1
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Yıldırım R, Ullah MS, Koçoğlu H, Ün M, Yazıcı Çakır N, Demir G, Çetin D, Urtekin G, Özkoç G, Mert O, Kodal M. Effects of Hybrid POSS Nanoparticles on the Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomer-Toughened Polyamide 6. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:47034-47050. [PMID: 38107884 PMCID: PMC10720298 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polyamide 6 (PA6)/thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) blends were prepared to decrease the notch sensitivity of PA6 for automotive applications, and the morphological, rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties of PA6/TPE blends, which are partially miscible or immiscible depending on the TPE ratio, were significantly improved in the existence of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles with multiple reactive epoxy groups as compatibilizers. An unstable phase morphology was obtained with the addition of TPE into PA6 without POSS nanoparticles, whereas interfacial interactions between phases in the presence of POSS were enhanced as a result of a significant decrease in the average particle size from 1.39 to 0.41 μm. The complex viscosity value of the 70PA6/30TPE blend, which was 20 kPa/s-1 at 0.1 rad/s angular frequency, reached 380 kPa/s-1 with the addition of POSS due to the formation of long chains by the generation of graft and/or block copolymers, which resulted in a 65% increase in Young's modulus value. Most notably, the Izod impact strength of pure PA6, which was 10 kJ/m2, increased by 290% with the incorporation of POSS. It was confirmed by FTIR analysis that the reactive multiple epoxy groups of MultEpPOSS and EPPOSS nanoparticles react with the proper groups of PA6 and/or TPE, and also, a partial hydrogen bonding interaction occurs between PA6-TPE from the shifting of N-H and carbonyl peaks. In conclusion, it can be suggested that POSS nanoparticles can serve as highly effective compatibilizers for PA6/TPE blends and have potential commercial applications, especially in the automotive sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumeysa Yıldırım
- Polymer
Science and Technology Graduate Programme, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | | | - Hürol Koçoğlu
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, Bolu Abant Izzet
Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, Türkiye
| | - Merve Ün
- Polymer
Science and Technology Graduate Programme, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Nazlı Yazıcı Çakır
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Gülşah Demir
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Duygu Çetin
- Polymer
Science and Technology Graduate Programme, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Gizem Urtekin
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Güralp Özkoç
- Nanotechnology
Research and Application Center SUNUM, Sabanci
University, 34956 İstanbul, Türkiye
- Chemistry
Department, İstinye University, 34010 İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Olcay Mert
- Polymer
Science and Technology Graduate Programme, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Türkiye
- Chemistry
Department, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Kodal
- Polymer
Science and Technology Graduate Programme, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Türkiye
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Türkiye
- Nanotechnology
Research and Application Center SUNUM, Sabanci
University, 34956 İstanbul, Türkiye
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2
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Jaouadi N, Jaziri M, Maazouz A, Lamnawar K. Biosourced Multiphase Systems Based on Poly(Lactic Acid) and Polyamide 11 from Blends to Multi-Micro/Nanolayer Polymers Fabricated with Forced-Assembly Multilayer Coextrusion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16737. [PMID: 38069060 PMCID: PMC10706448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate multiphase systems based on polylactic acid (PLA) and polyamide 11 (PA11) from blends to multilayers. Firstly, PLA/PA11 blends compatibilized with a multifunctionalized epoxide, Joncryl, were obtained through reactive extrusion, and the thermal, morphological, rheological, and mechanical behaviors of these materials were investigated. The role of Joncryl as a compatibilizer for the PLA/PA11 system was demonstrated by the significant decrease in particle size and interfacial tension as well as by the tensile properties exhibiting a ductile behavior. Based on these findings, we were able to further clarify the effects of interdiffusion and diffuse interphase formation on the structure, rheology, and mechanics of compatible multilayered systems fabricated with forced-assembly multilayer coextrusion. The results presented herein aim to provide a deeper understanding of the interfacial properties, including the rheological, mechanical, and morphological behaviors, towards the control of the interface and confinement in multilayer polymers resulting from coextrusion, and also to permit their use in advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Jaouadi
- CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université Jean Monnet, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France; (N.J.); (K.L.)
- ENIS, Laboratoire Electrochimie et Environnement LEE, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Jaziri
- Laboratoire de Chimie Minérale Appliquée (LCMA) LR19ES02, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis (FST), Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
| | - Abderrahim Maazouz
- CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université Jean Monnet, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France; (N.J.); (K.L.)
| | - Khalid Lamnawar
- CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université Jean Monnet, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France; (N.J.); (K.L.)
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3
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Photo- and Water-Degradation Phenomena of ZnO Bio-Blend Based on Poly(lactic acid) and Polyamide 11. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061434. [PMID: 36987214 PMCID: PMC10058673 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this work was to investigate the morphological and chemical–physical changes induced by adding ZnO nanoparticles to bio-based polymeric materials based on polylactic acid (PLA) and polyamide 11 (PA11). Precisely, the photo- and water-degradation phenomena of nanocomposite materials were monitored. For this purpose, the formulation and characterization of novel bio-nanocomposite blends based on PLA and PA11 at a ratio of 70/30 wt.% filled with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures at different percentages were performed. The effect of ZnO nanoparticles (≤2 wt.%) within the blends was thoroughly explored by employing thermogravimetry (TGA), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Adding up to 1% wt. of ZnO resulted in a higher thermal stability of the PA11/PLA blends, with a decrement lower than 8% in terms of molar masses (MMs) values being obtained during blend processing at 200 °C. ZnO promoted trans-ester-amide reactions between the two polymers, leading to the formation of PLA/PA11 copolymers. These species could work as compatibilisers at the polymer interface, improving thermal and mechanical properties. However, the addition of higher quantities of ZnO affected such properties, influencing the photo-oxidative behaviour and thus thwarting the material’s application for packaging use. The PLA and blend formulations were subjected to natural aging in seawater for two weeks under natural light exposure. The 0.5% wt. ZnO sample induced polymer degradation with a decrease of 34% in the MMs compared to the neat samples.
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4
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Perin D, Dorigato A, Pegoretti A. Thermoplastic
self‐healing
polymer blends for structural composites: Development of polyamide 6 and cyclic olefinic copolymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Perin
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
| | - A. Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
| | - A. Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
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5
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Khankrua R, Wiriya-Amornchai A, Triamnak N, Suttiruengwong S. Biopolymer blends based on poly(lactic acid) and polyamide for durable applications. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2096470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rattikarn Khankrua
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Atiwat Wiriya-Amornchai
- Materials and Processing Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok Rayong Campus, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Narit Triamnak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Sanamchandra Palace Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Supakij Suttiruengwong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Sanamchandra Palace Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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6
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Melt rheology analysis through experimental and constitutional mechanical models of exfoliated graphene based polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Open-Celled Foams from Polyethersulfone/Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Blends Using Foam Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010118. [PMID: 36616468 PMCID: PMC9824152 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethersulfone (PESU), as both a pristine polymer and a component of a blend, can be used to obtain highly porous foams through batch foaming. However, batch foaming is limited to a small scale and is a slow process. In our study, we used foam extrusion due to its capacity for large-scale continuous production and deployed carbon dioxide (CO2) and water as physical foaming agents. PESU is a high-temperature thermoplastic polymer that requires processing temperatures of at least 320 °C. To lower the processing temperature and obtain foams with higher porosity, we produced PESU/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blends using material penetration. In this way, without the use of organic solvents or a compounding extruder, a partially miscible PESU/PEG blend was prepared. The thermal and rheological properties of homopolymers and blends were characterized and the CO2 sorption performance of selected blends was evaluated. By using these blends, we were able to significantly reduce the processing temperature required for the extrusion foaming process by approximately 100 °C without changing the duration of processing. This is a significant advancement that makes this process more energy-efficient and sustainable. Additionally, the effects of blend composition, nozzle temperature and foaming agent type were investigated, and we found that higher concentrations of PEG, lower nozzle temperatures, and a combination of CO2 and water as the foaming agent delivered high porosity. The optimum blend process settings provided foams with a porosity of approximately 51% and an average foam cell diameter of 5 µm, which is the lowest yet reported for extruded polymer foams according to the literature.
