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Tao T, Zhang N, Yu D, Sheykhlouvand M. Physiological and Performance Adaptations to Varying Rest Distributions During Short Sprint Interval Training Trials in Female Volleyball Players: A Comparative Analysis of Interindividual Variability. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:1048-1057. [PMID: 39142642 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the impact of different rest periods between short sprint interval training (SSIT) trials on the physiological and performance adaptations of female volleyball players. METHODS Twenty-four trained college athletes volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly assigned to 3 SSIT groups with different work-to-rest ratios (1:2 [5-s run:10-s rest], 1:4 [5-s run:20-s rest], and 1:6 [5-s work:30-s rest]). Before and after 6-week training, physiological parameters (maximum oxygen uptake, first and second ventilatory thresholds, and peak and mean power output) and physical performance measures (ie, countermovement vertical jump, 10-m sprint, and T-test change-of-direction speed) were evaluated. RESULTS After the training period, all groups improved (P = .001) their sport-related performance and physiological parameters, ranging from moderate to very large effect sizes. Comparative analysis of the magnitude of training effects indicated that the 1:6 SSIT group had in a significantly greater change in countermovement vertical jump (P = .007), 10-m sprint (P = .014), peak power output (P = .019), and mean power output (P = .05) compared with 1:2 SSIT group. By contrast, the 1:2 SSIT group demonstrated significantly (P = .022) greater changes in maximum oxygen uptake than the 1:6 SSIT group. However, the change-of-direction speed and changes in first and second ventilatory thresholds were the same among the groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS When performing SSIT, longer rest intervals are suitable for physical and anaerobic performance, and shorter rest periods are appropriate for enhancing the cardiorespiratory fitness of female volleyball players' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- College of Sports, Huzhou University, Huzhou, ZJ, China
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, BJ, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- College of Teacher Education, Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Mohsen Sheykhlouvand
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Yang G, Chen W, Qi D, Zhang J, Men Z. The Effects of a 6-Week Plyometric and Sprint Interval Training Intervention on Soccer Player's Physical Performance. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:526-536. [PMID: 39228777 PMCID: PMC11366840 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the well-documented benefits of sprint interval training (SIT) and plyometric training (PT) in improving the physical fitness of soccer players, it remains unclear which of these training methods is superior for enhancing players' aerobic and anaerobic performance. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of SIT and PT on physical performance measures of male soccer players. Thirty male soccer players were randomly assigned to PT (n = 10), SIT (n = 10), and an active control group (CON, n = 10). Before and after the training period, participants underwent a battery of tests consisting of vertical jump, Wingate, linear sprint with and without ball dribbling, change of direction, ball kick, and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) tests. Both groups exhibited similar improvements in maximal kicking distance (PT, effect size [ES] = 0.68; SIT, ES = 0.92) and measures of aerobic fitness including maximum oxygen uptake (PT, ES = 1.24; SIT, ES = 1.26) and first (PT, ES = 0.85; SIT, ES = 1.08) and second (PT, ES = 0.86; SIT, ES = 0.98) ventilatory thresholds. However, PT intervention resulted in greater changes in vertical jump (ES = 1.72 vs. 0.82, p = 0.001), anaerobic power (peak power, ES = 1.62 vs. 0.97, p = 0.009; mean power, ES = 1.15 vs. 1.20, p = 0.05), linear speed (20-m, ES = -1.58 vs. -0.98, p = 0.038; 20-m with ball, ES = -0.93 vs. 0.71, p = 0.038), and change of direction ability (ES = -2.56 vs. -2.71, p = 0.046) than SIT. In conclusion, both PT and SIT demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing aerobic performance among male soccer players. However, PT yielded superior improvements in anaerobic power, vertical jump, linear speed, and change of direction performance compared to SIT. These findings suggest that PT may offer additional benefits beyond aerobic conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Yang
- Basic Teaching Department, Chengdu Aeronautic Polytechnic, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenzheng Chen
- Basic Teaching Department, Chengdu Aeronautic Polytechnic, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongkai Qi
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computing, Illinois Institute of Technology, Illinois, USA
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Interest training department, China National Children's Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxing Men
- School of Aeronautical Manufacturing Industry, Chengdu Aeronautic Polytechnic, Sichuan, China
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Guo W, Wang S. Physiological and performance adaptations to beta alanine supplementation and short sprint interval training in volleyball players. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16833. [PMID: 39039103 PMCID: PMC11263668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the impact of combining Beta-Alanine (BA) supplementation with short sprint interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness, anaerobic power, and bio-motor abilities in volleyball players. Twenty young male athletes were randomly divided into 2 equal groups and performed 8 weeks of short sprint interval training while supplementing 4.8 g daily BA or placebo (polydextrose). The players were evaluated for volleyball-specific bio-motor abilities (vertical jump, horizontal jump, spike jump, block jump, 10-m linear sprint, and T-test change of direction speed) and physiological parameters (cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic power) pre- and post-intervention. Both groups demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.05) improvements in all measured variables over time. A time-regimen interaction was observed in jumping ability enhancement from pre- to post-training, wherein BA elicited more significant changes in both vertical and horizontal jumps compared to the placebo. Analyzing residuals in changes and the coefficient of variations (CV) in mean group changes demonstrated that BA supplementation results in uniformly inducing adaptive changes among individuals. Therefore, in light of these results, it is recommended that coaches and trainers take into consideration the utilization of BA as an ergogenic aid to enhance the vertical and horizontal jumps of volleyball players and increase the homogeneity in adaptive responses over the training period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangda Guo
- Physical Education Institute, Hoseo University, Asan City, 314315, Korea
| | - Songjia Wang
- Physical Education Institute, Hoseo University, Asan City, 314315, Korea.
