1
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Huang M, Zhang C, Hou F, Yang H, Ding N. Stabilization and strengthening effects of filamentous nanocellulose in the foam forming of quartz paper. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130251. [PMID: 38368991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Compared with traditional papermaking, foam forming is a new papermaking technology that uses foam instead of water to disperse fibres, which can effectively solve the problem of poor evenness of ceramic paper, but the instability of foam itself affects the application of foam forming technology. Herein, a highly stable foaming agent for foam forming technology was prepared via physical reaction of lauryl dimethyl amine oxide (OB-2) with filamentous nanocellulose (cellulose nanofiber (CNF-C) and bacterial cellulose (BC)). Then, the quartz paper was prepared by foam forming technology. Firstly, hydrogen bond interactions between hydroxyl groups of the filamentous nanocellulose and hydrophilic moieties on OB-2 enabled the formation of a 3D nanonetwork layer on the surface of the bubble, which extended the half-life of the bubble and effectively prevented the bubble from bursting or coalescing. Then, the foam was extruded and cracked, and the filamentous nanocellulose was retained on the quartz fibres to prepare filamentous nanocellulose/quartz fibre paper by foam forming technology. The quartz paper exhibited excellent evenness and mechanical properties. In conclusion, the research of foam forming technology is of great significance to the application and development of special paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengle Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fuqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huikang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Nengxin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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2
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Srihanam P, Srisuwan Y, Phromsopha T, Manphae A, Baimark Y. Improvement in Phase Compatibility and Mechanical Properties of Poly(L-lactide)- b-poly(ethylene glycol)- b-poly(L-lactide)/thermoplastic Starch Blends with Citric Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3966. [PMID: 37836015 PMCID: PMC10575249 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactide) block copolymer (PLLA-PEG-PLLA) bioplastic has been blended with low-cost thermoplastic starch (TPS) to prepare fully biodegradable bioplastics. However, the mechanical properties of PLLA-PEG-PLLA matrix decrease after the addition of TPS. In this work, citric acid (CA) was used as a compatibilizer to improve the phase compatibility and mechanical properties of PLLA-PEG-PLLA/TPS blends. TPS was first modified with CA (1.5 %wt, 3 %wt, and 4.5%wt) before melt blending with PLLA-PEG-PLLA. The PLLA-PEG-PLLA/modified TPS ratio was constant at 60/40 by weight. CA modification of TPS suppressed the crystallinity and enhanced the thermal stability of the PLLA-PEG-PLLA matrix, as determined through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The compatibility between the dispersed TPS and PLLA-PEG-PLLA phases was improved through modification of TPS with CA, as revealed by the smaller size of the co-continuous TPS phase from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Increasing the hydrophilicity of the blends containing modified TPS confirmed the improvement in phase compatibility of the components. From the tensile test, the ultimate tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus of the blends increased with the CA content. In conclusion, CA showed a promising behavior in improving the phase compatibility and mechanical properties of PLLA-PEG-PLLA/TPS blends. These PLLA-PEG-PLLA/modified TPS blends have potential to be used as flexible bioplastic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasong Srihanam
- Biodegradable Polymers Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand; (P.S.); (Y.S.); (T.P.)
| | - Yaowalak Srisuwan
- Biodegradable Polymers Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand; (P.S.); (Y.S.); (T.P.)
| | - Theeraphol Phromsopha
- Biodegradable Polymers Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand; (P.S.); (Y.S.); (T.P.)
| | - Apirada Manphae
- Scientific Instrument Academic Service Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand;
| | - Yodthong Baimark
- Biodegradable Polymers Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand; (P.S.); (Y.S.); (T.P.)
