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Muñoz G, Millicovsky M, Cerrudo J, Peñalva A, Machtey M, Reta J, Torres R, Campana D, Zalazar M. Exploring tear viscosity with quartz crystal microbalance technology. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:075107. [PMID: 39023347 DOI: 10.1063/5.0207182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Tear viscosity is a critical property affecting tear distribution and ocular surface stability. While not widely established as a primary diagnostic marker, deviations from normal viscosity can impact ocular health, potentially contributing to conditions such as dry eye syndrome. Despite their importance, traditional viscometers require sample volumes that are not feasible to use with tear volume. This research introduces a novel Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM)-based method for tear viscosity measurement, offering a viscometer prototype that operates with minimal sample volumes. Human tear samples, solutions used in artificial eye drops, and various commercial eye drop brands were evaluated. Results show that the QCM method aligns with established viscosity ranges. The average viscosity of healthy human tears was found to be 1.73 ± 0.61 cP, aligning with the typical range of 1-10 cP. Variability in the viscosities of eye drop can be attributed to differences in their chemical compositions. The QCM method offers benefits such as reduced sample consumption and rapid results, enhancing understanding of tear dynamics for ocular health. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to establish normative viscosity values in healthy individuals and those with dry eye syndrome, which is crucial for validating the device's clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Muñoz
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Ruta Prov. 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - M Millicovsky
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Bioingeniería y Bioinformática (CONICET-UNER), Ruta Prov. 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - J Cerrudo
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Ruta Prov. 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - A Peñalva
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Ruta Prov. 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - M Machtey
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Ruta Prov. 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - J Reta
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Ruta Prov. 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - R Torres
- ROMAT Creator Center, Colonia Avellaneda, Entre Ríos, Argentina and Investigador Independiente, Colaborador de la Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Ruta Prov. 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - D Campana
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Ruta Prov. 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Bioingeniería y Bioinformática (CONICET-UNER), Ruta Prov. 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - M Zalazar
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Ruta Prov. 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Bioingeniería y Bioinformática (CONICET-UNER), Ruta Prov. 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Entre Ríos, Argentina
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Juste-Dolz A, Teixeira W, Pallás-Tamarit Y, Carballido-Fernández M, Carrascosa J, Morán-Porcar Á, Redón-Badenas MÁ, Pla-Roses MG, Tirado-Balaguer MD, Remolar-Quintana MJ, Ortiz-Carrera J, Ibañez-Echevarría E, Maquieira A, Giménez-Romero D. Real-world evaluation of a QCM-based biosensor for exhaled air. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05407-5. [PMID: 38922434 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The biosensor, named "virusmeter" in this study, integrates quartz crystal microbalance technology with an immune-functionalized chip to distinguish between symptomatic patients with respiratory diseases and healthy individuals by analyzing exhaled air samples. Renowned for its compact design, rapidity, and noninvasive nature, this device yields results within a 5-min timeframe. Evaluated under controlled conditions with 54 hospitalized symptomatic COVID-19 patients and 128 control subjects, the biosensor demonstrated good overall sensitivity (98.15%, 95% CI 90.1-100.0) and specificity (96.87%, 95% CI 92.2-99.1). This proof-of-concept presents an innovative approach with significant potential for leveraging piezoelectric sensors to diagnose respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Juste-Dolz
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - William Teixeira
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yeray Pallás-Tamarit
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario Carballido-Fernández
- Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Avinguda de Benicàssim, 128, 12004, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
- Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Calle Grecia, 31, 12006, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Javier Carrascosa
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángela Morán-Porcar
- Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Avinguda de Benicàssim, 128, 12004, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Redón-Badenas
- Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Avinguda de Benicàssim, 128, 12004, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - María Gracia Pla-Roses
- Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Avinguda de Benicàssim, 128, 12004, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | | | - María José Remolar-Quintana
- Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Avinguda de Benicàssim, 128, 12004, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Jon Ortiz-Carrera
- La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avinguda de Fernando Abril Martorell, nº 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ethel Ibañez-Echevarría
- La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avinguda de Fernando Abril Martorell, nº 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angel Maquieira
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - David Giménez-Romero
- Departamento de Química-Física, Universitat de València, Calle Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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Lapitan LD, Felisilda BMB, Tiangco CE, Rosin Jose A. Advances in Bioreceptor Layer Engineering in Nanomaterial-based Sensing of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and its Metabolites. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400090. [PMID: 38781439 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen that infects wounds and burns and causes severe infections in immunocompromised humans. The high virulence, the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains, and the easy transmissibility of P. aeruginosa necessitate its fast detection and control. The gold standard for detecting P. aeruginosa, the plate culture method, though reliable, takes several days to complete. Therefore, developing accurate, rapid, and easy-to-use diagnostic tools for P. aeruginosa is highly desirable. Nanomaterial-based biosensors are at the forefront of detecting P. aeruginosa and its secondary metabolites. This review summarises the biorecognition elements, biomarkers, immobilisation strategies, and current state-of-the-art biosensors for P. aeruginosa. The review highlights the underlying principles of bioreceptor layer engineering and the design of optical, electrochemical, mass-based, and thermal biosensors based on nanomaterials. The advantages and disadvantages of these biosensors and their future point-of-care applications are also discussed. This review outlines significant advancements in biosensors and sensors for detecting P. aeruginosa and its metabolites. Research efforts have identified biorecognition elements specific and selective towards P. aeruginosa. The stability, ease of preparation, cost-effectiveness, and integration of these biorecognition elements onto transducers are pivotal for their application in biosensors and sensors. At the same time, when developing sensors for clinically significant analytes such as P. aeruginosa, virulence factors need to be addressed, such as the sensor's sensitivity, reliability, and response time in samples obtained from patients. The point-of-care applicability of the developed sensor may be an added advantage since it enables onsite determination. In this context, optical methods developed for P. aeruginosa offer promising potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorico Ds Lapitan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Manila, Philippines, Center for Advanced Materials and Technologies-CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bren Mark B Felisilda
- Department of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland, Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan, Corrales Street, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines
| | - Cristina E Tiangco
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences and, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ammu Rosin Jose
- Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Pandit Karuppan Rd, Thevara, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
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Burda I. Effect of Load on Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor Response Addressed Using Fractional Order Calculus. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6768. [PMID: 37571551 PMCID: PMC10422237 DOI: 10.3390/s23156768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
To accurately model the effect of the load caused by a liquid medium as a function of its viscosity, the fractional order Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) model of the QCM sensor is proposed in this study. A comprehensive understanding of the fractional order BVD model followed by a simulation of situations commonly encountered in experimental investigations underpins the new QCM sensor approach. The Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm is used in two fitting steps to extract all parameters of the fractional order BVD model. The integer-order electrical parameters were determined in the first step and the fractional order parameters were extracted in the second step. A parametric investigation was performed in air, water, and glycerol-water solutions in ten-percent steps for the fractional order BVD model. This indicated a change in the behavior of the QCM sensor when it swapped from air to water, modeled by the fractional order BVD model, followed by a specific dependence with increasing viscosity of the glycerol-water solution. The effect of the liquid medium on the reactive motional circuit elements of the BVD model in terms of fractional order calculus (FOC) was experimentally demonstrated. The experimental results demonstrated the value of the fractional order BVD model for a better understanding of the interactions occurring at the QCM sensor surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Burda
- Physics Department, Babes-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Matko V. Measurements of Small Frequency Differences by Dual Mode 4 MHz Quartz Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3220. [PMID: 36991928 PMCID: PMC10053742 DOI: 10.3390/s23063220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We proposed a method for measuring frequency differences of the order of a few Hz with an experimental error lower than 0.0001% by using two 4 MHz quartz oscillators, the frequencies of which are very close (a few 10 Hz difference) due to the dual mode operation (differential mode with two temperature-compensated signal frequencies or a mode with one signal and one reference frequency). We compared the existing methods for measuring frequency differences with the new method which is based on counting the number of transitions through zero within one beat period of the signal. The measuring procedure requires equal experimental conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, parasitic impedances etc.) for both quartz oscillators. To ensure equal resonant conditions for oscillation two quartz crystals are needed, which form a temperature pair. The frequencies and resonant conditions of both oscillators must be almost equal, which is achieved by an external inductance or capacitance. In such a way, we minimized all the external effects and ensured highly stable oscillations and high sensitivity of the differential sensors. The counter detects one beat period by an external gate signal former. By using the method of counting transitions through zero within one beat period, we reduced the measuring error by three orders of magnitude, compared to the existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojko Matko
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška c. 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Akgönüllü S, Özgür E, Denizli A. Quartz Crystal Microbalance-Based Aptasensors for Medical Diagnosis. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1441. [PMID: 36144064 PMCID: PMC9503788 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are important materials for the specific determination of different disease-related biomarkers. Several methods have been enhanced to transform selected target molecule-specific aptamer bindings into measurable signals. A number of specific aptamer-based biosensors have been designed for potential applications in clinical diagnostics. Various methods in combination with a wide variety of nano-scale materials have been employed to develop aptamer-based biosensors to further increase sensitivity and detection limit for related target molecules. In this critical review, we highlight the advantages of aptamers as biorecognition elements in biosensors for target biomolecules. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that electrode material plays an important role in obtaining quick, label-free, simple, stable, and sensitive detection in biological analysis using piezoelectric devices. For this reason, we review the recent progress in growth of aptamer-based QCM biosensors for medical diagnoses, including virus, bacteria, cell, protein, and disease biomarker detection.
