils also exhibit high apparent viscosity values and poor mechanical properties. This work focuses on a way to produce oil-based polymerizable material precursors in a mixture with a viscosity modifier in a one-batch process. The required methacrylic acid for the modification of epoxidized vegetable oils can be obtained as a secondary product of the methacrylation of methyl lactate forming a polymerizable monomer along with the acid. This reaction results in a yield of over 98% of methacrylic acid. Epoxidized vegetable oil can be added into the same batch using acid for oil modification which results in the one-pot mixture of both methacrylated oil and methyl lactate. The structural verifications of products were provided via FT-IR, 1H NMR, and volumetric methods. This two-step reaction process produces a thermoset mixture with a lower apparent viscosity of 142.6 mPa·s in comparison with methacrylated oil exhibiting a value of 1790.2 mPa·s. Other physical-chemical properties of the resin mixture such as storage modulus (E' = 1260 MPa), glass transition temperature (Tg = 50.0 °C), or polymerization activation energy (17.3 kJ/mol) are enhanced in comparison with the methacrylated vegetable oil. The synthesized one-pot mixture does not require additional methacrylic acid due to the use of the one formed in the first step of the reaction, while the eventual thermoset mixture exhibits enhanced material properties compared to the methacrylated vegetable oil itself. Precursors synthesized in this work may find their purpose in the field of coating technologies, since these applications require detailed viscosity modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Jašek
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Fučík
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Melcova
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Silvestr Figalla
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Mravcova
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Krobot
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Přikryl
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
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Vijayan JG, Niranjana Prabhu T, Jineesh AG, Pal K, Chakroborty S. Synthesis of bagasse nanocellulose-filled composite polyurethane xerogel for the efficient adsorption of Rhodamine-B dye from aqueous solution: investigation of adsorption parameters. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2023; 46:23. [PMID: 36995479 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polyurethane (PU)-based xerogels were synthesized by using the biobased polyol derived from chaulmoogra seed oil. These polyol was used for the preparation of PU xerogels using methylene diphenyl diisocyanate hard segment and polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) as soft segment with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2, 2, 2]octane as catalyst. Tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide were used as the solvents. Nanocellulose (5 wt %) prepared from bagasse were added as filler, and the obtained composite xerogels were evaluated for chemical stability. The prepared samples were also characterized by using SEM and FTIR. Waste sugarcane bagasse nanocellulose proved as a cheap reinforcer in the xerogel synthesis and for the adsorption of Rhodamine-B dye from the aqueous solution. The factors that affect the adsorption process have been studied including the quantity of the adsorbent (0.02-0.06 g), pH (6-12), temperature (30-50) and time (30-90). Central composite design for four variables and three levels with response surface methodology has been used to get second-order polynomial equation for the percentage dye removal. RSM was confirmed by the measurement of analysis of variance. Increase in the pH and quantity of the adsorbent was found to increase the sorption capacities of the xerogel (NC-PUXe) towards rhodamine B, maximum adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothy G Vijayan
- Department of Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, IV Phase, Peenya Industrial Area, Bengaluru, 560058, India
| | - T Niranjana Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, IV Phase, Peenya Industrial Area, Bengaluru, 560058, India.
| | - A G Jineesh
- Department of Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, IV Phase, Peenya Industrial Area, Bengaluru, 560058, India
| | - Kaushik Pal
- Department of Physics, University Centre for Research and Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali, Gharuan, Punjab, 140413, India.
