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Chen Y, Rao Y, Liu P, Wu L, Zhang G, Zhang J, Xie F. High-amylose starch-based gel as green adhesive for plywood: Adhesive property, water-resistance, and flame-retardancy. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122247. [PMID: 38823915 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The escalating demand for environmentally sustainable and cost-effective adhesives in the wood processing and manufacturing sector has prompted exploration into innovative solutions. This study introduces a novel gel adhesive composed of chemically unmodified high-amylose starch (G70, with 68 % amylose content) with a minimal proportion of urea-formaldehyde (UF) (UF/starch = 1:10, w/w). This G70/UF gel demonstrates remarkable adhesive capabilities for wooden boards under both dry conditions (with a shear stress of 4.13 ± 0.12 MPa) and wet conditions (with a shear strength of 0.93 ± 0.07 MPa after 2 h of water soaking). The study unveils that the elevated amylose content in the starch, coupled with a meticulously controlled isothermal process during bonding, is crucial for these enhancements. Specifically, the robust cohesion of amylose chains expedites phase separation between starch and UF, while the isothermal process facilitates the migration and enrichment of UF molecules at the gel-board and gel-air interfaces. Lacking these mechanisms, conventional amylopectin-rich starch/UF gels (27 % amylose content) show minimal improvement. Moreover, the G70/UF gel showcases exceptional fire retardancy. In all, the G70/UF gel presents a promising alternative for plywood production, reducing reliance on unhealthy UF resin while offering satisfactory bonding resistance in diverse conditions and superior flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yongjing Rao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Linlin Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Fengwei Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
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2
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Khan S, Das P, Kasak P, AbdulQuadir M, Thaher M, Al Ghazal G, Faisal M, Hawari AH, Sayadi S, Al-Jabri H. Production of sustainable thermoplastic composites from waste nitrogen fertilizer-grown marine filamentous cyanobacterium Geitlerinema sp. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121931. [PMID: 39033620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The global demand for petroleum-derived plastics continues to increase, as does pollution caused by plastic consumption and landfilling plastic waste. Recycling waste plastics by thermomechanical molding may be advantageous, but it alone cannot address the challenges associated with plastic demand and its widespread pollution. A more sustainable and cleaner approach for recycling plastic waste could be to produce thermoplastic composite blends of waste plastic and biobased alternative materials such as marine algal biomass. In this study, Geitlerinema sp., a marine cyanobacterium, was cultivated with waste nitrogen fertilizer as a nitrogen source, resulting in phycocyanin content and biomass density of 6.5% and 0.7 g/L, respectively. The minimum and maximum tensile strengths of thermoplastic blends containing Geitlerinema sp. biomass, recycled glycerol plasticizer, and waste plastic were 0.29-23.2 MPa, respectively. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of thermoplastic composites decreased as the Geitlerinema sp. biomass concentration increased. Furthermore, thermal analysis revealed that thermoplastics containing Geitlerinema sp. biomass have lower thermal onset and biomass degradation temperatures than waste polyethylene. Nevertheless, 35-50% of Geitlerinema sp. biomass could be a sustainable biobased alternative feedstock for producing thermoplastic blends, making the recycling of waste plastics more sustainable and environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoyeb Khan
- Algal technology program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Probir Das
- Algal technology program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Peter Kasak
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed AbdulQuadir
- Algal technology program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mahmoud Thaher
- Algal technology program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gahmza Al Ghazal
- Algal technology program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Algal technology program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alaa H Hawari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Algal technology program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hareb Al-Jabri
- Algal technology program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
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3
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de Paula de Almeida Duarte S, Teixeira-Costa BE, do Rosário RC, Amante ER, Pires MB, Dos Santos OV. Valorization of Taioba Products and By-Products: Focusing on Starch. Foods 2024; 13:2415. [PMID: 39123606 DOI: 10.3390/foods13152415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Unconventional food plants, popularized in Brazil as PANC, remain underutilized globally. In that sense, this study aims to explore the nutritional and functional properties of taioba (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), a plant with edible leaves and tubers, and to investigate its potential for industrial-scale application as a source of starch. A systematic review was carried out and meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines was conducted based on a random effects synthesis of multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs). The searches were carried out in seven search sources, among which were Web of Science, Elsevier's Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Springer Nature, Taylor & Francis, Hindawi, Scielo, ACS-American Chemical Society, and Google Scholar. The systematic review was guided by a systematic review protocol based on the POT strategy (Population, Outcome, and Types of studies), adapted for use in this research. Mendeley was a resource used for organization, to manage references, and to exclude duplicates of studies selected for review. The findings revealed that taioba leaves are abundant in essential nutrients, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Additionally, the tubers offer rich starch content along with vitamins and minerals like iron, potassium, and calcium, making them an ideal substitute for conventional sources on an industrial scale. This research highlights the significance of studying the functionalities, applicability, and integration of this PANC in our diets, while also emphasizing its capability as a substitute for traditional starch varieties. Moreover, exploiting this plant's potential adds value to Amazonian resources, reduces import costs, and diversifies resource utilization across multiple industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bárbara E Teixeira-Costa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosely Carvalho do Rosário
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Edna Regina Amante
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Márlia Barbosa Pires
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Orquídea Vasconcelo Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
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4
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Mubayi V, Ahern CB, Calusinska M, O’Malley MA. Toward a Circular Bioeconomy: Designing Microbes and Polymers for Biodegradation. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1978-1993. [PMID: 38918080 PMCID: PMC11264326 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Polymer production is rapidly increasing, but there are no large-scale technologies available to effectively mitigate the massive accumulation of these recalcitrant materials. One potential solution is the development of a carbon-neutral polymer life cycle, where microorganisms convert plant biomass to chemicals, which are used to synthesize biodegradable materials that ultimately contribute to the growth of new plants. Realizing a circular carbon life cycle requires the integration of knowledge across microbiology, bioengineering, materials science, and organic chemistry, which itself has hindered large-scale industrial advances. This review addresses the biodegradation status of common synthetic polymers, identifying novel microbes and enzymes capable of metabolizing these recalcitrant materials and engineering approaches to enhance their biodegradation pathways. Design considerations for the next generation of biodegradable polymers are also reviewed, and finally, opportunities to apply findings from lignocellulosic biodegradation to the design and biodegradation of similarly recalcitrant synthetic polymers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Mubayi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Colleen B. Ahern
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Magdalena Calusinska
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Environmental
Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Michelle A. O’Malley
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Joint
BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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5
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Abdillah AA, Lee RC, Charles AL. Improving physicomechanical properties of arrowroot starch films incorporated with kappa-carrageenan: Sweet cherry coating application. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:133938. [PMID: 39029815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Arrowroot starch (AS)-based films potential is influenced by its low-cost processing and high transparency packaging material but low tensile strength; hence, AS was blended with kappa-carrageenan (KC) to improve mechanical properties of AS-based films and enhance its potential use in food packaging or coating applications. AS-KC-based films were characterized based on structural, physicomechanical, thermal, pasting properties, and coating application in sweet cherry. The films demonstrated high tensile strength from 3.2 to 29.4 MPa and low elongation properties from 160.3 % to 1.9 %. Moreover, AS/KC films exhibited peak viscosities of 18.7 to 34.8 RVU, and thermal analysis depicted lower weight losses (59-45 %) compared to AS-based films (62 %). In addition, sweet cherry samples coated with AS/KC films and stored at 20 °C for 15 days depicted lower weight losses (26.6 %) compared to non-coated samples (>41 %), which indicated the potential use of the film's coating application in extending the shelf life and quality of fresh fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annur Ahadi Abdillah
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Department of Marine, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C UNAIR, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Rui-Chen Lee
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Albert Linton Charles
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
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6
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Qin W, Qiu Y, He H, Guo B, Li P. Pyrogallic acid-compatibilized polylactic acid/thermoplastic starch blend produced via one-step twin-screw extrusion. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133758. [PMID: 38992550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a one-step extrusion method is proposed to prepare blended polylactic acid (PLA)/thermoplastic starch (TPS) using a novel plant-derived compatibilizer, pyrogallic acid (PGA), to enhance the PLA/TPS compatibility. The effects of PGA on the mechanical behavior, fractured cross-section morphology, thermal and dynamic mechanical performance, and water resistance of PLA/TPS blends were systematically studied. Results demonstrate that the addition of PGA effectively improves the compatibility between TPS and PLA, resulting in enhanced tensile strength, crystallinity, elongation at break, thermal stability, and hydrophobicity of the blends. Specifically, incorporating 1.5 phr of PGA into the blend system yields the highest values for tensile strength (23.38 MPa) and elongation at break (16.96 %), which are 24.7 % and 233.2 %, respectively, higher than those observed for pure PLA/TPS blends. Furthermore, other properties exhibit obvious improvements upon incorporation of PGA into the blends. This approach provides a promising strategy for enhancing the performance of PLA/TPS blends and expanding their applications in food packaging, agricultural film, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Qin
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yongkang Qiu
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Huan He
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Bin Guo
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Post-Doctoral Research Center of Nanjiecun Group, Luohe, Henan 462600, China.