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Addabbo T, Fort A, Landi E, Moretti R, Mugnaini M, Vignoli V. Strategies for the Accurate Measurement of the Resonance Frequency in QCM-D Systems via Low-Cost Digital Techniques. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5728. [PMID: 35957285 PMCID: PMC9371052 DOI: 10.3390/s22155728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)-based digital architecture for the measurement of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) oscillating frequency of transient responses, i.e., in QCM-D (QCM and Dissipation) applications, is presented. The measurement system is conceived for operations in liquid, with short QCM transient responses due to the large mechanical load. The proposed solution allows for avoiding the complex processing systems typically required by the QCM-D techniques and grants frequency resolutions better than 1 ppm. The core of the architecture is a reciprocal digital frequency meter, combined with the preprocessing of the QCM signal through mixing operations, such as a step-down of the input frequency and reducing the measurement error. The measurement error is further reduced through averaging. Different strategies are proposed to implement the proposed measurement solution, comprising an all-digital circuit and mixed analog/digital ones. The performance of the proposed architectures is theoretically derived, compared, and analyzed by means of experimental data obtained considering 10 MHz QCMs and 200 μs long transient responses. A frequency resolution of about 240 ppb, which corresponds to a Sauerbrey mass resolution of 8 ng/cm2, is obtained for the all-digital solution, whereas for the mixed solution the resolution halves to 120 ppb, with a measurement time of about one second over 100 repetitions.
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A Study on Regenerative Quartz Crystal Microbalance. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10070262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) represented a substantial breakthrough in the use of the QCM sensor in diverse applications ranging from environmental monitoring to biomedical diagnostics. To obtain the required selectivity and sensitivity of a volatile organic compounds (VOC) sensor, it is necessary to coat the QCM sensor with a sensing film. As the QCM sensor is coated with the sensing film, an increase in the dissipation factor occurs, resulting in a shorter and shorter ring-down time. This decrease in ring-down time makes it difficult to implement the QCM-D method in an economical and portable configuration from the perspective of large-scale applications. To compensate for this effect, a regenerative method is proposed by which the damping effect produced by the sensing film is eliminated. In this sense, a regenerative circuit as an extension to a virtual instrument is proposed to validate the experimental method. The simulation of the ring-down time for the QCM sensor in the air considering the effect of the added sensing film, followed by the basic theoretical concepts of the regenerative method and the experimental results obtained, are analyzed in detail in this paper.
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Matko V. Multiple Quartz Crystals Connected in Parallel for High-Resolution Sensing of Capacitance Changes. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22135030. [PMID: 35808525 PMCID: PMC9269720 DOI: 10.3390/s22135030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
We present a new highly sensitive, low-value capacitance sensor method that uses multiple quartz crystals connected in parallel inside the oscillator. In the experimental setup, the measured (sensible) reactance (capacitance) is connected in parallel to the total shunt capacitance of the quartz crystals, oscillating in the oscillator. Because AT-cut crystals have a certain nonlinear frequency−temperature dependence, we use the switching mode method, by which we achieve a temperature compensation of the AT-cut crystals’ frequency−temperature characteristics in the temperature range between 0−50 °C. The oscillator switching method also compensates for any other influences on the frequency of the oscillator, such as ageing of the crystals and oscillator elements, supply voltage fluctuations, and other parasitic impedances in the oscillating circuit. Subsequently using two 50-ms-delayed switches between the measuring and reference capacitors, the experimental error in measuring the capacitance is lowered for measurements under a dynamic temperature variation in the range of 0−50 °C. The experimental results show that the switching method, which includes a multiple quartz connection and high-temperature compensation improvement of the quartz crystals’ characteristics, enables a sub-aF resolution. It converts capacitance changes in the range 10 zF−200 fF to frequencies in the range 4 kHz−100 kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojko Matko
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška c. 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Burda I. Advanced Impedance Spectroscopy for QCM Sensor in Liquid Medium. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:2337. [PMID: 35336507 PMCID: PMC8949602 DOI: 10.3390/s22062337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Technological evolution has allowed impedance analysis to become a versatile and efficient method for the precise measurement of the equivalent electrical parameters of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). By measuring the dissipation factor, or another equivalent electrical parameter, the QCM sensor provides access to the sample mass per unit area and its physical parameters, thus ensuring a detailed analysis. This paper aims to demonstrate the benefits of advanced impedance spectroscopy concerning the Butterworth-van Dyke (BVD) model for QCM sensors immersed with an electrode in a liquid medium. The support instrument in this study is a fast and accurate software-defined virtual impedance analyzer (VIA) with real-time computing capabilities of the QCM sensor's electric model. Advanced software methods of self-calibration, real-time compensation, innovative post-compensation, and simultaneous calculation by several methods are the experimental resources of the results presented in this paper. The experimental results validate the theoretical concepts and demonstrate both the capabilities of VIA as an instrument and the significant improvements brought by the advanced software methods of impedance spectroscopy analysis related to the BVD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Burda
- Physics Department, Babes-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Burda I. Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Impedance Analysis Based on Virtual Instruments: Experimental Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:1506. [PMID: 35214403 PMCID: PMC8875675 DOI: 10.3390/s22041506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The impedance quartz crystal microbalance (QCMI) is a versatile and simple method for making accurate measurements of the QCM sensor electrical parameters. The QCM sensor provides access to the physical parameters of the sample beyond the mass per unit area by measuring the dissipation factor, or another equivalent, ensuring a detailed analysis of the surface. By establishing a cooperative relationship between custom software and modular configurable hardware we obtain a user-defined measurement system that is called a virtual instrument. This paper aims primarily to improve and adapt existing concepts to new electronics technologies to obtain a fast and accurate virtual impedance analyzer (VIA). The second is the implementation of a VIA by software to cover a wide range of measurements for the impedance of the QCM sensor, followed by the calculation of the value of lumped electrical elements in real time. A method for software compensation of the parallel and stray capacitance is also described. The development of a compact VIA with a decent measurement rate (192 frequency points per second) aims, in the next development steps, to create an accurate impedance analyzer for QCM sensors. The experimental results show the good working capacity of QCMI based on VIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Burda
- Physics Department, Babes-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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A Miniaturized Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) Measurement Instrument Based on a Phase-Locked Loop Circuit. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been widely used in laboratory settings as an analytical tool for recognizing and discriminating biological and chemical molecules of interest. As a result, recent studies have shown there to be considerable attention in practical applications of the QCM technique beyond the laboratory. However, most commercial QCM instruments are not suitable for off-laboratory usage. For field-deployable applications and in situ detection, the development of a portable QCM measurement system achieving comparable performance to benchtop instruments is highly desired. In this paper, we describe the development of a fully customizable, miniaturized, battery-powered, and cost-efficient QCM system employing a phase-locked loop (PLL) electronic circuit-based QCM measurement system. The performance of this developed system showed a minimum frequency resolution of approximately 0.22 Hz at 0.1 s measurement time. This novel, miniaturized system successfully demonstrated an ability to detect two common volatile organic compounds (VOCs), methanol and dichloromethane (DCM), and the obtained results were comparable to responses from a commercially available benchtop instrument.