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Singh P, Rana A, Karak N, Kumar I, Rana S, Kumar P. Sustainable smart anti-corrosion coating materials derived from vegetable oil derivatives: a review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3910-3941. [PMID: 36756545 PMCID: PMC9890588 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07825b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable development is a critical concern in this fast-paced technological world. Therefore, it is essential to employ renewable resources to move towards sustainable development goals (SDGs). The polyols attained from renewable resources, including lignin, chitosan, vegetable oils, cellulose, etc. and the polymers derived from them have attracted the attention of the majority of researchers, both in academia and industry. The development of bio-based polymers from vegetable oils start emerging with different properties to generate a value-added system. This review will give an impression to readers about how coatings generated from vegetable oils can find a way towards better protective properties against corrosion either by using fillers or by using molecular structure modifications in the system, thus covering a range of vegetable oil-based self-healing polymers and their application in anti-corrosion coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Singh
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Anuj Rana
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural UniversityHisar125004India
| | - Niranjan Karak
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur UniversityNapaam 784028India
| | - Indresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani 333 031India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Soil Burial Degradation of Biobased Polyurethanes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224948. [PMID: 36433074 PMCID: PMC9698155 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for developing degradable polymeric systems based on bio-derived and sustainable materials. In recent years, polyurethanes derived from castor oil have emerged due to the large availability and sustainable characteristics of castor oil. However, these polymers are normally prepared through tedious and/or energy-intensive procedures or using high volatile and/or toxic reagents such as volatile isocyanates or epoxides. Furthermore, poor investigation has been carried out to design castor oil derived polyurethanes with degradable characteristics or thorough specifically sustainable synthetic procedures. Herein, castor oil-derived polyurethane with more than 90% biomass-derived carbon content and enhanced degradable features was prepared through a simple, eco-friendly (E-factor: 0.2), and scalable procedure, employing a recently developed commercially available biomass-derived (61% bio-based carbon content) low-volatile polymeric isocyanate. The novel material was compared with a castor oil derived-polyurethane prepared with a commercially available fossil-based isocyanate counterpart. The different castor oil-derived polyurethanes were investigated by means of water uptake, soil burial degradation, and disintegration tests in compost. Characterization analyses, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were carried out both prior to and after degradation tests. The results suggest potential applications of the degradable castor oil-derived polyurethane in different fields, such as mulch films for agricultural purposes.
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12
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Sekiya T, Shibata M. Self-healing castor oil-based polyurethane networks featuring cyclodextrin–adamantane host–guest interactions. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Effect of the biobased polyols chemical structure on high performance thermoset polyurethane properties. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Development of a Novel Biobased Polyurethane Resin System for Structural Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214553. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes are gaining increasing interest for their use as structural components subjected to cyclic loads, such as leaf springs. Thermoset polyurethane (PUR) based technology offers some advantages, such as fatigue resistance, low viscosity, and fast curing. However, current PUR formulations present two major drawbacks: their petrochemical origin and high reactivity. The aim of this work was to develop a novel biobased PUR (BIO-PUR) with the required mechanical properties and processability for manufacturing structural composites by resin transfer moulding (RTM). For this purpose, a high functionality and high hydroxyl index castor-oil-based polyol was used combined with a biobased glycerol (BIO-Gly) to increase the crosslinking density and improve the final properties of the BIO-PUR. The viscosity and reactivity of the different systems were studied by means of rheology tests and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal and mechanical properties were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and flexural tests. Furthermore, the RTM process of a representative part was simulated and validated through the manufacturing and testing of plates. The properties of the BIO-PUR resin systems were strongly influenced by the addition of biobased glycerol and its effect on the crosslinking density. The combination of a high functionality and hydroxyl index biobased polyol with the biobased glycerol resulted in a high-performance BIO-PUR with the required reactivity and final properties for structural applications.
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15
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Kwon YR, Kim HC, Moon SK, Kim JS, Chang Y, Kim DH. Synthesis and characterization of a novel itaconic
acid‐based
internal emulsifier for anionic waterborne polyurethane. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Rok Kwon
- Materials and Component Convergence R&D Department Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) Ansan Gyeonggi Republic of Korea
- Department of Material Chemical Engineering Hanyang University Ansan Gyeonggi Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Chan Kim
- Materials and Component Convergence R&D Department Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) Ansan Gyeonggi Republic of Korea
- Department of Material Chemical Engineering Hanyang University Ansan Gyeonggi Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Kyu Moon
- Materials and Component Convergence R&D Department Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) Ansan Gyeonggi Republic of Korea
- School of Integrative Engineering, College of Engineering Chung‐Ang University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Kim
- Materials and Component Convergence R&D Department Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) Ansan Gyeonggi Republic of Korea
| | - Young‐Wook Chang
- Department of Material Chemical Engineering Hanyang University Ansan Gyeonggi Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Materials and Component Convergence R&D Department Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) Ansan Gyeonggi Republic of Korea
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16
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Bakkali-Hassani C, Berne D, Ladmiral V, Caillol S. Transcarbamoylation in Polyurethanes: Underestimated Exchange Reactions? Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitri Berne