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8
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Qiao H, Maazouz A, Lamnawar K. Study of Morphology, Rheology, and Dynamic Properties toward Unveiling the Partial Miscibility in Poly(lactic acid)-Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245359. [PMID: 36559725 PMCID: PMC9783289 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to gain a fundamental understanding of how the composition and physico-chemical properties affect the rheology, morphology, miscibility, and thermal stability of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) biopolymer blends obtained by melt mixing. First, restricted processing conditions were chosen, due to the inherent thermal degradation of PHBV, as proven by rheological dynamic time sweep (DTS) measurements and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Based on this, the composition dependence of the blends was investigated using small-amplitude oscillatory shear rheology (SAOS), and the results were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Subsequently, the changes in glass transition temperatures (Tgs) from the molten to the solid state, as observed by DMA and DSC, were verified by coupling SAOS to dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). Herein, the thermo-rheological complexity of PLA/PHBV blends in the melt was revealed, especially for PLA-rich blends. Irregularly structured morphologies, caused by highly mismatched viscoelastic properties, illustrated the degree of partial miscibility. Moreover, the thermo-rheological complexity appeared in the molten state of the asymmetric PLA-rich phases could be correlated to the crystal-amorphous interfacial MWS polarization, because of the locally-induced phase separation and heterogeneity, and owing to the differences in their crystallization properties during cooling. The miscibility also suffered from the lower thermal stability of PLA and the even more unstable PHBV. Nevertheless, the melt-induced degradation process of the PLA/PHBV blends seemed to be responsible for some of the in situ self-compatibilization and plasticization mechanisms. As a result, the miscibility and thermo-rheological simplicity were improved for the intermediate and PHBV-rich compositions at low temperatures, since their properties were, to a large extent, governed by the significant degradation of PHBV. The present findings should increase the understanding of morphological changes in PLA/PHBV blends and help control their micro/nanostructure.
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9
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Recent advances on reactive Extrusion of Poly(lactic acid). Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Tailoring and Long-Term Preservation of the Properties of PLA Composites with "Green" Plasticizers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224836. [PMID: 36432967 PMCID: PMC9696962 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerning new polylactide (PLA) applications, the study investigates the toughening of PLA-CaSO4 β-anhydrite II (AII) composites with bio-sourced tributyl citrate (TBC). The effects of 5-20 wt.% TBC were evaluated in terms of morphology, mechanical and thermal properties, focusing on the enhancement of PLA crystallization and modification of glass transition temperature (Tg). Due to the strong plasticizing effects of TBC (even at 10%), the plasticized composites are characterized by significant decrease of Tg and rigidity, increase of ductility and impact resistance. Correlated with the amounts of plasticizer, a dramatic drop in melt viscosity is also revealed. Therefore, for applications requiring increased viscosity and enhanced melt strength (extrusion, thermoforming), the reactive modification, with up to 1% epoxy functional styrene-acrylic oligomers, was explored to enhance their rheology. Moreover, larger quantities of products were obtained by reactive extrusion (REX) and characterized to evidence their lower stiffness, enhanced ductility, and toughness. In current prospects, selected samples were tested for the extrusion of tubes (straws) and films. The migration of plasticizer was not noted (at 10% TBC), whereas the mechanical and thermal characterizations of films after two years of aging evidenced a surprising preservation of properties.
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11
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Basivi P, Hamieh T, Pasupuleti KS, Pasupuleti VR, Rao VN, Kim MD, Kim CW. Surface Thermal Behavior and RT CO Gas Sensing Application of an Oligoacenaphthylene with p-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid Composite. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36307-36317. [PMID: 36278056 PMCID: PMC9583342 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The current work describes room-temperature gas sensing performances using an oligoacenaphthylene (OAN)/p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (p-HPA) composite. Based on inverse gas chromatography (IGC), the London dispersive surface energy γs d is calculated by using 14 representative models. Even when the γs d values of both OAN and the OAN/p-HPA composite are decreased as the temperature increases, the surface of OAN shows a higher value than that of the composite. The Gibbs surface free energy values of both are decreased with an increasing temperature. In our results, higher Lewis basic characters are observed in OAN and the OAN/p-HPA composite and the OAN/p-HPA surface exhibits a higher basicity compared to OAN. Because of the presence of phenolic groups in the OAN/p-HPA composite, the more important basic character drives a significant CO gas sensing ability with a sensitivity of 8.96% and good cycling stability as compared to the pristine counterparts. It is expected that the current study sheds light on a new pathway to exploring polymer composite materials for futuristic diverse and multiple applications, including IGC and gas sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen
Kumar Basivi
- Pukyong
National University Industry-University Cooperation Foundation, Pukyong National University, Busan48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Tayssir Hamieh
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MDMaastricht, Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods Laboratory
(MCEMA), Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, 1533Hadath, Lebanon
| | | | - Visweswara Rao Pasupuleti
- Center
for International Collaboration and Research, REVA University, Rukmini
Knowledge Park, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka560064, India
| | | | - Moon-Deock Kim
- Department
of Physics, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34134, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Quantum Systems (IQS), Chungnam National
University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Woo Kim
- Department
of Nanotechnology Engineering, College of Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan48513, Republic of Korea
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12
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Biosourced Poly(lactic acid)/polyamide-11 Blends: Effect of an Elastomer on the Morphology and Mechanical Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206819. [PMID: 36296412 PMCID: PMC9610215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fully biobased polylactide (PLA)/polyamide-11 (PA11) blends were prepared by melt mixing with an elastomer intermediate phase to address the low elasticity and brittleness of PLA blends. The incorporation of a biobased elastomer made of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) copolymers was found to change the rigid interface between PLA and PA11 into a much more elastic/deformable one as well as promote interfacial compatibility. The interfacial tension of the polymer pairs and spreading coefficients revealed a high tendency of PEO to spread at the PLA/PA11 interface, resulting in a complete wetting regime (interfacial tension of 0.56 mN/m). A fully percolated rubbery phase (PEO) layer at the PLA/PA11 interface with enhanced interfacial interactions and PLA chain mobility contributed to a better distribution of the stress around the dispersed phase, leading to shear yielding of the matrix. The results also show that both the morphological modification and improved compatibility upon PEO addition (up to 20 wt %) contributed to the improved elongation at break (up to 104%) and impact strength (up to 292%) of the ternary PLA/PA11/PEO blends to obtain a super-tough multiphase system.