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Abstract
Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) is one of the many acoustic transducers. It is the most popular and widely used acoustic transducer for sensor applications. It has found wide applications in chemical and biosensing fields owing to its high sensitivity, robustness, small sized-design, and ease of integration with electronic measurement systems. However, it is necessary to coat QCM with a sensing film. Without coating materials, its selectivity and sensitivity are not obtained. At present, this is not an issue, mainly due to the advancement of oscillator circuits and dedicated measurement circuits. Since a new researcher may seek to understand QCM sensors, we provide an overview of QCM from its fundamental knowledge. Then, we explain some of the recent QCM applications both in gas-phase and liquid-phase. Next, the theory of QCM is introduced by using piezoelectric stress equations and the Mason equivalent circuit, which explains how the QCM behavior is obtained. Then, the conventional equations that govern QCM behaviors in terms of resonant frequency and resistance are described. We show the behavior of QCM with a viscous film based on the acoustic wave equation and Mason equivalent circuit. Then, we present various existing QCM electronic measurement methods. Furthermore, we describe the experiment on QCM with viscous loading and its interpretation based on the Mason equivalent circuit. Lastly, we review some theoretical models to describe QCM behavior with various models.
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Coating-Based Quartz Crystal Microbalance Detection Methods of Environmentally Relevant Volatile Organic Compounds. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9070153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that evaporate under standard atmospheric conditions are of growing concern. This is because it is well established that VOCs represent major contamination risks since release of these compounds into the atmosphere can contribute to global warming, and thus, can also be detrimental to the overall health of worldwide populations including plants, animals, and humans. Consequently, the detection, discrimination, and quantification of VOCs have become highly relevant areas of research over the past few decades. One method that has been and continues to be creatively developed for analyses of VOCs is the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM). In this review, we summarize and analyze applications of QCM devices for the development of sensor arrays aimed at the detection of environmentally relevant VOCs. Herein, we also summarize applications of a variety of coatings, e.g., polymers, macrocycles, and ionic liquids that have been used and reported in the literature for surface modification in order to enhance sensing and selective detection of VOCs using quartz crystal resonators (QCRs) and thus QCM. In this review, we also summarize novel electronic systems that have been developed for improved QCM measurements.
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Matko V, Milanovič M. Sensitivity and Accuracy of Dielectric Measurements of Liquids Significantly Improved by Coupled Capacitive-Dependent Quartz Crystals. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21103565. [PMID: 34065458 PMCID: PMC8160995 DOI: 10.3390/s21103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A method to measure complex permittivity of liquids by using a capacitive-dependent quartz crystal and two quartz oscillators for temperature compensation in the frequency range of 4-10 MHz is described. Complex permittivity can be detected with high precision and sensitivity through a small change of capacitance and conductance, because a change in reactance in series with the quartz crystal impacts its resonant oscillation frequency. The temperature compensation in the range below 0.1 ppm is achieved by using two quartz oscillators that are made of elements of the same quality and have a temperature-frequency pair of quartz crystals. With the help of a reference oscillator, measurements of frequency are more accurate, because the frequency difference is in the kHz region, which also enables further processing of the signal by a microcontroller. With a proper calibration, the accuracy of this highly sensitive quartz crystal method is ±0.05%, which is an order of magnitude lower than that for a capacitance method without quartz crystals. The improved accuracy is of significant importance in the field of power engineering to monitor coolants and lubricants, oils, liquid fuels and other liquids, the dielectric properties of which are crucial for proper operation of devices.
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16
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Johannsmann D, Langhoff A, Leppin C. Studying Soft Interfaces with Shear Waves: Principles and Applications of the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM). SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3490. [PMID: 34067761 PMCID: PMC8157064 DOI: 10.3390/s21103490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The response of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM, also: QCM-D for "QCM with Dissipation monitoring") to loading with a diverse set of samples is reviewed in a consistent frame. After a brief introduction to the advanced QCMs, the governing equation (the small-load approximation) is derived. Planar films and adsorbates are modeled based on the acoustic multilayer formalism. In liquid environments, viscoelastic spectroscopy and high-frequency rheology are possible, even on layers with a thickness in the monolayer range. For particulate samples, the contact stiffness can be derived. Because the stress at the contact is large, the force is not always proportional to the displacement. Nonlinear effects are observed, leading to a dependence of the resonance frequency and the resonance bandwidth on the amplitude of oscillation. Partial slip, in particular, can be studied in detail. Advanced topics include structured samples and the extension of the small-load approximation to its tensorial version.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Arne Langhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Christian Leppin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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17
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Tóth D, Kasper M, Alic I, Awadein M, Ebner A, Baney D, Gramse G, Kienberger F. High-Sensitivity Dual Electrochemical QCM for Reliable Three-Electrode Measurements. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21082592. [PMID: 33917195 PMCID: PMC8068083 DOI: 10.3390/s21082592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EC-QCM) is a versatile gravimetric technique that allows for parallel characterization of mass deposition and electrochemical properties. Despite its broad applicability, simultaneous characterization of two electrodes remains challenging due to practical difficulties posed by the dampening from fixture parasitics and the dissipative medium. In this study, we present a dual electrochemical QCM (dual EC-QCM) that is employed in a three-electrode configuration to enable consequent monitoring of mass deposition and viscous loading on two crystals, the working electrode (WE) and the counter electrode (CE). A novel correction approach, along with a three standard complex impedance calibration, is employed to overcome the effect of dampening while keeping high spectral sensitivity. Separation of viscous loading and rigid mass deposition is achieved by robust characterization of the complex impedance at the resonance frequency. Validation of the presented system is done by cyclic voltammetry characterization of Ag underpotential deposition on gold. The results indicate mass deposition of 412.2 ng for the WE and 345.6 ng for the CE, reflecting a difference of the initially-present Ag adhered to the surface. We also performed higher harmonic measurements that further corroborate the sensitivity and reproducibility of the dual EC-QCM. The demonstrated approach is especially intriguing for electrochemical energy storage applications where mass detection with multiple electrodes is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Tóth
- Keysight Technologies GmbH, 4020 Linz, Austria; (D.T.); (M.K.); (M.A.); (G.G.)