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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17
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Duval A, Sarbu A, Dalmas F, Albertini D, Avérous L. 2,3-Butanediol as a Biobased Chain Extender for Thermoplastic Polyurethanes: Influence of Stereochemistry on Macromolecular Architectures and Properties. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Duval
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg Cedex 2 67087, France
- Soprema, 14 rue de Saint-Nazaire, Strasbourg 67100, France
| | - Alexandru Sarbu
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg Cedex 2 67087, France
- Soprema, 14 rue de Saint-Nazaire, Strasbourg 67100, France
| | - Florent Dalmas
- Univ. Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR 5510, Villeurbanne 69621, France
| | - David Albertini
- Univ. Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR 5270, Villeurbanne 69621, France
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg Cedex 2 67087, France
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18
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Current State and Perspectives of Simulation and Modeling of Aliphatic Isocyanates and Polyisocyanates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091642. [PMID: 35566811 PMCID: PMC9099476 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aliphatic isocyanates and polyisocyanates are central molecules in the fabrication of polyurethanes, coatings, and adhesives and, due to their excellent mechanical and stability properties, are continuously investigated in advanced applications; however, despite the growing interest in isocyanate-based systems, atomistic simulations on them have been limited by the lack of accurate parametrizations for these molecular species. In this review, we will first provide an overview of current research on isocyanate systems to highlight their most promising applications, especially in fields far from their typical usage, and to justify the need for further modeling works. Next, we will discuss the state of their modeling, from first-principle studies to atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and coarse-grained approaches, highlighting the recent advances in atomistic modeling. Finally, the most promising lines of research in the modeling of isocyanates are discussed in light of the possibilities opened by novel approaches, such as machine learning.
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19
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Oliveira Almeida DE, Albuquerque AKC, Santos Silva ID, Ries A, Wellen RMR. Curing and morphology approaches of polyurethane/poly(ethylene glycol) foam upon poly(lactic acid) addition. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andreas Ries
- Multidisciplinary Center for Technological Investigations National University of Asunción, San Lorenzo University Campus San Lorenzo Paraguay
| | - Renate Maria Ramos Wellen
- Academic Unit of Materials Engineering Federal University of Campina Grande Campina Grande Brazil
- Materials Engineering Department Federal University of Paraiba João Pessoa Brazil
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20
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Zeng J, Yang Y, Tang Y, Xu X, Chen X, Li G, Chen K, Li H, Ouyang P, Tan W, Ma J, Liu Y, Liang R. Synthesis, Monomer Removal, Modification, and Coating Performances of Biobased Pentamethylene Diisocyanate Isocyanurate Trimers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Zeng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yibo Tang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xu Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ganlu Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kequan Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Weimin Tan
- National Engineering Research Center for Coatings, CNOOC Changzhou Paint and Coatings Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213016, China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- Gansu Yinguang Juyin Chemical Co., Ltd., Baiyin, Gansu 730900, China
| | - Yaozong Liu
- Gansu Yinguang Juyin Chemical Co., Ltd., Baiyin, Gansu 730900, China
| | - Ruiyuan Liang
- Gansu Yinguang Juyin Chemical Co., Ltd., Baiyin, Gansu 730900, China
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21
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Al Nakib R, Toncheva A, Fontaine V, Vanheuverzwijn J, Raquez J, Meyer F. Thermoplastic polyurethanes for biomedical application: A synthetic, mechanical, antibacterial, and cytotoxic study. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Al Nakib
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials University of Mons, Faculty of Science Mons Belgium
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Faculty of Pharmacy Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Antoniya Toncheva
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials University of Mons, Faculty of Science Mons Belgium
- Laboratory of Bioactive Polymers Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Veronique Fontaine
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Faculty of Pharmacy Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Jérôme Vanheuverzwijn
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Faculty of Pharmacy Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Jean‐Marie Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials University of Mons, Faculty of Science Mons Belgium
| | - Franck Meyer
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Faculty of Pharmacy Bruxelles Belgium
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22
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Blasco MPC, Limiñana MÁP, Silvestre CR, Calpena EO, Aís FA. Sustainable Reactive Polyurethane Hot Melt Adhesives Based on Vegetable Polyols for Footwear Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14020284. [PMID: 35054690 PMCID: PMC8779523 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to develop sustainable reactive polyurethane hot melt adhesives (HMPUR) for footwear applications based on biobased polyols as renewable resources, where ma-croglycol mixtures of polyadipate of 1,4-butanediol, polypropylene and different biobased polyols were employed and further reacted with 4-4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. The different reactive polyurethane hot melt adhesives obtained were characterized with different experimental techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), softening temperature and melting viscosity. Finally, their adhesion properties were measured from T-peel tests on leather/HMPUR adhesives/SBR rubber joints in order to establish the viability of the used biobased polyols and the amount of these polyols that could be added to reactive polyurethane hot melt adhesives satisfactorily to meet the quality requirements of footwear joints. All biobased polyols and percentages added to the polyurethane adhesive formulations successfully met the quality requirements of footwear, being comparable to traditional adhesives currently used in footwear joints in terms of final strength. Therefore, these new sustainable polyurethane adhesives can be considered as suitable and sustainable alternatives to the adhesives commonly used in footwear joints.