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13
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Saeheng C, Fuongfuchat A, Sriyai M, Daranarong D, Namhongsa M, Molloy R, Meepowpan P, Punyodom W. Microstructure, thermal and rheological properties of poly(L‐lactide‐
co
‐
ε
‐caprolactone) tapered block copolymer for potential use in biomedical applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chutima Saeheng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Asira Fuongfuchat
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Montira Sriyai
- Bioplastic Production Laboratory for Medical Applications, Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Donraporn Daranarong
- Bioplastic Production Laboratory for Medical Applications, Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Science and Technology Research Institute Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Manasanan Namhongsa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Robert Molloy
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Puttinan Meepowpan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Bioplastic Production Laboratory for Medical Applications, Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Winita Punyodom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Bioplastic Production Laboratory for Medical Applications, Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
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14
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Tor-Świątek A, Garbacz T, Stloukal P. Analysis of Selected Properties of Microporous PLA as a Result of Abiotic Degradation. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093133. [PMID: 35591467 PMCID: PMC9101509 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the study, an investigation was made into the hydrolytic degradation behavior of the microporous polylactide (PLA) in the initial stage in three biological buffer solutions with various pH-simulating body fluids in comparison with pure PLA. Studies also include the analysis of selected mechanical properties and physical structures. A microporous PLA was obtained by melt extrusion using a chemical blowing agent. The rate of Mw decrease induced by hydrolysis over 35 days of microporous PLA was roughly comparable to the pure material. The rate of depolymerization was slightly accelerated at an acid pH due to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis at the end of the observed period. The mechanical analysis showed the influence of various pH on the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Tor-Świątek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 36 Nadbystrzycka, Str., 20-816 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Garbacz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 36 Nadbystrzycka, Str., 20-816 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Petr Stloukal
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Tř. T. Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic;
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15
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Mousavi Z, Heuzey M, Randall J, Carreau PJ. Enhanced properties of polylactide (
PLA
)/polyamide 11 (
PA11
) blends by reactive compatibilization. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mousavi
- Centre for High performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Chemical Engineering Department Polytechnique Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Marie‐Claude Heuzey
- Centre for High performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Chemical Engineering Department Polytechnique Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Jed Randall
- NatureWorks LLC 17400 Medina Road, Suite 800 Plymouth Minnesota United States
| | - Pierre J. Carreau
- Centre for High performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Chemical Engineering Department Polytechnique Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
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16
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Sakahara RM, da Silva DJ, Wang SH. Composites of
ABS
with
SEBS
‐g‐
MA
and copper microparticles modified by mussel‐bioinspired polydopamine: A comparative rheological study. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Massanori Sakahara
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Daniel José da Silva
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences Center (CECS) Federal University of ABC (UFABC) Santo André Brazil
| | - Shu Hui Wang
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
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17
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Feng H, Li D, Cheng B, Song T, Yang R. A cross-linked charring strategy for mitigating the hazards of smoke and heat of aluminum diethylphosphonate/polyamide 6 by caged octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127420. [PMID: 34736179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum diethylphosphonate (ADP) is a highly efficient phosphorus-based flame retardant, widely used in polyamide 6 (PA6). However, ADP/PA6 releases large amounts of heat and smoke under high heat flux, which commonly means serious hazards to life and property. Octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (OPS) is an organic-inorganic hybrid silicon compound, playing flame retardant role in condensed phase. In this work, combustion behaviors of OPS/ADP/PA6 were investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI), UL94 and cone calorimeter (CONE) tests. The LOI and UL94 rating results did not change obviously, while the CONE data and smoke density data showed the synergistic effect of OPS and ADP in PA6. For 2.5%OPS/7.5%ADP/PA6, the peak values of heat, smoke and CO release rate (pk-HRR, pk-RSR, Ds, max with/without pilot flame and pk-COP) decreased by 60.2%, 82.1%, 45.9%/38.3% and 80.4% respectively, compared with 10%ADP/PA6. Moreover, 2.5%OPS/7.5%ADP/PA6 produced 337.5% more residue than 10%ADP/PA6. TGA, TG-IR, SEM-EDS, XPS and py-GC/MS were used to further explore the synergistic mechanism of OPS and ADP. It was verified that the cross-linked charring strategy apparently has weakened the hazards of smoke and heat of PA6. This work proposed a possible technical approach to solve both fire risk and heat/smoke hazards of PA6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, PR China; School of Fire Protection Engineering, China People's Police University, 220 Xichang Road, Anci District, 065000 Langfang, PR China
| | - Dinghua Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, PR China.
| | - Bo Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, PR China
| | - Tinglu Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, PR China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, PR China.
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18
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Carrasco F, Santana Pérez O, Maspoch ML. Kinetics of the Thermal Degradation of Poly(lactic acid) and Polyamide Bioblends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223996. [PMID: 34833295 PMCID: PMC8621555 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and biosourced polyamide (PA) bioblends, with a variable PA weight content of 10–50%, were prepared by melt blending in order to overcome the high brittleness of PLA. During processing, the properties of the melt were stabilized and enhanced by the addition of a styrene-acrylic multi-functional-epoxide oligomeric reactive agent (SAmfE). The general analytical equation (GAE) was used to evaluate the kinetic parameters of the thermal degradation of PLA within bioblends. Various empirical and theoretical solid-state mechanisms were tested to find the best kinetic model. In order to study the effect of PA on the PLA matrix, only the first stage of the thermal degradation was taken into consideration in the kinetic analysis (α < 0.4). On the other hand, standardized conversion functions were evaluated. Given that it is not easy to visualize the best accordance between experimental and theoretical values of standardized conversion functions, an index, based on the integral mean error, was evaluated to quantitatively support our findings relative to the best reaction mechanism. It was demonstrated that the most probable mechanism for the thermal degradation of PLA is the random scission of macromolecular chains. Moreover, y(α) master plots, which are independent of activation energy values, were used to confirm that the selected reaction mechanism was the most adequate. Activation energy values were calculated as a function of PA content. Moreover, the onset thermal stability of PLA was also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Carrasco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat de Girona (UdG), C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Orlando Santana Pérez
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (O.S.P.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Maria Lluïsa Maspoch
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (O.S.P.); (M.L.M.)
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19
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Thermoplastic Starch-Based Composite Reinforced by Conductive Filler Networks: Physical Properties and Electrical Conductivity Changes during Cyclic Deformation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213819. [PMID: 34771374 PMCID: PMC8587407 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductive polymer composites (CPC) from renewable resources exhibit many interesting characteristics due to their biodegradability and conductivity changes under mechanical, thermal, chemical, or electrical stress. This study is focused on investigating the physical properties of electroconductive thermoplastic starch (TPS)–based composites and changes in electroconductive paths during cyclic deformation. TPS–based composites filled with various carbon black (CB) contents were prepared through melt processing. The electrical conductivity and physicochemical properties of TPS–CB composites, including mechanical properties and rheological behavior, were evaluated. With increasing CB content, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus were found to increase substantially. We found a percolation threshold for the CB loading of approximately 5.5 wt% based on the rheology and electrical conductivity. To observe the changing structure of the conductive CB paths during cyclic deformation, both the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties were recorded in parallel using online measurements. Moreover, the instant electrical conductivity measured online during mechanical deformation of the materials was taken as the parameter indirectly describing the structure of the conductive CB network. The electrical conductivity was found to increase during five runs of repeated cyclic mechanical deformations to constant deformation below strain at break, indicating good recovery of conductive paths and their new formation.