- Applied Experimental Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria; (I.A.); (A.E.)
| | - Manuel Kasper
- Keysight Technologies GmbH, 4020 Linz, Austria; (D.T.); (M.K.); (M.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Ivan Alic
- Applied Experimental Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria; (I.A.); (A.E.)
| | - Mohamed Awadein
- Keysight Technologies GmbH, 4020 Linz, Austria; (D.T.); (M.K.); (M.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Andreas Ebner
- Applied Experimental Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria; (I.A.); (A.E.)
| | - Doug Baney
- Keysight Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95052, USA;
| | - Georg Gramse
- Keysight Technologies GmbH, 4020 Linz, Austria; (D.T.); (M.K.); (M.A.); (G.G.)
- Molecular Biophysics and Membrane Physics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Ferry Kienberger
- Keysight Technologies GmbH, 4020 Linz, Austria; (D.T.); (M.K.); (M.A.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Fort A, Panzardi E, Vignoli V, Tani M, Landi E, Mugnaini M, Vaccarella P. An Adaptive Measurement System for the Simultaneous Evaluation of Frequency Shift and Series Resistance of QCM in Liquid. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030678. [PMID: 33498354 PMCID: PMC7864047 DOI: 10.3390/s21030678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel measurement system based on Quartz Crystal Microbalances is presented. The proposed solution was conceived specifically to overcome the measurement problems related to Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) applications in dielectric liquids where the Q-factor of the resonant system is severely reduced with respect to in-gas applications. The QCM is placed in a Meacham oscillator embedding an amplifier with adjustable gain, an automatic strategy for gain tuning allows for maintaining the oscillator frequency close to the series resonance frequency of the quartz, which is related in a simple way with the physical parameters of interest. The proposed system can be used to monitor simultaneously both the series resonant frequency and the equivalent electromechanical resistance of the quartz. The feasibility and the performance of the proposed method are proven by means of measurements obtained with a prototype based on a 10-MHz AT-cut quartz.
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Kırali K, Brimo N, Serdaroğlu DÇ. Antibody immobilization techniques in mass sensitive immunosensor: enhanced sensitivity through limited mass load. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411016999201120090551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Biosensors are analytical devices that include a sample-delivery approach between a
biological recognition element and a transducer required to convert the physicochemical change produced from the
interaction of biological molecules-receptor interaction into signal. The immunosensor is a special type of biosensors that
includes an antibody as a biorecognition element to detect analyte as antigens. In mass-sensitive sensors, antigen-antibody
interactions can be specified by measuring the frequency change and most commonly knowns are surface acoustic wave,
bulk acoustic wave, quartz crystal microbalance and microcantilevers.
Methods:
Different methods for antibody immobilization including functionalization of the transducer surface with
specific groups have been reported for antibody immobilization. This stage affects the limit of detection and overall
performance. In this review, perspectives on immobilization strategies of mass sensitive immunosensors according to
transducer types will be presented. The choice of immobilization methods and their impact on performance in terms of
capture molecule loading, orientation and signal improvement is will also be discussed.
Results:
One of the most critical point during configuration of the biorecognition layer is to improve the sensitivity.
Therefore, we initially focused on comparisons of the antibody immobilization strategies in the biorecognition layer in
terms of mass load level and high sensitivity.
Conclusion:
The lack of significant data on the mass accumulations up to the functionalization and antibody
immobilization steps, which are the basis of immusensor production, has been identified. However, mass sensitive
immunosensors have the potential to become more common and effective analytical devices for many application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Kırali
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nura Brimo
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Lateral field excited quartz crystal microbalances for biosensing applications. Biointerphases 2020; 15:030801. [PMID: 32486650 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common bulk acoustic wave device used in biosensing applications is the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), in which a resonant pure shear acoustic wave is excited via electrodes on both major faces of a thin AT-cut quartz plate. For biosensing, the QCM is used to detect the capture of a target by a target-capture film. The sensitivity of the QCM is typically based solely on the detection of mechanical property changes, as electrical property change detection is limited by the electrode on its sensing surface. A modification of the QCM called the lateral field excited (LFE) QCM (LFE-QCM) has been developed with a bare sensing surface as both electrodes are now on a single face of the quartz plate. Compared to the QCM, the LFE-QCM exhibits significantly higher sensitivity to both electrical and mechanical property changes. This paper presents theoretical and experimental aspects of LFE-QCMs. In particular, the presence and strength of the usual and newfound LFE-QCM modes depend on the electrical properties of the film and/or sensing environment. This work also presents examples of experimental setups for measuring the response of an LFE-QCM, followed by results of LFE-QCMs used to detect liquid electrical and mechanical properties, chemical targets, and biological targets. Finally, details are given about the attachment of various target-capture films to the LFE-QCM surface to capture biomarkers associated with diseases such as cancer.
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21
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Surface Display Technology for Biosensor Applications: A Review. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102775. [PMID: 32414189 PMCID: PMC7294428 DOI: 10.3390/s20102775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface display is a recombinant technology that expresses target proteins on cell membranes and can be applied to almost all types of biological entities from viruses to mammalian cells. This technique has been used for various biotechnical and biomedical applications such as drug screening, biocatalysts, library screening, quantitative assays, and biosensors. In this review, the use of surface display technology in biosensor applications is discussed. In detail, phage display, bacterial surface display of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and eukaryotic yeast cell surface display systems are presented. The review describes the advantages of surface display systems for biosensor applications and summarizes the applications of surface displays to biosensors.