| | - Panxin Li
- Post-Doctoral Research Center of Nanjiecun Group, Luohe, Henan 462600, China
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7
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Francis DV, Dahiya D, Gokhale T, Nigam PS. Sustainable packaging materials for fermented probiotic dairy or non-dairy food and beverage products: challenges and innovations. AIMS Microbiol 2024; 10:320-339. [PMID: 38919715 PMCID: PMC11194616 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2024017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The food and beverage packaging industry has experienced remarkable growth in recent years. Particularly the requirement for appropriate packaging materials used for the sale of fermented products is boosted due to the rising acceptance of economical functional foods available to consumers on the shelves of their local supermarkets. The most popular nutraceutical foods with increased sales include natural yogurts, probiotic-rich milk, kefir, and other fermented food and beverage products. These items have mainly been produced from dairy-based or non-dairy raw materials to provide several product options for most consumers, including vegan and lactose-intolerant populations. Therefore, there is a need for an evaluation of the potential developments and prospects that characterize the growth of the food packaging industry in the global market. The article is based on a review of information from published research, encompassing current trends, emerging technologies, challenges, innovations, and sustainability initiatives for food industry packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Vilma Francis
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai International Academic City, PO Box 345055 UAE
| | - Divakar Dahiya
- Wexham Park Hospital, Wexham Street, Slough SL2 4HL, UK
- Current address: Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Basingstoke & North Hampshire Hospital, Basingstoke RG24 9NA, UK
| | - Trupti Gokhale
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai International Academic City, PO Box 345055 UAE
| | - Poonam Singh Nigam
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK
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8
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Senila L, Botiz I, Roman C, Simedru D, Dan M, Kacso I, Senila M, Todor-Boer O. Processing of Thin Films Based on Cellulose Nanocrystals and Biodegradable Polymers by Space-Confined Solvent Vapor Annealing and Morphological Characteristics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1685. [PMID: 38612198 PMCID: PMC11012654 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
L-poly(lactic acid), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), and poly-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate are biodegradable polymers that can be obtained from renewable biomass sources. The aim of this study was to develop three types of environmentally friendly film biocomposites of altered microstructure by combining each of the above-mentioned polymers with cellulose nanocrystal fillers and further processing the resulting materials via space-confined solvent vapor annealing. Cellulose was previously obtained from renewable biomass and further converted to cellulose nanocrystals by hydrolysis with the lactic acid. The solutions of biodegradable polymers were spin-coated onto solid substrates before and after the addition of cellulose nanocrystals. The obtained thin film composites were further processed via space-confined solvent vapor annealing to eventually favor their crystallization and, thus, to alter the final microstructure. Indeed, atomic force microscopy studies have revealed that the presence of cellulose nanocrystals within a biodegradable polymer matrix promoted the formation of large crystalline structures exhibiting fractal-, spherulitic- or needle-like morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacrimioara Senila
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.S.); (C.R.); (D.S.)
| | - Ioan Botiz
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter and Advanced Technologies, Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cecilia Roman
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.S.); (C.R.); (D.S.)
| | - Dorina Simedru
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.S.); (C.R.); (D.S.)
| | - Monica Dan
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (I.K.)
| | - Irina Kacso
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (I.K.)
| | - Marin Senila
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.S.); (C.R.); (D.S.)
| | - Otto Todor-Boer
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.S.); (C.R.); (D.S.)
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Estrada-Girón Y, Fernández-Escamilla VVA, Martín-del-Campo A, González-Nuñez R, Canché-Escamilla G, Uribe-Calderón J, Tepale N, Aguilar J, Moscoso-Sánchez FJ. Characterization of Polylactic Acid Biocomposites Filled with Native Starch Granules from Dioscorea remotiflora Tubers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:899. [PMID: 38611157 PMCID: PMC11013063 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Biocomposites were fabricated utilizing polylactic acid (PLA) combined with native starch sourced from mountain's yam (Dioscorea remotiflora Knuth), an underexplored tuber variety. Different starch compositions (7.5, 15.0, 22.5, and 30.0 wt.%) were blended with PLA in a batch mixer at 160 °C to produce PLA/starch biocomposites. The biocomposites were characterized by analyzing their morphology, particle size distribution, thermal, X-ray diffraction (XDR), mechanical, and dynamic mechanical (DMA) properties, water absorption behavior, and color. The results showed that the amylose content of Dioscorea remotiflora starch was 48.43 ± 1.4%, which corresponds to a high-amylose starch (>30% of amylose). Particle size analysis showed large z-average particle diameters (Dz0) of the starch granules (30.59 ± 3.44 μm). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed oval-shaped granules evenly distributed throughout the structure of the biocomposite, without observable agglomeration or damage to its structure. XDR and DMA analyses revealed an increase in the crystallinity of the biocomposites as the proportion of the starch increased. The tensile modulus (E) underwent a reduction, whereas the flexural modulus (Eflex) increased with the amount of starch incorporated. The biocomposites with the highest Eflex were those with a starch content of 22.5 wt.%, which increased by 8.7% compared to the neat PLA. The water absorption of the biocomposites demonstrated a higher uptake capacity as the starch content increased. The rate of water absorption in the biocomposites followed the principles of Fick's Law. The novelty of this work lies in its offering an alternative for the use of high-amylose mountain's yam starch to produce low-cost bioplastics for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yokiushirdhilgilmara Estrada-Girón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Col. Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Víctor Vladimir Amílcar Fernández-Escamilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Tecnológicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Col. Lindavista, Ocotlán 47820, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Angelina Martín-del-Campo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Col. Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rubén González-Nuñez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Col. Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Canché-Escamilla
- Unidad Académica de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Jorge Uribe-Calderón
- Unidad Académica de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Nancy Tepale
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio y 18 Sur S/N, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Jacobo Aguilar
- Departamento de Ciencias Tecnológicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Col. Lindavista, Ocotlán 47820, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier Moscoso-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Col. Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
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10
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Schutz GF, de Ávila Gonçalves S, Alves RMV, Vieira RP. A review of starch-based biocomposites reinforced with plant fibers. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129916. [PMID: 38311134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Renewable and biodegradable resources have gained increasing attention as promising alternatives to synthetic plastics. Among the diverse raw materials employed in bioplastics production, starch emerges as an attractive, low-cost, and largely available source. However, the inherent properties of starch-based materials often limit their utility across various applications, necessitating strategic modifications to enhance their performance. A common approach to boost these materials involves incorporating natural fillers into biopolymer matrices. Incorporating natural fibers within starch matrices enables the development of biocomposites with improved properties while retaining their renewable and biodegradable characteristics. This review briefly addresses fundamental aspects of starch structure, obtention, and processing, as well as the main pre-treatments of natural fibers and processing methods currently applied to produce starch-based composites. It also highlights the most recent advances in this field, elucidates the effect of the incorporation of fibers on the biocomposite properties, and discusses the critical parameters affecting the synergic combination between starch and fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Frey Schutz
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia Química (FEQ), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sayeny de Ávila Gonçalves
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia Química (FEQ), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Vercelino Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos (ITAL), Centro de Tecnologia de Embalagem (CETEA), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roniérik Pioli Vieira
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia Química (FEQ), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Janik W, Jakubski Ł, Kudła S, Dudek G. Modified polysaccharides for food packaging applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128916. [PMID: 38134991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Development of new food packaging materials is crucial to reduce the use of single-use plastics and to limit their destructive impact on the environment. Polysaccharides provide an alternative solution to this problem. This paper summarizes and discusses recent research results on the potential of modifying polysaccharides as materials for film and coating applications. Modifications of polysaccharides significantly affect their properties, as well as their application usability. Although modifications of biopolymers for packaging applications have been widely studied, polysaccharides have attracted little attention despite being a prospective, environmentally friendly, and economically viable packaging alternative. Therefore, this paper discusses approaches to the development of biodegradable, polysaccharide-based food packaging materials and focuses on modifications of four polysaccharides, such as starch, chitosan, sodium alginate and cellulose. In addition, these modifications are presented not only in terms of the selected polysaccharide, but also in terms of specific properties, i.e. hydrophilic, barrier and mechanical properties, of polysaccharides. Such a presentation of results makes it much easier to select the modification method to improve the unsatisfactory properties of the material. Moreover, very often it happens that the applied modification improves one and worsens another property, which is also presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Janik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Jakubski
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Kudła
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland.
