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Hajduk B, Jarka P, Bednarski H, Godzierz M, Tański T, Staszuk M, Nitschke P, Jarząbek B, Fijalkowski M, Mazik K. Thermal and optical properties of P3HT:PC70BM:ZnO nanoparticles composite films. Sci Rep 2024; 14:66. [PMID: 38168143 PMCID: PMC10762108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The results of studies on the influence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on the structural, thermal and optical properties of thin films of mixtures of phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) with poly[3-hexylthiophene] (P3HT) of various molecular weights are described in this article. The structural properties of the layers of: polymers, mixtures of polymers with fullerenes and their composites with ZnO-NPs were investigated using X-ray diffraction. Whereas their glass transition temperature and optical parameters have been determined by temperature-dependent spectroscopic ellipsometry. The presence of ZnO-NPs was also visible in the images of the surface of the composite layers obtained using scanning electron microscopy. These blends and composite films have also been used as the active layer in bulk heterojunction photovoltaic structures. The molecular weight of P3HT (Mw = 65.2; 54.2 and 34.1 kDa) and the addition of nanoparticles affected the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the obtained solar cells. The determined PCE was the highest for the device prepared from the blend of P3HT:PCBM with the polymer of the lowest molecular weight. However, solar cells with ZnO-NPs present in their active layer had lower efficiency, although the open-circuit voltage and fill factor of almost all devices had the same values whether they contained ZnO-NPs or not. It is worth noting that thermal studies carried out using temperature-dependent ellipsometry showed a significant effect of the presence of ZnO-NPs on the value of the glass transition temperature, which was higher for composite films than for films made of a polymer-fullerene blend alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hajduk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland.
| | - P Jarka
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, 18a Konarskiego Str., 41-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - H Bednarski
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - M Godzierz
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - T Tański
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, 18a Konarskiego Str., 41-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - M Staszuk
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, 18a Konarskiego Str., 41-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - P Nitschke
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - B Jarząbek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - M Fijalkowski
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - K Mazik
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, 18a Konarskiego Str., 41-100, Gliwice, Poland
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Jia H, Huang Z, Kaynak M, Sakar MS. Colloidal self-assembly of soft neural interfaces from injectable photovoltaic microdevices. RSC Adv 2023; 13:19888-19897. [PMID: 37404318 PMCID: PMC10316755 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03591c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic retinas with a wide field of view and high resolution are in demand for neuroprosthetics and robot vision. Conventional neural prostheses are manufactured outside the application area and implanted as a complete device using invasive surgery. Here, a minimally invasive strategy based on in situ self-assembly of photovoltaic microdevices (PVMs) is presented. The photoelectricity transduced by PVMs upon visible light illumination reaches the intensity levels that could effectively activate the retinal ganglion cell layers. The geometry and multilayered architecture of the PVMs along with the tunability of their physical properties such as size and stiffness allow several routes for initiating a self-assembly process. The spatial distribution and packing density of the PVMs within the assembled device are modulated through concentration, liquid discharge speed, and coordinated self-assembly steps. Subsequent injection of a photocurable and transparent polymer facilitates tissue integration and reinforces the cohesion of the device. Taken together, the presented methodology introduces three unique features: minimally invasive implantation, personalized visual field and acuity, and a device geometry adaptable to retina topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jia
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Zhangjun Huang
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Murat Kaynak
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Mahmut Selman Sakar
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
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3
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Rasool A, Ans M, El Maati LA, Abdelmohsen SAM, Alotaibi BM, Iqbal J. Designing of anthracene-arylamine hole transporting materials for organic and perovskite solar cells. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 122:108464. [PMID: 37087884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the creation of 5 small donor molecules (A102W1-A102W5) by substituting the one-sided methoxy group of model (A102R) with different thiophene bridged acceptor moieties. B3LYP/6-31**G (d,p) model has been employed for computational analysis. The best miscibility was found for A102W3 in dichloromethane (DCM) solvent, where its λmax was also found to be at 753 nm, its Eg was found to be 1.55 eV as well as dipole moment in DCM was 21.47 D. The percentage of PCE among all the variants was greatest for A102W2 (25.31%). The electron reorganization energy shown by A102W4 was 0.00470 eV, whereas the hole reorganization energy investigated in A102W2 was 0.00586 eV representing their maximum electron and hole mobility respectively amongst all. Results validate the value of specified techniques, opening a new door to create efficient small donors for OSCs and HTMs for PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvina Rasool
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Lamia Abu El Maati
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shaimaa A M Abdelmohsen
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badriah M Alotaibi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan; Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Hajduk B, Jarka P, Tański T, Bednarski H, Janeczek H, Gnida P, Fijalkowski M. An Investigation of the Thermal Transitions and Physical Properties of Semiconducting PDPP4T:PDBPyBT Blend Films. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8392. [PMID: 36499890 PMCID: PMC9741459 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the study of thermal and physical properties of thin polymer films based on mixtures of semiconductor polymers. The materials selected for research were poly [2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-pyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-3,6-diyl)-alt-(2,2';5',2″;5″,2'''-quater-thiophen-5,5'''-diyl)]-PDPP4T, a p-type semiconducting polymer, and poly(2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-di(pyridin-2-yl)-pyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-alt-2,2'-bithiophene)-PDBPyBT, a high-mobility n-type polymer. The article describes the influence of the mutual participation of materials on the structure, physical properties and thermal transitions of PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blends. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate the phase diagram for PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blend films, constructed on the basis of variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Both techniques are complementary to each other, and the obtained results overlap to a large extent. Our research shows that these polymers can be mixed in various proportions to form single-phase mixtures with several thermal transitions, three of which with the lowest characteristic temperatures can be identified as glass transitions. In addition, the RMS roughness value of the PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blended films was lower than that of the pure materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hajduk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Paweł Jarka
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, 18a Konarskiego Str., 41-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Tański
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, 18a Konarskiego Str., 41-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Henryk Bednarski
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Henryk Janeczek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Paweł Gnida
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Mateusz Fijalkowski
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
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Relationship between the Molecular Geometry and the Radiative Efficiency in Naphthyl-Based Bis-Ortho-Carboranyl Luminophores. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196565. [PMID: 36235102 PMCID: PMC9572229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)-based emission on π-aromatic-group-appended closo-ortho-carboranyl luminophores is known to be affected by structural fluctuations and molecular geometry, but investigation of this relationship has been in progress to date. In this study, four naphthyl-based bis-o-carboranyl compounds, in which hydrogen (15CH and 26CH) or trimethysilyl groups (15CS and 26CS) were appended at the o-carborane cage, were synthesized and fully characterized. All the compounds barely displayed an emissive trace in solution at 298 K; however, 15CH and 26CH distinctly exhibited a dual emissive pattern in rigid states (in solution at 77 K and in films), attributed to locally excited (LE) and ICT-based emission, while 15CS and 26CS showed strong ICT-based greenish emission. Intriguingly, the molecular structures of the four compounds, analyzed by single X-ray crystallography, showed that the C-C bond axis of the o-carborane cage in the trimethysilyl group-appended compounds 15CS and 26CS were more orthogonal to the plane of the appended naphthyl group than those in 15CH and 26CH. These features indicate that 15CS and 26CS present an efficient ICT transition based on strong exo-π-interaction, resulting in a higher quantum efficiency (Φem) for ICT-based radiative decay than those of 15CH and 26CH. Moreover, the 26CS structure revealed most orthogonal geometry, resulting in the highest Φem and lowest knr values for the ICT-based emission. Consequently, all the findings verified that efficient ICT-based radiative decay of aromatic group-appended o-carboranyl luminophores could be achieved by the formation of a specific geometry between the o-carborane cage and the aromatic plane.