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Matko V, Milanovič M. Detection Principles of Temperature Compensated Oscillators with Reactance Influence on Piezoelectric Resonator. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E802. [PMID: 32024160 PMCID: PMC7038692 DOI: 10.3390/s20030802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review presents various ways of detection of different physical quantities based on the frequency change of oscillators using piezoelectric crystals. These are influenced by the reactance changes modifying their electrical characteristics. Reactance in series, in parallel, or a combination of reactances can impact the electrical crystal substitute model by influencing its resonant oscillation frequency. In this way, various physical quantities near resonance can be detected with great sensitivity through a small change of capacitance or inductance. A piezoelectric crystal impedance circle and the mode of frequency changing around the resonant frequency change are shown. This review also presents the influence of reactance on the piezoelectric crystal, the way in which the capacitance lost among the crystal's electrodes is compensated, and how the mode of oscillators' output frequency is converted to lower frequency range (1-100 kHz). Finally, the review also explains the temperature-frequency compensation of the crystals' characteristics in oscillators that use temperature-frequency pair of crystals and the procedure of the compensation of crystals own temperature characteristics based on the method switching between the active and reference reactance. For the latter, the experimental results of the oscillator's output frequency stability (fout = ±0.002 ppm) at dynamical change of environment temperature (0-50 °C) are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojko Matko
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška c. 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
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23
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Shao H, Wu YC, Lin Z, Taberna PL, Simon P. Nanoporous carbon for electrochemical capacitive energy storage. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:3005-3039. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00059k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent advances of nanoporous carbon materials in the application of EDLCs, including a better understanding of the charge storage mechanisms by combining the advanced techniques and simulations methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shao
- Université Paul Sabatier
- CIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085
- 31062 Toulouse
- France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E)
| | - Yih-Chyng Wu
- Université Paul Sabatier
- CIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085
- 31062 Toulouse
- France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E)
| | - Zifeng Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| | - Pierre-Louis Taberna
- Université Paul Sabatier
- CIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085
- 31062 Toulouse
- France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E)
| | - Patrice Simon
- Université Paul Sabatier
- CIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085
- 31062 Toulouse
- France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E)
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Mujahid A, Afzal A, Dickert FL. An Overview of High Frequency Acoustic Sensors-QCMs, SAWs and FBARs-Chemical and Biochemical Applications. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19204395. [PMID: 31614484 PMCID: PMC6833005 DOI: 10.3390/s19204395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic devices have found wide applications in chemical and biosensing fields owing to their high sensitivity, ruggedness, miniaturized design and integration ability with on-field electronic systems. One of the potential advantages of using these devices are their label-free detection mechanism since mass is the fundamental property of any target analyte which is monitored by these devices. Herein, we provide a concise overview of high frequency acoustic transducers such as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), surface acoustic wave (SAW) and film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) to compare their working principles, resonance frequencies, selection of piezoelectric materials for their fabrication, temperature-frequency dependency and operation in the liquid phase. The selected sensor applications of these high frequency acoustic transducers are discussed primarily focusing on the two main sensing domains, i.e., biosensing for working in liquids and gas/vapor phase sensing. Furthermore, the sensor performance of high frequency acoustic transducers in selected cases is compared with well-established analytical tools such as liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatographic (GC) analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Finally, a general comparison of these acoustic devices is conducted to discuss their strengths, limitations, and commercial adaptability thus, to select the most suitable transducer for a particular chemical/biochemical sensing domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Mujahid
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Adeel Afzal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Franz L Dickert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Gas sensors based on mass-sensitive transducers part 1: transducers and receptors-basic understanding. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1761-1787. [PMID: 30868191 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The scientific interest in gas sensors is continuously increasing because of their environmental, medical, industrial, and domestic applications. This has resulted in an increasing number of investigations being reported in the literature and communicated at conferences. The present review, organized in two parts, addresses the peculiarities of gas sensors based on mass-sensitive transducers, starting with their structure and functionality and progressing to implementation and specific use. In this first part of the review, we discuss the constructional peculiarities and operation regions and the physical and chemical processes governing the reception and transduction functions and the way in which they influence the sensor sensing parameters/features. Scientific outcomes and trends in research into gas sensors based on mass sensitive transducers are also considered.
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26
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Chen Z, Sun T, Qing G. cAMP-modulated biomimetic ionic nanochannels based on a smart polymer. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00639g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic gating behaviour of ionic nanochannel is precisely manipulated by cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by taking advantage of reversible conformational transition of the smart polymer chains in response to cAMP specific adsorption, which provides a new idea for developing smart nanochannels regulated by crucial signal-biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
| | - Taolei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
| | - Guangyan Qing
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
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27
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Mandal J, Varunprasaath RS, Yan W, Divandari M, Spencer ND, Dübner M. In situ monitoring of SI-ATRP throughout multiple reinitiations under flow by means of a quartz crystal microbalance. RSC Adv 2018; 8:20048-20055. [PMID: 30009020 PMCID: PMC6003541 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation of the polymerisation of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) by means of surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerisation (SI-ATRP) has been carried out in situ using a quartz crystal microbalance, with multiple reinitiations under continuous flow of the reaction mixture. The SI-ATRP kinetics of HEMA were studied continuously by means of changes in the frequency, varying conditions including temperature and solvent composition, as well as monomer and catalyst concentrations, showing the influence of key reaction parameters on SI-ATRP kinetics. Such experiments enabled the design of a polymerisation protocol that leads to a reasonably fast but well-controlled growth of poly(HEMA) brushes. Furthermore, only a minor change in growth rate was observed when the polymerisation was stopped and reinitiated multiple times (essential for block synthesis), demonstrating the living nature of the SI-ATRP reaction under such conditions. The clean switching of reaction mixtures in the flow-based QCM has been shown to be a powerful tool for real-time in situ studies of surface-initiated polymerisation reactions, and a promising approach for the precise fabrication of block-containing brush structures. The polymerisation of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) by means of surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerisation (SI-ATRP) has been studied in situ using a quartz crystal microbalance, with multiple reinitiations under continuous flow of the reaction mixture.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeb Mandal
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - R S Varunprasaath
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. .,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Wenqing Yan
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Mohammad Divandari
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Nicholas D Spencer
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Dübner