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23
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Niesiobędzka J, Głowińska E, Datta J. Eco-Friendly Ether and Ester-Urethane Prepolymer: Structure, Processing and Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212207. [PMID: 34830089 PMCID: PMC8625470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study concerns bio-based urethane prepolymers. The relationship between the chemical structure and the thermal and processing parameters of bio-based isocyanate-terminated ether and ester-urethane prepolymers was investigated. Bio-based prepolymers were obtained with the use of bio-monomers such as bio-based diisocyanate, bio-based polyether polyol or polyester polyols. In addition to their composition, the bio-based prepolymers were different in the content of iso-cyanate groups content (ca. 6 and 8%). The process of pre-polymerization and the obtained bio-based prepolymers were analyzed by determining the content of unreacted NCO groups, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetry, and rheological measurements. The research conducted facilitated the evaluation of the properties and processability of urethane prepolymers based on natural components. The results indicate that a significant impact on the processability has the origin the polyol ingredient as well as the NCO content. The thermal stability of all of the prepolymers is similar. A prepolymer based on a poly-ether polyol is characterized by a lower viscosity at a lower temperature than the prepolymer based on a polyester polyol. The viscosity value depends on the NCO content.
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24
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A Brief Introduction to the Polyurethanes According to the Principles of Green Chemistry. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes are most often called “green” when they contain natural, renewable additives in their network or chemical structure, such as mono- and polysaccharides, oils (mainly vegetable oils), polyphenols (e.g., lignins, tannins), or various compounds derived from agro-waste white biotechnology (Principle 7). This usually results in these polyurethanes obtained from less hazardous substrates (Principle 4). Appropriate modification of polyurethanes makes them susceptible to degradation, and the use of appropriate processes allows for their recycling (Principle 10). However, this fulfilment of other principles also predisposes them to be green. As in the production of other polymer materials, the synthesis of polyurethanes is carried out with the use of catalysts (such as biocatalysts) (Principle 9) with full control of the course of the reaction (Principle 11), which allows maximization of the atomic economy (Principle 2) and an increase in energy efficiency (Principle 6) while minimizing the risk of production waste (Principle 1). Moreover, traditional substrates in the synthesis of polyurethanes can be replaced with less toxic ones (e.g., in non-isocyanate polyurethanes), which, at the same time, leads to a non-toxic product (Principle 3, Principle 5). In general, there is no need for blocking compounds to provide intermediates in the synthesis of polyurethanes (Principle 8). Reasonable storage of substrates, their transport, and the synthesis of polyurethanes guarantee the safety and the prevention of uncontrolled reactions (Principle 12). This publication is a summary of the achievements of scientists and technologists who are constantly working to create ideal polyurethanes that do not pollute the environment, and their synthesis and use are consistent with the principles of sustainable economy.
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25
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Investigation of Tribological Behavior of Lubricating Greases Composed of Different Bio-Based Polymer Thickeners. LUBRICANTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/lubricants9080080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One commonly used lubricant in rolling bearings is grease, which consists of base oil, thickener and small amounts of additives. Commercial greases are mostly produced from petrochemical base oil and thickener. Recently, the development of base oils from renewable resources have been significantly focused on in the lubricant industry. However, to produce an entirely bio-based grease, the thickener must also be produced from renewable materials. Therefore, this work presents the design and evaluation of three different bio-based polymer thickener systems. Tribological tests are performed to characterize lubrication properties of developed bio-based greases. The effect of thickener type on film thickness and friction behavior of the produced bio-based greases is evaluated on a ball-on-disc tribometer. Moreover, the results are compared to a commercial petrochemical grease chosen as benchmark.
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26
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Xu X, Tan W, Ji M, Yang Y, Rao X, Luo X, Zhang Y, Chen H. Synthesis of Piperazine Quaternary Ammonium Alkali Catalyst and Its Application in Isocyanate Polymerization. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21060300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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