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3
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Mao SD, Zhang M, Lin FH, Li XY, Zhao YY, Zhang YL, Gao YF, Luo J, Chen XD, Wang B. Attapulgite Structure Reset to Accelerate the Crystal Transformation of Isotactic Polybutene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183820. [PMID: 36145968 PMCID: PMC9504820 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotactic polybutene (iPB) has a wide application in the water pipe field. However, the most valuable form I, needs 7 days to complete the transformation. In this study, the attapulgite (ATP), which produces lattice matching of the iPB form I, was selected to prepare an iPB/ATP composite. The Fischer–Tropsch wax (FTW) was grafted with maleic anhydride to obtain MAFT, and the ATP structure was reset by reactions with MAFT to the prepared FATP, which improved the interface compatibility of the ATP and iPB. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and the water contact angle test confirmed the successful synthesis of FATP. X-ray diffraction (XRD) verified that the graft of MAFT did not affect the crystal structure of ATP. The iPB + 5% FATP had the maximum flexural strength, which was 12.45 Mpa, and the flexural strength of the iPB + 5% FATP annealing for 1 day was much higher than others. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs verified that FATP and iPB had good interface compatibility. The crystal transformation behavior indicated that the iPB + 5% FATP had the fastest crystal transformation rate, which proved that the reset structure, ATP, greatly accelerated the crystal transformation of iPB. This was a detailed study on the effect of lattice matching, interfacial compatibility and internal lubrication of the reset structure, ATP, in the nucleation and growth stages of iPB form I. The result was verified by XRD, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Avrami kinetics and polarizing microscope (POM) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Dan Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Shanxi Province Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 030621, China
- Shanxi Advance Technology Low Carbon Industry Research Institute Co. Ltd., Taiyuan 030021, China
| | - Fu-Hua Lin
- Shanxi Province Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 030621, China
- Shanxi Advance Technology Low Carbon Industry Research Institute Co. Ltd., Taiyuan 030021, China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Li
- Shanxi Province Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 030621, China
- Shanxi Advance Technology Low Carbon Industry Research Institute Co. Ltd., Taiyuan 030021, China
| | - Yu-Ying Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yan-Li Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yi-Fan Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Guangzhou Fibre Product Testing and Research Institute, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Xin-De Chen
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (X.-D.C.); (B.W.); Tel.: +86-20-3721-3916 (X.-D.C.); +86-135-4647-4299 (B.W.)
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi Advance Technology Low Carbon Industry Research Institute Co. Ltd., Taiyuan 030021, China
- Correspondence: (X.-D.C.); (B.W.); Tel.: +86-20-3721-3916 (X.-D.C.); +86-135-4647-4299 (B.W.)
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4
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Boey JY, Lee CK, Tay GS. Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Bioplastics: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183737. [PMID: 36145883 PMCID: PMC9505779 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The short life cycle and recalcitrant nature of petroleum-based plastics have been associated with plastic waste accumulation due to their composition rather than worldwide overproduction. The drive to replace single-use products has sparked a considerable amount of research work to discover sustainable options for petroleum-based plastics. Bioplastics open up a new horizon in plastics manufacturing operations and industrial sectors because of their low environmental impact, superior biodegradability, and contribution to sustainable goals. Their mechanical properties regarding tensile, flexural, hardness, and impact strength vary substantially. Various attempts have been made to augment their mechanical characteristics and capacities by incorporating reinforcement materials, such as inorganic and lignocellulosic fibres. This review summarizes the research on the properties of bioplastics modified by fibre reinforcement, with a focus on mechanical performance. The mechanical properties of reinforced bioplastics are significantly driven by parameters such as filler type, filler percentage, and aspect ratio. Fibre treatment aims to promote fibre–matrix adhesion by changing their physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. A general overview of how different filler treatments affect the mechanical properties of the composite is also presented. Lastly, the application of natural fibre-reinforced bioplastics in the automobile, construction, and packaging industries is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet Yin Boey
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Chee Keong Lee
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Guan Seng Tay
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-4-6532201
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5
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Wang B, Mao S, Lin F, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Wang H, Luo J. Interfacial Compatibility on the Crystal Transformation of Isotactic Poly (1-Butene)/Herb Residue Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101654. [PMID: 34069636 PMCID: PMC8161044 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotactic poly (1-butene) (iPB) has excellent properties which are recognized as a green and energy saving product. However, the most stable and valuable crystal form I had a spontaneous transformation that took as long as seven days to complete. As a special solid waste, the herb residue (HR) is rich in cellulose which has great potential to accelerate the crystal transformation of the iPB. However, the polarity of HR results in the interface compatibility with non-polar iPB. In this study, the HR was modified by silane coupling agent (KH570) to obtain KHR and the iPB/HR composite was prepared. The FTIR spectrum was indicated that the organic functional groups of KH570 successfully graft onto the surface of HR and the water contact angle test was indicated that the hydrophilicity of the KHR was greatly decreased. The complete crystal transformation time is 7 days for iPB, 6 days for iPB+5% HR but only 3 days for iPB+5% KHR. The addition of the HR and KHR improve the thermal stability of the composite and this beneficial effect is more obvious for KHR. After annealing for 5 days, the physical properties value include tensile strength, flexural strength, and HDT of iPB+5% HR reach that of pure iPB after annealing for 7 days, but only 3 days for iPB+5% KHR. The TG analysis and SEM photographs give clear evidence that the beneficial effect of KH570 modified HR on improving the interface compatibility with iPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- School of Chemical and Biological Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030021, China; (S.M.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-351-6938158 (B.W.)