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Oechsle AL, Heger JE, Li N, Yin S, Bernstorff S, Müller-Buschbaum P. In Situ Observation of Morphological and Oxidation Level Degradation Processes within Ionic Liquid Post-treated PEDOT:PSS Thin Films upon Operation at High Temperatures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30802-30811. [PMID: 35759690 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic thermoelectric thin films are investigated in terms of their stability at elevated operating temperatures. Therefore, the electrical conductivity of ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMIM DCA) post-treated poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films is measured over 4.5 h of heating at 50 or 100 °C for different EMIM DCA concentrations. The changes in the electrical performance are correlated with changes in the film morphology, as evidenced with in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Due to the overall increased PEDOT domain distances, the resulting impairment of the interdomain charge carrier transport directly correlates with the observed electrical conductivity decay. With in situ ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) measurements, a simultaneously occurring reduction of the PEDOT oxidation level is found to have an additional electrical conductivity lowering contribution due to the decrease of the charge carrier density. Finally, the observed morphology and oxidation level degradation is associated with the deterioration of the thermoelectric properties and hence a favorable operating temperature range is suggested for EMIM DCA post-treated PEDOT:PSS-based thermoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Oechsle
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Julian E Heger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Nian Li
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sigrid Bernstorff
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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7
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Synthesis of Donor–Acceptor Copolymers Derived from Diketopyrrolopyrrole and Fluorene via Eco-Friendly Direct Arylation: Nonlinear Optical Properties, Transient Absorption Spectroscopy, and Theoretical Modeling. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15113855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of PFDPP copolymers based on fluorene (F) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) monomers were synthesized via direct arylation polycondensation using Fagnou conditions which involved palladium acetate as catalyst (a gradual catalyst addition of three different percentages were used), potassium carbonate as the base, and neodecanoic acid in N, N-dimethylacetamide. This synthesis provides a low cost compared with traditional methods of transition-metal-catalyzed polymerization. Among the different amounts of catalyst used in the present work, 12% was optimal because it gave the highest reaction yield (81.5%) and one of the highest molecular weights (Mn = 13.8 KDa). Copolymers’ chemical structures, molecular weight distributions, and optical and thermal properties were analyzed. The linear optical properties of PFDPP copolymers resulted very similarly independently to the catalyst amounts used in the synthesis of the PFDPP copolymers: two absorptions bands distinctive of donor–acceptor copolymers, Stokes shifts of 41 nm, a good quantum yield of fluorescence around 47%, and an optical bandgap of 1.7 eV were determined. Electronic nonlinearities were observed in these copolymers with a relatively high two-photon absorption cross-section of 621 GM at 950 nm. The dynamics of excited states and aggregation effects were studied in solutions, nanoparticles, and films of PFDPP. Theoretical calculations modeled the ground-state structures of the (PFDPP)n copolymers with n = 1 to 4 units, determining the charge distribution by the electrostatic potential and modeling the absorption spectra determining the orbital transitions responsible for the experimentally observed leading bands. Experimental and theoretical structure–properties analysis of these donor–acceptor copolymers allowed finding their best synthesis conditions to use them in optoelectronic applications.
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Asandulesa M, Kostromin S, Aleksandrov A, Tameev A, Bronnikov S. The effect of PbS quantum dots on molecular dynamics and conductivity of PTB7:PC71BM bulk heterojunction as revealed by dielectric spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9589-9596. [PMID: 35403182 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00770c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A ternary photovoltaic blend containing the PTB7 donor component, the PC71BM acceptor component, and colloidal quantum dots of lead sulfide (PbS QDs) was investigated using broadband dielectric spectroscopy. In the dielectric loss spectrum of PTB7:PC71BM:PbS QDs, γ- and β-relaxation processes in PTB7 were recognized and analyzed in terms of Arrhenius-type equations. To elucidate the effect of PbS QDs on molecular dynamics of PTB7, the activation energies of both processes were evaluated and compared with those obtained for the binary PTB7:PC71BM blend. Using the CELIV method, the charge carrier mobility was estimated. The PbS QD incorporation into the binary blend was shown to decrease both electron and hole mobility in the ternary PTB7:PC71BM:PbS QD blend. For evaluating the charge carrier lifetime in the ternary blend, the Cole-Cole diagrams derived from the dc conductivity data were plotted. The charge carrier lifetime was found to be much less than the hole extraction time, thus providing effective accumulation of charge carries at the electrodes in the ternary blend under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Asandulesa
- Romanian Academy, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iaşi 700487, Romania
| | - Sergei Kostromin
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexey Aleksandrov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Tameev
- Russian Academy of Sciences, A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Bronnikov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation.