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20
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Madathinal Kunjappan A, Reghunadhan A, Ramachandran AA, Mathew L, Padmanabhan M, Laroze D, Thomas S. Discussion on degree of entanglement, chain confinement, and reinforcement efficiency factor of
PTT
/
PE
blend nanocomposite embedded with
MWCNTs. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aswathi Madathinal Kunjappan
- International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam India
| | - Arunima Reghunadhan
- International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam India
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry MSM College Kayamkulam India
| | - Ajitha A. Ramachandran
- International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam India
| | - Lovely Mathew
- International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam India
- Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology Muvattupuzha India
| | - Moothetty Padmanabhan
- Department of Chemistry Amritha Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrithapuri Campus Kollam India
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam India
| | - David Laroze
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, CEDENNA Universidad de Tarapacá Arica Chile
| | - Sabu Thomas
- International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam India
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam India
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21
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Manufacturing PLA/PCL Blends by Ultrasonic Molding Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152412. [PMID: 34372016 PMCID: PMC8348816 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonic molding (USM) is a good candidate for studying the plasticization of polymer mixtures or other composite materials due to either the little amount of material needed for processing, low waste or the needed low pressure and residence time of the mold. Thus, the novelty of this research is the capability of USM technology to process PLA/PCL blends and their corresponding neat materials, encompassing all the production stages, from raw material to the final specimen. The major findings of the work revealed that the thermal properties of the blends were not affected by the USM process, although the crystallinity degree experienced variations, decreasing for PLA and increasing for PCL, which was attributed to the crystallization rate of each polymer, the high process speed, the short cooling time and the small particle size. The employed ultrasonic energy increased the molecular weight with low variations through the specimen. However, the degradation results aligned with the expected trend of these material blends. Moreover, this study also showed the effect pellet shape and dimensions have over the process parameters, as well as the effect of the blend composition. It can be concluded that USM is a technology suitable to successfully process PLA/PCL blends with the correct determination of process parameter windows.
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22
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Rasselet D, Pucci MF, Caro-Bretelle AS, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Taguet A. Peculiar Morphologies Obtained for 80/20 PLA/PA11 Blend with Small Amounts of Fumed Silica. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071721. [PMID: 34209980 PMCID: PMC8308147 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This work highlights the possibility of obtaining peculiar morphologies by adding fumed silica into 80/20 polylactic acid/polyamide11 (PLA/PA11) blends. Two kinds of fumed silica (A200 and trimethoxyoctylsilane modified R805 fumed silica) were dispersed (by twin-screw extrusion, TSE) at a weight amount of 5% in neat PLA, neat PA11 and a 80/20 PLA/PA11 blend. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was used to verify this 5 wt % amount. Oscillatory shear rheology tests were conducted on all the formulations: (1) on neat polymer nanocomposites (PLASi5, PLASiR5, PA11Si5, PA11SiR5); and (2) on polymer blend nanocomposites (PLA80Si5 and PLA80SiR5). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) characterizations and laser granulometry were conducted. Microscopic analysis performed on polymer blend nanocomposites evidenced a localization of A200 silica in the PA11 dispersed phase and R805 silica at the PLA/PA11 interface. Frequency sweep tests on neat polymer nanocomposites revealed a pronounced gel-like behavior for PLASi5 and PA11SiR5, evidencing a high dispersion of A200 in PLA and R805 in PA11. A yield behavior was also evidenced for both PLA80Si5 and PLA80SiR5 blends. For the blend nanocomposites, PA11 dispersed phases were elongated in the presence of A200 silica and a quasi-co-continuous morphology was observed for PLA80Si5, whereas PLA80SiR5 exhibits bridges of silica nanoparticles between the PA11 dispersed phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Rasselet
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30319 Ales, France; (D.R.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
| | - Monica Francesca Pucci
- LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, University Montpellier, CNRS, 30319 Ales, France; (M.F.P.); (A.-S.C.-B.)
| | | | - José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30319 Ales, France; (D.R.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
| | - Aurélie Taguet
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30319 Ales, France; (D.R.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)466785687
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23
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Standau T, Nofar M, Dörr D, Ruckdäschel H, Altstädt V. A Review on Multifunctional Epoxy-Based Joncryl® ADR Chain Extended Thermoplastics. POLYM REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1918710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Standau
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Department Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dominik Dörr
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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24
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Burkov A, Kraev A, Grishin M, Vesnin R, Fomin S, Iordanskii A. Structural Features and Properties' Characterization of Polylactic Acid/Natural Rubber Blends with Epoxidized Soybean Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1101. [PMID: 33808356 PMCID: PMC8037271 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the effort to preserve petroleum resources and promote the development of eco-friendly materials, bio-based polymers produced from sustainable resources have attracted great attention. Among them, polylactide (PLA) and natural rubber (NR) present prominent polymers with unique barrier and mechanical features. A series of samples with improved phase compatibility were obtained by blending PLA and NR using a double-rotor mixer. A plasticizing and enhancing effect on the polymers' compatibility was achieved by using epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) as a natural plasticizer and compatibilizer. ESO compounding in the PLA-NR blends increased the mobility of the biopolymer's molecular chains and improved the thermal stability of the novel material. The size of the NR domains embedded in the continuous PLA matrix decreased with the ESO content increment. The combination of thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy enabled the authors to determine the features of potential packaging material and the optimal content of PLA-NR-ESO for the best mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Burkov
- Department Chemistry and Technology Polymer Processing, Vyatka State University, 610000 Kirov, Russia; (A.K.); (R.V.); (S.F.)
| | - Alexander Kraev
- Department Chemistry and Technology Polymer Processing, Vyatka State University, 610000 Kirov, Russia; (A.K.); (R.V.); (S.F.)
| | - Maxim Grishin
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.G.); (A.I.)
| | - Roman Vesnin
- Department Chemistry and Technology Polymer Processing, Vyatka State University, 610000 Kirov, Russia; (A.K.); (R.V.); (S.F.)
| | - Sergey Fomin
- Department Chemistry and Technology Polymer Processing, Vyatka State University, 610000 Kirov, Russia; (A.K.); (R.V.); (S.F.)
| | - Alexey Iordanskii
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.G.); (A.I.)
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25
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Samantaray SK, Satapathy BK. Correlating
ultra‐toughening
of
bio‐based
polyamide 410 with melt rheological and solid state relaxation dynamics by gelation rheology approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Samantaray
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi India
| | - Bhabani K. Satapathy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi India
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26
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Dou Y, Mu X, Chen Y, Ning Z, Gan Z, Jiang N. Effect of Composition on the Crystallization, Water Absorption, and Biodegradation of Poly( ε-caprolactam -co-ε-caprolactone) Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112488. [PMID: 33120906 PMCID: PMC7692460 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ester amide)s have aroused extensive research interest due to the combination of the degradability of polyester and the higher mechanical properties of polyamide. In this work, a series of poly(ε-caprolactam-co-ε-caprolactone) (P(CLA-co-CLO)) copolymers with different compositions were synthesized by anionic copolymerization. The structure, crystallization behavior, water absorption, and biodegradation behavior of these copolymers were investigated by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and polarized optical micrographs (POM). The results indicated that the composition of P(CLA-co-CLO) copolymers can be adjusted by the molar feed ratio. The PCL blocks decreased the crystallization rate of PA6 blocks but had little effect on the melting behavior of PA6, while the crystallized PA6 acted as a heterogeneous nucleating agent and greatly improved the crystallization rate of PCL. Moreover, the introduction of PCL blocks greatly reduced the water absorption of P(CLA-co-CLO) copolymers and endow them a certain degree of degradability.