| | - Shuangdan Mao
- School of Chemical and Biological Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030021, China; (S.M.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Fuhua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030021, China
- Shanxi Chemical Research Institute (Co., Ltd.), Taiyuan 030021, China;
| | - Mi Zhang
- Shanxi Chemical Research Institute (Co., Ltd.), Taiyuan 030021, China;
| | - Yuying Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biological Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030021, China; (S.M.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Xiuhong Zheng
- School of Chemical and Biological Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030021, China; (S.M.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Chemical and Biological Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030021, China; (S.M.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Jun Luo
- Guangzhou Fibre Product Testing and Research Institute, Guangzhou 510220, China
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-351-6938158 (B.W.)
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6
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Wang Y, Liu X, Yang R, Ma Q. Asymmetric wetting and antibacterial composite membrane obtained by spraying bacterial cellulose grafted with chitosan for sanitary products surface layers. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 256:117602. [PMID: 33483082 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric wetting membranes have attracted intense attention in liquid directional transportation. However, it is a huge challenge to prepare surface layer membrane for sanitary products with antibacterial and asymmetric wettability by a simple method. Herein, the bacterial cellulose grafted with chitosan (BC-CS) was used as the hydrophilic agent to modify polypropylene nonwoven fabric (PPF) substrate via easy and effective one-sided layer-by-layer spraying to prepare the asymmetric wetting and antibacterial composite membrane (BC-CS/PPF). It showed that the BC-CS/PPF had good physical properties, which was attributed to the strong and uniform physical combination between nano-sized BC-CS and PPF. The sanitary products with BC-CS/PPF surface layer, denoted as BC-CS/PPF sanitary products, also had good absorption and anti-return property. The antibacterial test revealed that BC-CS had an excellent performance against S. aureus and E. coli in the simulated application environment. Moreover, the antibacterial performance was better than that of commercial sanitary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Rendang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Qianli Ma
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China.
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Thomas P, Duolikun T, Rumjit NP, Moosavi S, Lai CW, Bin Johan MR, Fen LB. Comprehensive review on nanocellulose: Recent developments, challenges and future prospects. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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8
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Isotactic Polybutene-1/Bamboo Powder Composites with Excellent Properties at Initial Stage of Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121981. [PMID: 31810159 PMCID: PMC6961014 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotactic polybutylene-1 (iPB) has lots of advantages and is best used as hot water pipe. However, to transform into stable crystal form I, the iPB needs as long as 7 days. In this process, the irreversible damage brings great difficulties to the use of the iPB. The method which convert it directly into crystal I has shortcomings such as being requiring complex operation and being expensive. In this study, an innovative idea was put forward, not paying attention to the crystal transformation of iPB but only focusing on reducing the time it can be applied. In this study, bamboo powder was modified by the silane coupling agent KH570 (KBP) to prepare iPB/KBP composite. The infiltration test and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that the hydrophilicity of KBP is greatly reduced, which can greatly improve the compatibility of the iPB and KBP. The tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of the composites storage for 3 days is equal to the pure iPB with storage 7 days with the KBP additions of 3%, 3%, 7%, and 5%, respectively. The heat deformation temperature (HDT) of the composite with 3% KBP after 1-day storage reached the value of pure iPB storage for 7 days. This provides more space and possibilities for the industrialization of the iPB. The crystallization behavior of iPB/KBP composites proves that the addition of KBP accelerates the crystallization rate of iPB, but the crystallinity of the iPB/KBP composites is not changed. The SEM photograph of iPB/KBP composites showed that when the KBP addition was low the compatibility between KBP and iPB was good. When the KBP addition was increased the agglomeration of KBP in the iPB was very obvious, which leads to the poor mechanical properties of the composite.