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9
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Enhancement of semiconducting and thermomechanical properties of materials based on polyaniline and polyvinylpyrrolidone. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-02990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Rasool A, Zahid S, Ans M, Muhammad S, Ayub K, Iqbal J. Bithieno Thiophene-Based Small Molecules for Application as Donor Materials for Organic Solar Cells and Hole Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:844-862. [PMID: 35036751 PMCID: PMC8757340 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This quantum mechanical study focuses on the designing of twelve (MPAM1-MPAM12) bithieno thiophene (BTTI) central core-based small molecules to explore optoelectronic properties as donor candidates for organic solar cells (OSCs) and hole transport materials (HTMs) accompanied by enhanced charge mobility for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). MPAM1-MPAM6 have been designed by the substitution of thiophene-bridged end-capped acceptors on both side terminals of reference (MPAR). MPAM7-MPAM12 are tailored by adopting the same tactic on one side terminal only. MPW1PW91/6-311G (d,p) has been employed for all computational simulations. MPAM12 revealed the highest λmax at 639 nm in dichloromethane (DCM) solvent with the lowest E g of 1.78 eV and dipole moment (20.74 D) in the solvent phase, showing excellent miscibility as compared to the reference. All designed chromophores (MPAM1-MPAM12) demonstrated higher estimated V OC and power conversion efficiency (PCE) when compared to MPAR, suggesting their prominent operational efficiency. Among all, MPAM4 manifested the highest PCE (47.86%). MPAM2 portrayed the highest electron mobility (0.0041573 eV) and MPAM3 exhibited the highest hole mobility (0.0047178 eV). The outcomes highlight the adequacy of the planned strategies, paving a new route for the development of small-molecule HTMs for PSCs and donor contributors for OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvina Rasool
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Saba Zahid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ans
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department
of Physics, College of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSAT University, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, Islamabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Punjab
Bio-energy Institute, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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11
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Han L, Lu Y, Dai S, Gao Y, Wu L, Shang Y, Jiang S. Novel pyridoquinazolinone dyes for dye sensitized solar cells. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Danielson MK, Chen J, Vaclavek AK, Colley ND, Alli AH, Loomis RA, Barnes JC. Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Changes in Surface Free Energy in Polythiophene-Polyviologen Bilayered Thin Films. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 2:118-128. [PMID: 36855341 PMCID: PMC9954201 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bipyridiniums, also known as viologens, are well-documented electron acceptors that are generally easy to synthesize on a large scale and reversibly cycle between three oxidation states (V2+, V•+, and V0). Accordingly, they have been explored in a number of applications that capitalize on their dynamic redox chemistry, such as redox-flow batteries and electrochromic devices. Viologens are also particularly useful in photoinduced electron transfer (PET) processes and therefore are of interest in photovoltaic applications that typically rely on electron-rich donors like polythiophene (PTh). However, the PET mechanism and relaxation dynamics between interfacing PTh and viologen-based thin films has not been well studied as a function of thickness of the acceptor layer. Here, a novel, bilayered thin film composite was fabricated by first spin-coating PTh onto glass slides, followed by spin-coating and curing polyviologen (PV)-based micron-sized films of variable thicknesses (0.5-11.3 μm) on top of the PTh layer. The electron-transfer mechanism and relaxation dynamics from the PTh sublayer into the upper PV film were investigated using femtosecond transient absorption (fTA) spectroscopy and electrochemistry to better understand how the charge-transfer/relaxation lifetimes could be extended using thicker PV acceptor films. The fTA experiments were performed under inert N2 conditions as well as in ambient O2. The latter shortened the lifetimes of the electrons in the PV layer, presumably due to O2 triplet-based trap sites. Contact angle measurements using H2O and MeI were also performed on top of the bilayered films to measure changes in surface free energy that would aid the assessment related to efficiency of the combined processes involving light penetration, photoexcitation, electron mobility, and relaxation from within the bilayered thin films. Insights gained from this work will support the development of future devices that employ viologen-based materials as an alternative electron-acceptor that is both easily processable and scalable.
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Scaccabarozzi AD, Basu A, Aniés F, Liu J, Zapata-Arteaga O, Warren R, Firdaus Y, Nugraha MI, Lin Y, Campoy-Quiles M, Koch N, Müller C, Tsetseris L, Heeney M, Anthopoulos TD. Doping Approaches for Organic Semiconductors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4420-4492. [PMID: 34793134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic doping in organic materials has remained an elusive concept for several decades. It drew considerable attention in the early days in the quest for organic materials with high electrical conductivity, paving the way for the pioneering work on pristine organic semiconductors (OSCs) and their eventual use in a plethora of applications. Despite this early trend, however, recent strides in the field of organic electronics have been made hand in hand with the development and use of dopants to the point that are now ubiquitous. Here, we give an overview of all important advances in the area of doping of organic semiconductors and their applications. We first review the relevant literature with particular focus on the physical processes involved, discussing established mechanisms but also newly proposed theories. We then continue with a comprehensive summary of the most widely studied dopants to date, placing particular emphasis on the chemical strategies toward the synthesis of molecules with improved functionality. The processing routes toward doped organic films and the important doping-processing-nanostructure relationships, are also discussed. We conclude the review by highlighting how doping can enhance the operating characteristics of various organic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aniruddha Basu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filip Aniés
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ross Warren
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jalan Sangkuriang Komplek LIPI Building 20 level 4, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Insan Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekulé-Strasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780, Greece
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Ryu CH, Lee SH, Yi S, Hong JH, Im S, Lee KM. Naphthyl‐ and Quinoline‐Appended
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‐Carboranyl Luminophores: Intramolecular Charge Transfer‐Based Radiative Decay Controlled by Structural Geometry around C−C Bond Axis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hee Ryu
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Yi
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Im
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Mun Lee
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
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15
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Designing of benzodithiophene (BDT) based non-fullerene small molecules with favorable optoelectronic properties for proficient organic solar cells. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Bi P, Zhang S, Wang J, Ren J, Hou J. Progress in Organic Solar Cells: Materials, Physics and Device Engineering. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengqing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular, Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biology Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular, Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Junzhen Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular, Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jianhui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular, Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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17
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Schwaiger DM, Lohstroh W, Müller-Buschbaum P. The Influence of the Blend Ratio, Solvent Additive, and Post-production Treatment on the Polymer Dynamics in PTB7:PCBM Blend Films. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik M. Schwaiger
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Wiebke Lohstroh
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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18
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Socol M, Preda N. Hybrid Nanocomposite Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1117. [PMID: 33925952 PMCID: PMC8145415 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Continuing growth in global energy consumption and the growing concerns regarding climate change and environmental pollution are the strongest drivers of renewable energy deployment. Solar energy is the most abundant and cleanest renewable energy source available. Nowadays, photovoltaic technologies can be regarded as viable pathways to provide sustainable energy generation, the achievement attained in designing nanomaterials with tunable properties and the progress made in the production processes having a major impact in their development. Solar cells involving hybrid nanocomposite layers have, lately, received extensive research attention due to the possibility to combine the advantages derived from the properties of both components: flexibility and processability from the organic part and stability and optoelectronics features from the inorganic part. Thus, this review provides a synopsis on hybrid solar cells developed in the last decade which involve composite layers deposited by spin-coating, the most used deposition method, and matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation, a relatively new deposition technique. The overview is focused on the hybrid nanocomposite films that can use conducting polymers and metal phthalocyanines as p-type materials, fullerene derivatives and non-fullerene compounds as n-type materials, and semiconductor nanostructures based on metal oxide, chalcogenides, and silicon. A survey regarding the influence of various factors on the hybrid solar cell efficiency is given in order to identify new strategies for enhancing the device performance in the upcoming years.
