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Torres do Couto MT, Galdino da Silva Júnior A, Pereira Dos Santos Avelino KY, Vega Gonzales Gil LH, Cordeiro MT, Lima de Oliveira MD, Souza de Andrade CA. Development of optical and electrochemical immunodevices for dengue virus detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3539-3550. [PMID: 38780022 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00514g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent global arbovirus, exhibiting a high worldwide incidence with intensified severity of symptoms and alarming mortality rates. Faced with the limitations of diagnostic methods, an optical and electrochemical biosystem was developed for the detection of DENV genotypes 1 and 2, using cysteine (Cys), cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots, and anti-DENV antibodies. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to characterize the immunosensor. The AFM and SPR results demonstrated discernible topographic and angular changes confirming the biomolecular recognition. Different concentrations of DENV-1 and DENV-2 were evaluated (0.05 × 106 to 2.0 × 106 PFU mL-1), resulting in a maximum anodic shift (ΔI%) of 263.67% ± 12.54 for DENV-1 and 63.36% ± 3.68 for DENV-2. The detection strategies exhibited a linear response to the increase in viral concentration. Excellent linear correlations, with R2 values of 0.95391 for DENV-1 and 0.97773 for DENV-2, were obtained across a broad concentration range. Data analysis demonstrated high reproducibility, displaying relative standard deviation values of 3.42% and 3.62% for Cys-CdTe-antibodyDENV-1-BSA and Cys-CdTe-antibodyDENV-2-BSA systems. The detection limits were 0.34 × 106 PFU mL-1 and 0.02 × 106 PFU mL-1, while the quantification limits were set at 1.49 × 106 PFU mL-1 and 0.06 × 106 PFU mL-1 for DENV-1 and DENV-2, respectively. Therefore, the biosensing apparatus demonstrates analytical effectiveness in viral screening and can be considered an innovative solution for early dengue diagnosis, contributing to global public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Tereza Torres do Couto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovação Terapêutica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Alberto Galdino da Silva Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovação Terapêutica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Karen Yasmim Pereira Dos Santos Avelino
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil.
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 50050-410 Recife, PE, Brazil
- OX-NANO Tecnologia, Porto Digital, 50030-140 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Marli Tenório Cordeiro
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Danielly Lima de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovação Terapêutica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil.
- OX-NANO Tecnologia, Porto Digital, 50030-140 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - César Augusto Souza de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovação Terapêutica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil.
- OX-NANO Tecnologia, Porto Digital, 50030-140 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Prado CM, Burgos Ferreira PA, Alves de Lima L, Gomes Trindade EK, Fireman Dutra R. A Methylene Blue-Enhanced Nanostructured Electrochemical Immunosensor for H-FABP Myocardial Injury Biomarker. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:873. [PMID: 37754107 PMCID: PMC10526172 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of the heart-type fatty acid binding protein (HFABP), an earlier biomarker for acute myocardial infarction than Troponins, is described. The sensing platform was enhanced with methylene blue (MB) redox coupled to carbon nanotubes (CNT) assembled on a polymer film of polythionine (PTh). For this strategy, monomers of thionine rich in amine groups were electrosynthesized by cyclic voltammetry on the immunosensor's gold surface, forming an electroactive film with excellent electron transfer capacity. Stepwise sensor surface preparation was electrochemically characterized at each step and scanning electronic microscopy was carried out showing all the preparation steps. The assembled sensor platform combines MB and PTh in a synergism, allowing sensitive detection of the H-FABP in a linear response from 3.0 to 25.0 ng∙mL-1 with a limit of detection of 1.47 ng∙mL-1 HFABP that is similar to the clinical level range for diagnostics. H-FABP is a newer powerful biomarker for distinguishing between unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rosa Fireman Dutra
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife 50670-90, Brazil
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Dai H, Huang Z, Liu X, Bi J, Shu Z, Xiao A, Wang J. Colorimetric ELISA based on urease catalysis curcumin as a ratiometric indicator for the sensitive determination of aflatoxin B1 in grain products. Talanta 2022; 246:123495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hua Y, Ahmadi Y, Sonne C, Kim KH. Progress and challenges in sensing of mycotoxins using molecularly imprinted polymers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119218. [PMID: 35364185 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin is toxic secondary metabolite formed by certain filamentous fungi. This toxic compound can enter the food chain through contamination of food (e.g., by colonization of toxigenic fungi on food). In light of the growing concerns on the health hazards posed by mycotoxins, it is desirable to develop reliable analytical tools for their detection in food products in both sensitive and efficient manner. For this purpose, the potential utility of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) has been explored due to their meritful properties (e.g., large number of tailor-made binding sites, sensitive template molecules, high recognition specificity, and structure predictability). This review addresses the recent advances in the application of MIPs toward the sensing of various mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxins and patulin) along with their fabrication strategies. Then, performance evaluation is made for various types of MIP- and non-MIP-based sensing platforms built for the listed target mycotoxins in terms of quality assurance such as limit of detection (LOD). Further, the present challenges in the MIP-based sensing application of mycotoxins are discussed along with the future outlook in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbiao Hua
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Younes Ahmadi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Chokkareddy R, Redhi GG. Fe