| | - Gabriela Dudek
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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12
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Felicia WXL, Kobun R, Nur Aqilah NM, Mantihal S, Huda N. Chitosan/aloe vera gel coatings infused with orange peel essential oils for fruits preservation. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100680. [PMID: 38328465 PMCID: PMC10847790 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Continuous fruit waste poses significant environmental and economic challenges, necessitating innovative fruit coating technologies. This research focuses on harnessing discarded orange peels to extract essential oil (OPEO), which is then integrated into a chitosan/aloe vera (CTS/AVG) matrix. The study comprehensively characterised the coating in terms of its physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial efficacy. The investigation involved an analysis of particle size and distribution in the coating solutions, highlighting changes induced by the incorporation of orange peel essential oil (1 %, 2 % and 3 % v/w) into the chitosan/aloe vera (4:1 v/v) matrix, including particle size reduction and enhanced Brownian motion. The study quantifies a 33.21 % decrease in water vapour transmission rate and a reduction in diffusion coefficient from 9.26 × 10-11 m2/s to 6.20 × 10-11 m2/s following the addition of OPEO to CTS/AVG. Assessment of antioxidant potential employing DPPH radical scavenging assays, revealed that CTS/AVG/3 %OPEO exhibited notably superior radical scavenging activity compared to CTS/AVG, CTS/AVG/1 %OPEO, and CTS/AVG/2 %OPEO, demonstrated by its IC50 value of 17.01 ± 0.45 mg/mL. The study employs the well diffusion method, demonstrating a higher susceptibility of gram-negative bacteria to the coating solutions than gram-positive counterparts. Remarkably, CTS/AVG/3 %OPEO displayed the most pronounced inhibition against Escherichia coli, generating an inhibitory zone diameter of 14 ± 0.8 mm. The results collectively emphasised the potential of CTS/AVG/3 %OPEO as a viable natural alternative to synthetic preservatives within the fruit industry, attributed to its exceptional antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xia Ling Felicia
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Rovina Kobun
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Nasir Md Nur Aqilah
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sylvester Mantihal
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Huda
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Jalan Sg. Batang, Mile 10, UMS Sandakan Campus, 90000, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
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13
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Yong H, Liu J. Recent advances on the preparation conditions, structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, functional properties and potential applications of dialdehyde starch: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129261. [PMID: 38199541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Starch, a natural storage polysaccharide of plant kingdom, has many industrial applications. However, native starch has some inherent shortages, which can be overcome by structural modification. Dialdehyde starch, one kind of oxidized starch produced by periodate oxidation, has good physical properties and bioactivities with wide applications in different fields. Dialdehyde starch is typically achieved by oxidizing native starch slurry through periodate oxidation under controlled reaction conditions. Several factors including the source of starch, the type of oxidant, the molar ratio of oxidant to starch, reaction temperature, reaction time and solution pH value can influence the synthesis of dialdehyde starch. Dialdehyde starch shows different spectroscopic/chromatographic characters and physicochemical properties from native starch. Moreover, dialdehyde starch exhibits good antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity and cross-linking property. Based on these functional properties, dialdehyde starch has shown application potentials in food packaging, thermoplastic production, enzyme immobilization, heavy metal ion adsorption, drug delivery, wood adhesion and leather tanning. In this review, the preparation conditions, structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, functional properties and potential applications of dialdehyde starch are summarized for the first time. The future research and development prospects of dialdehyde starch are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China.
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14
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Lackner M, Mukherjee A, Koller M. What Are "Bioplastics"? Defining Renewability, Biosynthesis, Biodegradability, and Biocompatibility. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4695. [PMID: 38139947 PMCID: PMC10747977 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, plastic materials are mostly made from fossil resources, and they are characterized by their long lifetime and pronounced persistence in the open environment. These attributes of plastics are one cause of the ubiquitous pollution we see in our environment. When plastics end up in the environment, most of this pollution can be attributed to a lack of infrastructure for appropriately collecting and recycling plastic waste, mainly due to mismanagement. Because of the huge production volumes of plastics, their merits of being cheap to produce and process and their recalcitrance have turned into a huge disadvantage, since plastic waste has become the end point of our linear economic usage model, and massive amounts have started to accumulate in the environment, leading to microplastics pollution and other detrimental effects. A possible solution to this is offered by "bioplastics", which are materials that are either (partly) biobased and/or degradable under defined conditions. With the rise of bioplastics in the marketplace, several standards and test protocols have been developed to assess, certify, and advertise their properties in this respect. This article summarizes and critically discusses different views on bioplastics, mainly related to the properties of biodegradability and biobased carbon content; this shall allow us to find a common ground for clearly addressing and categorizing bioplastic materials, which could become an essential building block in a circular economy. Today, bioplastics account for only 1-2% of all plastics, while technically, they could replace up to 90% of all fossil-based plastics, particularly in short-lived goods and packaging, the single most important area of use for conventional plastics. Their replacement potential not only applies to thermoplastics but also to thermosets and elastomers. Bioplastics can be recycled through different means, and they can be made from renewable sources, with (bio)degradability being an option for the mismanaged fraction and special applications with an intended end of life in nature (such as in seed coatings and bite protection for trees). Bioplastics can be used in composites and differ in their properties, similarly to conventional plastics. Clear definitions for "biobased" and "biodegradable" are needed to allow stakeholders of (bio)plastics to make fact-based decisions regarding material selection, application, and end-of-life options; the same level of clarity is needed for terms like "renewable carbon" and "bio-attributed" carbon, definitions of which are summarized and discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Lackner
- Go!PHA, Oudebrugsteeg 9, 1012 JN Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Go!PHA, 12324 Hampton Way, Wake Forest, NC 27587, USA
- CIRCE Biotechnologie GmbH, Kerpengasse 125, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anindya Mukherjee
- Go!PHA, Oudebrugsteeg 9, 1012 JN Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Go!PHA, 12324 Hampton Way, Wake Forest, NC 27587, USA
| | - Martin Koller
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria;
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15
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Laraba SR, Rezzoug A, Avcu E, Luo W, Halimi R, Wei J, Li Y. Enhancing the tribological performance of PLA-based biocomposites reinforced with graphene oxide. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 148:106224. [PMID: 37944226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) reinforced with graphene has gained substantial interest as a biomaterial, where the tribological and mechanical behavior of PLA/graphene composites are major concerns. This study aims to develop PLA-based biocomposites reinforced with graphene oxide (GO) that have enhanced tribological capabilities. First, homogenous dispersions of GO and GO treated with the anionic surfactant dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) were retained. Then, poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) biopolymer and PLLA/GO, PLLA/GO(AOT), PLA/GO(AOT), and PLLA/polyethylene glycol (PEG)/GO biocomposite samples were produced via hot pressing, and their tribological behavior was examined in detail. The worn surface characteristics were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 3D confocal microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results showed that GO reinforcement considerably affected the sliding wear behavior of PLA. Contrary to anticipated, surface treatment of GO does not improve the PLLA/GO wear resistance; rather, it increases the wear rate. PEG positively affects the sliding wear performance of PLLA/GO. PLLA/GO and PLLA/PEG/GO biocomposites exhibited the lowest wear rate at normal loads of 5 and 8 N, respectively, which was decreased by about 50% compared to unreinforced PLLA samples. With the addition of GO, the wear mechanisms of the PLA-based biocomposites changed from adhesive wear to abrasive wear. These findings might increase the applicability of PLA-based biocomposites where tribological performance is the main concern, such as biodegradable implants for load-bearing bone fractures or scaffolds, opening up new opportunities for their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selsabil Rokia Laraba
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
| | - Amine Rezzoug
- Research Center in Industrial Technologies (CRTI), P.O.Box 64, Cheraga, 16014, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Egemen Avcu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, 41001, Turkey; Ford Otosan Ihsaniye Automotive Vocational School, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, 41650, Turkey
| | - Wei Luo
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Rafik Halimi
- Research Center in Industrial Technologies (CRTI), P.O.Box 64, Cheraga, 16014, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
| | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
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16
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Xu M, Yan X, Li F, Xiao Y, Li J, Liu Z, He H, Li Y, Zhu Z. Fabrication high toughness poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/thermoplastic starch composites via melt compounding with ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126446. [PMID: 37633569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of biodegradable composites with high toughness and low cost is of great significance for their application and promotion in the packaging field. As a renewable and biodegradable material with abundant sources, the inclusion of starch in biodegradable composites can significantly reduce costs. However, the poor compatibility between starch and matrix severely limits its large-scale practical application. In this work, the poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/thermoplastic starch/ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (PBAT/TPS/EGMA) blends with high toughness were prepared by melt compounding. The elongation at break increased significantly from 533 ± 125 % for the PBAT/TPS(60/40) blend to 1188 ± 28 % for the PBAT/TPS/EGMA(60/40/2) blend. According to the analysis of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the toughness improvement brought about by the addition of EGMA can be attributed to the enhanced compatibility between PBAT and TPS and the refinement of TPS particle size. The knowledge obtained from this study provides a method to enhance the toughness of biodegradable polymer composites with high TPS loading, which will facilitate the practical application of starch in the packing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Yan
- COFCO (Jilin) Bio-Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Fengqing Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Yang Xiao
- COFCO (Jilin) Bio-Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Jiqian Li
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Dongguan Polytechnic, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- COFCO (Jilin) Bio-Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Hezhi He
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China.