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19
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Shakya S, Khan IM. Charge transfer complexes: Emerging and promising colorimetric real-time chemosensors for hazardous materials. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123537. [PMID: 32823028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
After introducing the concept of charge transfer (CT) complex formation by Mulliken and the discovery of crystalline picrate (association of picric acid and aromatic hydrocarbons) by Fritzsches, a large interest has been drawn in this field. CT complexes have been explored and exploited for different applications for several decades. The research has been aimed mostly for discovering and characterizing new CT materials and exploring applications mainly in the field of optoelectronic properties, antimicrobial activities and DNA/protein binding properties for the last six years. However, nowadays, CT complexes are exploited for their photocatalytic activities and designing chemosensors for the colorimetric real-time detection of hazardous materials like nitro explosives, anions and toxic heavy metal ions in an aqueous medium. This review sheds light on updates on CT complexes, their types, synthesis and applications. The brief discussion on the emergence of CT complexes as highly potential chemosensors along with the explanation of sensing mechanism through article summarization is the centerpiece of this review. The final outcomes are discussed and concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Shakya
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Ishaat M Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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20
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Hu R, Zhang L, Peng J, Zhang W. Comparative study of charge characteristics in PCPDTBT:fullerenes solar cells. Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2020.111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Cha H, Li J, Li Y, Kim SO, Kim YH, Kwon SK. Effects of Bulk Heterojunction Morphology Control via Thermal Annealing on the Fill Factor of Anthracene-based Polymer Solar Cells. Macromol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Hajduk B, Bednarski H, Domański M, Jarząbek B, Trzebicka B. Thermal Transitions in P3HT:PC60BM Films Based on Electrical Resistance Measurements. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1458. [PMID: 32629756 PMCID: PMC7407113 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present research on thermal transition temperature determination in poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM), and their blends, which are materials that are conventionally used in organic optoelectronics. Here, for the first time the results of electrical resistance measurements are explored to detect thermal transitions temperatures, such as glass transition Tg and cold crystallization Tcc of the film. To confirm these results, the variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry studies of the same samples were performed. The thermal transitions temperatures obtained with electrical measurements are well suited to phase diagram, constructed on the basis of ellipsometry in our previous work. The data presented here prove that electrical resistance measurements alone are sufficient for qualitative thermal analysis, which lead to the identification of characteristic temperatures in P3HT:PC60BM films. Based on the carried studies, it can be expected that the determination of thermal transition temperatures by means of electrical resistance measurements will also apply to other semi-conducting polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hajduk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (H.B.); (M.D.); (B.J.)
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Trzebicka
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (H.B.); (M.D.); (B.J.)
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23
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Bonasera A, Giuliano G, Arrabito G, Pignataro B. Tackling Performance Challenges in Organic Photovoltaics: An Overview about Compatibilizers. Molecules 2020; 25:E2200. [PMID: 32397234 PMCID: PMC7248780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs) based on Bulk Heterojunction (BHJ) blends are a mature technology. Having started their intensive development two decades ago, their low cost, processability and flexibility rapidly funneled the interest of the scientific community, searching for new solutions to expand solar photovoltaics market and promote sustainable development. However, their robust implementation is hampered by some issues, concerning the choice of the donor/acceptor materials, the device thermal/photo-stability, and, last but not least, their morphology. Indeed, the morphological profile of BHJs has a strong impact over charge generation, collection, and recombination processes; control over nano/microstructural morphology would be desirable, aiming at finely tuning the device performance and overcoming those previously mentioned critical issues. The employ of compatibilizers has emerged as a promising, economically sustainable, and widely applicable approach for the donor/acceptor interface (D/A-I) optimization. Thus, improvements in the global performance of the devices can be achieved without making use of more complex architectures. Even though several materials have been deeply documented and reported as effective compatibilizing agents, scientific reports are quite fragmentary. Here we would like to offer a panoramic overview of the literature on compatibilizers, focusing on the progression documented in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Bonasera
- Department of Physics and Chemistry-Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, bdg. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.)
- INSTM-Palermo Research Unit, viale delle Scienze, bdg. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Giuliano
- Department of Physics and Chemistry-Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, bdg. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Arrabito
- Department of Physics and Chemistry-Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, bdg. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.)
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry-Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, bdg. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.)