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Nanorods‐RGO‐ionic Liquid Nanocomposite Based Electrochemical Sensor for Aflatoxin B1 in Ground Paprika. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajasekhar Chokkareddy
- Department of Chemistry Durban University of Technology Durban South Africa- 4001
- Department of Chemistry Aditya College of Engineering and Technology Surampalem 533437 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Gan G. Redhi
- Department of Chemistry Durban University of Technology Durban South Africa- 4001
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Zohdijamil Z, Reza Ahmadi Afshar SA, Khazalpour S, Hashemi M. Deep eutectic solvent based ultrasound assisted emulsification microextraction for preconcentration and voltammetric determination of aflatoxin B1 in cereal samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:946-954. [PMID: 33527929 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02197k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new and simple deep eutectic solvent based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction (DES-UAEME) procedure has been developed for preconcentration and voltammetric determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in cereal products. The method is based on the acetonitrile-based extraction of AFB1 from homogenized cereal samples followed by a DES-UAEME procedure for subsequent differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) determination in a microcell. A DES composed of choline chloride and urea (ChCl-Ur) was used as the extraction solvent and electrolyte for DPV detection. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of AFB1 were evaluated and optimized. Under optimum conditions the calibration graph was linear in the range of 0.2-80.0 μg L-1 (R2 = 0.9966) and the limit of detection (3Sb) was estimated to be 0.05 μg L-1. The intra-day and inter-day precision (RSD%) for determination of 5.0 μg L-1 AFB1 were 3.4% and 3.9%, respectively. The proposed method was also successfully applied for preconcentration and determination of AFB1 in different cereal samples and good relative recoveries were obtained over a range of 94 to 104%.
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Nirbhaya V, Chauhan D, Jain R, Chandra R, Kumar S. Nanostructured graphitic carbon nitride based ultrasensing electrochemical biosensor for food toxin detection. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 139:107738. [PMID: 33497923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We report results of the studies related to the fabrication of thionine functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets based ultrasensing platform for food toxin (Aflatoxin B1, AfB1) detection. The synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4) was carried out by polycondensation of melamine followed by chemical exfoliation. Further, thionine was used for the functionalization of g-C3N4 (Thn/g-C3N4) and deposited electrophoretically onto the indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass electrode. The fabricated Thn/g-C3N4/ITO electrode was covalently immobilized by EDC-NHS chemistry with anti-aflatoxin B1 (anti-AfB1) followed by blocking of non-specific sites using BSA molecules. For structural, morphological, functional and electrochemical properties analysis of synthesized nanomaterials and fabricated electrodes X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques were used. The electrochemical response studies of the fabricated biosensing platform (BSA/anti-AfB1/Thn/g-C3N4/ITO) were carried out towards detection of AfB1 antigen using cyclic voltammetry technique. The obtained electrochemical results indicate that the fabricated biosensing electrode having ability to detect AfB1 with lower limit of detection of 0.328 fg mL-1, linear detection range in between 1 fg mL-1 to 1 ng mL-1, sensitivity of 4.85 μA log [ng-1 mL] cm-2 with stability upto 7 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Raghav Jain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Suveen Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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Huang Y, Zhu F, Guan J, Wei W, Zou L. Label-Free Amperometric Immunosensor Based on Versatile Carbon Nanofibers Network Coupled with Au Nanoparticles for Aflatoxin B 1 Detection. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 11:bios11010005. [PMID: 33374220 PMCID: PMC7823963 DOI: 10.3390/bios11010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Facile detection methods for mycotoxins with high sensitivity are of great significance to prevent potential harm to humans. Herein, a label-free amperometric immunosensor based on a 3-D interconnected carbon nanofibers (CNFs) network coupled with well-dispersed Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) is proposed for the quantitative determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in wheat samples. In comparison to common carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the CNFs network derived from bacterial cellulose biomass possesses a unique hierarchically porous structure for fast electrolyte diffusion and a larger electrochemical active area, which increases the peak current of differential pulse voltammetry curves for an immunosensor. Combined with AuNPs that are incorporated into CNFs by using linear polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a soft template, the developed Au@PEI@CNFs-based immunosensor showed a good linear response to AFB1 concentrations in a wide range from 0.05 to 25 ng mL-1. The limit of detection was 0.027 ng mL-1 (S/N = 3), more than three-fold lower than that of an Au@PEI@CNTs-based sensor. The reproducibility, storage stability and selectivity of the immunosensor were proved to be satisfactory. The developed immunosensor with appropriate sensitivity and reliable accuracy can be used for the analysis of wheat samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation & Utilization from Poyang Lake Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; (F.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Fei Zhu
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation & Utilization from Poyang Lake Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; (F.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Jinhua Guan
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation & Utilization from Poyang Lake Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; (F.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Long Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation & Utilization from Poyang Lake Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; (F.Z.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (L.Z.)
