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Wei A, Ou M, Wang S, Zou Y, Xiang C, Xu F, Sun L. Preparation of a Highly Flame-Retardant Urea-Formaldehyde Resin and Flame Retardance Mechanism. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1761. [PMID: 39000619 PMCID: PMC11243799 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin is the most widely used adhesive resin. However, it is necessary to improve its flame-retardant performance to expand its applications. In this study, exploiting electrostatic interactions, anionic phytic acid and cationic chitosan were combined to form a bio-based intumescent flame-retardant, denoted phytic acid-chitosan polyelectrolyte (PCS). The molecular structure of the urea-formaldehyde resin was optimized by crosslinking with melamine and plasticizing with polyvinyl alcohol-124. Thus, by combining PCS with the urea-formaldehyde resin and with ammonium polyphosphate and ammonium chloride as composite curing agents, flame-retardant urea-formaldehyde resins (FRUFs) were prepared. Compared to traditional UF resin, FRUF showed excellent flame retardancy and not only reached the UL-94 V-0 level, but the limit of oxygen index was also as high as 36%. Compared to those of UF, the total heat release and peak heat release rate of FRUF decreased by 86.44% and 81.13%, respectively. The high flame retardancy of FRUF originates from the combination of oxygen and heat isolation by the dense carbon layer, quenching of phosphorus free radicals, and dilution of oxygen by a non-flammable gas. In addition, the mechanical properties of the FRUF remained good, even after modification. The findings of this study provide a reference for the flame-retardant application of FRUF for applications in multiple fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Nanning Guidian Electronic Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanning 530000, China
| | - Meifeng Ou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shunxiang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Nanning Guidian Electronic Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanning 530000, China
| | - Yongjin Zou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Nanning Guidian Electronic Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanning 530000, China
| | - Cuili Xiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fen Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Lixian Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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Fan S, Gao X, Yang X, Li X. Infusing phytate-based biomass flame retardants into the cellulose lumens of Chinese fir wood attains superior flame retardant efficacy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128975. [PMID: 38147971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
To be suitable for certain construction and furniture applications, wood must be treated with a flame retardant and impregnating flame retardants into the cellulose lumens of wood is an effective flame retardant method. Phytic acid, the main storage form of phosphorus in various plant tissues, is an inexpensive, and non-toxic biomaterial that shows potential applications as an environmentally friendly bio-based flame retardant. In this study, phytic acid and zinc phytate were used to impregnate delignified wood under vacuum and pressure, which greatly enhanced the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of Chinese fir, while still maintaining its original texture. Phytic acid and zinc phytate were hydrogen-bonded to cellulose in wood. Phytic acid and zinc phytate were hydrogen-bonded to cellulose in wood. The results showed that the total heat release (THR) of Chinese fir treated with zinc phytate decreased from 55.66 MJ/m2 to 5.90 MJ/m2, and a compact carbonized protective layer was quickly formed on the surface of Chinese fir after ignition. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the char yield of Chinese fir treated by the flame retardant was 177.6 % higher than that of untreated wood. This study provides an efficient, sustainable, and economical method to prepare Chinese fir with excellent flame retardancy and thermal insulation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutong Fan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xun Gao
- College of Architecture and Energy Engineering, Wenzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China
| | - Xi Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Xianjun Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
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Huang Z, Li F, Huang M, Meng W, Rao W, Lei Y, Yu C. Preparation of Naphthalene-Based Flame Retardant for High Fire Safety and Smoke Suppression of Epoxy Resin. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114287. [PMID: 37298763 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the current challenges in the development of flame retardants is the preparation of an environmentally friendly multi-element synergistic flame retardant to improve the flame retardancy, mechanical performance, and thermal performance of composites. This study synthesized an organic flame retardant (APH) using (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (KH-550), 1,4-phthalaadehyde, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as raw materials, through the Kabachnik-Fields reaction. Adding APH to epoxy resin (EP) composites could greatly improve their flame retardancy. For instance, UL-94 with 4 wt% APH/EP reached the V-0 rating and had an LOI as high as 31.2%. Additionally, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), average heat release rate (AvHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke produced (TSP) of 4% APH/EP were 34.1%, 31.8%, 15.2%, and 38.4% lower than EP, respectively. The addition of APH improved the mechanical performance and thermal performance of the composites. After adding 1% APH, the impact strength increased by 15.0%, which was attributed to the good compatibility between APH and EP. The TG and DSC analyses revealed that the APH/EP composites that incorporated rigid naphthalene ring groups had higher glass transition temperatures (Tg) and a higher amount of char residue (C700). The pyrolysis products of APH/EP were systematically investigated, and the results revealed that flame retardancy of APH was realized by the condensed-phase mechanism. APH has good compatibility with EP, excellent thermal performance, enhanced mechanical performance and rational flame retardancy, and the combustion products of the as-prepared composites complied with the green and environmental protection standards which are also broadly applied in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fangli Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
| | - Mingyan Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenqiao Meng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenhui Rao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yuan Lei
- China Antimony Corporation, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Chuanbai Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
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Cheng B, Zhou Q, Chen J, Zhang X, Zhu C, Wu M. Vinylated Modification of Biophytic Acid and Flame-Retardant/Crease-Proofing Finishing of Cotton Fabrics via In Situ Copolymerization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:286. [PMID: 36614625 PMCID: PMC9821944 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The vinyl phytic acid (GPA) was prepared using biophytic acid (PA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), in which double bonds were introduced into the phytic acid molecule to increase the active groups in the phytic acid molecule. Furthermore, itaconic acid (IA) containing two unsaturated double bonds and GPA was polymerized in situ and crosslinked on the surface of cotton fabrics, and flame retardant and crease-proofed fabrics were obtained. The effects of GPA, IA, and the initiator on the flame-retardant and crease-proofing properties of the fabrics were analyzed by a single-factor and double-dip double-nip experiment. A flame-retardant and wrinkle-resistant fabric was obtained when the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) were 28% and 270°, respectively. During combustion, the thermal properties of the fabrics changed; typically, the extrapolated initial temperature (Te) decreased, and moisture release increased. After burning, the fabrics had good shape retention, and the carbon residue content increased to 48%, which effectively inhibited or slowed down the combustion and heat release of the textiles. However, the whiteness, mechanical properties, and washability of the products need to be further improved.