- INSTM-Palermo Research Unit, viale delle Scienze, bdg. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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24
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Gaspar H, Figueira F, Strutyński K, Melle-Franco M, Ivanou D, Tomé JPC, Pereira CM, Pereira L, Mendes A, Viana JC, Bernardo G. Thiophene- and Carbazole-Substituted N-Methyl-Fulleropyrrolidine Acceptors in PffBT4T-2OD Based Solar Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1267. [PMID: 32168798 PMCID: PMC7142714 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The impact of fullerene side chain functionalization with thiophene and carbazole groups on the device properties of bulk-heterojunction polymer:fullerene solar cells is discussed through a systematic investigation of material blends consisting of the conjugated polymer poly[(5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4,7-diyl)-alt-(3,3‴-di(2-octyldodecyl)-2,2';5',2″;5″,2‴-quaterthiophen-5,5‴-diyl)] (PffBT4T-2OD) as donor and C60 or C70 fulleropyrrolidines as acceptors. The photovoltaic performance clearly depended on the molecular structure of the fulleropyrrolidine substituents although no direct correlation with the surface morphology of the photoactive layer, as determined by atomic force microscopy, could be established. Although some fulleropyrrolidines possess favorable lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels, when compared to the standard PC71BM, they originated OPV cells with inferior efficiencies than PC71BM-based reference cells. Fulleropyrrolidines based on C60 produced, in general, better devices than those based on C70, and we attribute this observation to the detrimental effect of the structural and energetic disorder that is present in the regioisomer mixtures of C70-based fullerenes, but absent in the C60-based fullerenes. These results provide new additional knowledge on the effect of the fullerene functionalization on the efficiency of organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gaspar
- IPC/i3N—Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800–058 Guimarães, Portugal; (H.G.); (J.C.V.)
| | - Flávio Figueira
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal; (K.S.); (M.M.-F.)
| | - Karol Strutyński
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal; (K.S.); (M.M.-F.)
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal; (K.S.); (M.M.-F.)
| | - Dzmitry Ivanou
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200–465 Porto, Portugal; (D.I.); (A.M.)
| | - João P. C. Tomé
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- CQE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, n1, 1049–001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169–007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Luiz Pereira
- Department of Physics and i3N—Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication, University of Aveiro, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Adélio Mendes
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200–465 Porto, Portugal; (D.I.); (A.M.)
| | - Júlio C. Viana
- IPC/i3N—Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800–058 Guimarães, Portugal; (H.G.); (J.C.V.)
| | - Gabriel Bernardo
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200–465 Porto, Portugal; (D.I.); (A.M.)
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25
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Zhukov I, Fishman N, Kiryutin A, Lukzen N, Panov M, Steiner U, Vieth HM, Schäfer J, Lambert C, Yurkovskaya A. Positive electronic exchange interaction and predominance of minor triplet channel in CIDNP formation in short lived charge separated states of D-X-A dyads. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:014203. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5131817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Zhukov
- International Tomography Center, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalya Fishman
- International Tomography Center, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexey Kiryutin
- International Tomography Center, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikita Lukzen
- International Tomography Center, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail Panov
- International Tomography Center, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ulrich Steiner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 14, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Vieth
- International Tomography Center, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Schäfer
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Yurkovskaya
- International Tomography Center, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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26
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Lee KS, Kim P, Lee J, Choi C, Seo Y, Park SY, Kim K, Park C, Cho K, Moon HC, Kim JK. End-on Chain Orientation of Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s on a Substrate by Microphase Separation of Lamellar Forming Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymer. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
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27
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Phelan BT, Zhang J, Huang GJ, Wu YL, Zarea M, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Quantum Coherence Enhances Electron Transfer Rates to Two Equivalent Electron Acceptors. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12236-12239. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Phelan
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Guan-Jhih Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yi-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Mehdi Zarea
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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28
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Energy and Luminous Performance Investigation of an OPV/ETFE Glazing Element for Building Integration. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The combination of architectural membranes such as ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) foils and organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells offers a wide range of possibilities for building integration applications. This is due to their flexibility, free-shape, variable color and semitransparency, light weight, cost-effectivity, and low environmental impact. In addition, electrical generation is provided. Four configurations of ETFE foils designed to be integrated onto a south façade glazing element were studied for two representative European locations with different climatic conditions: Barcelona and Paris. These configurations comprise a reference one based on a double ETFE foil with a 10 mm air gap in between, and the other three incorporate on the inner ETFE foil either OPV cells covering 50% or 100% of its surface or a shading pattern printed on it covering 50% of its surface. Results show that, in terms of energy, the configuration with higher OPV coverage area is the one achieving the lowest net energy consumption in both locations. However, when looking at the illumination comfort this option results in insufficient illumination levels. Therefore, a tradeoff strategy balancing energy performance and illumination comfort conditions is necessary. Based on that, the best solution found for both cities is the configuration integrating OPV cells covering 50% of the glazing area and for a window to wall ratio of 0.45.
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29
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Aggregate dispersions to enhance the intrachain order in surfactant-stabilized aqueous colloids of poly(3-hexylthiophene). J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Sharp D, Taylor S, Andrews M, Boucher D. Impact of Varying Binary Solvent Gradients on the Solubility Parameters of Poly(3-hexylthiophene). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devin Sharp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - Sarah Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - McKenna Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - David Boucher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
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31
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Molecular organization relationship of low-bandgap polymers at the air-water interface and in solid films. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Freeman L, Miller P, Sapolsky M, Boucher D. p-Doping Poly(3-hexylthiophene) in Solvent Mixtures. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Freeman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics, College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - Paul Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics, College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - Marni Sapolsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics, College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - David Boucher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics, College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
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33
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Li J, Lv J, Peng Y, Cao X, Tong J, Xia Y. An eco-friendly water-soluble fluorene-based polyelectrolyte as interfacial layer for efficient inverted polymer solar cells. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 China
| | - Jie Lv
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 China
| | - Yichun Peng
- School of Civil Engineering; Lanzhou Institute of Technology; Lanzhou Gansu 730050 China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 China
| | - Junfeng Tong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 China
| | - Yangjun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 China
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Lee KS, Lee J, Choi C, Seo Y, Moon HC, Kim JK. Vertically Oriented Nanostructures of Poly(3-dodecylthiophene)-Containing Rod–Coil Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Seong Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Block Copolymers, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyong Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Block Copolymers, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungryong Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Block Copolymers, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseong Seo
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Block Copolymers, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Block Copolymers, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
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35