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Kouchakinejad S, Babaee S, Roshani F, Kouchakinejad R, shirmohammadi N, Kaki S. The performance of the new modified pencil graphite electrode in quantifying of insulin. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Xuan Z, Liu H, Ye J, Li L, Tian W, Wang S. Reliable and disposable quantum dot-based electrochemical immunosensor for aflatoxin B 1 simplified analysis with automated magneto-controlled pretreatment system. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7615-7625. [PMID: 32856110 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02897-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An integrated aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) detection platform with quantum dot (QD)-based electrochemical immunosensor and an automated magneto-controlled pretreatment system was successfully developed. The automated pretreatment system adopts the immunoaffinity magnetic beads (IMB) as the capture probe of AFB1 and QD-labeled AFB1 complete antigen (AFB1-BSA-QDs) as the signal probe. AFB1-BSA-QDs can be easily converted into corresponding metallic cations through acidic treatment, which can be detected electrochemically via anode stripping voltammetry (ASV). Moreover, a disposable screen-printed electrode (SPE) without requiring any further modification is used in the novel electrochemical immunosensor' making routine testing feasible. Under optimal conditions, the detectable concentration range of AFB1 was 0.08-800 μg/kg. The metal ion signal associated linearly with the logarithm of AFB1 concentration within the range of 5-240 μg/kg, with a detection limit of 0.05 μg/kg. The spiked recoveries of three different concentrations in four different matrixes ranged from 83.9 to 118.0%, and inter-day relative standard deviations were below 10%. Furthermore, the methodology was validated by analyzing naturally contaminated samples, and results of the novel immunosensor were in good agreement with those of LC-MS/MS, demonstrating the potentiality of the developed method for the monitor of AFB1 in cereals and oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Xuan
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No.11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No.11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jin Ye
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No.11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Li Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No.11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No.11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Songxue Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No.11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China.
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Mehdinia A, Hazrati N, Mozaffari S. Synthesis and characterization of Fe3O4@polythionine-Au for the removal and pre-concentration of Cu(II) from marine samples. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-01989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Feng Z, Gao N, Liu J, Li H. Boron-doped diamond electrochemical aptasensors for trace aflatoxin B 1 detection. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1122:70-75. [PMID: 32503745 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical aptasensor for detecting trace aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is designed and fabricated consisting of aptamers and gold nanoparticles on conductive boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode. By examining the relative impedance shift from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as a function of AFB1 concentration, the low detection limit (wide linear relationship range) of the aptasensor is realized to be 5.5 × 10-14 mol L-1 (1.0 × 10-13‒1.0 × 10-8 mol L-1). The variation in impedance property of the aptasensor is determined by the specific adsorption of AFB1 molecules to the aptamer at a certain concentration covering the electrode. By means of multiple characteristic processes, it is demonstrated that the constructed aptasensor is favorable for testing the trace AFB1 with high specificity, sensitivity, stability, repeatability, and reusability, which lead to a possibility to achieve high performance biosensor for practical application to quantitatively detract trace AFB1 in environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Feng
- State Key Lab of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Nan Gao
- State Key Lab of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Junsong Liu
- State Key Lab of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Hongdong Li
- State Key Lab of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China.