| | - Yi Li
- COFCO (Jilin) Bio-Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130033, PR China.
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China.
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17
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Jumaidin R, Whang LY, Ilyas RA, Hazrati KZ, Hafila KZ, Jamal T, Alia RA. Effect of durian peel fiber on thermal, mechanical, and biodegradation characteristics of thermoplastic cassava starch composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126295. [PMID: 37573912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
This study is focused on developing and enhancing the properties of durian peel fiber (DPF) reinforced thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS) composites. The proposed DPF was extracted from agro-waste and incorporated into TPCS with various contents of DPF (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%) via compression molding. The mechanical and thermal characteristics of the fabricated composites were studied. The thermal properties of the biocomposite were improved with the addition of DPF, as evidenced by an increase in the material's thermal stability and indicated by a higher onset decomposition temperature. The integration of DPF into TPCS improved the biodegradation rate process of the composites. Besides, the results indicated that incorporating DPF in TPCS composites enhanced tensile and flexural properties, with a 40 wt% DPF content exhibited the highest modulus and strength. The tensile and flexural strengths of TPCS/DPF composites were raised significantly from 2.96 to 21.89 MPa and 2.5 to 35.0 MPa, respectively, compared to the control TPCS sample, as DPF increased from 0 to 40 wt%. This finding was consistent with Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron micrograph (SEM), which showed good interaction between DPF and TPCS matrix. The analysis revealed that DPF at a 40 wt% ratio was the best composition compared to the other ratio. Finally, based on improved results, DPF was identified as a potential resource of green reinforcement for the biodegradable TPCS matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia.
| | - Low Yong Whang
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - R A Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - K Z Hazrati
- German-Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah, Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - K Z Hafila
- German-Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah, Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tarique Jamal
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R A Alia
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, P.O. Box: 9639, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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18
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Moggio BC, Bergamasco R, Andrade CMG, Aylon LBR. On the Analysis of Cryogels and Xerogels Using Cellulose Nanofibers and Graphene Oxide. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3833. [PMID: 37765687 PMCID: PMC10535242 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerogels are highly porous and ultralight three-dimensional materials with great potential for various applications. To obtain highly porous and structurally stable aerogels, a carefully designed synthesis process is required. These materials offer flexibility in manipulating their properties, allowing the incorporation of modifying agents according to specific needs. In this study, compounds were synthesized using graphene oxide (GO) and nanocellulose fibers (NFC) through the hydrothermal reduction methodology. Two drying techniques were employed: lyophilization and oven evaporation, resulting in materials called cryogel and xerogel, respectively. Various parameters that can interfere with the properties of these nanomaterials were evaluated. The results indicated that the cryogel dried by lyophilization provided the best applicability due to its structural flexibility after compressions, whereas the xerogel obtained through the oven evaporation process resulted in a compound with high rigidity and disintegration. Structural characterizations demonstrated the successful development of the precursors and promising characteristics in the synthesized nanomaterials. With its flexibility, approximately 98% porosity, low shrinkage rate, light weight, and electrical conductivity, the developed cryogel showed high potential in various applications, such as pressure sensors, electromagnetic shielding, and other research and development fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Cristina Moggio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil; (B.C.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Rosangela Bergamasco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil; (B.C.M.); (R.B.)
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19
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Laraba SR, Ullah N, Bouamer A, Ullah A, Aziz T, Luo W, Djerir W, Zahra QUA, Rezzoug A, Wei J, Li Y. Enhancing Structural and Thermal Properties of Poly(lactic acid) Using Graphene Oxide Filler and Anionic Surfactant Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:6442. [PMID: 37764218 PMCID: PMC10535062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene has attracted extensive attention in various fields due to its intriguing properties. In this work, nanocomposite films based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA and PLLA) polymers filled with graphene oxide (GO) were developed. The impact of treating GO with the anionic surfactant dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) on the properties of the resulting nanocomposites was investigated. To determine the morphological, optical, and structural properties of the obtained materials, physicochemical analyses were performed, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Additionally, the thermal properties and wettability of neat polymers and nanocomposites were thoroughly investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and contact angle analysis. It was observed that GO was well dispersed throughout the PLA and PLLA matrix, leading to stronger interface bonding. The results demonstrate that the untreated and treated GO improved the crystallinity and thermal stability properties of the PLA and PLLA. However, the AOT-treated GO has significantly higher performance compared to the untreated GO in terms of crystallinity, melting temperature (increased by ~15 °C), and wettability (the contact angle decreased by ~30°). These findings reveal the high performance of the developed novel composite, which could be applied in tissue engineering as a scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selsabil Rokia Laraba
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (S.R.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga 615 McCallie Ave., Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
| | - Amirouche Bouamer
- Research Center in Industrial Technologies (CRTI), P.O. Box 64, Cheraga 16014, Algeria (A.R.)
| | - Asmat Ullah
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Tariq Aziz
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (S.R.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Wahiba Djerir
- Research Center in Industrial Technologies (CRTI), P.O. Box 64, Cheraga 16014, Algeria (A.R.)
| | - Qurat ul Ain Zahra
- Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Amine Rezzoug
- Research Center in Industrial Technologies (CRTI), P.O. Box 64, Cheraga 16014, Algeria (A.R.)
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (S.R.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (S.R.L.); (W.L.)
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20
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Cataño FA, Moreno-Serna V, Cament A, Loyo C, Yáñez-S M, Ortiz JA, Zapata PA. Green composites based on thermoplastic starch reinforced with micro- and nano-cellulose by melt blending - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125939. [PMID: 37482162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a biodegradable biopolymer, a sustainable material that can replace conventional petrochemical-based plastics. However, starch has some limitations, as it must be processed by heating and treated mechanically with a plasticizer to become thermoplastic starch (TPS). Different variables such as mixing speeds, amount, and kind of plasticizers play a vital role in preparing TPS by melting. Despite this, the properties of the TPS are not comparable with those of traditional plastics. To overcome this limitation, microcellulose or nanocellulose is added to TPS by melt mixing, including the extrusion and internal mixing process, which enables large-scale production. This review aims to compile several studies that evaluate the effect of plasticizers, as well as the relevance of incorporating different cellulosic fillers of different dimensions on the properties of TPS obtained by melt mixing. Potential applications of these materials in food packaging, biomedical applications, and other opportunities are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Cataño
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile
| | - Viviana Moreno-Serna
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile; Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile
| | - Alejandro Cament
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile
| | - Carlos Loyo
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile; Yachay Tech University, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, 100119, Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Mauricio Yáñez-S
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Avenida Rudecindo Ortega 2950, Campus San Pablo II, Chile
| | - J Andrés Ortiz
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Laboratorio Química de Biomateriales, Chile.
| | - Paula A Zapata
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile.
