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Farahani S, Glasco DL, Elhassan MM, Sireesha P, Bell JG. Integration of 3D printed Mg 2+ potentiometric sensors into microfluidic devices for bioanalysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:4096-4104. [PMID: 39086302 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00407h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors provide an affordable and reliable approach towards the detection and monitoring of important biological species ranging from simple ions to complex biomolecules. The ability to miniaturize electrochemical sensors, coupled with their affordability and simple equipment requirements for signal readout, permits the use of these sensors at the point-of-care where analysis using non-invasively obtainable biofluids is receiving growing interest by the research community. This paper describes the design, fabrication, and integration of a 3D printed Mg2+ potentiometric sensor into a 3D printed microfluidic device for the quantification of Mg2+ in low-sample volume biological fluids. The sensor employs a functionalized 3D printable photocurable methacrylate-based ion-selective membrane affixed to a carbon-mesh/epoxy solid-contact transducer for the selective determination of Mg2+ in sweat, saliva and urine. The 3D printed Mg2+ ion-selective electrode (3Dp-Mg2+-ISE) provided a Nernstian response of 27.5 mV per decade with a linear range of 10 mM to 39 μM, covering the normal physiological and clinically relevant levels of Mg2+ in biofluids. 3Dp-Mg2+-ISEs selectively measure Mg2+ over other biologically present cations - sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium - as well as provide high stability in the analytical signal with a drift of just 13 μV h-1 over 10 hours. Comparison with poly(vinylchloride)-based Mg2+-ISEs showed distinct advantages to the use of 3Dp-Mg2+-ISEs, with respect to stability, resilience towards biofouling and importantly providing a streamlined and rapid approach towards mass production of selective and reliable sensors. The miniaturization capabilities of 3D printing coupled with the benefits of microfluidic analysis (i.e., low sample volumes, minimal reagent consumption, automation of multiple assays, etc.), provides exciting opportunities for the realization of the next-generation of point-of-care diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Farahani
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA.
| | - Dalton L Glasco
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA.
| | - Manar M Elhassan
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA.
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, 11837, Egypt
| | - Pedaballi Sireesha
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA.
| | - Jeffrey G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA.
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Washington 99164, USA
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2
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Zhang Z, Du M, Cheng X, Dou X, Zhou J, Wu J, Xie X, Zhu M. A disposable paper-based electrochemical biosensor decorated by electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers for highly sensitive bio-detection. Analyst 2024; 149:2436-2444. [PMID: 38498083 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00164h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Paper-based electrochemical sensors have the characteristics of flexibility, biocompatibility, environmental protection, low cost, wide availability, and hydropathy, which make them very suitable for the development and application of biological detection. This work proposes electrospun cellulose acetate nanofiber (CA NF)-decorated paper-based screen-printed (PBSP) electrode electrochemical sensors. The CA NFs were directly collected on the PBSP electrode through an electrospinning technique at an optimized voltage of 16 kV for 10 min. The sensor was functionalized with different bio-sensitive materials for detecting different targets, and its sensing capability was evaluated by CV, DPV, and chronoamperometry methods. The test results demonstrated that the CA NFs enhanced the detection sensitivity of the PBSP electrode, and the sensor showed good stability, repeatability, and specificity (p < 0.01, N = 3). The electrochemical sensing of the CA NF-decorated PBSP electrode exhibited a short detection duration of ∼5-7 min and detection ranges of 1 nmol mL-1-100 μmol mL-1, 100 fg mL-1-10 μg mL-1, and 1.5 × 102-106 CFU mL-1 and limits of detection of 0.71 nmol mL-1, 89.1 fg mL-1, and 30 CFU mL-1 for glucose, Ag85B protein, and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. These CA NF-decorated PBSP sensors can be used as a general electrochemical tool to detect, for example, organic substances, proteins, and bacteria, which are expected to achieve point-of-care testing of pathogenic microorganisms and have wide application prospects in biomedicine, clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- Systems Engineering Institute, People's Liberation Army, Tianjin 300161, China.
| | - Manman Du
- Systems Engineering Institute, People's Liberation Army, Tianjin 300161, China.
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Systems Engineering Institute, People's Liberation Army, Tianjin 300161, China.
| | - Xuechen Dou
- Systems Engineering Institute, People's Liberation Army, Tianjin 300161, China.
| | - Junting Zhou
- Systems Engineering Institute, People's Liberation Army, Tianjin 300161, China.
- School of Electronic Information and Automation, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Systems Engineering Institute, People's Liberation Army, Tianjin 300161, China.