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Zha YH, Zhou Y. Functional nanomaterials based immunological detection of aflatoxin B1: a review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is highly carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic. Accordingly, sensitive, rapid and cost-effective techniques for detection of AFB1 is in urgent demand for food safety and the health of consumers. In this review, we report the current state of immunoassay formats and development, mainly based on nanomaterials for determination of AFB1. Following an introduction of the field, the microplate-, membrane- and microelectrode-based immunoassays are described. The relevant mechanisms, sensitivities, superiorities and deficiencies of each format are discussed. Finally, perspectives on the future development of nanomaterials-based immunoassays for AFB1 are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.-H. Zha
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China P.R
| | - Y. Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China P.R
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China P.R
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Electropolymerization of thionine as a stable film along with carbon nanotube for sensitive detection of tetracycline antibiotic drug. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-020-00788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Xue Z, Zhang Y, Yu W, Zhang J, Wang J, Wan F, Kim Y, Liu Y, Kou X. Recent advances in aflatoxin B1 detection based on nanotechnology and nanomaterials-A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1069:1-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Bhardwaj H, Pandey MK, Rajesh, Sumana G. Electrochemical Aflatoxin B1 immunosensor based on the use of graphene quantum dots and gold nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:592. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Althagafi II, Ahmed SA, El-Said WA. Fabrication of gold/graphene nanostructures modified ITO electrode as highly sensitive electrochemical detection of Aflatoxin B1. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210652. [PMID: 30650140 PMCID: PMC6334944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are a family of fungal toxins that produced in food and feed by two Aspergillus species (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus). Several techniques have been reported for AFs detection including high-pressure liquid chromatography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, surface plasmon resonance and recombinant immune blotting assay. But, these methods are disadvantaged because they consumed a long time for analysis; in addition, they required a piece of complicated and expensive equipment. Therefore, developing of inexpensive sensors with high selectivity and sensitivity for detecting of AFs levels without extensive sample preparation has received great attention. Several electrochemical AFs sensors have been reported; however, there is still a need for developing a new, simple and rapid electrochemical AFs sensor. Here, we have developed a new AFs sensor based on Au nanostructures/graphene nanosheets modified ITO substrate that could enhance the Raman effect and the electrochemical conductivity. The modified electrode was prepared based on layer-by-layer electrochemical deposition method. AFs antibody was immobilized onto the Au nanostructures/graphene nanosheets; then it was used as a probe for rapid, simple and cheap detection of AFs level using Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques. Our results demonstrated that the developed system showed a simple, easy and sensitive sensor for monitoring low concentrations of AFB1 with a detection limit of about 6.9 pg/mL, also it allowed the determination of AFB1 in spiked food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail I. Althagafi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Saleh A. Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Waleed A. El-Said
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Mahfuz M, Gazi MA, Hossain M, Islam MR, Fahim SM, Ahmed T. General and advanced methods for the detection and measurement of aflatoxins and aflatoxin metabolites: a review. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1514638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Mahfuz
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Amran Gazi
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muttaquina Hossain
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Shah Mohammad Fahim
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Azri FA, Sukor R, Selamat J, Abu Bakar F, Yusof NA, Hajian R. Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of Aflatoxin B₁ Based on Indirect Competitive ELISA. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E196. [PMID: 29751668 PMCID: PMC5983252 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are the secondary toxic metabolites produced naturally by fungi. Analysis of mycotoxins is essential to minimize the consumption of contaminated food and feed. In this present work, an ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) was successfully developed based on an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Various parameters of ELISA, including antigen⁻antibody concentration, blocking agents, incubation time, temperature and pH of reagents, were first optimized in a 96-well microtiter plate to study the antigen⁻antibody interaction and optimize the optimum parameters of the assay. The optimized assay was transferred onto the multi-walled carbon nanotubes/chitosan/screen-printed carbon electrode (MWCNTs/CS/SPCE) by covalent attachment with the aid of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimetylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). Competition occurred between aflatoxin B₁-bovine serum albumin (AFB₁⁻BSA) and free AFB₁ (in peanut sample and standard) for the binding site of a fixed amount of anti-AFB₁ antibody. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis was used for the detection based on the reduction peak of TMB(ox). The developed immunosensor showed a linear range of 0.0001 to 10 ng/mL with detection limit of 0.3 pg/mL. AFB₁ analysis in spiked peanut samples resulted in recoveries between 80% and 127%. The precision of the developed immunosensor was evaluated by RSD values (n = 5) as 4.78% and 2.71% for reproducibility and repeatability, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Asilah Azri
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Rashidah Sukor
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Fatimah Abu Bakar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Azah Yusof
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Functional Devices Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Reza Hajian
- Functional Devices Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia.