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Jayakumar A, Radoor S, Siengchin S, Shin GH, Kim JT. Recent progress of bioplastics in their properties, standards, certifications and regulations: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163156. [PMID: 37003328 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impact associated with fossil fuel-based polymers has paved the way to explore biopolymer-based plastics, their properties, and their applications. Bioplastics are polymeric materials that are greatly interesting due to their eco-friendlier and non-toxic nature. In recent years, exploring the different sources of bioplastics and their applications has become one of the active research areas. Biopolymer-based plastics have applications in food packaging, pharmaceuticals, electronics, agricultural, automotive and cosmetic sectors. Bioplastics are considered safe, but there are several economic and legal challenges to implementing them. Hence, this review aims to i) outline the terminology associated with bioplastics, its global market, major sources, types and properties of bioplastics, ii) discuss the major bioplastic waste management and recovery options, iii) provide the major standards and certifications regarding bioplastics, iv) explore the various country-wise regulations and restrictions associated with bioplastics, and v) enumerate the various challenges and limitations associated with bioplastics and future directions. Therefore, providing adequate knowledge about various bioplastics, their properties and regulatory aspects can be of great importance in the industrialization, commercialization and globalization of bioplastics to replace petroleum-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Jayakumar
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabarish Radoor
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Wongsawang Road, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Gye Hwa Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Estevez-Areco S, Macchi C, Guz L, Goyanes S, Somoza A. Evolution of the free volume during water desorption in thermoplastic starch/citric acid films: In situ positron annihilation studies. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 310:120739. [PMID: 36925254 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of citric acid (CA) concentration and water content on the free hole volume of thermoplastic cassava starch films (TPS) was studied. To this aim, continuous in situ positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy measurements were performed at fixed moisture content and during water desorption. The results show that the increase in CA concentration leads to wider free hole volume distributions with lower mean values. During water desorption, the mean values and width of such distributions systematically decrease with the exposure time, and the evolution of the hole volumes was well-described using the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts function. The water vapour permeability was significantly higher in films incorporating 5 % (w/w) of CA, in line with the more open network of this material that was revealed in the hole volumes distribution. The Young's modulus of all the developed films increased significantly after partial water desorption, which was attributed to the plasticizer loss reflected in a decrease in the mean hole volume value (between 4 % and 13 %). This work evidences that the control and report of the relative humidity are essential when testing TPS-based films, as their nanostructures are strongly dependent on external conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Estevez-Areco
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Física de Materiales Tandil (IFIMAT), Grupo Positrones "Prof. Alfredo Dupasquier", Pinto 399, 7000 Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CIFICEN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Carlos Macchi
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Física de Materiales Tandil (IFIMAT), Grupo Positrones "Prof. Alfredo Dupasquier", Pinto 399, 7000 Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CIFICEN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Lucas Guz
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (IIIA), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, (3iA), Campus Miguelete, 25 de mayo y Francia (1650), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Silvia Goyanes
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Laboratorio de Polímeros y Materiales Compuestos (LP&MC), Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EGA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EGA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alberto Somoza
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Física de Materiales Tandil (IFIMAT), Grupo Positrones "Prof. Alfredo Dupasquier", Pinto 399, 7000 Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CIFICEN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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23
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Liu P, Ling J, Mao T, Liu F, Zhou W, Zhang G, Xie F. Adhesive and Flame-Retardant Properties of Starch/Ca 2+ Gels with Different Amylose Contents. Molecules 2023; 28:4543. [PMID: 37299019 PMCID: PMC10254862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch, being renewable and biodegradable, is a viable resource for developing sustainable and environmentally friendly materials. The potential of starch/Ca2+ gels based on waxy corn starch (WCS), normal corn starch (NCS), and two high-amylose corn starches, G50 (55% amylose content) and G70 (68% amylose content) as flame-retardant adhesives has been explored. Being stored at 57% relative humidity (RH) for up to 30 days, the G50/Ca2+ and G70/Ca2+ gels were stable without water absorption or retrogradation. The starch gels with increasing amylose content displayed increased cohesion, as reflected by significantly higher tensile strength and fracture energy. All the four starch-based gels showed good adhesive properties on corrugated paper. For wooden boards, because of the slow diffusion of the gels, the adhesive abilities are weak initially but improve with storage extension. After storage, the adhesive abilities of the starch-based gels are essentially unchanged except for G70/Ca2+, which peels from a wood surface. Moreover, all the starch/Ca2+ gels exhibited excellent flame retardancy with limiting oxygen index (LOI) values all around 60. A facile method for the preparation of starch-based flame-retardant adhesives simply by gelating starch with a CaCl2 solution, which can be used in paper or wood products, has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (P.L.); (T.M.)
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jiandi Ling
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (P.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Taoyan Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (P.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Sanshu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nantong 226006, China
| | - Wenzhi Zhou
- Jiangsu Sanshu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nantong 226006, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (P.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Fengwei Xie
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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24
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Plange PNA, Aikins AR, Brobbey KJ, Kaufmann EE. Cassava microfiber-reinforced gelatin scaffold holds promise for tissue engineering by exhibiting cytocompatibility with HEK 293 cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:936-947. [PMID: 37208900 PMCID: PMC10525406 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231168143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose fiber-reinforced composite scaffolds have recently become an interesting target for biomedical and tissue engineering (TE) applications. Cassava bagasse, a fibrous solid residue obtained after the extraction of cassava starch and soluble sugars, has been explored as a potential source of cellulose and has been successfully used to enhance the mechanical properties of gelatin scaffolds for TE purposes. This study assessed the cytocompatibility of the cassava microfiber-gelatin composite scaffold using human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293) and a breast cancer cell line (MDA MB 231) under ISO 10993-5 standards. The viability of cells within the composite scaffold was analyzed through MTT assay. The growth of HEK 293, as well as the cell morphology, was not affected by the presence of cellulose within the composite, whereas the growth of breast cancer cells appeared to be inhibited with noticeable changes in cell morphology. These findings suggest that the presence of the cassava fiber in gelatin is not cytotoxic to HEK 293 cells. Thus, the composite is suitable for TE purposes when using normal cells. On the contrary, the presence of the fiber in gelatin elicited a cytotoxic effect in MDA MB 231 cells. Thus, the composite may not be considered for three-dimensional (3D) tumor cell studies requiring cancer cell growth. However, further studies are required to explore the use of the fiber from cassava bagasse for its anticancer cell properties, as observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Portia Nana Adjoa Plange
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 0233, Ghana
| | - Anastasia Rosebud Aikins
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 0233, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra 0233, Ghana
| | - Kofi J Brobbey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 0233, Ghana
- Department of Physics and School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Elsie Effah Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 0233, Ghana
- Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho PMB 31, Ghana
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25
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Wang S, Zhang P, Li Y, Li J, Li X, Yang J, Ji M, Li F, Zhang C. Recent advances and future challenges of the starch-based bio-composites for engineering applications. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 307:120627. [PMID: 36781278 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Starch is regarded as one of the most promising sustainable materials due to its abundant yield and excellent biodegradability. From the perspective of practical engineering applications, this paper systematically describes the development of starch-based bio-composites in the past decade. Packaging properties, processing characteristics, and current challenges for the efficient processing of starch-based bio-composites are reviewed in industrial packaging. Green coatings, binders, adsorbents, flocculants, flame retardants, and emulsifiers are used as examples to illustrate the versatility of starch-based bio-composites in chemical agent applications. In addition, the work compares the application of starch-based bio-composites in conventional spinning with emerging spinning technologies and describes the challenges of electrostatic spinning for preparing nanoscale starch-based fibers. In terms of flexible electronics, the starch-based bio-composites are regard as a solid polymer electrolyte and easily modified porous material. Moreover, we describe the applications of the starch-based gels in tissue engineering, controlled drug release, and medical dressings. Finally, the theoretical input and technical guidance in the advanced sustainable engineering application of the starch-based bio-composites are provided in the work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yanhui Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Junru Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xinlin Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jihua Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Maocheng Ji
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (M of E), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Fangyi Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (M of E), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Chuanwei Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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26