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27
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Yang Y, Tian AP, Fang YJ, Wang JG, Zhu J. Improvement in Toughness of Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) by Melt Blending with Bio-based Polyamide11 in the Presence of a Reactive Compatibilizer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Nam B, Son Y. Enhanced impact strength of compatibilized poly(lactic acid)/polyamide 11 blends by a crosslinking agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byeong‐Uk Nam
- Department of Applied Chemical EngineeringKorea University of Technology and Education Cheonan Chungnam South Korea
| | - Younggon Son
- Advanced Materials Science and EngineeringCollege of Engineering, Kongju National University Cheonan Chungnam South Korea
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29
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Keridou I, Cailloux J, Martínez JC, Santana O, Maspoch ML, Puiggalí J, Franco L. Biphasic polylactide/polyamide 6,10 blends: Influence of composition on polyamide structure and polyester crystallization. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Polylactic Acid/Polycaprolactone Blends: On the Path to Circular Economy, Substituting Single-Use Commodity Plastic Products. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13112655. [PMID: 32532142 PMCID: PMC7321633 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Circular economy comes to break the linear resource to waste economy, by introducing different strategies, two of them being: using material from renewable sources and producing biodegradable products. The present work aims at developing polylactic acid (PLA), typically made from fermented plant starch, and polycaprolactone (PCL) blends, a biodegradable polyester, to study their potential to be used as substitutes of oil-based commodity plastics. For this, PLA/PCL blends were compounded in a batch and lab scale internal mixer and processed by means of injection molding. Tensile and impact characteristics were determined and compared to different thermoplastic materials, such as polypropylene, high density polyethylene, polystyrene, and others. It has been found that the incorporation of PCL into a PLA matrix can lead to materials in the range of 18.25 to 63.13 megapascals of tensile strength, 0.56 to 3.82 gigapascals of Young’s modulus, 12.65 to 3.27 percent of strain at maximum strength, and 35 to 2 kJ/m2 of notched impact strength. The evolution of the tensile strength fitted the Voigt and Reuss model, while Young’s modulus was successfully described by the rule of mixtures. Toughness of PLA was significantly improved with the incorporation of PCL, significantly increasing the energy required to fracture the specimens. Blends containing more than 20 wt% of PCL did not break when unnotched specimens were tested. Overall, it was found that the obtained PLA/PCL blends can constitute a strong and environmentally friendly alternative to oil-based commodity materials.
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31
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Chompoorat P, Kantanet N, Estrada ZJH, Rayas-Duarte P. Physical and Dynamic Oscillatory Shear Properties of Gluten-Free Red Kidney Bean Batter and Cupcakes Affected by Rice Flour Addition. Foods 2020; 9:foods9050616. [PMID: 32403346 PMCID: PMC7278793 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Red kidney bean (RKB) flour is a nutrient-rich ingredient with potential use in bakery products. The objective of this study was to investigate the viscoelastic properties and key quality parameters of a functional RKB flour in gluten-free cupcakes with different rice flour levels. A 10 g model batter was developed for analyzing the viscoelastic properties of RKB with rice incorporation, in a formula containing oil, liquid eggs, and water. Rice flour was added at five levels 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 25% (w/w, g rice flour/100 g RKB flour). Rice flour increased RKB batter consistency, solid- and liquid-like viscoelastic behavior and revealed a heterogeneous structure, based on the sweep frequency test. Rice flour at the 25% level increased the shear modulus and activation energy of gelatinization, compared to 0% rice flour addition. Rice flour levels in the RKB batter decreased the inflection gelation temperature from 63 to 56 °C. In addition, the texture of RKB cupcakes with 25% rice flour were 46% softer, compared to the control. The scores from all sensory attributes of cupcakes increased with the addition of rice flour. Rice flour addition improved solid- and liquid-like behavior of the RKB batter and improved the cupcake’s macro-structural characteristics. Overall, 25% rice flour addition performed better than the lower levels. This study confirmed the potential of RKB as a functional ingredient and its improvement in cupcake application with the addition of rice flour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavalee Chompoorat
- Faculty of Engineering and Agro-Industry, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +669-3576-3571
| | - Napong Kantanet
- Faculty of Engineering and Agro-Industry, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand;
| | - Zorba J. Hernández Estrada
- Robert M Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (Z.J.H.E.); (P.R.-D.)
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. Veracruz, Calz. Miguel Angel de Quevedo No. 2779 Col. Formando Hogar, Veracruz 91860, Mexico
| | - Patricia Rayas-Duarte
- Robert M Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (Z.J.H.E.); (P.R.-D.)
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32
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Barletta M, Aversa C, Puopolo M. Recycling of
PLA
‐based bioplastics: The role of chain‐extenders in twin‐screw extrusion compounding and cast extrusion of sheets. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clizia Aversa
- Dipartimento di IngegneriaUniversità degli Studi Roma Tre Rome Italy
| | - Michela Puopolo
- Dipartimento di IngegneriaUniversità degli Studi Roma Tre Rome Italy
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33
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Raj A, Prashantha K, Samuel C. Compatibility in biobased poly(L‐lactide)/polyamide binary blends: From melt‐state interfacial tensions to (thermo)mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Raj
- Département Technologie des Polymères et Composites & Ingénierie Mécanique (TPCIM)Ecole Nationale Supérieure Mines Telecom Lille Douai, Institut Mines Telecom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai) 941 rue Charles Bourseul, Douai, F‐59508 France
- Université de Lille Lille F‐59000 France
| | - Kalappa Prashantha
- Département Technologie des Polymères et Composites & Ingénierie Mécanique (TPCIM)Ecole Nationale Supérieure Mines Telecom Lille Douai, Institut Mines Telecom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai) 941 rue Charles Bourseul, Douai, F‐59508 France
- Université de Lille Lille F‐59000 France
| | - Cédric Samuel
- Département Technologie des Polymères et Composites & Ingénierie Mécanique (TPCIM)Ecole Nationale Supérieure Mines Telecom Lille Douai, Institut Mines Telecom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai) 941 rue Charles Bourseul, Douai, F‐59508 France
- Université de Lille Lille F‐59000 France
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34
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Hammani S, Moulai-Mostefa N, Samyn P, Bechelany M, Dufresne A, Barhoum A. Morphology, Rheology and Crystallization in Relation to the Viscosity Ratio of Polystyrene/Polypropylene Polymer Blends. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13040926. [PMID: 32093024 PMCID: PMC7078875 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microfibrillar and droplet morphology of polypropylene (PP) phase dispersed in polypropylene (PS) was fabricated by using melt-extrusion. This morphology was obtained by introducing isotactic PP (20 wt.%) with different viscosity in the PS matrix (80 wt.%). Furthermore, the rheological properties of the blend investigated as a function of the viscosity ratio K. The variations in blend morphology were related to crystallization, melting properties, and viscoelasticity. The blends with K >> 1 develop a fine morphology with PP microfibrils along the flow direction, while diameters of the dispersed PP droplets gradually increase with lower values of K = 1, or K << 1. Crystallinity of the prepared blends significantly decreases compared to neat PP, while the microfibrillar morphology induces homogeneous crystallization with small crystallites. This is reflected in a decrease of the crystallization temperature, small loss in the crystallinity, and lower melting temperature of the PS80/PP20 blend compared to neat PP. The storage moduli, loss moduli, and complex viscosity are highest for the microfibrillar morphology that presents retarded relaxation. The rheological properties are dominated by the dispersed phase (K > 1), or matrix (K < 1). The variation in blend properties with microfibrillar morphology can be clearly distinguished from heterogeneous blends containing PP droplets, providing an efficient tool to create a binary blend with unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Hammani
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire et Macromléculaire, Faculté de Science, Université de Blida, 109000 Blida, Algeria;
| | - Nadji Moulai-Mostefa
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences & Technologie, Université de Médéa, Ain D’Heb, 26001 Medea, Algeria;
| | - Pieter Samyn
- Applied and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Alain Dufresne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.B.)