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20
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Jahromi Z, Mostafavi A, Shamspur T, Mohamadim M. Magnetic ionic liquid assisted single-drop microextraction of ascorbic acid before its voltammetric determination. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4041-4049. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jahromi
- Department of Chemistry; Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman Iran
- Young Researchers Society; Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman Iran
| | - Ali Mostafavi
- Department of Chemistry; Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman Iran
| | - Tayebeh Shamspur
- Department of Chemistry; Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman Iran
| | - Maryam Mohamadim
- Pistachio Safety Research Center; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Rafsanjan Iran
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21
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Li X, Cao L, Zhang Y, Yan P, Kirk DW. Fabrication and Modeling of an Ultrasensitive Label Free Impedimetric Immunosensor for Aflatoxin B1 based on Protein A Self-assembly Modified Gold 3D Nanotube Electrode ensembles. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Pan M, Gu Y, Yun Y, Li M, Jin X, Wang S. Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Immunosensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E1041. [PMID: 28475158 PMCID: PMC5469646 DOI: 10.3390/s17051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical immunosensors resulting from a combination of the traditional immunoassay approach with modern biosensors and electrochemical analysis constitute a current research hotspot. They exhibit both the high selectivity characteristics of immunoassays and the high sensitivity of electrochemical analysis, along with other merits such as small volume, convenience, low cost, simple preparation, and real-time on-line detection, and have been widely used in the fields of environmental monitoring, medical clinical trials and food analysis. Notably, the rapid development of nanotechnology and the wide application of nanomaterials have provided new opportunities for the development of high-performance electrochemical immunosensors. Various nanomaterials with different properties can effectively solve issues such as the immobilization of biological recognition molecules, enrichment and concentration of trace analytes, and signal detection and amplification to further enhance the stability and sensitivity of the electrochemical immunoassay procedure. This review introduces the working principles and development of electrochemical immunosensors based on different signals, along with new achievements and progress related to electrochemical immunosensors in various fields. The importance of various types of nanomaterials for improving the performance of electrochemical immunosensor is also reviewed to provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the further development and application of nanomaterials in electrochemical immunosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technolo, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Ying Gu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technolo, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Yaguang Yun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technolo, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technolo, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xincui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technolo, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technolo, Tianjin 300457, China.
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23
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Electrochemical DNA sensors based on the use of gold nanoparticles: a review on recent developments. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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Solanki PR, Singh J, Rupavali B, Tiwari S, Malhotra BD. Bismuth oxide nanorods based immunosensor for mycotoxin detection. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 70:564-571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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SHI L, WANG Z, YANG G, CHEN X, GOU G, LIU W. Electrochemical Immunosensor for Aflatoxin B 1 Based on Polyaniline/Graphene Nanohybrids Decorated with Au Nanoparticle. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.85.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ling SHI
- School of Science, Honghe University
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pharmaceutical & Chemical Biology of Yunnan Province
| | - Zefeng WANG
- School of Science, Honghe University
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pharmaceutical & Chemical Biology of Yunnan Province
| | - Guangming YANG
- School of Science, Honghe University
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pharmaceutical & Chemical Biology of Yunnan Province
| | - Xianlan CHEN
- School of Science, Honghe University
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pharmaceutical & Chemical Biology of Yunnan Province
| | - Gaozhang GOU
- School of Science, Honghe University
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pharmaceutical & Chemical Biology of Yunnan Province
| | - Wei LIU
- School of Science, Honghe University
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pharmaceutical & Chemical Biology of Yunnan Province
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26
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Recent Advances in Electrochemical-Based Sensing Platforms for Aflatoxins Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Disposable amperometric immunosensor for simple and sensitive determination of aflatoxin B 1 in wheat. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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28
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Rowland CE, Brown CW, Delehanty JB, Medintz IL. Nanomaterial-based sensors for the detection of biological threat agents. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2016; 19:464-477. [PMID: 32288600 PMCID: PMC7108310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The danger posed by biological threat agents and the limitations of modern detection methods to rapidly identify them underpins the need for continued development of novel sensors. The application of nanomaterials to this problem in recent years has proven especially advantageous. By capitalizing on large surface/volume ratios, dispersability, beneficial physical and chemical properties, and unique nanoscale interactions, nanomaterial-based biosensors are being developed with sensitivity and accuracy that are starting to surpass traditional biothreat detection methods, yet do so with reduced sample volume, preparation time, and assay cost. In this review, we start with an overview of bioagents and then highlight the breadth of nanoscale sensors that have recently emerged for their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E. Rowland
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- National Research Council, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Carl W. Brown
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - James B. Delehanty
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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29
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Catanante G, Rhouati A, Hayat A, Marty JL. An Overview of Recent Electrochemical Immunosensing Strategies for Mycotoxins Detection. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Catanante
- BAE: Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement; Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia; 52 Avenue Paul Alduy Perpignan Cedex 66860 France
| | - Amina Rhouati
- BAE: Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement; Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia; 52 Avenue Paul Alduy Perpignan Cedex 66860 France
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Biotechnologie; Constantine-Algérie
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- Interdisciplinary Research centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM); COMSATS Institute of Information technology; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Jean Louis Marty
- BAE: Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement; Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia; 52 Avenue Paul Alduy Perpignan Cedex 66860 France
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30
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Masikini M, Williams AR, Sunday CE, Waryo TT, Nxusani E, Wilson L, Qakala S, Bilibana M, Douman S, Jonnas A, Baker PGL, Iwuoha EI. Label Free Poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline)-Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Impedimetric Immunosensor for Fumonisin B₁ Detection. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9040273. [PMID: 28773401 PMCID: PMC5502966 DOI: 10.3390/ma9040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An impedimetric immunosensor for fumonisin B1 (FB1) was developed from a poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline)-multi-walled carbon nanotube (PDMA-MWCNT) composite on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The composite was prepared electrochemically and characterized using cyclic voltammetry. The preparation of the FB1 immunosensor involved the drop-coating of a bovine serum albumin mixture of the anti-fumonisin antibody (anti-Fms) onto the composite polymer-modified GCE. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) responses of the FB1 immunosensor (GCE/PDMA-MWCNT/anti-Fms) have a linear range of 7 to 49 ng·L−1, and the corresponding sensitivity and detection limits are 0.272 kΩ L·ng−1 and 3.8 pg·L−1, respectively. The limit of detection of the immunosensor for certified corn sample (i.e., certified reference material) is 0.014 ppm FB1, which is in excellent agreement with the value published by the vendors and significantly more accurate than that obtained with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Milua Masikini
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Avril R Williams
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados.