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Kavitha R, Latifah O, Ahmed OH, Charles PW, Susilawati K. Potential of Rejected Sago Starch as a Coating Material for Urea Encapsulation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081863. [PMID: 37112010 PMCID: PMC10146585 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increases in food production to meet global food requirements lead to an increase in the demand for nitrogen (N) fertilizers, especially urea, for soil productivity, crop yield, and food security improvement. To achieve a high yield of food crops, the excessive use of urea has resulted in low urea-N use efficiency and environmental pollution. One promising alternative to increase urea-N use efficiency, improve soil N availability, and lessen the potential environmental effects of the excessive use of urea is to encapsulate urea granules with appropriate coating materials to synchronize the N release with crop assimilation. Chemical additives, such as sulfur-based coatings, mineral-based coatings, and several polymers with different action principles, have been explored and used for coating the urea granule. However, their high material cost, limited resources, and adverse effects on the soil ecosystem limit the widespread application of urea coated with these materials. This paper documents a review of issues related to the materials used for urea coating and the potential of natural polymers, such as rejected sago starch, as a coating material for urea encapsulation. The aim of the review is to unravel an understanding of the potential of rejected sago starch as a coating material for the slow release of N from urea. Rejected sago starch from sago flour processing is a natural polymer that could be used to coat urea because the starch enables a gradual, water-driven mechanism of N release from the urea-polymer interface to the polymer-soil interface. The advantages of rejected sago starch for urea encapsulation over other polymers are that rejected sago starch is one of the most abundant polysaccharide polymers, the cheapest biopolymer, and is fully biodegradable, renewable, and environmentally friendly. This review provides information on the potential of rejected sago starch as a coating material, the advantages of using rejected sago starch as coating material over other polymer materials, a simple coating method, and the mechanisms of N release from urea coated with rejected sago starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Kavitha
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Malaysia
| | - Omar Latifah
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Malaysia
- Institute of Ecosystem Science Borneo, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Malaysia
| | - Osumanu Haruna Ahmed
- Faculty of Agriculture, University Sultan Sharif Ali Brunei, Kampus Sinaut, Km 33, Jalan Tutong, Kampung Sinaut, Tutong TB1741, Brunei
| | - Primus Walter Charles
- Department of Science and Technology, Faculty of Humanities, Management and Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Malaysia
| | - Kasim Susilawati
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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27
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Vilas Boas EVDB, do Lago RC, Oliveira ALMD. Rice thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Rice starch is a raw material with proven potential in obtaining biodegradable polymers. Plasticization improves the flexibility characteristics of starch-based films, although they still tend to have low tensile strength and high hydrophilicity. The addition of nanocellulosic materials is an alternative to improve these characteristics. In this chapter, the effects of adding different sources and concentrations of nanocellulose (NC) on the properties of thermoplastic rice starch films (TRSF) are addressed. One can highlight as main effects the increase of tensile strength and transparency of the films, the reduction of water vapor permeability and water solubility. The type of NC used, the way it is obtained, as well as its interaction with starch molecules are factors that influence the effects. Further studies involving the interaction of TRSF and NC should be conducted in order to overcome the lack of information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Carvalho do Lago
- Food Science Department , Federal University of Lavras , 37200-900 , Lavras , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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28
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Nazrin A, Sapuan SM, Zuhri MYM, Tawakkal ISMA, Ilyas RA. Mechanical degradation of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend bionanocomposites in aqueous environments. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The concerning issue regarding petrochemical plastic wastes had prompted scientists and researchers to develop biodegradable plastic in effort to tackle environmental pollution. Alternative bioresources such as poly (lactic acid), sugar palm starch and nanocellulose fibre were utilized in producing cheap, biodegradable and sustainable plastic with satisfactory mechanical properties for food packaging application. In this study, sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose (SPCNC) was priorly dispersed in thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS) before melt blended with poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and later compress moulded into a sheet form. Initial biodegradation test of PLA100 and all PLA/TPS blends bionanocomposite samples indicated that PLA60TPS40 has the least variation in weight loss due to the good miscibility between TPS and PLA promoting the reinforcement of SPCNC. Greater weight losses in seawater (17.54%), river water (18.97%) and sewer water (22.27%) result in greater mechanical degradation as observed at the reduction of tensile strength from 12.11 MPa to 2.72 MPa in seawater, 1.48 MPa in river water and 0.40 MPa in sewer water. Similarly, higher weight losses in seawater (22.16%), river water (21.6%) and sewer water (23.09%) correlated with the reduction of flexural strength from 18.37 MPa to 3.5 MPa in seawater, 3.83 MPa in river water and 3.6 MPa in sewer water. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tensile fracture morphology demonstrated clear porous structure due to the removal of starch particles by microbial activity. The homogenous structure of PLA60TPS40 had a steady and consistent degradation, which wholly diminished the interfacial adhesion that led to mechanical properties losses. The mechanical strength reduction clarified that the biodegradation rate within the media used might be able to resolve the excessive non-biodegradable plastic waste in open waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmawi Nazrin
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP) , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Salit Mohd Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP) , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Yusoff Mohd Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP) , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | | | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , 81310 Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
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29
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Advances in chitin-based nanoparticle use in biodegradable polymers: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 312:120789. [PMID: 37059529 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitin-based nanoparticles are polysaccharide materials that can be produced from a waste stream of the seafood industry: crustacean shells. These nanoparticles have received exponentially growing attention, especially in the field of medicine and agriculture owing to their renewable origin, biodegradability, facile modification, and functionality adjustment. Due to their exceptional mechanical strength and high surface area, chitin-based nanoparticles are ideal candidates for reinforcing biodegradable plastics to ultimately replace traditional plastics. This review discusses the preparation methods for chitin-based nanoparticles and their applications. Special focus is on biodegradable plastics for food packaging making use of the features that can be created by the chitin-based nanoparticles.
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30
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Moreira AA, de Carvalho FA, Bilck AP, de Paula MT, Mali S, Yamashita F, de Oliveira ALM. Tannin improves the processability and delays the biodegradability of poly (lactic acid)‐starch‐based thermoset materials produced by injection molding made with renewable compounds. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Aleixo Moreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Fabíola Azanha de Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos CCA, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Bilck
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos CCA, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza de Paula
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Suzana Mali
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Fabio Yamashita
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos CCA, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
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31
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Plant fiber-reinforced polymer composites: a review on modification, fabrication, properties, and applications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-023-04733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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32
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Abalı H, Şimşek Veske N, Uslu B, Tokgöz Akyıl F, Tural Önür S. Factors Influencing Diagnostic Success of Computed Tomography-guided Transthoracic Needle Biopsy in Intrathoracic Lesions: An Experience of a Reference Chest Disease Hospital. ISTANBUL MEDICAL JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.4274/imj.galenos.2022.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
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33
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Chang CJ, Chandrasekar J, Cho CJ, Venkatesan M, Huang PS, Yang CW, Wang HT, Wong CM, Kuo CC. Reinforcing a Thermoplastic Starch/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Composite Foam with Polyethylene Glycol under Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010129. [PMID: 36616479 PMCID: PMC9824321 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable foams are a potential substitute for most fossil-fuel-derived polymer foams currently used in the cushion furniture-making industry. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) are biodegradable polymers, although their poor compatibility does not support the foam-forming process. In this study, we investigated the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with or without silane A (SA) on the foam density, cell structure and tensile properties of TPS/PBAT blends. The challenges in foam forming were explored through various temperature and pressure values under supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) conditions. The obtained experimental results indicate that PEG and SA act as a plasticizer and compatibilizer, respectively. The 50% (TPS with SA + PEG)/50% PBAT blends generally produce foams that have a lower foam density and better cell structure than those of 50% (TPS with PEG)/50% PBAT blends. The tensile property of each 50% (TPS with SA + PEG)/50% PBAT foam is generally better than that of each 50% (TPS with PEG)/50% PBAT foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Chang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Jayashree Chandrasekar
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-J.C.); (C.-C.K.)
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Shu Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Yang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ta Wang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-J.C.); (C.-C.K.)