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Lee H, Park C, Sin DH, Park JH, Cho K. Recent Advances in Morphology Optimization for Organic Photovoltaics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800453. [PMID: 29921007 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics are an important part of a next-generation energy-harvesting technology that uses a practically infinite pollutant-free energy source. They have the advantages of light weight, solution processability, cheap materials, low production cost, and deformability. However, to date, the moderate photovoltaic efficiencies and poor stabilities of organic photovoltaics impede their use as replacements for inorganic photovoltaics. Recent developments in bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaics mean that they have almost reached the lower efficiency limit for feasible commercialization. In this review article, the recent understanding of the ideal bulk-heterojunction morphology of the photoactive layer for efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport is described, and recent attempts as well as early-stage trials to realize this ideal morphology are discussed systematically from a morphological viewpoint. The various approaches to optimizing morphologies consisting of an interpenetrating bicontinuous network with appropriate domain sizes and mixed regions are categorized, and in each category, the recent trends in the morphology control on the multilength scale are highlighted and discussed in detail. This review article concludes by identifying the remaining challenges for the control of active layer morphologies and by providing perspectives toward real application and commercialization of organic photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Chaneui Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Dong Hun Sin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Park
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Creative and Fundamental Research Division, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon, 51543, South Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
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36
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Khan A, Nair V, Colmenares JC, Gläser R. Lignin-Based Composite Materials for Photocatalysis and Photovoltaics. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:20. [PMID: 29721856 PMCID: PMC5932104 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Depleting conventional fuel reserves has prompted the demand for the exploration of renewable resources. Biomass is a widely available renewable resource that can be valorized to produce fuels, chemicals, and materials. Among all the fractions of biomass, lignin has been underutilized. Due to its complex structure, recalcitrant nature, and heterogeneity, its valorization is relatively challenging. This review focuses on the utilization of lignin for the preparation of composite materials and their application in the field of photocatalysis and photovoltaics. Lignin can be used as a photocatalyst support for its potential application in photodegradation of contaminants. The interaction between the components in hybrid photocatalysts plays a significant role in determining the photocatalytic performance. The application of lignin as a photocatalyst support tends to control the size of the particles and allows uniform distribution of the particles that influence the characteristics of the photocatalyst. Lignin as a semiconductive polymer dopant for photoanodes in photovoltaic cells can improve the photoconversion efficiency of the cell. Recent success in the development of lignosulfonates dopant for hole transport materials in photovoltaics will pave the way for further research in lignin-based high-performance organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Khan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Vaishakh Nair
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Juan Carlos Colmenares
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Roger Gläser
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Hajduk B, Bednarski H, Jarząbek B, Janeczek H, Nitschke P. P3HT:PCBM blend films phase diagram on the base of variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:1108-1115. [PMID: 29719761 PMCID: PMC5905273 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present an in-depth study of the how the composition of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend films influences their phase transitions using variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry. We demonstrate that this non-destructive method is a very sensitive optical technique to investigate the phase transitions and to determine the glass transition temperatures and melting crystallization points of the P3HT:PCBM blend films. By analyzing the influence of the temperature T on the raw ellipsometric data, we have identified a high sensitivity of the ellipsometric angle Δ at a wavelength of 280 nm to temperature changes. Characteristic temperatures determined from the slope changes of the Δ(T) plot appeared to be very good guess values for the phase transition temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hajduk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Henryk Bednarski
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Bożena Jarząbek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Henryk Janeczek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Paweł Nitschke
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
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38
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Appropriate Donor-Acceptor Phase Separation Structure for the Enhancement of Charge Generation and Transport in Polymer Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10030332. [PMID: 30966367 PMCID: PMC6414981 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology of active layer for polymer solar cells is critical to enhance the performance especially for fill factor of the devices. To investigate the relationship between active layer morphology and performance of polymer solar cells (PSCs), 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) additive, and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) electron acceptor were used to regulate the aggregation morphology of copolymer poly(thieno[3,4-b]-thiophene/benzodithiophene) (PTB7) electron donor from solution state to solid state. Atom force microscopy (AFM), steady-state absorption (UV-Vis), time-resolved absorption (TA), spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) and current-voltage (J-V) measurements were employed to characterize the morphology, optical and electrical characteristics of active layers and to reveal the relationship among the morphology, photophysical property, and performance of PTB7-based devices. The results show that DIO can refine the aggregation scale of PTB7 during the dissolution process, whereas both the aggregation scale and aggregation behaviors of PTB7 donor are affected by PC71BM acceptor molecules. Furthermore, the bulk heterojunction structure (BHJ) morphology of active layer can be optimized during the DIO evaporation process. TA kinetic data indicate that the population and lifetime of charged species are improved in the DIO-treated BHJ active layer. Moreover, the active layers with DIO treatment have a relative low highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level, which makes hole transport more easily in PTB7 donor phase. As a result, the performance of PTB7-based PSCs is enhanced.
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Sapolsky M, McFaddin J, Boucher D. Aggregation Behavior of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) in Solvent Mixtures: Linear Solvation Energy Relationship (LSER) Modeling and COSMO-RS Calculations. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marni Sapolsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - John McFaddin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - David Boucher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
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40
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Duong VV, Ayzner AL. Influence of conjugation length on ultrafast electronic tunneling in organic semiconductor thin films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25085-25095. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04746d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron delocalization in conjugated organic molecules is a rate-limiting step in maximizing the photo conversion efficiency of next generation photovoltaics and molecular electronics.
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41
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Honda M, Taniguchi Y, Hayashi T, Kunimoto KK, Segi M, Yamaguchi T. Synthesis and utility of 3-silylthiophenes having perfluoroalkyl groups. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zheng D, Zhao L, Fan P, Ji R, Yu J. Highly Efficient and Stable Organic Solar Cells via Interface Engineering with a Nanostructured ITR-GO/PFN Bilayer Cathode Interlayer. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E233. [PMID: 28832508 PMCID: PMC5618344 DOI: 10.3390/nano7090233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An innovative bilayer cathode interlayer (CIL) with a nanostructure consisting of in situ thermal reduced graphene oxide (ITR-GO) and poly[(9,9-bis(3'-(N,N-dimethylamion)propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctyl) fluorene] (PFN) has been fabricated for inverted organic solar cells (OSCs). An approach to prepare a CIL of high electronic quality by using ITR-GO as a template to modulate the morphology of the interface between the active layer and electrode and to further reduce the work function of the electrode has also been realized. This bilayer ITR-GO/PFN CIL is processed by a spray-coating method with facile in situ thermal reduction. Meanwhile, the CIL shows a good charge transport efficiency and less charge recombination, which leads to a significant enhancement of the power conversion efficiency from 6.47% to 8.34% for Poly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl} (PTB7):[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM)-based OSCs. In addition, the long-term stability of the OSC is improved by using the ITR-GO/PFN CIL when compared with the pristine device. These results indicate that the bilayer ITR-GO/PFN CIL is a promising way to realize high-efficiency and stable OSCs by using water-soluble conjugated polymer electrolytes such as PFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Lili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Pu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Ran Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China.