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35
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Andrzejewski J, Skórczewska K, Kloziński A. Improving the Toughness and Thermal Resistance of Polyoxymethylene/Poly(lactic acid) Blends: Evaluation of Structure-Properties Correlation for Reactive Processing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E307. [PMID: 32028602 PMCID: PMC7077397 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The study focuses on the development of polyoxymethylene (POM)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends with increased impact and thermal resistance. The study was conducted in two phases; in the first part, a series of unmodified blends with PLA content of 25, 50, and 75 wt.% was prepared, while the second part focused on the modification of the PLA/POM (50/50) blends. An ethylene/butyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (E/BA/GMA) elastomer (EBA) was used to improve the impact strength of the prepared blends, while reactive blending was used to improve interfacial interactions. We used a multifunctional epoxy chain extender (CE) as the compatibilizer. Static tensile tests and notched Izod measurement were used to evaluate the mechanical performance of the prepared samples. The thermomechanical properties were investigated using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) analysis and heat deflection temperature (HDT)/Vicat softening temperature (VST) methods. The crystallinity was measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS) measurements, while the rheology was evaluated using a rotational rheometer. The paper also includes a structure analysis performed using the SEM method. The structural tests show partial miscibility of the POM/PLA systems, resulting in the perfect compatibility of both phases. The impact properties of the final blends modified by the EBA/CE system were found to be similar to pure POM resin, while the E modulus was visibly improved. Favorable changes were also noticeable in the case of the thermomechanical properties. The results of most of the conducted measurements and microscopic observations confirm the high efficiency of the reaction for PLA as well as for the modified POM/PLA mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Andrzejewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Polymer Processing Division, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Arkadiusz Kloziński
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;
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36
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Bazli L, Bagherian MH, Karrabi M, Abbassi‐Sourki F, Azizi H. Effect of starch ratio and compatibilization on the viscoelastic behavior of POE/starch blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Bazli
- Rubber Group, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Karrabi
- Rubber Group, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
| | | | - Hamed Azizi
- Rubber Group, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
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37
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García-Masabet V, Santana Pérez O, Cailloux J, Abt T, Sánchez-Soto M, Carrasco F, Maspoch ML. PLA/PA Bio-Blends: Induced Morphology by Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E10. [PMID: 31861652 PMCID: PMC7022582 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of processing conditions on the final morphology of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) with bio-based Polyamide 10.10 (PA) 70/30 blends is analyzed in this paper. Two types of PLA were used: Commercial (neat PLA) and a rheologically modified PLA (PLAREx), with higher melt elasticity produced by reactive extrusion. To evaluate the ability of in situ micro-fibrillation (f) of PA phase during blend compounding by twin-screw extrusion, two processing parameters were varied: i) Screw speed rotation (rpm); and ii) take-up velocity, to induce a hot stretching with different Draw Ratios (DR). The potential ability of PA-f in both bio-blends was evaluated by the viscosity (p) and elasticity (k') ratios determined from the rheological tests of pristine polymers. When PLAREx was used, the requirements for PA-f was fulfilled in the shear rate range observed at the extrusion die. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that, unlike neat PLA, PLAREx promoted PA-f without hot stretching and the aspect ratio increased as DR increased. For neat PLA-based blends, PA-f was promoted during the hot stretching stage. DMTA analysis revealed that the use of PLAREx PLAREx resulted in a better mechanical performance in the rubbery region (T > Tg PLA-phase) due to the PA-f morphology obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta García-Masabet
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Orlando Santana Pérez
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Jonathan Cailloux
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Tobias Abt
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Soto
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Félix Carrasco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat de Girona (UdG), Campus Montilivi s/n, 17071 Girona, Spain;
| | - María Lluïsa Maspoch
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
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38
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Di Lorenzo ML, Longo A, Androsch R. Polyamide 11/Poly(butylene succinate) Bio-Based Polymer Blends. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12172833. [PMID: 31484372 PMCID: PMC6747972 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The manuscript details the preparation and characterization of binary blends of polyamide 11 (PA 11) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), with PA 11 as the major component. The blends are fully bio-based, since both components are produced from renewable resources. In addition, PBS is also biodegradable and compostable, contrarily to PA 11. In the analyzed composition range (up to 40 m% PBS), the two polymers are not miscible, and the blends display two separate glass transitions. The PA 11/PBS blends exhibit a droplet-matrix morphology, with uniform dispersion within the matrix, and some interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the dispersed droplets. Infrared spectroscopy indicates the possible interaction between the hydrogens of the amide groups of PA 11 chains and the carbonyl groups of PBS, which provides the compatibilization of the components. The analyzed blends show mechanical properties that are comparable to neat PA 11, with the benefit of reduced material costs attained by addition of biodegradable PBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
| | - Alessandra Longo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
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39
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Petruš J, Kučera F, Jančář J. Online monitoring of reactive compatiblization of poly(lactic acid)/polyamide 6 blend with different compatibilizers. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Petruš
- Central European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Materials ChemistryBrno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - František Kučera
- Central European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Materials ChemistryBrno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Josef Jančář
- Central European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Materials ChemistryBrno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
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40
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Standau T, Zhao C, Murillo Castellón S, Bonten C, Altstädt V. Chemical Modification and Foam Processing of Polylactide (PLA). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E306. [PMID: 30960290 PMCID: PMC6419231 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is known as one of the most promising biopolymers as it is derived from renewable feedstock and can be biodegraded. During the last two decades, it moved more and more into the focus of scientific research and industrial use. It is even considered as a suitable replacement for standard petroleum-based polymers, such as polystyrene (PS), which can be found in a wide range of applications-amongst others in foams for packaging and insulation applications-but cause strong environmental issues. PLA has comparable mechanical properties to PS. However, the lack of melt strength is often referred to as a drawback for most foaming processes. One way to overcome this issue is the incorporation of chemical modifiers which can induce chain extension, branching, or cross-linking. As such, a wide variety of substances were studied in the literature. This work should give an overview of the most commonly used chemical modifiers and their effects on rheological, thermal, and foaming behavior. Therefore, this review article summarizes the research conducted on neat and chemically modified PLA foamed with the conventional foaming methods (i.e., batch foaming, foam extrusion, foam injection molding, and bead foaming).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Standau
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Chunjing Zhao
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Svenja Murillo Castellón
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christian Bonten
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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41
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Rasselet D, Caro-Bretelle AS, Taguet A, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Reactive Compatibilization of PLA/PA11 Blends and Their Application in Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E485. [PMID: 30764474 PMCID: PMC6384960 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the properties of polylatic acid/polyamide 11 (PLA/PA11) blends compatibilized with a multifunctionalized epoxide, Joncryl®, and to evaluate the performance of such blends processed by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing, compared to those produced by injection molding method. Blends containing different Joncryl contents from 0.5 to 3 wt% were prepared by twin-screw extrusion. Evaluation of thermal, rheological and mechanical properties of such blends proved that Joncryl acted as a compatibilizer. Results showed that Joncryl effects on blends properties were improved with increasing its content. A significant reduction of PA11 dispersed phases diameter and an improvement of tensile properties with a ductile behavior were achieved for the highest Joncryl contents. A significant elongation of PA11 dispersed phases was observed into FDM filaments and dog bone shaped specimens produced thereafter. Despite this peculiar morphology, FDM printed samples exhibited only enhanced stiffness but poor reinforcement and elongation at break in comparison with injected ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Rasselet
- IMT Mines Ales, C2MA, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès CEDEX, France.