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Guo K, Mu T. Comparative Analysis of Adaptive Changes in Immunoendocrine and Physiological Responses to High-Intensity Sprint Interval Training with Progressive and Nonprogressive Loads in Young Wrestlers. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:455-464. [PMID: 38841648 PMCID: PMC11149081 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the effects of a 7-week short sprint interval training (SSIT) with differing in programming volume-loads including progressive (P-SSIT) and nonprogressive (NP-SSIT) approaches on the immunoendocrine, physical fitness attributes and physiological parameters in male wrestlers during the pre-season. Thirty young freestyle wrestlers at the collegiate national-level were included in the study and were divided into three groups: P-SSIT (n = 10), NP-SSIT (n = 10), and an active control group (n = 10). The wrestlers engaged in their specific wrestling training three days weekly, while the P-SSIT and NP-SSIT groups underwent a 7-week SSIT, with scheduling in either progressed or nonprogressed volume-based overloads, three times per week. Before and after the intervention, various aspects of physical fitness (such as 20-m sprint, 4×9-m shuttle run, and maximal strength) and physiological parameters (including cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic power output), as well as immunoendocrine responses (such as immunoglobulin-A, testosterone, and cortisol) were measured. Following the training intervention, the control group did not show any significant changes in the variable measured; however, both the P-SSIT and NP-SSIT groups experienced significant improvements (p = 0.001) in physical fitness attributes and physiological parameters with effect sizes ranging from small to very large, and also more adaptive responses compared with control group (p < 0.05). In addition, there were no statistically significant changes observed among the P-SSIT and NP-SSIT groups in terms of immunoendocrine response to training, and physical fitness, as well as physiological parameters (p > 0.05). In conclusion, neither the progressed nor nonprogressed approaches of SSIT demonstrated superior effects on adaptations compared to one another. Therefore, it is recommended for strength and conditioning coaches in wrestling to incorporate both P-SSIT and NP-SSIT into their annual training plan, especially during the pre-season phase, to maximize the physical fitness and physiological parameters of their wrestlers while minimizing changes in immunoendocrine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Guo
- School of Wushu, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tianqi Mu
- Police Command and Tactics Department, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zhang J, Wei A, Xie C. Effects of Sprint Interval Training Surface on Physical Fitness Attributes of Collegiate Female Soccer Players: Identifying Individual Responses to Training on Grass, Sand, and Land Surfaces. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:465-474. [PMID: 38841634 PMCID: PMC11149069 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the optimal surface for sprint interval training to maximize transfer effects on physical performance measures on the grass pitch. Using a randomized controlled trial design, 40 collegiate female soccer players were equally assigned to three experimental groups performing short sprint interval training (SSIT: 4 sets of 10 repetitions with 5 seconds all-out running, with a 50-second recovery period between each effort and a 3-minute rest interval between sets) on SAND, GRASS, LAND, and a control group. Before and after a 7-week training period, participants underwent a series of field-based tests to evaluate countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m linear sprint, Illinois change of direction (CoD) speed, Yo-Yo IR1, 2.4 km time trial, and maximal kicking distance (MKD) performance. A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was conducted on the data, along with Bonferroni post hoc testing. After the intervention, the control group did not show any changes, while the SAND, GRASS and LAND training groups demonstrated improvements (p = 0.001) in their performance as follows: CMJ (effect size [ES] = 1.21, 0.97, 0.64), 20-m linear sprint (ES = -0.81, -0.55, -0.41), Illinois CoD (ES = -0.72, -0.79, -0.41), Yo-Yo IR1 (ES = 1.86, 1.19, 1.12), 2.4 km time trail (ES = -0.82, -0.62, -0.49), and MKD (ES = 0.60, 0.90, 0.72), respectively. Comparative analysis of SAND, GRASS, and LAND revealed that performing SSIT on SAND results in a significantly greater gain in CMJ than LAND (p = 0.041). Analyzing individual responses to training interventions indicated that the training surface had a favorable influence on CMJ (SAND vs. LAND, p = 0.009), but on other variables no statistically significant (p > 0.05) differences were observed. Considering these findings, it is advised that strength and conditioning coaches use the SAND surface as the initial choice for SSIT sessions regarding greater gains (i.e., ES) in performance. This recommendation aims to facilitate more favorable transfer in physical fitness adaptation on a soccer grass pitch. In case of unavailability of SAND surface, GRASS surface would be a suitable alternative to enhance the physical fitness of collegiate female soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Liaoning Normal University, Dalian Liaoning, China
| | - Aodong Wei
- Liaoning Normal University, Dalian Liaoning, China
| | - Chao Xie
- Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang Hubei, China