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43
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Ji R, Zheng D, Zhou C, Cheng J, Yu J, Li L. Low-Temperature Preparation of Tungsten Oxide Anode Buffer Layer via Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Method for Large-Area Organic Solar Cells. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10070820. [PMID: 28773177 PMCID: PMC5551863 DOI: 10.3390/ma10070820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tungsten oxide (WO3) is prepared by a low-temperature ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method in air atmosphere, and it is used as an anode buffer layer (ABL) for organic solar cells (OSCs). The properties of the WO3 transition metal oxide material as well as the mechanism of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis processes are investigated. The results show that the ultrasonic spray pyrolysized WO3 ABL exhibits low roughness, matched energy level, and high conductivity, which results in high charge transport efficiency and suppressive recombination in OSCs. As a result, compared to the OSCs based on vacuum thermal evaporated WO3, a higher power conversion efficiency of 3.63% is reached with low-temperature ultrasonic spray pyrolysized WO3 ABL. Furthermore, the mostly spray-coated OSCs with large area was fabricated, which has a power conversion efficiency of ~1%. This work significantly enhances our understanding of the preparation and application of low temperature-processed WO3, and highlights the potential of large area, all spray coated OSCs for sustainable commercial fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Research Institute for New Materials and Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.
| | - Ding Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Chang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Jiang Cheng
- Co-Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Research Institute for New Materials and Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Lu Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Research Institute for New Materials and Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.
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Pecqueur S, Lenfant S, Guérin D, Alibart F, Vuillaume D. Concentric-Electrode Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Case Study for Selective Hydrazine Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:s17030570. [PMID: 28287475 DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/939/1/012017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on hydrazine-sensing organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) with a design consisting of concentric annular electrodes. The design engineering of these OECTs was motivated by the great potential of using OECT sensing arrays in fields such as bioelectronics. In this work, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-based OECTs have been studied as aqueous sensors that are specifically sensitive to the lethal hydrazine molecule. These amperometric sensors have many relevant features for the development of hydrazine sensors, such as a sensitivity down to 10-5 M of hydrazine in water, an order of magnitude higher selectivity for hydrazine than for nine other water-soluble common analytes, the capability to entirely recover its base signal after water flushing, and a very low operation voltage. The specificity for hydrazine to be sensed by our OECTs is caused by its catalytic oxidation at the gate electrode, and enables an increase in the output current modulation of the devices. This has permitted the device-geometry study of the whole series of 80 micrometric OECT devices with sub-20-nm PEDOT:PSS layers, channel lengths down to 1 µm, and a specific device geometry of coplanar and concentric electrodes. The numerous geometries unravel new aspects of the OECT mechanisms governing the electrochemical sensing behaviours of the device-more particularly the effect of the contacts which are inherent at the micro-scale. By lowering the device cross-talk, micrometric gate-integrated radial OECTs shall contribute to the diminishing of the readout invasiveness and therefore further promote the development of OECT biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Pecqueur
- Institut d'Electronique, Micro-électronique et Nanotechnologie, CNRS, CS 60069, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq CEDEX, France.
| | - Stéphane Lenfant
- Institut d'Electronique, Micro-électronique et Nanotechnologie, CNRS, CS 60069, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq CEDEX, France.
| | - David Guérin
- Institut d'Electronique, Micro-électronique et Nanotechnologie, CNRS, CS 60069, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq CEDEX, France.
| | - Fabien Alibart
- Institut d'Electronique, Micro-électronique et Nanotechnologie, CNRS, CS 60069, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq CEDEX, France.
| | - Dominique Vuillaume
- Institut d'Electronique, Micro-électronique et Nanotechnologie, CNRS, CS 60069, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq CEDEX, France.
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45
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Pecqueur S, Lenfant S, Guérin D, Alibart F, Vuillaume D. Concentric-Electrode Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Case Study for Selective Hydrazine Sensing. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17030570. [PMID: 28287475 PMCID: PMC5375856 DOI: 10.3390/s17030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report on hydrazine-sensing organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) with a design consisting of concentric annular electrodes. The design engineering of these OECTs was motivated by the great potential of using OECT sensing arrays in fields such as bioelectronics. In this work, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-based OECTs have been studied as aqueous sensors that are specifically sensitive to the lethal hydrazine molecule. These amperometric sensors have many relevant features for the development of hydrazine sensors, such as a sensitivity down to 10−5 M of hydrazine in water, an order of magnitude higher selectivity for hydrazine than for nine other water-soluble common analytes, the capability to entirely recover its base signal after water flushing, and a very low operation voltage. The specificity for hydrazine to be sensed by our OECTs is caused by its catalytic oxidation at the gate electrode, and enables an increase in the output current modulation of the devices. This has permitted the device-geometry study of the whole series of 80 micrometric OECT devices with sub-20-nm PEDOT:PSS layers, channel lengths down to 1 µm, and a specific device geometry of coplanar and concentric electrodes. The numerous geometries unravel new aspects of the OECT mechanisms governing the electrochemical sensing behaviours of the device—more particularly the effect of the contacts which are inherent at the micro-scale. By lowering the device cross-talk, micrometric gate-integrated radial OECTs shall contribute to the diminishing of the readout invasiveness and therefore further promote the development of OECT biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Pecqueur
- Institut d'Electronique, Micro-électronique et Nanotechnologie, CNRS, CS 60069, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq CEDEX, France.
| | - Stéphane Lenfant
- Institut d'Electronique, Micro-électronique et Nanotechnologie, CNRS, CS 60069, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq CEDEX, France.
| | - David Guérin
- Institut d'Electronique, Micro-électronique et Nanotechnologie, CNRS, CS 60069, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq CEDEX, France.
| | - Fabien Alibart
- Institut d'Electronique, Micro-électronique et Nanotechnologie, CNRS, CS 60069, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq CEDEX, France.
| | - Dominique Vuillaume
- Institut d'Electronique, Micro-électronique et Nanotechnologie, CNRS, CS 60069, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq CEDEX, France.