| | | | - Aurélie Taguet
- IMT Mines Ales, C2MA, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès CEDEX, France.
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42
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Arrigo R, Antonioli D, Lazzari M, Gianotti V, Laus M, Montanaro L, Malucelli G. Relaxation Dynamics in Polyethylene Glycol/Modified Hydrotalcite Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1182. [PMID: 30961107 PMCID: PMC6290601 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol-based nanocomposites containing an organo-modified hydrotalcite with loadings ranging from 0.5 to 5 wt.% were prepared by melt mixing performed just above the melting point of the polymer matrix. In these conditions, the dispersion of the nanofiller within the polymer matrix was quite homogeneous as revealed by TEM analyses. The effect of various thermal treatments and filler loadings was thoroughly investigated by means of rheological, morphological and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, hyphenated to thermogravimetry analysis tests. Unfilled polyethylene glycol exhibited a continuous decrease in complex viscosity upon heating. In contrast, the complex viscosity of nanocomposites containing nanofiller loadings higher than 1 wt.% showed first a decrease, followed by an increase in the complex viscosity as the temperature increases, exhibiting a minimum between 130 and 140 °C. Annealing at 180 °C for different times further increased the viscosity of the system. This unusual behavior was explained by the occurrence of grafting reactions between the ⁻OH terminal groups of the polyethylene glycol chains and the hydroxyl groups of the organo-modified filler, thus remarkably affecting the relaxation dynamics of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Arrigo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Diego Antonioli
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Massimo Lazzari
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, and Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Valentina Gianotti
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Michele Laus
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Laura Montanaro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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43
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You X, Snowdon MR, Misra M, Mohanty AK. Biobased Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Poly(lactic acid) Blends Tailored with Epoxide Compatibilizers. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:11759-11769. [PMID: 31459269 PMCID: PMC6645286 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To increase the biobased content of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), up to 30 wt % poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was blended with PET using twin-screw compounding and injection molding processes. Multifunctional epoxide compatibilizers including a chain extender and an impact toughening agent were used as blend modifiers to improve the poor mechanical properties of PET/PLA blends. The mechanical and thermodynamic performances were investigated along with the morphological features through scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and interfacial tension determination. From rheological and differential scanning calorimetry results, it was observed that the molecular weight of both PET and PLA increased with compatibilizers because of epoxide reactions. The toughening agent, poly(ethylene-n-butylene-acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (EBA-GMA), provided a 292% increase in impact strength over the blend but reduced modulus by 25%. In contrast, 0.7 phr addition of the chain extender, poly(styrene-acrylic-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (SA-GMA), yielded comparable performance to that of neat PET without sacrificing the tensile and flexural properties. When both compatibilizers were present in the blend, the mechanical properties remained relatively unaltered or decreased with increasing EBA-GMA content. The differences in mechanical performance observed were considered in relation to the strengthening mechanism of the two differing compatibilizers and their effects on the miscibility of the blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu You
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre (BDDC), Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Crop Science Building, 117 Reynolds Walk, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 1Y4
- Department
of Bio-Resources Chemical & Material Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Longshuo Road, Weiyang District, Xi’an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Michael R. Snowdon
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre (BDDC), Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Crop Science Building, 117 Reynolds Walk, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 1Y4
- School
of Engineering, University of Guelph, Thornbrough Building, 80 South Ring
Road E, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 1Y4
| | - Manjusri Misra
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre (BDDC), Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Crop Science Building, 117 Reynolds Walk, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 1Y4
- School
of Engineering, University of Guelph, Thornbrough Building, 80 South Ring
Road E, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 1Y4
| | - Amar K. Mohanty
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre (BDDC), Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Crop Science Building, 117 Reynolds Walk, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 1Y4
- School
of Engineering, University of Guelph, Thornbrough Building, 80 South Ring
Road E, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 1Y4
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44
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Yousfi M, Dadouche T, Chomat D, Samuel C, Soulestin J, Lacrampe MF, Krawczak P. Development of nanofibrillar morphologies in poly(l-lactide)/poly(amide) blends: role of the matrix elasticity and identification of the critical shear rate for the nodular/fibrillar transition. RSC Adv 2018; 8:22023-22041. [PMID: 35541708 PMCID: PMC9081284 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03339k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based poly(l-lactide)/poly(amide-11) blends (PLA/PA11, 80/20 w/w) and poly(l-lactide)/poly(amide-6) blends (PLA/PA6, 80/20 w/w) are processed by twin-screw extrusion followed by injection-moulding and key rheological parameters controlling their morphologie are investigated. The same work is done using the same PLA modified by a multi-step reactive extrusion route with an epoxy-based chain extender to obtain modified poly(lactide)/poly(amide-11) (PLA-j/PA11 80/20 w/w) blends. The morphologies of the extruded materials and of the injection moulded parts are characterized by SEM and their formation is deeply discussed via rheological investigation to highlight the contribution of viscosity, elasticity and interfacial tension. The existence of a critical shear rate related to the transition from nodular to fibrillar morphology is highlighted and the results are in good agreement with the condition of fibrillation Ca/Ca(crit) ≥ 4. Interestingly, with the exception of PLA/PA6 specimens, all blends obviously display uniform thin-thread fibrillar morphologies after injection-moulding. Compared with pure PLA, a drastic increase of the ductility was observed in the blends exhibiting a fiberlike structure without meanwhile sacrificing the stiffness. This study confirms that, through the appropriate choice of blend components (viscosity and elasticity ratio, flow conditions, interfacial tensions) the in situ fibrillation concept provides access, at a reasonable cost, to new materials with improved thermomechanical performances, without sacrificing weight and ability to be recycled. A critical share rate exists, above which the droplet/fibril transition occurs during the injection moulding process. The elasticity ratio controls the morphology formation as well as the viscosity ratio and the interfacial tension.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Yousfi
- IMT Lille Douai
- Institut Mines-Télecom
- Department of Polymer and Composite Technology & Mechanical Engineering (TPCIM)
- F-59508 Douai
- France
| | - T. Dadouche
- IMT Lille Douai
- Institut Mines-Télecom
- Department of Polymer and Composite Technology & Mechanical Engineering (TPCIM)
- F-59508 Douai
- France
| | - D. Chomat
- IMT Lille Douai
- Institut Mines-Télecom
- Department of Polymer and Composite Technology & Mechanical Engineering (TPCIM)
- F-59508 Douai
- France
| | - C. Samuel
- IMT Lille Douai