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9
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Wang B, Lin FH, Li XY, Ji XR, Liu SX, Han XJ, Yuan ZQ, Luo J. Transcrystallization of Isotactic Polypropylene/Bacterial Cellulose Hamburger Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030508. [PMID: 30960492 PMCID: PMC6473917 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) is a commonly used thermoplastic polymer with many excellent properties. But high brittleness, especially at low temperatures, limits the use of iPP. The presence of transcrystallization of iPP makes it possible for fiber-reinforced iPP composites with higher strength. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a kind of cellulose with great potential to be used as a new filler to reinforce iPP due to its high crystallinity, biodegradability and efficient mechanical properties. In this study, the iPP/BC hamburger composite was prepared by a simple hot press and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) was used to improve the interface compatibility of iPP and BC. The polarizing microscope (POM) photograph shows that BC successfully induces the transcrystallization of iPP. The differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) date proves that the addition of BC could improve the thermal properties and crystallization rate of the composite. Especially, this change is more obvious of the iPP/MAPP/BC. The mechanical properties of the iPP/BC composites were greatly increased. This DSC date is higher than BC; we used BC particles to enhance the iPP in our previous research. The scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis intuitively shows that the interface of the iPP/MAPP/BC is more smooth and flat than the iPP/BC. The fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of the iPP/BC hamburger composites was shown that a new C=O group vibration appeared at 1743 cm−1, which indicated that the hydrogen bond structure of BC molecules was weakened and some hydroxyl groups were substituted after modification which can increase the lipophilicity of BC. These results indicated that the BC fiber can easily induce the transcrystallization of iPP, which has excellent mechanical properties. Moreover, the addition of MAPP contributes greatly to the interface compatibility of iPP and BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fu-Hua Lin
- Shanxi Provincial Institute of Chemical Industry, Taiyuan 030021, China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Li
- Shanxi Provincial Institute of Chemical Industry, Taiyuan 030021, China.
| | - Xu-Ran Ji
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Si-Xiao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Xiao-Jing Han
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Zheng-Qiu Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.
| | - Jun Luo
- Guangzhou Fibre Product Testing and Research Institute, Guangzhou 510220, China.
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10
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Wang B, Lin FH, Li XY, Zhang ZW, Xue XR, Liu SX, Ji XR, Yu Q, Yuan ZQ, Chen XD, Luo J. Isothermal Crystallization and Rheology Properties of Isotactic Polypropylene/Bacterial Cellulose Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1284. [PMID: 30961209 PMCID: PMC6401962 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a new kind of cellulose with great potential in enhancing preparation of isotactic Polypropylene (iPP) composites, which have been found with excellent performance. However, the interface compatibility between BC and iPP is poor. In this study, iPP/BC composites were prepared by solution mixing. Esterification modified BC (CO) and Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) added as a compatibilizer was both used to improve the interfacial compatibility of the iPP/BC composites. The rheology and isothermal crystallization behavior of the composites was tested and discussed. The result shows that the complex viscosity and storage modulus of the composite significantly increase in the rule iPP, iPP/BC2, iPP/CO2, and M-iPP/BC3, which indicates that the compatibility of the composite increases as this rule. According to the isothermal crystallization kinetics result, the crystal growth mode of iPP was not affected by the addition of BC and the interfacial compatibility. The spherulite growth rate of the iPP/BC composite increases with increasing crystallization temperature. Especially, the value decreases as the same rule with the complex viscosity and storage modulus of the composite at the same isothermal crystallization temperature. These results suggest that the interface compatibility of iPP/BC composites is greatly improved and the interface compatibility of the M-iPP/BC3 is better than the iPP/CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fu-Hua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Shanxi Provincial Institute of Chemical Industry, Shanxi 030021, China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Li
- Shanxi Provincial Institute of Chemical Industry, Shanxi 030021, China.