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Taharuddin NH, Jumaidin R, Ilyas RA, Kamaruddin ZH, Mansor MR, Md Yusof FA, Knight VF, Norrrahim MNF. Effect of Agar on the Mechanical, Thermal, and Moisture Absorption Properties of Thermoplastic Sago Starch Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8954. [PMID: 36556760 PMCID: PMC9781869 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch is a material that has the potential to be environmentally friendly and biodegradable. However, it has certain drawbacks concerning its mechanical performance and is sensitive to the presence of moisture. The current study assessed agar-containing thermoplastic sago starch (TPSS) properties at various loadings. Variable proportions of agar (5%, 10%, and 15% wt%) were used to produce TPSS by the hot-pressing method. Then, the samples were subjected to characterisation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and moisture absorption tests. The results demonstrated that adding agar to starch-based thermoplastic blends significantly improved their tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The samples' morphology showed that the fracture had become more erratic and uneven after adding agar. FT-IR revealed that intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed between TPSS and agar. Moreover, with an increase in agar content, TPSS's thermal stability was also increased. However, the moisture absorption values among the samples increased slightly as the amount of agar increased. Overall, the proposed TPSS/agar blend has the potential to be employed as biodegradable material due to its improved mechanical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Hanan Taharuddin
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
- German-Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah, Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Ridhwan Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
| | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Zatil Hazrati Kamaruddin
- German-Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah, Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Muhd Ridzuan Mansor
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
| | - Fahmi Asyadi Md Yusof
- Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Alor Gajah 78000, Malaysia
| | - Victor Feizal Knight
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Biopolymer coating for particle surface engineering and their biomedical applications. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100407. [PMID: 36090610 PMCID: PMC9450159 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Surface engineering of particles based on a polymeric coating is of great interest in materials design and applications. Due to the disadvantages of non-biodegradability and undesirable biocompatibility, the application of petroleum-based synthetic polymers coating in the biomedical field has been greatly limited. In addition, there is lack of a universal surface modification method to functionalize particles of different compositions, sizes, shapes, and structures. Thus, it is imperative to develop a versatile biopolymeric coating with good biocompatibility and tunable biodegradability for the preparation of functional particle materials regardless of their surface chemical and physical structures. Recently, the natural polysaccharide polymers (e.g. chitosan and cellulose), polyphenol-based biopolymers (e.g. polydopamine and tannic acid), and proteins (e.g. amyloid-like aggregates) have been utilized in surface modification of particles, and applications of these modified particles in the field of biomedicine have been also intensively exploited. In this review, the preparation of the above three coatings on particles surface are summarized, and the applications of these materials in drug loading/release, biomineralization, cell immobilization/protection, enzyme immobilization/protection, and antibacterial/antiviral are exemplified. Finally, the challenges and the future research directions on biopolymer coating for particles surface engineering are prospected. This review highlights the importance of particle surface engineering in the materials field. . This review summarizes biopolymer coating for particle surface engineering and their biomedical applications. . This review discusses the key challenges and directions for future research and development of particle surface engineering .
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Characterization, biodegradation and cytotoxicity of thermoplastic starch and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer blends. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 298:120085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nasir MHM, Taha MM, Razali N, Ilyas RA, Knight VF, Norrrahim MNF. Effect of Chemical Treatment of Sugar Palm Fibre on Rheological and Thermal Properties of the PLA Composites Filament for FDM 3D Printing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15228082. [PMID: 36431566 PMCID: PMC9697409 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The thermal and rheological properties of bio-composite filament materials are crucial characteristics in the development of a bio-composite Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) filament since the printing mechanism of FDM strongly depends on the heating and extrusion process. The effect of chemical treatment on the thermal and rheological properties was investigated to develop composite filaments for FDM using natural fibres such as sugar palm fibre (SPF). SPF underwent alkaline and silane treatment processes before being reinforced with PLA for improving adhesion and removing impurities. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC), and Melt Flow Index (MFI) analyses were conducted to identify the differences in thermal properties. Meanwhile, a rheological test was conducted to investigate the shear stress and its viscosity. The TGA test shows that the SPF/PLA composite treated with NaOH and silane showed good thermal stability at 789.5 °C with 0.4% final residue. The DSC results indicate that the melting temperature of all samples is slightly the same at 155 °C (in the range of 1 °C), showing that the treatment does not interfere with the melting temperature of the SPF/PLA composite. Thus, the untreated SPF/PLA composite showed the highest degradation temperature, which was 383.2 °C. The SPF/PLA composite treated with NaOH and silane demonstrated the highest melt flow index of 17.6 g/min. In conclusion, these findings offer a reference point for determining the filament extrusion and printability of SPF/PLA composite filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hakim Mohd Nasir
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
| | - Mastura Mohammad Taha
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.M.T.); (M.N.F.N.)
| | - Nadlene Razali
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
| | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Victor Feizal Knight
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.M.T.); (M.N.F.N.)
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Ma H, Qin W, Guo B, Li P. Effect of plant tannin and glycerol on thermoplastic starch: Mechanical, structural, antimicrobial and biodegradable properties. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lucic Skoric M, Milovanovic S, Zizovic I, Ortega-Toro R, Santagata G, Malinconico M, Kalagasidis Krusic M. Supercritical CO 2 Impregnation of Thymol in Thermoplastic Starch-Based Blends: Chemico-Physical Properties and Release Kinetics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204360. [PMID: 36297937 PMCID: PMC9606892 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate starch-based materials, prepared in an environmentally friendly way and from renewable resources, suitable for the development of biodegradable active food packaging. For this purpose, a bioactive compound (thymol) was incorporated into thermoplastic starch (TPS) and a TPS blend with poly (ε-caprolactone) (TPS-PCL) by the supercritical CO2 (scCO2) impregnation process. Impregnation experiments with scCO2 were carried out at a pressure of 30 MPa and temperatures in the range of 40-100 °C during 1 to 20 h. The structural, morphological, and thermal properties of the obtained materials were comprehensively evaluated. Bioactive component release kinetic studies were performed in water at 6 °C and 25 °C. It was shown that the scCO2 impregnation process could be successfully employed for thymol loading into TPS and TPS-PCL. The process was significantly influenced by the operating temperature and time as well as content of PCL. The samples showed a controlled release of thymol within seven days with a higher amount of released thymol from the TPS-PCL blend. The obtained materials are solvent-free and release the bioactive component in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Lucic Skoric
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stoja Milovanovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Zizovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rodrigo Ortega-Toro
- Food Packaging and Shelf Life Research Group (FP&SL), Food Engineering Program, Universidad de Cartagena, Avenida del Consulado Calle 30 No. 48-152, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia
| | - Gabriella Santagata
- CNR, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (M.K.K.)
| | - Mario Malinconico
- CNR, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Napoli, Italy
| | - Melina Kalagasidis Krusic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (M.K.K.)
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Hejna A, Barczewski M, Kosmela P, Mysiukiewicz O, Sulima P, Przyborowski JA, Kowalkowska-Zedler D. Mater-Bi/Brewers' Spent Grain Biocomposites-Novel Approach to Plant-Based Waste Filler Treatment by Highly Efficient Thermomechanical and Chemical Methods. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15207099. [PMID: 36295167 PMCID: PMC9605683 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) is a homogenous material prepared from native starch and water or other plasticizers subjected to mixing at a temperature exceeding starch gelatinization temperature. It shows major drawbacks like high moisture sensitivity, poor mechanical properties, and thermal stability. To overcome these drawbacks without significant cost increase, TPS could be blended with bio-based or biodegradable polymers and filled with plant-based fillers, beneficially waste-based, like brewers' spent grain (BSG), the main brewing by-product. Filler modifications are often required to enhance the compatibility of such composites. Herein, we investigated the impact of BSG thermomechanical and chemical treatments on the structure, physical, thermal, and rheological performance of Mater-Bi-based composites. Thermomechanical modifications enhanced matrix thermal stability under oxidative conditions delaying degradation onset by 33 °C. Moreover, BSG enhanced the crystallization of the polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) fraction of Mater-Bi, potentially improving mechanical properties and shortening processing time. BSG chemical treatment with isophorone diisocyanate improved the processing properties of the composites, expressed by a 33% rise in melt flow index. Depending on the waste filler's selected treatment, processing, and rheological performance, thermal stability or interfacial adhesion of composites could be enhanced. Moreover, the appearance of the final materials could be adjusted by filler selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hejna
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Olga Mysiukiewicz
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Sulima
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jerzy Andrzej Przyborowski
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Daria Kowalkowska-Zedler
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Synthesis of Starch-Grafted Polymethyl Methacrylate via Free Radical Polymerization Reaction and Its Application for the Uptake of Methylene Blue. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27185844. [PMID: 36144579 PMCID: PMC9503754 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this research, a new biodegradable and eco-friendly adsorbent, starch-grafted polymethyl methacrylate (St-g-PMMA) was synthesized. The St-g-PMMA was synthesized by a free radical polymerization reaction in which methyl methacrylate (MMA) was grafted onto a starch polymer chain. The reaction was performed in water in the presence of a potassium persulfate (KPS) initiator. The structure and different properties of the St-g-PMMA was explored by FT-IR, 1H NMR, TGA, SEM and XRD. After characterization, the St-g-PMMA was used for the removal of MB dye. Different adsorption parameters, such as effect of adsorbent dose, effect of pH, effect of initial concentration of dye solution, effect of contact time and comparative adsorption study were investigated. The St-g-PMMA showed a maximum removal percentage (R%) of 97% towards MB. The other parameters, such as the isothermal and kinetic models, were fitted to the experimental data. The results showed that the Langmuir adsorption and pseudo second order kinetic models were best fitted to experimental data with a regression coefficient of R2 = 0.93 and 0.99, respectively.