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hao D, Hu C, Grant J, Glidle A, Cumming DR. Hybrid localized surface plasmon resonance and quartz crystal microbalance sensor for label free biosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 100:23-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Shpigel N, Levi MD, Sigalov S, Daikhin L, Aurbach D. In Situ Real-Time Mechanical and Morphological Characterization of Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion by Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:69-79. [PMID: 29297669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) generates surface-acoustic waves in quartz crystal plates that can effectively probe the structure of films, particulate composite electrodes of complex geometry rigidly attached to quartz crystal surface on one side and contacting a gas or liquid phase on the other side. The output QCM-D characteristics consist of the resonance frequency (MHz frequency range) and resonance bandwidth measured with extra-ordinary precision of a few tenths of Hz. Depending on the electrodes stiffness/softness, QCM-D operates either as a gravimetric or complex mechanical probe of their intrinsic structure. For at least 20 years, QCM-D has been successfully used in biochemical and environmental science and technology for its ability to probe the structure of soft solvated interfaces. Practical battery and supercapacitor electrodes appear frequently as porous solids with their stiffness changing due to interactions with electrolyte solutions or as a result of ion intercalation/adsorption and long-term electrode cycling. Unfortunately, most QCM measurements with electrochemical systems are carried out based on a single (fundamental) frequency and, as such, provided that the resonance bandwidth remains constant, are suitable for only gravimetric sensing. The multiharmonic measurements have been carried out mainly on conducting/redox polymer films rather than on typical composite battery/supercapacitor electrodes. Here, we summarize the most recent publications devoted to the development of electrochemical QCM-D (EQCM-D)-based methodology for systematic characterization of mechanical properties of operating battery/supercapacitor electrodes. By varying the electrodes' composition and structure (thin/thick layers, small/large particles, binders with different mechanical properties, etc.), nature of the electrolyte solutions and charging/cycling conditions, the method is shown to be operated in different application modes. A variety of useful electrode-material properties are assessed noninvasively, in situ, and in real time frames of ion intercalation into the electrodes of interest. A detailed algorithm for the mechanical characterization of battery electrodes kept in the gas phase and immersed into the electrolyte solutions has been developed for fast recognition of stiff and viscoelastic materials in terms of EQCM-D signatures treated by the hydrodynamic and viscoelastic models. Working examples of the use of in situ hydrodynamic spectroscopy to characterize stiff rough/porous solids of complex geometry and viscoelastic characterization of soft electrodes are presented. The most demonstrative example relates to the formation of solid electrolyte interphase on Li4Ti5O12 electrodes in the presence of different electrolyte solutions and additives: only a few cycles (an experiment during ∼30 min) were required for screening the electrolyte systems for their ability to form high-quality surface films in experimental EQCM-D cells as compared to 100 cycles (200 h cycling) in conventional coin cells. Thin/small-mass electrodes required for the EQCM-D analysis enable accelerated cycling tests for ultrafast mechanical characterization of these electrodes in different electrolyte solutions. Hence, this methodology can be easily implemented as a highly effective in situ analytical tool in the field of energy storage and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanel Shpigel
- Department of Chemistry and
BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Mikhael D. Levi
- Department of Chemistry and
BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Sergey Sigalov
- Department of Chemistry and
BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Leonid Daikhin
- Department of Chemistry and
BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry and
BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
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30
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Alassi A, Benammar M, Brett D. Quartz Crystal Microbalance Electronic Interfacing Systems: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2799. [PMID: 29206212 PMCID: PMC5750807 DOI: 10.3390/s17122799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensors are actively being implemented in various fields due to their compatibility with different operating conditions in gaseous/liquid mediums for a wide range of measurements. This trend has been matched by the parallel advancement in tailored electronic interfacing systems for QCM sensors. That is, selecting the appropriate electronic circuit is vital for accurate sensor measurements. Many techniques were developed over time to cover the expanding measurement requirements (e.g., accommodating highly-damping environments). This paper presents a comprehensive review of the various existing QCM electronic interfacing systems. Namely, impedance-based analysis, oscillators (conventional and lock-in based techniques), exponential decay methods and the emerging phase-mass based characterization. The aforementioned methods are discussed in detail and qualitatively compared in terms of their performance for various applications. In addition, some theoretical improvements and recommendations are introduced for adequate systems implementation. Finally, specific design considerations of high-temperature microbalance systems (e.g., GaPO₄ crystals (GCM) and Langasite crystals (LCM)) are introduced, while assessing their overall system performance, stability and quality compared to conventional low-temperature applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Alassi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
| | | | - Dan Brett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Dargel V, Shpigel N, Sigalov S, Nayak P, Levi MD, Daikhin L, Aurbach D. In situ real-time gravimetric and viscoelastic probing of surface films formation on lithium batteries electrodes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1389. [PMID: 29123103 PMCID: PMC5680218 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that solid–electrolyte interphase formed on the surface of lithium-battery electrodes play a key role in controlling their cycling performance. Although a large variety of surface-sensitive spectroscopies and microscopies were used for their characterization, the focus was on surface species nature rather than on the mechanical properties of the surface films. Here we report a highly sensitive method of gravimetric and viscoelastic probing of the formation of surface films on composite Li4Ti5O12 electrode coupled with lithium ions intercalation into this electrode. Electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring measurements were performed with LiTFSI, LiPF6, and LiPF6 + 2% vinylene carbonate solutions from which structural parameters of the surface films were returned by fitting to a multilayer viscoelastic model. Only a few fast cycles are required to qualify surface films on Li4Ti5O12 anode improving in the sequence LiPF6 < LiPF6 + 2% vinylene carbonate << LiTFSI. The solid-electrolyte interphase formed on Li-battery electrodes strongly affects their cycling performance, however the mechanical properties of the surface films are not well-known. Here the authors report a sensitive gravimetric/viscoelastic method to probe surface film formation on composite electrodes, coupled with Li-ion intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Dargel
- Department of Chemistry and BINA (BIU Institute for Nano-Technology and Advanced Materials), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Netanel Shpigel
- Department of Chemistry and BINA (BIU Institute for Nano-Technology and Advanced Materials), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Sergey Sigalov
- Department of Chemistry and BINA (BIU Institute for Nano-Technology and Advanced Materials), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Prasant Nayak
- Department of Chemistry and BINA (BIU Institute for Nano-Technology and Advanced Materials), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Mikhael D Levi
- Department of Chemistry and BINA (BIU Institute for Nano-Technology and Advanced Materials), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Leonid Daikhin
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry and BINA (BIU Institute for Nano-Technology and Advanced Materials), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel.
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Yoo HY, Bruckenstein S, Pater E. Interpretation of the frequency transients accompanying the submersion of a polymer coated QCM quartz crystal in water. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193517100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dargel V, Levi MD, Daikhin L, Aurbach D. In situ tracking of hydrodynamic and viscoelastic changes in electrophoretically deposited LiFePO4 electrodes during their charging/discharging. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193517090038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gillissen JJJ, Jackman JA, Tabaei SR, Yoon BK, Cho NJ. Quartz Crystal Microbalance Model for Quantitatively Probing the Deformation of Adsorbed Particles at Low Surface Coverage. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11711-11718. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan J. J. Gillissen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
| | - Joshua A. Jackman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
| | - Seyed R. Tabaei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
| | - Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive 637459, Singapore
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Shen H, Zhou T, Hu J. A high-throughput QCM chip configuration for the study of living cells and cell-drug interactions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6463-6473. [PMID: 28889243 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present a novel design of interference-free, negligible installation-induced stress, suitable for the fabrication of high-throughput quartz crystal microbalance (HQCM) chips. This novel HQCM chip configuration was fabricated using eight independent yet same-batch quartz crystal resonators within a common glass substrate with eight through-holes of diameter slightly larger than that of the quartz resonator. Each quartz resonator's rim was adhered to the inner part of the through-hole via silicone glue to form the rigid (quartz)-soft (silicone)-rigid (glass) structure (RSRS) which effectively eliminates the acoustic couplings among different resonators and largely alleviates the installation-induced stresses. The consistence of the eight resonators was verified by very similar equivalent circuit parameters and very close response slopes to liquid density and viscosity. The HQCM chip was then employed for real-time and continuous monitoring of H9C2 cardiomyoblast adhesions and viscoelastic changes induced by the treatments of two types of drugs: drugs that affect the cytoskeletons, including nocodazole, paclitaxel, and Y-27632, and drugs that affect the contractile properties of the cells: verapamil and different dosages of isoprenaline. Meanwhile, we compared the cytoskeleton affecting drug-induced viscoelastic changes of H9C2 with those of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results described here provide the first solution to fabricate HQCM chips that are free from the limitation of resonator number, installation-induced stress, and acoustic interferences among resonators, which should find wide applications in areas of cell phenotype assay, cytotoxicity test, drug evaluation and screening, etc. Graphical abstract Schematic illustration of the principle and configuration of interference-free high-throughput QCM chip to evaluate and screen drugs based on cell viscoelasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Shen