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Xiao-Rong Xue
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Si-Xiao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Xu-Ran Ji
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Zheng-Qiu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiang Tan 411201, China.
| | - Xin-de Chen
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jun Luo
- Guangzhou Fibre Product Testing and Research Institute, Guangzhou 510220, China.
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11
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Liu Z, Chen P, Jin X, Wang LM, Liu YD, Choi HJ. Enhanced Electrorheological Response of Cellulose: A Double Effect of Modification by Urea-Terminated Silane. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E867. [PMID: 30960792 PMCID: PMC6403862 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a natural polymer with abundant sources, cellulose was one of the earliest applied electrorheological (ER) materials. However, cellulose-based ER materials have not attracted much attention because of their relatively low ER effect and sensitivity to water. In this study, cellulose rods were decorated with a urea-terminated silane, 1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl) urea, after being swelled in sodium hydroxide solution. The morphologies and structures of the cellulose particles were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, confirming the dramatic differences of the treated cellulose particles from the pristine cellulose. Rheological behaviors of the pristine and modified cellulose particles in silicone oil were observed using a rotational rheometer. It was found that the silane-modified cellulose showed higher ER effect and higher dielectric properties than the pristine cellulose particles, which was not only related to the grafted polar molecules but may also be associated with the porous morphologies of the treated cellulose particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Panpan Chen
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Xiao Jin
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Li-Min Wang
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Ying Dan Liu
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402751, Korea.
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12
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Preparation of Phthalocyanine Immobilized Bacterial Cellulose Nanocomposites for Decoloration of Dye Wastewater: Key Role of Spacers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8071021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Chen W, He H, Zhu H, Cheng M, Li Y, Wang S. Thermo-Responsive Cellulose-Based Material with Switchable Wettability for Controllable Oil/Water Separation. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E592. [PMID: 30966626 PMCID: PMC6403979 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermo-responsive cellulose-based material (cellulose-g-PNIPAAm) was prepared by grafting N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) onto bagasse pulp cellulose via Ce (IV)-initiated free radical polymerization. The surfaces of the obtained cellulose-g-PNIPAAm paper showed a rapid wettability conversion from being hydrophilic (water contact angles (WCA) of 0°) at 25 °C to becoming hydrophobic (WCA of 134.2°) at 45 °C. Furthermore, the thermo-responsive mechanism of cellulose-g-PNIPAAm was examined by the in situ variable-temperature 13C NMR, ¹H NMR and AFM analysis. At the same time, the resulting cellulose paper was applied for a switchable separation of oil/water mixtures. Water can pass through the paper under 45 °C, while oil is kept on the paper. When the temperature is above 45 °C, oil can permeate through the paper, while water cannot pass through the water. Moreover, the paper exhibited excellent regeneration performance after five cycles and maintained its switchable wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Hui He
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Hongxiang Zhu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Meixiao Cheng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Yunhua Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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14
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Wang B, Nie K, Xue XR, Lin FH, Li XY, Xue YB, Luo J. Preparation of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polybutene and Its Application in Isotactic Polybutene-1/Microcrystalline Cellulose Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E393. [PMID: 30966428 PMCID: PMC6415252 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) offers great potential to improve the mechanical and crystallization properties of isotactic polybutene-1 (iPB) because of its low cost, biodegradability, renewability and excellent mechanical properties. However, the compatibility of polar MCC and non-polar iPB is poor. In this study, maleic anhydride grafted polybutene (MAPB) was prepared by the solution method and was used as a compatibilizer in the fabrication of iPB/MCC composites by using a twin screw extruder. The ultimate tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus of the iPB/MCC composites increased by 3.1%, 16.5%, 10.7%, 6.5%, respectively, compared with that of pure iPB. With MAPB addition, these values increased by 17.2%, 31%, 17.5% and 10%, respectively, compared with that of pure iPB. The heat-distortion temperature and thermal-decomposition temperature of all composites increased with an increased MCC content. The non-isothermal crystallization of the iPB/MCC composites shows that MCC addition can promote iPB crystallization, because the non-isothermal crystallization curve of the composites moves toward a higher temperature, especially after MAPB addition. Scanning electron micrographs indicate that the compatibility of the iPB/MCC has been enhanced significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- School of Chemical and Biological Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Kai Nie
- School of Chemical and Biological Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030021, China.