- School of Electronic Information and Automation, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Xinwu Xie
- Systems Engineering Institute, People's Liberation Army, Tianjin 300161, China.
- National Bio-Protection Engineering Center, Tianjin 300161, China
| | - Mengfu Zhu
- Systems Engineering Institute, People's Liberation Army, Tianjin 300161, China.
- National Bio-Protection Engineering Center, Tianjin 300161, China
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Liao SH, Shiau KY, Wang FH, Yang CF. Fabrications of the Flexible Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors Using Au-CuO-rGO and Au-CuO-rGO-MWCNTs Nanocomposites as Carriers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8029. [PMID: 37836858 PMCID: PMC10575303 DOI: 10.3390/s23198029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
A flexible, non-enzymatic glucose sensor was developed and tested on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. The sensor's design involved printing Ag (silver) as the electrode and utilizing mixtures of either gold-copper oxide-modified reduced graphene oxide (Au-CuO-rGO) or gold-copper oxide-modified reduced graphene oxide-multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Au-CuO-rGO-MWCNTs) as the carrier materials. A one-pot synthesis method was employed to create a nanocomposite material, consisting of Au-CuO-rGO mixtures, which was then printed onto pre-prepared flexible electrodes. The impact of different weight ratios of MWCNTs (0~75 wt%) as a substitute for rGO was also investigated on the sensing characteristics of Au-CuO-rGO-MWCNTs glucose sensors. The fabricated electrodes underwent various material analyses, and their sensing properties for glucose in a glucose solution were measured using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The LSV measurement results showed that increasing the proportion of MWCNTs improved the sensor's sensitivity for detecting low concentrations of glucose. However, it also led to a significant decrease in the upper detection limit for high-glucose concentrations. Remarkably, the research findings revealed that the electrode containing 60 wt% MWCNTs demonstrated excellent sensitivity and stability in detecting low concentrations of glucose. At the lowest concentration of 0.1 μM glucose, the nanocomposites with 75 wt% MWCNTs showed the highest oxidation peak current, approximately 5.9 μA. On the other hand, the electrode without addition of MWCNTs displayed the highest detection limit (approximately 1 mM) and an oxidation peak current of about 8.1 μA at 1 mM of glucose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Han Liao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan;
| | - Kai-Yi Shiau
- Graduate Institute of Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Fang-Hsing Wang
- Graduate Institute of Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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Hajimiri H, Safiabadi Tali SH, Al-Kassawneh M, Sadiq Z, Jahanshahi-Anbuhi S. Tablet-Based Sensor: A Stable and User-Friendly Tool for Point-of-Care Detection of Glucose in Urine. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:893. [PMID: 37754126 PMCID: PMC10526991 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The colorimetric detection of glucose in urine through enzymatic reactions offers a low-cost and non-invasive method to aid in diabetes management. Nonetheless, the vulnerability of enzymes to environmental conditions, particularly elevated temperatures, and their activity loss pose significant challenges for transportation and storage. In this work, we developed a stable and portable tablet sensor as a user-friendly platform for glucose monitoring. This innovative device encapsulates glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase enzymes with dextran, transforming them into solid tablets and ensuring enhanced stability and practicality. The enzymatic tablet-based sensor detected glucose in urine samples within 5 min, using 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the indicator. The tablet sensor exhibited responsive performance within the clinically relevant range of 0-6 mM glucose, with a limit of detection of 0.013 mM. Furthermore, the tablets detected glucose in spiked real human urine samples, without pre-processing, with high precision. Additionally, with regard to thermal stability, the enzyme tablets better maintained their activity at an elevated temperature as high as 60 °C compared to the solution-phase enzymes, demonstrating the enhanced stability of the enzymes under harsh conditions. The availability of these stable and portable tablet sensors will greatly ease the transportation and application of glucose sensors, enhancing the accessibility of glucose monitoring, particularly in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sana Jahanshahi-Anbuhi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 2W1, Canada; (H.H.); (S.H.S.T.); (M.A.-K.); (Z.S.)