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Li X, Xue K. Optimizing Short Sprint Interval Training for Young Soccer Players: Unveiling Optimal Rest Distributions to Maximize Physiological Adaptations. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:475-486. [PMID: 38841640 PMCID: PMC11149070 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Present study aimed to compare the effects of SSIT intervention with varying rest distributions on hormonal, physiological, and performance adaptations in soccer players. Thirty-six players were randomly divided into three SSIT groups, each performing 4 sets of 6-10 repetitions of 6-second all-out running with rest intervals at ratios of 1:3, 1:6, and 1:9. Prior to and following the 7-week training period, aerobic fitness indices and anaerobic power were evaluated using a graded exercise test with a gas collection system and a lower-body Wingate test, respectively. Also, sport-specific bio-motor abilities were determined by measuring vertical jump, 20-m sprint, and T-test change of direction speed, Yo-Yo IR1 and maximal kicking distance. Hormonal status was also monitored by evaluating testosterone and cortisol levels. Following the 7-week training period, all SSIT interventions resulted in significant enhancements (p < 0.05) in soccer-related performance, physiological parameters, and hormonal adaptations, exhibiting effect sizes that ranged from small to large. Comparative analysis indicated that the 1:9 SSIT results in greater adaptive responses (p < 0.05) in the vertical jump, peak power, testosterone, and cortisol compared to the 1:3 SSIT group. By contrast, the 1:3 SSIT group induced more adaptive responses (p < 0.05) in the mean power output, maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O2max), and Yo-Yo IR1 compared to the 1:9 SSIT group. Hence, for enhancing physical performance, especially vertical jump height, anaerobic peak power, and hormonal adaptations, the 1:9 SSIT ratio is preferable. Conversely, shorter rest intervals (specifically, the 1:3 SSIT ratio) are better suited for eliciting heightened adaptive responses in mean power output, V̇O2max, and Yo-Yo IR1 over the 7-week training period among young male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Li
- School of Physical Education, Shandong Women's University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kun Xue
- Department of Social Sciences, Shandong Medical College, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Yang S, Yin Y, Qiu Z, Meng Q. Research application of session-RPE in monitoring the training load of elite endurance athletes. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1341972. [PMID: 38846717 PMCID: PMC11155691 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1341972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose TRIMP and sRPE are both representative indicators of training load(TL), and the correlation between two has been widely demonstrated across various sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of sRPE-TRIMP correlation across different intensities/duration of training in cross-country skiing, and whether sRPE can serve as an validity supplement to TRIMP data in cases of lost heart rate data. Method 10 athletes were used as the experimental objects. The intensity, duration and RPE of 273 different types of training sessions were collected, and statistical methods were used for data analysis. Results 1. There was a significant correlation between sRPE and TRIMP (r = 0.68, p < 0.05), but the correlation differs among the LIT, MIT and HIT groups (r = 0.70, 0.46, r = 0.31, p < 0.05) 2. sRPE-TRIMP correlation among three different time duration in the LIT group (0-60 min, 60-120 min and 120-180 min), are all highly significant (r = 0.70, 0.67, 0.69, p < 0.05) and the LRsRPE-TRIMP of 3 duration have no significant differences (chow test, p > 0.05). 3. The difference in actual training duration between samples was the main reason for the difference in the application effect of sRPE, because the actual training duration ratio of LIT was 89.7 ± 16.4%; MIT, 98.5 ± 6.2%; and HIT, 94.4 ± 13.5%. Conclusion 1. The linear relationship between sRPE and TRIMP (LRsRPE-TRIMP) is more significant in LIT compared to that in MIT and HIT. 2. Variations in the duration of LIT sessions do not affect the consistency of the relationship between sRPE and TRIMP. 3. Discrepancies between actual and planned training durations directly impact the significance of the LRsRPE-TRIMP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiquan Yin
- Department of China Skiing and Ice Sport College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Sheykhlouvand M, Gharaat M. Optimal homeostatic stress to maximize the homogeneity of adaptations to interval interventions in soccer players. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1377552. [PMID: 38655030 PMCID: PMC11035815 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1377552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the uniformity of adaptations in cardiorespiratory fitness and bio-motor abilities by analyzing individual responses to measures representing the mentioned qualities. Twenty-four male well-trained soccer players (Age = 26 ± 4 years; stature = 181 ± 3.8; Weight = 84 ± 6.1) were randomized to two groups performing short sprint interval training [sSIT (3 sets of 10 × 4 s all-out sprints with 20 s of recovery between efforts and 3 min of rest intervals between sets)] or a time-matched small-sided game [SSG (3 sets of 3 v 3 efforts in a 20 × 15 m area with 3 min of relief in-between)]. Before and after the 6-week training period, aerobic fitness indices, cardiac hemodynamics, and anaerobic power were assessed through a graded exercise test utilizing a gas collection system, noninvasive impedance cardiography, and a lower-body Wingate test, respectively. Also, sport-specific bio-motor abilities were determined by measuring linear speed, change of direction, and jumping ability. Comparing inter-individual variability in the adaptive changes by analyzing residuals in individual adaptations indicated that sSIT induces more uniform changes in the first and second ventilatory threshold (VT1 & VT2), stroke volume, and peak power output across team members than SSG. SSG also yielded lower proportions of responders in V ˙ O 2 max , VT1, VT2, peak, and average power output compared to sSIT. Additionally, the coefficient of variation in mean group changes in measures of aerobic fitness and bio-motor abilities in response to sSIT were lower than in SSG. Short sprint interval training induces more homogenized adaptations in measures of cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic power than small-sided games across team members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sheykhlouvand