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Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM, Bayraktar E. Bio and Synthetic Based Polymer Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183778. [PMID: 36145924 PMCID: PMC9503542 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Emin Bayraktar
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, ISAE-SUPMECA Institute of Mechanics of Paris, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France
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Chen M, Zhang J, Wang J, Lin L, Wei W, Shen Y, Wei D. A type I pullulanase from
Geobacillus subterraneus
: Functional expression in
Escherichia coli
, enzyme characterization, truncation, and application. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202200044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mianhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering Newworld Institute of Biotechnology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering Newworld Institute of Biotechnology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering Newworld Institute of Biotechnology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 People's Republic of China
- Research Laboratory for Functional Nanomaterial National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology Shanghai 200241 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering Newworld Institute of Biotechnology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering Newworld Institute of Biotechnology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering Newworld Institute of Biotechnology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
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Effects of Mung Bean ( Vigna radiata) Protein Isolate on Rheological, Textural, and Structural Properties of Native Corn Starch. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153012. [PMID: 35893974 PMCID: PMC9331134 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is critical to understand the starch–protein interactions in food systems to obtain products with desired functional properties. This study aimed to investigate the influence of mung bean protein isolate (MBPI) on the rheological, textural, and structural properties of native corn starch (NCS) and their possible interactions during gelatinization. The dynamic rheological measurements showed a decrease in the storage modulus (G’) and loss modulus (G”) and an increase in the loss factor (tan δ), by adding MBPI to NCS gels. In addition, the textural properties represented a reduction in firmness after the addition of MBPI. The Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the freeze-dried NCS/MBPI gels confirmed that the NCS gel became softer by incorporating the MBPI. Moreover, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed a peak at 17.4°, and the relative crystallinity decreased with increasing MBPI concentrations. The turbidity determination after 120 h refrigerated storage showed that the addition of MBPI could reduce the retrogradation of NCS gels by interacting with leached amylose. Additionally, the syneresis of NCS/MBPI gels decreased at 14 days of refrigerated storage from 60.53 to 47.87%.
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Effective Aging Inhibition of the Thermoplastic Corn Starch Films through the Use of Green Hybrid Filler. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132567. [PMID: 35808613 PMCID: PMC9269058 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, hybrid fillers have been widely used to improve the properties of biopolymers. The synergistic effects of the hybrid fillers can have a positive impact on biopolymers, including thermoplastic corn starch film (TPCS). In this communication, we highlight the effectiveness of hybrid fillers in inhibiting the aging process of TPCS. The TPCS, thermoplastic corn starch composite films (TPCS-C), and hybrid thermoplastic corn starch composite film (TPCS-HC) were stored for 3 months to study the effect of hybrid filler on the starch retrogradation. TPCS-C and TPCS-HC were prepared by casting method with 5 wt% of fillers: nanocellulose (NC) and bentonite (BT). The alteration of the mechanical properties, aging behavior, and crystalline structure of the films were analyzed through the tensile test, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and water absorption analysis. The obtained data were correlated to each other to analyze the retrogradation of the TPCS, which is the main factor that contributes to the aging process of the biopolymer. Results signify that incorporating the hybrid filler (NC + BT) in the TPCS/4BT1NC films has effectively prevented retrogradation of the starch molecules after being stored for 3 months. On the contrary, the virgin TPCS film showed the highest degree of retrogradation resulting in a significant decrement in the film’s flexibility. These findings proved the capability of the green hybrid filler in inhibiting the aging of the TPCS.
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Aversa C, Barletta M. Addition of Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) to Binary Blends of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT): Extrusion Compounding, Cast Extrusion and Thermoforming of Home Compostable Materials. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Falua KJ, Pokharel A, Babaei-Ghazvini A, Ai Y, Acharya B. Valorization of Starch to Biobased Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112215. [PMID: 35683888 PMCID: PMC9183024 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many concerns are being expressed about the biodegradability, biocompatibility, and long-term viability of polymer-based substances. This prompted the quest for an alternative source of material that could be utilized for various purposes. Starch is widely used as a thickener, emulsifier, and binder in many food and non-food sectors, but research focuses on increasing its application beyond these areas. Due to its biodegradability, low cost, renewability, and abundance, starch is considered a "green path" raw material for generating porous substances such as aerogels, biofoams, and bioplastics, which have sparked an academic interest. Existing research has focused on strategies for developing biomaterials from organic polymers (e.g., cellulose), but there has been little research on its polysaccharide counterpart (starch). This review paper highlighted the structure of starch, the context of amylose and amylopectin, and the extraction and modification of starch with their processes and limitations. Moreover, this paper describes nanofillers, intelligent pH-sensitive films, biofoams, aerogels of various types, bioplastics, and their precursors, including drying and manufacturing. The perspectives reveal the great potential of starch-based biomaterials in food, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, and non-food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde James Falua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin PMB 1515, Nigeria
| | - Anamol Pokharel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Yongfeng Ai
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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Thermoplastic Starch with Poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate) Blends Foamed by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101952. [PMID: 35631835 PMCID: PMC9145724 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch-based biodegradable foams with a high starch content are developed using industrial starch as the base material and supercritical CO2 as blowing or foaming agents. The superior cushioning properties of these foams can lead to competitiveness in the market. Despite this, a weak melting strength property of starch is not sufficient to hold the foaming agents within it. Due to the rapid diffusion of foaming gas into the environment, it is difficult for starch to maintain pore structure in starch foams. Therefore, producing starch foam by using supercritical CO2 foaming gas faces severe challenges. To overcome this, we have synthesized thermoplastic starch (TPS) by dispersing starch into water or glycerin. Consecutively, the TPS surface was modified by compatibilizer silane A (SA) to improve the dispersion with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) to become (TPS with SA)/PBAT composite foam. Furthermore, the foam-forming process was optimized by varying the ratios of TPS and PBAT under different forming temperatures of 85 °C to 105 °C, and two different pressures, 17 Mpa and 23 Mpa were studied in detail. The obtained results indicate that the SA surface modification on TPS can influence the great compatibility with PBAT blended foams (foam density: 0.16 g/cm3); whereas unmodified TPS and PBAT (foam density: 0.349 g/cm3) exhibit high foam density, rigid foam structure, and poor tensile properties. In addition, we have found that the 80% TPS/20% PBAT foam can be achieved with good flexible properties. Because of this flexibility, lightweight and environment-friendly nature, we have the opportunity to resolve the strong demands from the packing market.
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Teixeira SC, de Oliveira TV, Assis Silva RR, Ribeiro ARC, Stringheta PC, Rigolon TCB, Pinto MRMR, de Fátima Ferreira Soares N. Colorimetric indicators of açaí anthocyanin extract in the biodegradable polymer matrix to indicate fresh shrimp. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Effect of Kenaf Fibre as Reinforcing Fillers in Corn Starch-Based Biocomposite Film. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081590. [PMID: 35458339 PMCID: PMC9029461 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocomposite films were prepared using corn starch (CS), sorbitol as a plasticiser, and multi-scale kenaf fibre as reinforcing filler. The microstructure and the physical, tensile, and water barrier properties of corn starch reinforced with kenaf fibre were characterised and investigated. The biocomposite films were developed via the solution casting technique using 10 g of CS with 0 to 8% kenaf fibre as filler treated with 30% (w/w, starch basis) of sorbitol. The increased amount of kenaf fibre introduced contributed to improvements in film thickness, weight, and density. Conversely, slight reductions in the biocomposite films’ moisture content, water absorption, and solubility rating were 9.86–5.88%, 163.13–114.68%, and 38.98–25.17%, respectively. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) test revealed that the films were amorphous and that there was no effect on the crystallinity structure of films with kenaf fibre reinforcement. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and rheological analysis indicated that kenaf fibre could weaken the molecular interaction of the film matrix. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) revealed the arrangement and uniform distribution of kenaf fibre at 0.2–0.8%. The incorporation of kenaf increased the tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and elongation at break until (6% wt) of fibre. With the kenaf fibre incorporation, the optimal tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and elongation at break of the films reached 17.74 MPa, 1324.74 MPa, and 48.79%, respectively. Overall, the introduction of kenaf fibre as filler enhanced the physical and mechanical properties of CS films.
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