- Institut Mines-Télecom
- Department of Polymer and Composite Technology & Mechanical Engineering (TPCIM)
- F-59508 Douai
- France
| | - J. Soulestin
- IMT Lille Douai
- Institut Mines-Télecom
- Department of Polymer and Composite Technology & Mechanical Engineering (TPCIM)
- F-59508 Douai
- France
| | - M.-F. Lacrampe
- IMT Lille Douai
- Institut Mines-Télecom
- Department of Polymer and Composite Technology & Mechanical Engineering (TPCIM)
- F-59508 Douai
- France
| | - P. Krawczak
- IMT Lille Douai
- Institut Mines-Télecom
- Department of Polymer and Composite Technology & Mechanical Engineering (TPCIM)
- F-59508 Douai
- France
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45
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Pan H, Li Z, Yang J, Li X, Ai X, Hao Y, Zhang H, Dong L. The effect of MDI on the structure and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) and poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) blends. RSC Adv 2018; 8:4610-4623. [PMID: 35539536 PMCID: PMC9077749 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10745e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The FTIR spectrum of the PLA (a) and the PBAT (b) reacted with MDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Zonglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Jia Yang
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Xin Li
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Xue Ai
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266510
- China
| | - Yanping Hao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Huiliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Lisong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Changchun 130022
- China
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46
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Chang BP, Mohanty AK, Misra M. Tuning the compatibility to achieve toughened biobased poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene terephthalate) blends. RSC Adv 2018; 8:27709-27724. [PMID: 35542721 PMCID: PMC9083900 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05161e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of sustainable biobased polymer blends from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) were fabricated and characterized. These blends are engineered to achieve optimal mechanical properties and toughness with a reactive epoxidized styrene-acrylic copolymer (ESAC) compatibilizer, and an ethylene-n-butyl-acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate (EBA-GMA) elastomer-based compatibilizer. The results showed that the tensile strength, modulus, flexural strength and modulus of the PBT increase, while the elongation at break and notched impact strength decrease after blending with the biopolymer PLA. The full co-continuity of PLA in PBT was confirmed at a 50/50 wt% blend ratio. The droplet size of the PLA was reduced and the distinct phases of the blends were gradually diminished with the increasing content of the ESAC compatibilizer. The increase in the complex viscosity of the blends was due to the formation of PLA-g-PBT copolymers in the blend after addition of reactive compatibilizers. The incorporation of both compatibilizers in the blends led to superior notched impact strength in comparison to only a single compatibilizer used in the blends. The synergistic effect of both compatibilizers effectively reduces the PLA droplet size and improves the dispersion of PLA in PBT as evidenced by atomic force microscopy (AFM) topography observations. The high toughness of the blends corresponds to the formation of effective EBA-GMA structures and enhanced interfacial compatibilization due to the synergistic effect of the compatibilizers. Novel toughened biobased polymer blends from poly(lactic acid) and poly(butylene terephthalate) were developed by judicious compatibilization.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Peng Chang
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre
- Department of Plant Agriculture
- Crop Science Building
- University of Guelph
- Guelph
| | - Amar K. Mohanty
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre
- Department of Plant Agriculture
- Crop Science Building
- University of Guelph
- Guelph
| | - Manjusri Misra
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre
- Department of Plant Agriculture
- Crop Science Building
- University of Guelph
- Guelph
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47
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Herrera N, Singh AA, Salaberria AM, Labidi J, Mathew AP, Oksman K. Triethyl Citrate (TEC) as a Dispersing Aid in Polylactic Acid/Chitin Nanocomposites Prepared via Liquid-Assisted Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E406. [PMID: 30965710 PMCID: PMC6418827 DOI: 10.3390/polym9090406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of fully bio-based and biodegradable nanocomposites has gained attention during recent years due to environmental reasons; however, the production of these nanocomposites on the large-scale is challenging. Polylactic acid/chitin nanocrystal (PLA/ChNC) nanocomposites with triethyl citrate (TEC) at varied concentrations (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 wt %) were prepared using liquid-assisted extrusion. The goal was to find the minimum amount of the TEC plasticizer needed to enhance the ChNC dispersion. The microscopy study showed that the dispersion and distribution of the ChNC into PLA improved with the increasing TEC content. Hence, the nanocomposite with the highest plasticizer content (7.5 wt %) showed the highest optical transparency and improved thermal and mechanical properties compared with its counterpart without the ChNC. Gel permeation chromatography confirmed that the water and ethanol used during the extrusion did not degrade PLA. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed improved interaction between PLA and ChNC through hydrogen bonding when TEC was added. All results confirmed that the plasticizer plays an important role as a dispersing aid in the processing of PLA/ChNC nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Herrera
- Division of Materials Science, Composite Center Sweden, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden.
| | - Anshu Anjali Singh
- Division of Materials Science, Composite Center Sweden, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden.
| | - Asier M Salaberria
- Biorefinery Processes Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Guipúzcoa, University of the Basque Country, Plaza Europa 1, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain.
| | - Jalel Labidi
- Biorefinery Processes Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Guipúzcoa, University of the Basque Country, Plaza Europa 1, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain.
| | - Aji P Mathew
- Division of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden.
| | - Kristiina Oksman
- Division of Materials Science, Composite Center Sweden, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden.
- Fibre and Particle Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland.
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48
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Tesfaye M, Patwa R, Gupta A, Kashyap MJ, Katiyar V. Recycling of poly (lactic acid)/silk based bionanocomposites films and its influence on thermal stability, crystallization kinetics, solution and melt rheology. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:580-594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Walha F, Lamnawar K, Maazouz A, Jaziri M. Biosourced blends based on poly (lactic acid) and polyamide 11: Structure-properties relationships and enhancement of film blowing processability. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Walha
- Laboratoire Electrochimie et Environnement; ENIS; Université de Sfax; Sfax Tunisia
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères IMP; UMR 5223; INSA Lyon; University of Lyon; Villeurbanne France
| | - Khalid Lamnawar
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères IMP; UMR 5223; INSA Lyon; University of Lyon; Villeurbanne France
| | - Abderrahim Maazouz
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères IMP; UMR 5223; INSA Lyon; University of Lyon; Villeurbanne France
- Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology; Rabat Morocco
| | - Mohamed Jaziri
- Laboratoire Electrochimie et Environnement; ENIS; Université de Sfax; Sfax Tunisia
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50
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Correlation between viscoelastic behavior and morphology of nanocomposites based on SR/EPDM blends compatibilized by maleic anhydride. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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