- Cell Mechanics and Biosensing Institute, Hunan Agricultural University, 405 Life Sciences Building, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Tiean Zhou
- Cell Mechanics and Biosensing Institute, Hunan Agricultural University, 405 Life Sciences Building, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China. .,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Jiajin Hu
- Cell Mechanics and Biosensing Institute, Hunan Agricultural University, 405 Life Sciences Building, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
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Dargel V, Jäckel N, Shpigel N, Sigalov S, Levi MD, Daikhin L, Presser V, Aurbach D. In Situ Multilength-Scale Tracking of Dimensional and Viscoelastic Changes in Composite Battery Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27664-27675. [PMID: 28777536 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intercalation-induced dimensional changes in a composite battery electrode (comprising a polymeric binder) are one of the major factors limiting electrode cycling performance. Since electrode performance is expressed by the quantities averaged over its entire surface area (e.g., capacity retention, Faradaic efficiency, rate capability), significant efforts have been made to develop a methodology allowing its facile mechanical diagnostics at the same areal scale. Herein we introduce such a generic methodology for a highly sensitive in situ monitoring of intrinsic mechanical properties of composite battery electrodes. The gravimetric, dimensional, viscoelastic, and adhesive changes in the composite electrodes caused by Li-ions intercalation are assessed noninvasively and in real time by electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM-D). Multiharmonic acoustic waves generated by EQCM-D penetrate into thin porous electrodes comprising either rigid or a soft binder resulting in frequency and dissipation changes quantified by analytical acoustic load impedance models. As a first demonstration, we used a composite LiFePO4 (LFP) electrode containing either polyvinylidene dichloride (PVdF) or Na carboximethyl cellulose (NaCMC) as rigid and viscoelastic binders, respectively, in aqueous electrolytes. The intercalation-induced volume changes of LFP electrode were evaluated from a hydrodynamic correction to the mass effect of the intercalated ions for PVdF, and both components of the effective complex shear modulus (i.e., storage and loss moduli) in case of NaCMC binder have been extracted. The sliding friction coefficients for large particles bound at their bottom to the quartz crystal surface (a measure of the adhesion strength of binders) has also been evaluated. Tracking the mechanical properties of the composite electrodes in different environments and charging/cycling conditions in a self-consistent manner provides all necessary conditions for an optimal selection of the polymeric binders resistant to intercalation-induced volume changes of intercalation particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Dargel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Nicolas Jäckel
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Netanel Shpigel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Sergey Sigalov
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Mikhael D Levi
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Leonid Daikhin
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University , Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Volker Presser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Levi MD, Shpigel N, Sigalov S, Dargel V, Daikhin L, Aurbach D. In Situ Porous Structure Characterization of Electrodes for Energy Storage and Conversion by EQCM-D: a Review. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Gravimetric Viral Diagnostics: QCM Based Biosensors for Early Detection of Viruses. CHEMOSENSORS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors5010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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39
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Utsuno K, Kono H, Tanaka E, Jouna N, Kojima Y, Uludağ H. Low Molecular Weight Branched PEI Binding to Linear DNA. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 64:1484-1491. [PMID: 27725501 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is one of the most versatile non-viral vectors used in gene therapy, especially for delivering plasmid DNA to human cells. However, a good understanding of PEI binding to DNA, the fundamental basis for the functioning of PEI as a vector, has been missing in the literature. In this study, PEI (branched, 600 Da) binding to DNA was examined by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and a complementary set of analysis tools. We demonstrated that a separation between the binding heat and the condensation heat is needed and that the excluded site model should be used for PEI binding stage in the ITC analysis. The equilibrium constant for PEI binding to DNA was determined to be 2.5×105 M-1 from the ITC analysis, and as 2.3×105 M-1 from the QCM analysis. Additionally, we suggested that the 600 Da branched PEI binds to the major groove of DNA and the rearrangement of PEI on DNA may be difficult to occur because of the small dissociation rate. The binding analysis presented here can be employed to improve our understanding of the functioning of PEI and PEI-like non-viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniharu Utsuno
- Department of Science & Engineering for Materials, National Institute of Technology, Tomakomai College
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Ahumada LAC, González MXR, Sandoval OLH, Olmedo JJS. Evaluation of Hyaluronic Acid Dilutions at Different Concentrations Using a Quartz Crystal Resonator (QCR) for the Potential Diagnosis of Arthritic Diseases. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16111959. [PMID: 27879675 PMCID: PMC5134618 DOI: 10.3390/s16111959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this article is to demonstrate through experimental means the capacity of the quartz crystal resonator (QCR) to characterize biological samples of aqueous dilutions of hyaluronic acid according to their viscosity and how this capacity may be useful in the potential diagnosis of arthritic diseases. The synovial fluid is viscous due to the presence of hyaluronic acid, synthesized by synovial lining cells (type B), and secreted into the synovial fluid thus making the fluid viscous. In consequence, aqueous dilutions of hyaluronic acid may be used as samples to emulate the synovial fluid. Due to the viscoelastic and pseudo-plastic behavior of hyaluronic acid, it is necessary to use the Rouse model in order to obtain viscosity values comparable with viscometer measures. A Fungilab viscometer (rheometer) was used to obtain reference measures of the viscosity in each sample in order to compare them with the QCR prototype measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Armando Carvajal Ahumada
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Research and Technological Development Center of Electrical, Electronic and ICT Industry (CIDEI), 111311 Bogotá, Colombia.
- Faculty of Engineering and Basic Sciences, Central University, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Marco Xavier Rivera González
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Oscar Leonardo Herrera Sandoval
- Research and Technological Development Center of Electrical, Electronic and ICT Industry (CIDEI), 111311 Bogotá, Colombia.
- Faculty of Engineering and Basic Sciences, Central University, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - José Javier Serrano Olmedo
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Sigalov S, Shpigel N, Levi MD, Feldberg M, Daikhin L, Aurbach D. Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Real-Time Hydrodynamic Spectroscopy of Porous Solids in Contact with Liquids. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10151-10157. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Sigalov
- Department
of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Netanel Shpigel
- Department
of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | | | - Moshe Feldberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Leonid Daikhin
- School
of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Department
of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
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42
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High-Precision Hysteresis Sensing of the Quartz Crystal Inductance-to-Frequency Converter. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16070995. [PMID: 27367688 PMCID: PMC4970045 DOI: 10.3390/s16070995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the automated measurement of the hysteresis of the temperature-compensated inductance-to-frequency converter with a single quartz crystal is proposed. The new idea behind this method is a converter with two programmable analog switches enabling the automated measurement of the converter hysteresis, as well as the temperature compensation of the quartz crystal and any other circuit element. Also used is the programmable timing control device that allows the selection of different oscillating frequencies. In the proposed programmable method two different inductances connected in series to the quartz crystal are switched in a short time sequence, compensating the crystal's natural temperature characteristics (in the temperature range between 0 and 50 °C). The procedure allows for the measurement of the converter hysteresis at various values of capacitance connected in parallel with the quartz crystal for the converter sensitivity setting at selected inductance. It, furthermore, enables the measurement of hysteresis at various values of inductance at selected parallel capacitance (sensitivity) connected to the quartz crystal. The article shows that the proposed hysteresis measurement of the converter, which converts the inductance in the range between 95 and 100 μH to a frequency in the range between 1 and 200 kHz, has only 7 × 10(-13) frequency instability (during the temperature change between 0 and 50 °C) with a maximum 1 × 10(-11) hysteresis frequency difference.