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Benjamin SR, de Lima F, Nascimento VAD, de Andrade GM, Oriá RB. Advancement in Paper-Based Electrochemical Biosensing and Emerging Diagnostic Methods. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:689. [PMID: 37504088 PMCID: PMC10377443 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of electrochemical detection techniques in paper-based analytical devices (PADs) has revolutionized point-of-care (POC) testing, enabling the precise and discerning measurement of a diverse array of (bio)chemical analytes. The application of electrochemical sensing and paper as a suitable substrate for point-of-care testing platforms has led to the emergence of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs). The inherent advantages of these modified paper-based analytical devices have gained significant recognition in the POC field. In response, electrochemical biosensors assembled from paper-based materials have shown great promise for enhancing sensitivity and improving their range of use. In addition, paper-based platforms have numerous advantageous characteristics, including the self-sufficient conveyance of liquids, reduced resistance, minimal fabrication cost, and environmental friendliness. This study seeks to provide a concise summary of the present state and uses of ePADs with insightful commentary on their practicality in the field. Future developments in ePADs biosensors include developing novel paper-based systems, improving system performance with a novel biocatalyst, and combining the biosensor system with other cutting-edge tools such as machine learning and 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin
- Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Cearà, Fortaleza 60430-270, CE, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Cearà, Fortaleza 60430-270, CE, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Lima
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Valter Aragão do Nascimento
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Geanne Matos de Andrade
- Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Cearà, Fortaleza 60430-270, CE, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Cearà, Fortaleza 60430-270, CE, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Barreto Oriá
- Laboratory of the Biology of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cearà, Fortaleza 60430-270, CE, Brazil
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Mollamohammadi F, Faridnouri H, Zare EN. Electrochemical Biosensing of L-DOPA Using Tyrosinase Immobilized on Carboxymethyl Starch- Graft-Polyaniline@MWCNTs Nanocomposite. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13050562. [PMID: 37232923 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of the immobilized tyrosinase (Tyrase) on a modified glassy carbon electrode with carboxymethyl starch-graft-polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite (CMS-g-PANI@MWCNTs) was investigated. The molecular properties of CMS-g-PANI@MWCNTs nanocomposite and its morphological characterization were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). A simple drop-casting method was employed to immobilize Tyrase on the CMS-g-PANI@MWCNTs nanocomposite. In the cyclic voltammogram (CV), a pair of redox peaks were observed at the potentials of +0.25 to -0.1 V and E°' was equal to 0.1 V and the apparent rate constant of electron transfer (Ks) was calculated at 0.4 s-1. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the sensitivity and selectivity of the biosensor were investigated. The biosensor exhibits linearity towards catechol and L-dopa in the concentration range of 5-100 and 10-300 μM with a sensitivity of 2.4 and 1.11 μA μΜ-1 cm-2 and limit of detection (LOD) 25 and 30 μM, respectively. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) was calculated at 42 μΜ for catechol and 86 μΜ for L-dopa. After 28 working days, the biosensor provided good repeatability and selectivity, and maintained 67% of its stability. The existence of -COO- and -OH groups in carboxymethyl starch, -NH2 groups in polyaniline, and high surface-to-volume ratio and electrical conductivity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the CMS-g-PANI@MWCNTs nanocomposite cause good Tyrase immobilization on the surface of the electrode.
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7
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Garcia-Rey S, Gil-Hernandez E, Basabe-Desmonts L, Benito-Lopez F. Colorimetric Determination of Glucose in Sweat Using an Alginate-Based Biosystem. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051218. [PMID: 36904459 PMCID: PMC10007516 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is an analyte of great importance, both in the clinical and sports fields. Since blood is the gold standard biofluid used for the analytical determination of glucose, there is high interest in finding alternative non-invasive biofluids, such as sweat, for its determination. In this research, we present an alginate-based bead-like biosystem integrated with an enzymatic assay for the determination of glucose in sweat. The system was calibrated and verified in artificial sweat, and a linear calibration range was obtained for glucose of 10-1000 µM. The colorimetric determination was investigated, and the analysis was carried out both in the black and white and in the Red:Green:Blue color code. A limit of detection and quantification of 3.8 µM and 12.7 µM, respectively, were obtained for glucose determination. The biosystem was also applied with real sweat, using a prototype of a microfluidic device platform as a proof of concept. This research demonstrated the potential of alginate hydrogels as scaffolds for the fabrication of biosystems and their possible integration in microfluidic devices. These results are intended to bring awareness of sweat as a complementary tool for standard analytical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Garcia-Rey
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Eva Gil-Hernandez
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Lourdes Basabe-Desmonts
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Basque Foundation of Science, IKERBASQUE, Calle María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.B.-D.); (F.B.-L.)
| | - Fernando Benito-Lopez
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.B.-D.); (F.B.-L.)