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Fang K, Jiang H. Gender-Specific Effects of Short Sprint Interval Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacities in Basketball Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:8-16. [PMID: 38455442 PMCID: PMC10915601 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of a 6-week short sprint interval training (sSIT) on male and female basketball players' bio-motor abilities, aerobic fitness, and anaerobic power. Using a randomized controlled trial design, 40 basketball players of similar training backgrounds were randomly assigned to two training groups of females (n = 10) and males (n = 10) or two control groups of females and males (each of 10). The training groups performed 3 sets of 10 × 5-second all-out interval running, with a 1:3 work-to-recovery ratio, and a 3-minute rest between sets. The players were evaluated for bio-motor abilities, including muscular power assessed through the vertical jump, agility measured using a T-test and Illinois change of direction (COD) test, and maximal sprint speed measured by a 20-meter sprint test. Also, aerobic fitness was assessed by evaluating maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) through the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR 1) test before and after the 6-week training period. After the intervention, both training groups (females and males) demonstrated significant improvements in vertical jump (effect size [ES] = 1.29, 1.06, respectively), peak power output (ES = 1.27, 1.39), T-test (ES = -0.56, -0.58), Illinois COD test (ES = -0.88, -1.1), 20-m sprint (ES = -1.09, -0.55), Yo-Yo IR1 performance (ES = 2.18, 2.20), and V̇O2max (ES = 2.28, 1.75). Gender did not exhibit any significant impact on the extent of changes observed over time. The results of this study suggest that adaptations in aerobic fitness and bio-motor abilities measured in this experiment in response to sSIT are similar across genders, and gender differences should not be a major concern when implementing sSIT in basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqin Fang
- Institute of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Hubei, China
| | - Han Jiang
- Institute of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Hubei, China
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Dai L, Xie B. Adaptations to Optimized Interval Training in Soccer Players: A Comparative Analysis of Standardized Methods for Individualizing Interval Interventions. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:760-768. [PMID: 38045737 PMCID: PMC10690519 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Accurately prescribing supramaximal interval training facilitates targeting desired physiological adaptations. This study compared the homogeneity of adaptations in cardiorespiratory parameters to supramaximal [i.e., intensities beyond maximal aerobic speed (MAS)] interval interventions prescribed using anaerobic speed reserve (ASR), the speed attained at the end of 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT), and MAS. Using repeated-measures factorial design, and during the off-season phase of the athletes' yearly training cycle, thirty national-level soccer players (age = 19 ± 1.6 years; body mass = 78.9 ± 1.6 kg; height = 179 ± 4.7 cm; Body fat = 11 ± 0.9%) were randomized to interventions consisting of 2 sets of 6, 7, 8, 7, 8, and 9-min intervals (from 1st to 6th week), including 15 s running at Δ%20ASR (MAS + 0.2 × ASR), 120%MAS, or 95%VIFT followed by 15 s passive recovery. All ASR, VIFT, and MAS programs sufficiently stimulated adaptive mechanisms, improving relative maximal oxygen uptake [V̇O2max (p < 0.05; ES = 1.6, 1.2, and 1.1, respectively)], absolute V̇O2max (p < 0.05; ES = 1.5, 1.1, and 0.7), ventilation [V̇E (p < 0.05; ES = 1.6, 1.1, and 1.1)], O2 pulse [V̇O2/HR (p < 0.05; ES = 1.4, 1.1, and 0.6)], first and second ventilatory threshold [VT1 (p < 0.05; ES = 0.7, 0.8, and 0.7) and VT2 (p < 0.05; ES = 1.1, 1.1, and 0.8)], cardiac output [Q̇max (p = 1.5, 1.0, and 0.7)], and stroke volume [SVmax (p < 0.05; ES = 0.9, 0.7, and 0.5)]. Although there was no between-group difference for the change in the abovementioned variables over time, supramaximal interval training prescribed using ASR and VIFT resulted in a lower coefficient of variation [CV (inter-individual variability)] in physiological adaptations compared to exercise intensity determined as a proportion of MAS. Expressing the intensity of supramaximal interval programs according to the athlete's ASR and VIFT would assist in accurately prescribing interventions and facilitate imposing mechanical and related physiological stimulus according to the athletes' physiological ceiling. Such an approach leads to identical stimulation across athletes with differing profiles and potentially facilitates more homogenized adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Dai
- Institute of Physical Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bixia Xie