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Zheng D, Huang W, Fan P, Zheng Y, Huang J, Yu J. Preparation of Reduced Graphene Oxide:ZnO Hybrid Cathode Interlayer Using In Situ Thermal Reduction/Annealing for Interconnecting Nanostructure and Its Effect on Organic Solar Cell. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:4898-4907. [PMID: 28106373 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel hybrid cathode interlayer (CIL) consisting of reduced graphene oxide and zinc oxide (ZnO) is realized in the inverted organic solar cells (OSCs). A dual-nozzle spray coating system and facile one-step in situ thermal reduction/annealing (ITR/ITA) method are introduced to precisely control the components of the CIL, assemble ZnO with graphene oxide, and reduce graphene oxide into in situ thermal reduced graphene oxide (IT-RGO), simultaneously. The ZnO:IT-RGO hybrid CIL shows high electric conductivity, interconnecting nanostructure, and matched energy level, which leads to a significant enhancement in the power conversion efficiency from 6.16% to 8.04% for PTB7:PC71BM and from 8.02% to 9.49% for PTB7-Th:PC71BM-based OSCs, respectively. This newly developed spray-coated ZnO:IT-RGO hybrid CIL based on one-step ITR/ITA treatment has the high potential to provide a facile pathway to fabricate the large-scale, fast fabrication, and high performance OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
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Marchal W, Verboven I, Kesters J, Moeremans B, De Dobbelaere C, Bonneux G, Elen K, Conings B, Maes W, Boyen HG, Deferme W, Van Bael M, Hardy A. Steering the Properties of MoOx Hole Transporting Layers in OPVs and OLEDs: Interface Morphology vs. Electronic Structure. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10020123. [PMID: 28772483 PMCID: PMC5459185 DOI: 10.3390/ma10020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification, fine-tuning, and process optimization of appropriate hole transporting layers (HTLs) for organic solar cells is indispensable for the production of efficient and sustainable functional devices. In this study, the optimization of a solution-processed molybdenum oxide (MoOx) layer fabricated from a combustion precursor is carried out via the introduction of zirconium and tin additives. The evaluation of the output characteristics of both organic photovoltaic (OPV) and organic light emitting diode (OLED) devices demonstrates the beneficial influence upon the addition of the Zr and Sn ions compared to the generic MoOx precursor. A dopant effect in which the heteroatoms and the molybdenum oxide form a chemical identity with fundamentally different structural properties could not be observed, as the additives do not affect the molybdenum oxide composition or electronic band structure. An improved surface roughness due to a reduced crystallinity was found to be a key parameter leading to the superior performance of the devices employing modified HTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Marchal
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (W.M.); (B.M.); (C.D.D.); (G.B.); (K.E.); (M.V.B.)
- IMEC vzw, division IMOMEC, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Inge Verboven
- IMEC vzw, division IMOMEC, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Engineering Materials and Applications, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (I.V.); (W.D.)
| | - Jurgen Kesters
- IMEC vzw, division IMOMEC, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design and Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (J.K.); (W.M.)
| | - Boaz Moeremans
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (W.M.); (B.M.); (C.D.D.); (G.B.); (K.E.); (M.V.B.)
- IMEC vzw, division IMOMEC, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Christopher De Dobbelaere
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (W.M.); (B.M.); (C.D.D.); (G.B.); (K.E.); (M.V.B.)
- IMEC vzw, division IMOMEC, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Gilles Bonneux
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (W.M.); (B.M.); (C.D.D.); (G.B.); (K.E.); (M.V.B.)
- IMEC vzw, division IMOMEC, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ken Elen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (W.M.); (B.M.); (C.D.D.); (G.B.); (K.E.); (M.V.B.)
- IMEC vzw, division IMOMEC, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bert Conings
- IMEC vzw, division IMOMEC, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (B.C.); (H.G.B.)
| | - Wouter Maes
- IMEC vzw, division IMOMEC, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design and Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (J.K.); (W.M.)
| | - Hans Gerd Boyen
- IMEC vzw, division IMOMEC, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (B.C.); (H.G.B.)
| | - Wim Deferme
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Engineering Materials and Applications, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (I.V.); (W.D.)
- Flanders make vzw, Oude Diestersebaan 133, 3920 Lommel, Belgium
| | - Marlies Van Bael
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (W.M.); (B.M.); (C.D.D.); (G.B.); (K.E.); (M.V.B.)
- IMEC vzw, division IMOMEC, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - An Hardy
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (W.M.); (B.M.); (C.D.D.); (G.B.); (K.E.); (M.V.B.)
- IMEC vzw, division IMOMEC, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-011-268308
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Ma Z, Lu H, Zhao F, Xiang Y, Zhuang J, Li H. Low-temperature dynamic vacuum annealing of ZnO thin film for improved inverted polymer solar cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02473h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low temperature dynamic vacuum annealing was developed for preparing ZnO cathode buffer layer to improve the performance of IPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Ma
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- P. R. China
| | - Honglin Lu
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- P. R. China
| | - Fenggui Zhao
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Xiang
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- P. R. China
| | - Jia Zhuang
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- P. R. China
| | - Haimin Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- P. R. China
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Synthesis of Polythiophene⁻Fullerene Hybrid Additives as Potential Compatibilizers of BHJ Active Layers. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8120440. [PMID: 30974717 PMCID: PMC6432325 DOI: 10.3390/polym8120440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorophenyl functionalities have been introduced as side chain substituents onto regioregular poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (rr-P3HT), under various percentages. These functional groups were then converted to azides which were used to create polymeric hybrid materials with fullerene species, either C60 or C70. The P3HT–fullerene hybrids thus formed were thereafter evaluated as potential compatibilizers of BHJ active layers comprising P3HT and fullerene based acceptors. Therefore, a systematic investigation of the optical and morphological properties of the purified polymer–fullerene hybrid materials was performed, via different complementary techniques. Additionally, P3HT:PC70BM blends containing various percentages of the herein synthesized hybrid material comprising rr-P3HT and C70 were investigated via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) in an effort to understand the effect of the hybrids as additives on the morphology and nanophase separation of this typically used active layer blend for OPVs.
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Brotsman V, Ioutsi V, Rybalchenko A, Bogdanov V, Sokolov S, Belov N, Lukonina N, Markov V, Ioffe I, Troyanov S, Magdesieva T, Trukhanov V, Paraschuk D, Goryunkov A. Alkylated [6,6]-open difluoromethanofullerenes C 60 (CF 2 )R 2 : Facile synthesis, electrochemical behavior and photovoltaic applications. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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