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Levi MD, Daikhin L, Aurbach D, Presser V. Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring (EQCM-D) for in-situ studies of electrodes for supercapacitors and batteries: A mini-review. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Broadband 120 MHz Impedance Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) with Calibrated Resistance and Quantitative Dissipation for Biosensing Measurements at Higher Harmonic Frequencies. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2016; 6:23. [PMID: 27231946 PMCID: PMC4931483 DOI: 10.3390/bios6020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We developed an impedance quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) approach with the ability to simultaneously record mass changes and calibrated energy dissipation with high sensitivity using an impedance analyzer. This impedance QCM measures frequency shifts and resistance changes of sensing quartz crystals very stable, accurately, and calibrated, thus yielding quantitative information on mass changes and dissipation. Resistance changes below 0.3 Ω were measured with corresponding dissipation values of 0.01 µU (micro dissipation units). The broadband impedance capabilities allow measurements between 20 Hz and 120 MHz including higher harmonic modes of up to 11th order for a 10 MHz fundamental resonance frequency quartz crystal. We demonstrate the adsorbed mass, calibrated resistance, and quantitative dissipation measurements on two biological systems including the high affinity based avidin-biotin interaction and nano-assemblies of polyelectrolyte layers. The binding affinity of a protein-antibody interaction was determined. The impedance QCM is a versatile and simple method for accurate and calibrated resistance and dissipation measurements with broadband measurement capabilities for higher harmonics measurements.
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Liu LS, Kim JM, Kim WS. Quartz Crystal Microbalance Technique for in Situ Analysis of Supersaturation in Cooling Crystallization. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5718-24. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shang Liu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Dong-A University, Hadan 840, Saha, Busan 604-741, Korea
| | - Woo-Sik Kim
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Korea
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Shpigel N, Levi MD, Sigalov S, Girshevitz O, Aurbach D, Daikhin L, Pikma P, Marandi M, Jänes A, Lust E, Jäckel N, Presser V. In situ hydrodynamic spectroscopy for structure characterization of porous energy storage electrodes. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:570-575. [PMID: 26928637 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A primary atomic-scale effect accompanying Li-ion insertion into rechargeable battery electrodes is a significant intercalation-induced change of the unit cell volume of the crystalline material. This generates a variety of secondary multiscale dimensional changes and causes a deterioration in the energy storage performance stability. Although traditional in situ height-sensing techniques (atomic force microscopy or electrochemical dilatometry) are able to sense electrode thickness changes at a nanometre scale, they are much less informative concerning intercalation-induced changes of the porous electrode structure at a mesoscopic scale. Based on a electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring on multiple overtone orders, herein we introduce an in situ hydrodynamic spectroscopic method for porous electrode structure characterization. This new method will enable future developments and applications in the fields of battery and supercapacitor research, especially for diagnostics of viscoelastic properties of binders for composite electrodes and probing the micromechanical stability of their internal electrode porous structure and interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanel Shpigel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Mikhael D Levi
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Sergey Sigalov
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Olga Girshevitz
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Leonid Daikhin
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Piret Pikma
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Marandi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Ravila 14C, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alar Jänes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Enn Lust
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nicolas Jäckel
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Presser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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47
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Shpigel N, Levi MD, Sigalov S, Aurbach D, Daikhin L, Presser V. Novel in situ multiharmonic EQCM-D approach to characterize complex carbon pore architectures for capacitive deionization of brackish water. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:114001. [PMID: 26902741 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/11/114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiharmonic analysis by electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM-D) is introduced as an excellent tool for quantitative studying electrosorption of ions from aqueous solution in mesoporous (BP-880) or mixed micro-mesoporous (BP-2000) carbon electrodes. Finding the optimal conditions for gravimetric analysis of the ionic content in the charged carbon electrodes, we propose a novel approach to modeling the charge-dependent gravimetric characteristics by incorporation of Gouy-Chapman-Stern electric double layer model for ions electrosorption into meso- and micro-mesoporous carbon electrodes. All three parameters of the gravimetric equation evaluated by fitting it to the experimental mass changes curves were validated using supplementary nitrogen gas sorption analysis and complementing atomic force microscopy. Important overlap between gravimetric EQCM-D analysis of the ionic content of porous carbon electrodes and the classical capacitive deionization models has been established. The necessity and usefulness of non-gravimetric EQCM-D characterizations of complex carbon architectures, providing insight into their unique viscoelastic behavior and porous structure changes, have been discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanel Shpigel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Lv Z, Li X, Chen Z, Chen J, Chen C, Xiong P, Sun T, Qing G. Surface Stiffness--a Parameter for Sensing the Chirality of Saccharides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:27223-27233. [PMID: 26595648 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface stiffness is considered a key parameter for designing high-performance implantable materials and artificial extracellular matrices because of its substantial effects on cell behavior. How to transform biomolecule recognition events, particularly chiral recognition, into stiffness change on material surfaces is biologically essential but very challenging for chemists. Here, we report a chirality-triggered stiffness transition on a smart polymer film, which consists of flexible polyethylenimine (PEI) main chains grafted with dipeptide units capable of discriminating chiral monosaccharides. The polymer film became substantially softer after interacting with L-ribose and became more rigid after interacting with D-ribose (the basic building block of DNA and RNA). This chiral effect provides a new method for determining the enantiomeric purity of an L/D-ribose mixture and facilitates the chiral separation of deoxyribose racemates as well as the separation of diverse mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides. These are three puzzle problems in carbohydrate chemistry. Furthermore, taking advantage of the significant differences in the surface stiffness, the proliferation of fibroblast cells on the polymeric surfaces can also be regulated by chiral biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology , 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology , 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Peng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology , 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Taolei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology , 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology , 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Guangyan Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology , 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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Rapid detection of microorganisms based on active and passive modes of QCM. SENSORS 2014; 15:79-92. [PMID: 25545267 PMCID: PMC4327008 DOI: 10.3390/s150100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Label-free immunosensors are well suited for detection of microorganisms because of their fast response and reasonable sensitivity comparable to infection doses of common pathogens. Active (lever oscillator and frequency counter) and passive (impedance analyzer) modes of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) were used and compared for rapid detection of three strains of E. coli. Different approaches for antibody immobilization were compared, the immobilization of reduced antibody using Sulfo‐SMCC was most effective achieving the limit of detection (LOD) 8 × 104 CFU·mL−1 in 10 min. For the passive mode, software evaluating impedance characteristics in real-time was developed and used. Almost the same results were achieved using both active and passive modes confirming that the sensor properties are not limited by the frequency evaluation method but mainly by affinity of the antibody. Furthermore, reference measurements were done using surface plasmon resonance. Effect of condition of cells on signal was observed showing that cells ruptured by ultrasonication provided slightly higher signal changes than intact microbes.
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Matko V, Milanović M. High resolution switching mode inductance-to-frequency converter with temperature compensation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:19242-59. [PMID: 25325334 PMCID: PMC4239924 DOI: 10.3390/s141019242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article proposes a novel method for the temperature-compensated inductance-to-frequency converter with a single quartz crystal oscillating in the switching oscillating circuit to achieve better temperature stability of the converter. The novelty of this method lies in the switching-mode converter, the use of additionally connected impedances in parallel to the shunt capacitances of the quartz crystal, and two inductances in series to the quartz crystal. This brings a considerable reduction of the temperature influence of AT-cut crystal frequency change in the temperature range between 10 and 40 °C. The oscillator switching method and the switching impedances connected to the quartz crystal do not only compensate for the crystal's natural temperature characteristics but also any other influences on the crystal such as ageing as well as from other oscillating circuit elements. In addition, the method also improves frequency sensitivity in inductance measurements. The experimental results show that through high temperature compensation improvement of the quartz crystal characteristics, this switching method theoretically enables a 2 pH resolution. It converts inductance to frequency in the range of 85-100 µH to 2-560 kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojko Matko
- Institute for Automation, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Miro Milanović
- Institute for Robotics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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