| | - Christopher E Sunday
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Tesfaye T Waryo
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Ezo Nxusani
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Lindsay Wilson
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sinazo Qakala
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Mawethu Bilibana
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Samantha Douman
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Anovuyo Jonnas
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Priscilla G L Baker
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Emmanuel I Iwuoha
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
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31
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Shegefti S, Mehdinia A, Shemirani F. Preconcentration of cobalt(II) using polythionine-coated Fe3O4 nanocomposite prior its determination by AAS. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1837-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Chauhan R, Singh J, Sachdev T, Basu T, Malhotra BD. Recent advances in mycotoxins detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 81:532-545. [PMID: 27019032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins contamination in both food and feed is inevitable. Mycotoxin toxicity in foodstuff can occur at very low concentrations necessitating early availability of sensitive and reliable methods for their detection. The present research thrust is towards the development of a user friendly biosensor for mycotoxin detection at both academic and industrial levels to replace conventional expensive chromatographic and ELISA techniques. This review critically analyzes the recent research trend towards the construction of immunosensor, aptasensor, enzymatic sensors and others for mycotoxin detection with a reference to label and label free methods, synthesis of new materials including nano dimension, and transuding techniques. Technological aspects in the development of biosensors for mycotoxin detection, current challenges and future prospects are also included to provide a overview and suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Polymer Technology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India.
| | - Tushar Sachdev
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
| | - T Basu
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
| | - B D Malhotra
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India.
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33
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Yue G, Su S, Li N, Shuai M, Lai X, Astruc D, Zhao P. Gold nanoparticles as sensors in the colorimetric and fluorescence detection of chemical warfare agents. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Wang X, Niessner R, Tang D, Knopp D. Nanoparticle-based immunosensors and immunoassays for aflatoxins. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 912:10-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Label-free immunosensor based on one-step electrodeposition of chitosan-gold nanoparticles biocompatible film on Au microelectrode for determination of aflatoxin B1 in maize. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:222-229. [PMID: 26851579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) embedded in chitosan (CHI) film, well-dispersed and smaller in size (about 10 nm), were fabricated by one-step electrodeposion on Au microelectrode in solution containing chitosan and chloride trihydrate. The nano-structure CHI-AuNPs composite film offers abundant amine groups, good conductivity, excellent biocompatibility and stability for antibody immobilization. The combination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) with immobilized antibody introduces a barrier to electron transfer, resulting in current decreasement. The morphologies and characterizations of modified microelectrodes were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The proposed non-enzyme and label-free immunosensor exhibited high sensitive amperometric response to AFB1 concentration in two linear ranges of 0.1 to 1 ng mL(-1) and 1 to 30 ng mL(-1), with the detection limit of 0.06 ng mL(-1) (S/N=3). The immunoassay was also applied for analysis of maize samples spiked with AFB1. Considering the sample extraction procedure, the linear range and limit of detection were assessed to be 1.6-16 ng mL(-1) and 0.19 ng mL(-1) respectively. The simple method showed good fabrication controllability and reproducibility for immunosensor design.