- Institute of Physical Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Academic of forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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Stankovic M, Djordjevic D, Trajkovic N, Milanovic Z. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Physical Performance in Female Team Sports: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:78. [PMID: 37594624 PMCID: PMC10439062 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information regarding adaptation of HIIT in female athletes which is important since the adaptation to HIIT may be different compared to male athletes. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to summarize the effects of HIIT on physical performance in female team sports athletes. METHODS The following databases Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, ProQuest and Science Direct were searched prior to September 2nd, 2022. The inclusion criteria were longitudinal studies written in English, elite, sub-elite or college female team sports participants, and HIIT intensity had to be at 80-100% maximal heart rate. There were no exclusion criteria regarding the age of the participants or their training experience. The primary outcome measures were maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), repeated sprint ability (RSA), change of direction speed, speed, explosive strength and body composition. RESULTS A total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 230 participants. HIIT improved VO2max in five studies (ES from 0.19 to 1.08), while three studies showed improvement in their RSA (ES from 0.32 to 0.64). In addition, change of direction speed was improved in five studies (ES from 0.34 to 0.88), while speed improved in four studies (ES from 0.12 to 0.88). Explosive strength results varied (ES from 0.39 to 1.05), while in terms of body composition, the results were inconsistent through observed team sports. CONCLUSION HIIT has significant effects on VO2max, RSA, change of direction speed, speed and explosive strength in female team sports, regardless of the competition level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mima Stankovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Čarnojevičeva 10a, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Dusan Djordjevic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Čarnojevičeva 10a, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Trajkovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Čarnojevičeva 10a, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Zoran Milanovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Čarnojevičeva 10a, 18000, Niš, Serbia.
- Science and Research Centre, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva 1, 6000, Koper, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Incubator of Kinanthropological Research, Masaryk University, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Kyles A, Oliver JL, Cahill MJ, Lloyd RS, Pedley J. Linear and Change of Direction Repeated Sprint Ability Tests: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1703-1717. [PMID: 37494122 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kyles, A, Oliver, JL, Cahill, MJ, Lloyd, RS, and Pedley, J. Linear and change of direction repeated sprint ability tests: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 37(8): 1703-1717, 2023-The ability to repeatedly sprint is important in many sports, but there is no established protocol for measuring repeated sprint ability (RSA). The purpose of this review was to identify overground RSA protocols previously reported in the literature and to recommend standardized protocols. A systematic review of the literature was used to identify studies that have used an RSA test, with data describing protocol design extracted. One hundred eight studies were included in the review, across which 47 unique protocols were identified. Eighteen protocols included at least one change of direction (COD), and this increased mean sprint time compared with linear RSA tests (7.26 ± 1.84 vs. 4.48 ± 1.02 seconds). There was considerable variability across protocols regarding sprint distance (20-40 m), sprint repetitions (3-15), recovery duration (10-60 seconds), recovery type (active vs. passive), and work-to-rest ratio (≤1:1.4-19.2). Separate protocols are needed for linear and COD tests, and these should reflect the brief nature of intense periods of competition and stress the ability to recover. Based on data across studies for protocol design and to ensure a demanding work-to-rest ratio, it is suggested that a linear RSA should comprise 6 × 30 m sprints separated by 15 seconds of active recovery. To provide some parity to linear tests, to keep work duration brief and to maintain a demanding work-to-rest ratio, a COD RSA should comprise 6 × 30 m shuttle sprints (15 + 15 m), providing one change of direction (180° COD), and maintaining a 15-second active recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Kyles
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
- Donegal GAA Academy, Donegal Training Centre, Broadpath Convoy, Co. Donegal, Ireland
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, New Zealand
| | - Micheál J Cahill
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, New Zealand
- Athlete Training and Health, Plano, Texas; and
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jason Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
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Jumping vs. running: Effects of exercise modality on aerobic capacity and neuromuscular performance after a six-week high-intensity interval training. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281737. [PMID: 36763697 PMCID: PMC9917273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has proven to be effective in improving endurance capacity and muscle endurance. However, its potential to improve other aspects of physical performance such as strength and power has not been well explored, and most research studies used only running and cycling as exercise modalities. Here, we compared the effects of jumping versus running as exercise modalities during a 6-week HIIT. METHODS 46 participants (24±3 years, 171±9 cm, 68±13 kg, 22 women) were randomly allocated to one of three groups: countermovement jump training, running training, or control. The two training groups underwent a 6-week HIIT with 3 training sessions per week. Both training protocols had identical training frequency, number of series and work/rest durations (on average 7 series of 25s, with a rest of 25s between series). Before and after the training period, aerobic capacity and neuromuscular performance were assessed. RESULTS Analyses of variance revealed a significant group*time interaction effect for maximal aerobic capacity (p = 0.004), and post hoc analyses showed a significant increase in the running group (p < .001, +7.6%). Analyses of the maximal voluntary contraction revealed only a significant increase in the jumping group (plantar flexion +12.8%, knee extension +8.2%). No interaction effects were found for maximal power or jump height. CONCLUSION Despite identical programming, the choice of exercise mode profoundly affected the training adaptations: the running group significantly increased aerobic capacity, and the jump group significantly increased leg strength. These results underline the importance of exercise modality in physical performance adaptations.