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Podunavac I, Djocos M, Vejin M, Birgermajer S, Pavlovic Z, Kojic S, Petrovic B, Radonic V. 3D-Printed Microfluidic Chip for Real-Time Glucose Monitoring in Liquid Analytes. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14030503. [PMID: 36984909 PMCID: PMC10052769 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The connection of macrosystems with microsystems for in-line measurements is important in different biotechnological processes as it enables precise and accurate monitoring of process parameters at a small scale, which can provide valuable insights into the process, and ultimately lead to improved process control and optimization. Additionally, it allows continuous monitoring without the need for manual sampling and analysis, leading to more efficient and cost-effective production. In this paper, a 3D printed microfluidic (MF) chip for glucose (Glc) sensing in a liquid analyte is proposed. The chip made in Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) contains integrated serpentine-based micromixers realized via stereolithography with a slot for USB-like integration of commercial DropSens electrodes. After adjusting the sample's pH in the first micromixer, small volumes of the sample and enzyme are mixed in the second micromixer and lead to a sensing chamber where the Glc concentration is measured via chronoamperometry. The sensing potential was examined for Glc concentrations in acetate buffer in the range of 0.1-100 mg/mL and afterward tested for Glc sensing in a cell culturing medium. The proposed chip showed great potential for connection with macrosystems, such as bioreactors, for direct in-line monitoring of a quality parameter in a liquid sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Podunavac
- University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Djocos
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija Vejin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Birgermajer
- University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zoran Pavlovic
- University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sanja Kojic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojan Petrovic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vasa Radonic
- University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Liu J, Tang Y, Cheng Y, Huang W, Xiang L. Electrochemical biosensors based on saliva electrolytes for rapid detection and diagnosis. J Mater Chem B 2022; 11:33-54. [PMID: 36484271 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, electrochemical biosensors (ECBSs) have shown significant potential for real-time disease diagnosis and in situ physical condition monitoring. As a multi-constituent oral fluid comprising various disease signaling biomarkers, saliva has drawn much attention in the field of point-of-care (POC) testing. In particular, during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, ECBSs which hold the simplicity of a single-step assay compared with the multi-step assay of traditional testing methods are expected to relieve the human and economic burden caused by the massive and long-term sample testing process. Noteworthily, ECBSs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva have already been developed and may replace current testing methods. Furthermore, the detection scope has expanded from routine indices such as sugar and uric acid to abnormal biomarkers for early-stage disease detection and drug level monitoring, which further facilitated the evolution of ECBSs in the last 5 years. This review is divided into several main sections. First, we discussed the latest advancements and representative research on ECBSs for saliva testing. Then, we focused on a novel kind of ECBS, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), which hold great advantages of high sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio and on-site detection. Finally, application of ECBSs with integrated portable platforms in oral cavities, which lead to powerful auxiliary testing means for telemedicine, has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No 14th, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yufei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No 14th, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No 14th, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuhua Cheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Lin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No 14th, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No 14th, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Ghaani M, Büyüktaş D, Carullo D, Farris S. Development of a New Electrochemical Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Biopolymer for Determination of 4,4'-Methylene Diphenyl Diamine. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:s23010046. [PMID: 36616643 PMCID: PMC9824447 DOI: 10.3390/s23010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was proposed to determine 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diamine (MDA) using molecularly imprinted polymer-multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode (MIP/MWCNTs/GCE). GCE was coated by MWCNTs (MWCNTs/GCE) because of their antifouling qualities and in order to improve the sensor sensitivity. To make the whole sensor, a polymeric film made up of chitosan nanoparticles was electrodeposited by the cyclic voltammetry method on the surface of MWCNTs/GCE in the presence of MDA as a template. Different parameters such as scan cycles, elution time, incubation time, molar ratio of template molecules to functional monomers, and pH were optimized to increase the performance of the MIP sensor. With a detection limit of 15 nM, a linear response to MDA was seen in the concentration range of 0.5-100 µM. The imprinting factor (IF) of the proposed sensor was also calculated at around 3.66, demonstrating the extremely high recognition performance of a MIP/MWCNT-modified electrode. Moreover, the sensor exhibited good reproducibility and selectivity. Finally, the proposed sensor was efficiently used to determine MDA in real samples with satisfactory recoveries ranging from 94.10% to 106.76%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Ghaani
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Lab., University of Milan, via Celoria 2—I, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Duygu Büyüktaş
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe Köyü, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Daniele Carullo
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Lab., University of Milan, via Celoria 2—I, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Farris
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Lab., University of Milan, via Celoria 2—I, 20133 Milan, Italy
- INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit University of Milan, Via Celoria 2—I, 20133 Milan, Italy
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