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36
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Srivastava S, Kumar V, Arora K, Singh C, Ali MA, Puri NK, Malhotra BD. Antibody conjugated metal nanoparticle decorated graphene sheets for a mycotoxin sensor. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04469g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The proposed rGO–Ni NPs based immunosensor utilized for aflatoxin B1 detection indicates high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Srivastava
- Advanced Sensor Laboratory
- Department of Applied Physics
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi-110042
- India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Beer-Sheva-84105
- Israel
| | - Kamal Arora
- Advanced Sensor Laboratory
- Department of Applied Physics
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi-110042
- India
| | - Chandan Singh
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Md. Azahar Ali
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Nitin K. Puri
- Advanced Sensor Laboratory
- Department of Applied Physics
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi-110042
- India
| | - Bansi D. Malhotra
- Department of Biotechnology
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi 110042
- India
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37
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A reusable electrochemical immunosensor fabricated using a temperature-responsive polymer for cancer biomarker proteins. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 78:181-186. [PMID: 26606310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we describe a reusable electrochemical immunosensor for the repeated detection of cancer biomarkers using a single platform. The integration of a temperature-responsive polymer on the electrode surface enables easy manipulation of the biological sensing interface (i.e., addition of biotin, streptavidin, and antibody), thus allowing for temperature-induced regeneration and disruption of the interface architecture of the electrode surface. Using our immunosensor, we demonstrate sequential amperometric detection of three tumor markers: CA125, CEA, and PSA. Interestingly, greatly amplified signals are achieved by immersing the immunosensor in a solution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and antibody-labeled nanoparticles, resulting in a linear range of 0.0064 to 256 U/mL, 1 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL, and 10 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.007 U/mL, 0.7 pg/mL, and 0.9 pg/mL for CA125, CEA, and PSA, respectively. By alternating temperature, the immunosensor adsorbs and desorbs the biological elements without damage. Our proposed methodology can be expanded to measure other relevant biological species by repeated detection and thus has enormous potential for industrial and clinical applications.
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38
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Chauhan R, Singh J, Solanki PR, Basu T, O’Kennedy R, Malhotra B. Electrochemical piezoelectric reusable immunosensor for aflatoxin B1 detection. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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39
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Jiang M, Braiek M, Florea A, Chrouda A, Farre C, Bonhomme A, Bessueille F, Vocanson F, Zhang A, Jaffrezic-Renault N. Aflatoxin B1 Detection Using a Highly-Sensitive Molecularly-Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor Based on an Electropolymerized Metal Organic Framework. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3540-53. [PMID: 26371042 PMCID: PMC4591663 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7093540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive electrochemical molecularly-imprinted sensor was developed for the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), by electropolymerization of p-aminothiophenol-functionalized gold nanoparticles in the presence of AFB1 as a template molecule. The extraction of the template leads to the formation of cavities that are able to specifically recognize and bind AFB1 through π-π interactions between AFB1 molecules and aniline moities. The performance of the developed sensor for the detection of AFB1 was investigated by linear sweep voltammetry using a hexacyanoferrate/hexacyanoferrite solution as a redox probe, the electron transfer rate increasing when the concentration of AFB1 increases, due to a p-doping effect. The molecularly-imprinted sensor exhibits a broad linear range, between 3.2 fM and 3.2 µM, and a quantification limit of 3 fM. Compared to the non-imprinted sensor, the imprinting factor was found to be 10. Selectivity studies were also performed towards the binding of other aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, proving good selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Mohamed Braiek
- University of Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5280, La Doua Street, 5, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
| | - Anca Florea
- University of Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5280, La Doua Street, 5, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
| | - Amani Chrouda
- University of Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5280, La Doua Street, 5, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
| | - Carole Farre
- University of Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5280, La Doua Street, 5, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
| | - Anne Bonhomme
- University of Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5280, La Doua Street, 5, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
| | - Francois Bessueille
- University of Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5280, La Doua Street, 5, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
| | - Francis Vocanson
- University of Lyon, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR 5516, Jean-Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne F-42023, France.
| | - Aidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault
- University of Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5280, La Doua Street, 5, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
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40
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Castillo G, Spinella K, Poturnayová A, Šnejdárková M, Mosiello L, Hianik T. Detection of aflatoxin B1 by aptamer-based biosensor using PAMAM dendrimers as immobilization platform. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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41
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Chauhan R, Solanki PR, Singh J, Mukherjee I, Basu T, Malhotra B. A novel electrochemical piezoelectric label free immunosensor for aflatoxin B1 detection in groundnut. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Srivastava S, Abraham S, Singh C, Ali MA, Srivastava A, Sumana G, Malhotra BD. Protein conjugated carboxylated gold@reduced graphene oxide for aflatoxin B1 detection. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12713g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The proposed immunosensor based on in situ grown gold decorated reduced graphene oxide exhibits superior sensing performance towards food toxin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Science and Technology
- Center on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi-110012
| | - Shiju Abraham
- Department of Physics
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi
- India
| | - Chandan Singh
- Department of Science and Technology
- Center on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi-110012
| | - Md. Azahar Ali
- Department of Science and Technology
- Center on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi-110012
| | | | - Gajjala Sumana
- Department of Science and Technology
- Center on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi-110012
| | - Bansi D. Malhotra
- Department of Science and Technology
- Center on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi-110012
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43
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Babakhanian A, Momeneh T, Aberoomand-azar P, Kaki S, Torki M, Hossein Kiaie S, Sadeghi E, Dabirian F. A fabricated electro-spun sensor based on Lake Red C pigments doped into PAN (polyacrylonitrile) nano-fibers for electrochemical detection of Aflatoxin B1 in poultry feed and serum samples. Analyst 2015; 140:7761-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01602a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to fabricate a novel nano-fiber modified electrode, involving Lake Red C (LRC) pigments doped into electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibrous films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Babakhanian
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Kermanshah Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Kermanshah
| | - Tahereh Momeneh
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Kermanshah Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Kermanshah
| | | | - Samineh Kaki
- Department of Chemistry
- Science and Research Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Mehran Torki
- Department of Animal Science
- Faculty of Agriculture
- Razi University
- Kermanshah
- Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Kiaie
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Kermanshah Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Kermanshah
| | - Ehsan Sadeghi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH)
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
- Kermanshah
- Iran
| | - Farzad Dabirian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Engineering Faculty
- Razi University
- Kermanshah
- Iran
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44
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Masikini M, Mailu SN, Tsegaye A, Njomo N, Molapo KM, Ikpo CO, Sunday CE, Rassie C, Wilson L, Baker PGL, Iwuoha EI. A fumonisins immunosensor based on polyanilino-carbon nanotubes doped with palladium telluride quantum dots. SENSORS 2014; 15:529-46. [PMID: 25558993 PMCID: PMC4327034 DOI: 10.3390/s150100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An impedimetric immunosensor for fumonisins was developed based on poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline)-multi-wall carbon nanotubes doped with palladium telluride quantum dots onto a glassy carbon surface. The composite was assembled by a layer-by-layer method to form a multilayer film of quantum dots (QDs) and poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline)-multi-wall carbon nanotubes (PDMA-MWCNT). Preparation of the electrochemical immunosensor for fumonisins involved drop-coating of fumonisins antibody onto the composite modified glassy carbon electrode. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy response of the FB1 immunosensor (GCE/PT-PDMA-MWCNT/anti-Fms-BSA) gave a linear range of 7 to 49 ng L-1 and the corresponding sensitivity and detection limits were 0.0162 kΩ L ng-1 and 0.46 pg L-1, respectively, hence the limit of detection of the GCE/PT-PDMA-MWCNT immunosensor for fumonisins in corn certified material was calculated to be 0.014 and 0.011 ppm for FB1, and FB2 and FB3, respectively. These results are lower than those obtained by ELISA, a provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) for fumonisins (the sum of FB1, FB2, and FB3) established by the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives and contaminants of 2 μg kg-1 and the maximum level recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for protection of human consumption (2-4 mg L-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Milua Masikini
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Stephen N Mailu
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Abebaw Tsegaye
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Njagi Njomo
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Kerileng M Molapo
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Chinwe O Ikpo
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Christopher Edozie Sunday
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Candice Rassie
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Lindsay Wilson
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Priscilla G L Baker
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Emmanuel I Iwuoha
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
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45
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An integrated multifunctional platform based on biotin-doped conducting polymer nanowires for cell capture, release, and electrochemical sensing. Biomaterials 2014; 35:9573-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Iheanacho HE, Njobeh PB, Dutton FM, Steenkamp PA, Steenkamp L, Mthombeni JQ, Daru BH, Makun AH. Morphological and molecular identification of filamentous Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus isolated from compound feeds in South Africa. Food Microbiol 2014; 44:180-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced predominantly by two fungal species: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These fungal species are contaminants of foodstuff as well as feeds and are responsible for aflatoxin contamination of these agro products. The toxicity and potency of aflatoxins make them the primary health hazard as well as responsible for losses associated with contaminations of processed foods and feeds. Determination of aflatoxins concentration in food stuff and feeds is thus very important. However, due to their low concentration in foods and feedstuff, analytical methods for detection and quantification of aflatoxins have to be specific, sensitive, and simple to carry out. Several methods including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectroscopy, enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA), and electrochemical immunosensor, among others, have been described for detecting and quantifying aflatoxins in foods. Each of these methods has advantages and limitations in aflatoxins analysis. This review critically examines each of the methods used for detection of aflatoxins in foodstuff, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each method. Finally, a way forward for overcoming such obstacles is suggested.
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48
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A nanowire-based label-free immunosensor: Direct incorporation of a PSA antibody in electropolymerized polypyrrole. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 57:157-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Graphene Oxide-Based Biosensor for Food Toxin Detection. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:960-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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50
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Malhotra BD, Srivastava S, Ali MA, Singh C. Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for Food Toxin Detection. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:880-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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