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Kong Q, Li L, Zhang M, Chai H, Li W, Zhu F, Zhang J. Improving the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resins by Lamellar Cobalt Potassium Pyrophosphate. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224927. [PMID: 36433055 PMCID: PMC9692345 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the fire retardancy of epoxy resin (EP), lamellar cobalt potassium pyrophosphate (LCPP) nanocrystal whiskers with a length of 100-300 nm were designed and synthesized by a liquid technique. LCPP with high thermal stability was blended into EP to prepare the EP/LCPP composites. The results show that the EP/LCPP composites have higher thermal stability and produce more residues compared to pure EP. The combustion results display that the LOI value of the EP/10wt%LCPP composites was significantly improved to 35.9%, and the EP/6wt%LCPP composite can reach a UL-94 V-1 rating. Additionally, the peak heat release rate and peak smoke production rate of the EP/10wt%LCPP composites dramatically decreased by 43.8% and 48.5%, respectively. The improved flame retardancy and smoke suppression are mainly attributed to the inherent physical barrier of LCPP and the excellent catalytic carbonization ability of LCPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Kong
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Lan Li
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Manman Zhang
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huiyu Chai
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Weixi Li
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Junhao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Zhang D, Shang X, Luo J, Sun J, Tan F, Bao D, Qin S. Flame Retardancy Properties and Rheological Behavior of PP/DiDOPO Conjugated Flame Retardant Composites. Front Chem 2022; 10:933716. [PMID: 35774856 PMCID: PMC9239408 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.933716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (DiDOPO) with conjugated structure was utilized as a novel conjugated flame retardant, Polypropylene(PP)/DiDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites were papered by being melt-extruding with a twin-screw extruder. The flame retardant efficiency of PP/DiDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites were investigated by cone calorimetry, limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94). Besides, the rheological behavior of PP/DiDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites are measured by ARES rheometer. The results showed that when the content of DiDOPO with conjugated structure was 16 wt%, the LOI values of PP/DiDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites was 24%, and PP/DiDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites reaches V-0 grade. The heat release rate (HRR), total heat release rate (THR) and CO2 of PP/DiDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites decreased, so PP/DiDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites had excellent flame retardant effect. Rheological analysis results indicated that DiDOPO with conjugated structure suppressed the melt dripping of PP/DiDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites by enhancing the melt stability. The results showed that the DiDOPO with conjugated structure can significantly enhance the flame retardancy effect of PP/DiDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites. In addition, the materials PP/DiDOPO might be with low conductivity and charge transport mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohai Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Dongmei Bao, ; Shuhao Qin,
| | - Xiaoyu Shang
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiyong Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Junzhuo Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fang Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dongmei Bao
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Dongmei Bao, ; Shuhao Qin,
| | - Shuhao Qin
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Dongmei Bao, ; Shuhao Qin,
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Lin S, Tao B, Zhao X, Chen G, Wang DY. Surface Functionalization of Black Phosphorus via Amine Compounds and Its Impacts on the Flame Retardancy and Thermal Decomposition Behaviors of Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213635. [PMID: 34771191 PMCID: PMC8588435 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, lots of effort has been placed into stabilizing black phosphorus (BP) in the air to improve its compatibility with polymers. Herein, BP was chemically functionalized by aliphatic amine (DETA), aromatic amine (PPDA) and cyclamine (Pid) via a nucleophilic substitution reaction, aiming to develop an intensively reactive BP flame retardant for epoxy resin (EP). The -NH2 group on BP-DETA, BP-PPDA and BP-Pid reacted with the epoxide group at different temperatures. The lowest temperature was about 150 °C for BP-DETA. The impacts of three BP-NH2 were compared on the flame retardancy and thermal decomposition of EP. At 5 wt% loading, EP/BP-NH2 all passed UL 94 V 0 rating. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of EP/BP-PPDA was as high as 32.3%. The heat release rate (HRR) of EP/BP-DETA greatly decreased by 46% and char residue increased by 73.8%, whereas HRR of EP/BP-Pid decreased by 11.5% and char residue increased by 50.8%, compared with EP. Average effective heat of combustion (av-EHC) of EP/BP-Pid was lower than that of EP/BP-DETA and EP/BP-PPDA. In view of the flame-retardant mechanism, BP nanosheets functionalized with aliphatic amine and aromatic amine played a dominant role in the condensed phase, while BP functionalized with cyclamine was more effective in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoling Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China;
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (B.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Boqing Tao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (B.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (B.T.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (D.-Y.W.)
| | - Guohua Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (B.T.); (G.C.)
| | - De-Yi Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Spain
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1,800, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (D.-Y.W.)
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