| | - Xiao-Rong Xue
- School of Chemical and Biological Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030021, China.
| | - Fu-Hua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Shanxi Provincial Institute of Chemical Industry, Taiyuan 030021, China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Li
- Shanxi Provincial Institute of Chemical Industry, Taiyuan 030021, China.
| | - Yong-Bing Xue
- School of Chemical and Biological Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030021, China.
| | - Jun Luo
- Guangzhou Fibre Product Testing and Research Institute, Guangzhou 510220, China.
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15
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Luo MT, Zhao C, Huang C, Chen XF, Huang QL, Qi GX, Tian LL, Xiong L, Li HL, Chen XD. Efficient Using Durian Shell Hydrolysate as Low-Cost Substrate for Bacterial Cellulose Production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Indian J Microbiol 2017; 57:393-399. [PMID: 29151639 PMCID: PMC5671436 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Durian is one important tropical fruit with high nutritional value, but its shell is usually useless and considered as waste. To explore the efficient and high-value utilization of this agricultural and food waste, in this study, durian shell was simply hydrolyzed by dilute sulfuric acid, and the durian shell hydrolysate after detoxification was used for bacterial cellulose (BC) production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus for the first time. BC was synthesized in static culture for 10 days and the highest BC yield (2.67 g/L) was obtained at the 8th day. The typical carbon sources in the substrate including glucose, xylose, formic acid, acetic acid, etc. can be utilized by G. xylinus. The highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (16.40%) was obtained at the 8th day. The highest BC yield on COD consumption and the highest BC yield on sugar consumption were 93.51% and 22.98% (w/w), respectively, suggesting this is one efficient bioconversion for BC production. Durian shell hydrolysate showed small influence on the BC structure by comparison with the structure of BC generated in traditional Hestrin-Schramm medium detected by FE-SEM, FTIR, and XRD. Overall, this technology can both solve the issue of waste durian shell and produce valuable bio-polymer (BC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Tan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian-Lin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gao-Xiang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-De Chen
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Xuyi Center of Attapulgite Research Development and Industrialization, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuyi, 211700 People’s Republic of China
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16
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Qi GX, Luo MT, Huang C, Guo HJ, Chen XF, Xiong L, Wang B, Lin XQ, Peng F, Chen XD. Comparison of bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus
on bagasse acid and enzymatic hydrolysates. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Xiang Qi
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Mu-Tan Luo
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Huang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Jun Guo
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Fang Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Xiong
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qing Lin
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Peng
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-De Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
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17
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Wang B, Zhang HR, Huang C, Xiong L, Luo J, Chen XD. Study on non-isothermal crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene/bacterial cellulose composites. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07731a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) has great potential to be used as a new filler in reinforced isotactic polypropylene (iPP) due to its characteristics of high crystallinity, biodegradability and efficient mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Science and Technology
- Taiyuan
- China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
| | - Hai-Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Lian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Jun Luo
- Guangzhou Fibre Product Testing and Research Institute
- Guangzhou 510220
- China
| | - Xin-de Chen
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
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