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Ruscello B, Pantanella L, Iemme P, Filetti C, Porta M, D'Ottavio S, Marcelli L, Apollaro G, Morganti G, Grossi A, Esposito M, Padua E. Temporal patterns of fatigue in repeated sprint ability testing in soccer players and acute effects of different IHRs: a comparison between genders. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:213-222. [PMID: 35816140 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated sprint ability (RSA) in soccer is deemed fundamental to ensure high level of performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of two different Initial Heart Rates (IHR) on fatigue when testing RSA in males and females' soccer players and to compare the respective patterns of fatigue. METHODS Nineteen female soccer players (age: 22.5±3.3 years, height 163.9±7.3 cm, body weight 54.3±6.4 kg, BMI 20.6±1.5 kg·m-2) and 15 male soccer players (age: 17.9±1.5 years, height 175.9±5.8 cm, body weight 68.5±9.6 kg, BMI 22.3±1.5 kg·m-2) participated in this study. HRs reached at the end of two different warm-up protocols (~90 vs. ~ 60% HR<inf>max</inf>), have been selected and the respective RSA performances were compared, within and between the groups of participants. Two sets of ten shuttle-sprints (15+15 m) with a 1:3 exercise to rest ratio with different IHR% were administered, in different days, in randomized order. To compare the different sprint performances, we employed the calculated Fatigue Index (FI%). Blood lactate concentration (BLa-) was also measured before and after testing, to compare metabolic energy. RESULTS Significant differences among trials within each set (P<0.01) were found in both genders. Differences between sets were found in male players, (Factorial ANOVA 2x5; P<0.001), not in female. BLa- after warm-up was higher in 90% vs. 60% HR<inf>max</inf> (P<0.05), in both genders but at the completion of RSA tests (after 3 minutes) the differences were not significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS difference between genders were found, suggesting specific approach in testing and training RSA in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ruscello
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy - .,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy - .,Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy - .,LUISS SportLab, LUISS University, Rome, Italy -
| | - Laura Pantanella
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Iemme
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Filetti
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,Paris Saint Germain Football Club, Paris, France
| | - Marco Porta
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Ottavio
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marcelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, UNICUSANO, Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Apollaro
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Morganti
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Grossi
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Esposito
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,LUISS SportLab, LUISS University, Rome, Italy.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Elvira Padua
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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15
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Wu J, Zhang L, Yang H, Lu C, Jiang L, Chen Y. The Effect of Music Tempo on Fatigue Perception at Different Exercise Intensities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073869. [PMID: 35409552 PMCID: PMC8997730 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to clarify the effect of music tempo on runners’ perception of fatigue at different exercise intensities and while listening to music of different tempos through running experiments. Methods: This study used a within-subject two-factor experimental design with music tempo (fast music, slow music, no music) and exercise intensity (high intensity, low intensity) as independent variables and the time to fatigue perception (TFP), the difference in heart rate (HR) and the difference in the median frequency (MF) of surface electromyography (sEMG) signals as observation indexes. Eighteen participants completed a total of 108 sets of running experiments. Results: (1) The main effect of music tempo on the TFP was significant (p < 0.001). (2) The main effect of exercise intensity on the TFP was significant (p < 0.001), and the main effect on the difference in HR was significant (p < 0.001). (3) The interaction effect of music tempo and exercise intensity on the TFP was significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Exercisers’ subjective perception of fatigue was affected by music tempo and the interaction between music tempo and exercise intensity, and exercisers’ objective fatigue perception was influenced mostly by exercise intensity. The findings of this study provide guidance for runners’ choice of music at different intensities of exercise. Whether it is low-intensity exercise or high-intensity exercise, listening to fast music while exercising can help runners perform better mentally and physically during their runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wu
- Industrial Design and Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (J.W.); (H.Y.)
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- School of Design and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (L.Z.); (L.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Hongchun Yang
- Industrial Design and Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (J.W.); (H.Y.)
| | - Chunfu Lu
- Industrial Design and Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (J.W.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lu Jiang
- School of Design and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (L.Z.); (L.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuyun Chen
- School of Design and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (L.Z.); (L.J.); (Y.C.)
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16
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Chen CY, Chou CC, Lin KX, Mündel T, Chen MT, Liao YH, Tsai SC. A Sports Nutrition Perspective on the Impacts of Hypoxic High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Appetite Regulatory Mechanisms: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031736. [PMID: 35162760 PMCID: PMC8835478 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and low-oxygen exposure may inhibit the secretion of appetite-stimulating hormones, suppress appetite, and inhibit dietary intake. Physiological changes affecting appetite are frequent and include appetite hormone (ghrelin, leptin, PYY, and GLP-1) effects and the subjective loss of appetite, resulting in nutritional deficiencies. This paper is a narrative review of the literature to verify the HIIT effect on appetite regulation mechanisms and discusses the possible relationship between appetite effects and the need for high-intensity exercise training in a hypoxic environment. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed and the Web of Science databases, as well as English articles (gray literature by Google Scholar for English articles) through Google Scholar, and the searched studies primarily focused on the acute effects of exercise and hypoxic environmental factors on appetite, related hormones, and energy intake. In a general normoxic environment, regular exercise habits may have accustomed the athlete to intense training and, therefore, no changes occurred in their subjective appetite, but there is a significant effect on the appetite hormones. The higher the exercise intensity and the longer the duration, the more likely exercise is to cause exercise-induced appetite loss and changes in appetite hormones. It has not been clear whether performing HIIT in a hypoxic environment may interfere with the exerciser’s diet or the nutritional supplement intake as it suppresses appetite, which, in turn, affects and interferes with the recovery efficiency after exercise. Although appetite-regulatory hormones, the subjective appetite, and energy intake may be affected by exercise, such as hypoxia or hypoxic exercise, we believe that energy intake should be the main observable indicator in future studies on environmental and exercise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yu Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City 111, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Chung Chou
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan;
| | - Ke-Xun Lin
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City 112, Taiwan;
| | - Toby Mündel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Mu-Tsung Chen
- Department of Food and Beverage Management, Shih Chien University, Taipei City 104, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Hung Liao
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City 112, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.L.); (S.-C.T.)
| | - Shiow-Chwen Tsai
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City 111, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.L.); (S.-C.T.)
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17
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Karaküçük Y, Okudan N, Bozkurt B, Belviranlı M, Tobakçal F. Evaluation of the effect of high-intensity interval training on macular microcirculation via swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography in young football players. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 69:2334-2339. [PMID: 34427215 PMCID: PMC8544043 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3079_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on macular microcirculation, measured by swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (ss OCTA) in young football players. Methods: Football players between 18–20 years old were included. After a detailed ophthalmological examination, physiological parameters, including height, body weight, body fat, systemic blood pressure, hematocrit values, oxygen saturation, and heart rate, were recorded. Intraocular pressure and ss OCTA parameters were measured one day before and the day after the high intensity interval training program using DRI OCT Triton (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan) between 11:00 am and 1:00 pm. Results: Fifteen participants completed the study. All were males with a mean age of 18.1 ± 0.4 years. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and oxygen saturation did not change significantly (P > 0.05), while hematocrit levels increased remarkably (P = 0.049) after the HIIT program. Heart rates and intraocular pressure decreased (P = 0.003, P = 0.017, respectively). There was a significant increase in the central vessel density in deep capillary plexus (before: 18.7 ± 3.8%, after: 21.1 ± 4.5%) and central vessel density in choriocapillaris (before: 54.5 ± 2.8%, after 56.9 ± 2.2%) (P = 0.02, P = 0.02, respectively), although no changes were observed in other ss OCTA or in the central macular thickness and subfoveal choroidal thickness. Conclusion: A 6 week, high intensity interval training program with three exercise sessions per week seems not to alter mean superficial vascular densities, deep foveal avascular zone, and superficial foveal avascular zones, central macular thickness, or subfoveal choroidal thickness, while the central deep vascular density and central choriocapillaris vascular density increased remarkably among ss OCTA parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalçın Karaküçük
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Nilsel Okudan
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Division of Sports Physiology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Banu Bozkurt
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Muaz Belviranlı
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Division of Sports Physiology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fatih Tobakçal
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Division of Sports Physiology, Konya, Turkey
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18
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Applicability of Field Aerobic Fitness Tests in Soccer: Which One to Choose? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6030069. [PMID: 34449680 PMCID: PMC8395732 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A desire to make fitness testing cheaper and easier to conduct in a team-sport setting has led to the development of numerous field aerobic fitness tests. This has contributed to a growing confusion among strength and conditioning coaches about which one to use. The main aim of this narrative review was to examine the reliability, validity, sensitivity and usefulness of the commonly used field aerobic fitness tests and to provide practical guidelines for their use in soccer. The University of Montreal track test (UMTT) and Vam Eval test seem the best options for estimation of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) while the highest signal-to-noise ratio of the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT) suggests its superior sensitivity to track changes in fitness. The UMTT and 30-15IFT are the best solutions for prescription of long and short high-intensity interval training sessions, respectively. All field tests mostly present with marginal usefulness, but the smallest worthwhile change for UMTT or Vam Eval test, Yo-YoIRT2 and 30-15IFT are smaller than their stage increment making the improvement of only one stage in the test performance already worthwhile. Strength and conditioning coaches are advised to choose the test based on their specific purpose of testing.
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19
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Dolci F, Kilding AE, Spiteri T, Chivers P, Piggott B, Maiorana A, Hart N. High-intensity Interval Training Shock Microcycle Improves Running Performance but not Economy in Female Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:740-748. [PMID: 33307555 DOI: 10.1055/a-1302-8002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training shock microcycles (HIITSM) on endurance, running economy and change of direction economy in female soccer players. Nineteen sub-elite female soccer players were randomised to two groups: HIITSM (10 HIIT sessions over 13 days) or HIITTRAD (4 HIIT sessions over 13 days) interventions. Endurance performance was evaluated through the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT); running economy over a 5-min treadmill run; and change of direction economy over two conditions: (1) 5-min 20m shuttle run, and (2) 5-min 10m shuttle run. HIITSM significantly improved 30-15IFT scores compared to baseline (+4.4%, p=0.009; d=0.96) and 30-15IFT scores relative to HIITTRAD (p=0.002; d=2.01). There was no significant interaction (group×time) for running economy and change of direction economy. Pre- to post- intervention there was a significant main time effect for blood lactate over 20m and 10m shuttle runs (p<0.001 and p=0.037, respectively), with large (d=0.93) and moderate (d=0.53) changes observed for the HIITSM over the two distances, respectively. HIITSM may be more effective than HIITTRAD to improve 30-15IFT over shorter training periods but may not affect running economy and change of direction economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Dolci
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Division of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, Newzealand
| | - Tania Spiteri
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Paola Chivers
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Benjamin Piggott
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Andrew Maiorana
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Nicolas Hart
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, Australia.,Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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20
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Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Does Not Improve Running Anaerobic Sprint Test Performance in Semiprofessional Adolescent Soccer Players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:330-337. [PMID: 32668408 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ergogenic strategies have been studied to alleviate muscle fatigue and improve sports performance. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has improved repeated sprint performance in adult team-sports players, but the effect for adolescents is unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of NaHCO3 supplementation on repeated sprint performance in semiprofessional adolescent soccer players. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 15 male semiprofessional adolescent soccer players (15 ± 1 years; body fat 10.7 ± 1.3%) ingested NaHCO3 or a placebo (sodium chloride) 90 min before performing the running anaerobic sprint test (RAST). A countermovement jump was performed before and after the RAST, and ratings of perceived exertion, blood parameters (potential hydrogen and bicarbonate concentration), and fatigue index were also evaluated. Supplementation with NaHCO3 promoted alkalosis, as demonstrated by the increase from the baseline to preexercise, compared with the placebo (potential hydrogen: +0.07 ± 0.01 vs. -0.00 ± 0.01, p < .001 and bicarbonate: +3.44 ± 0.38 vs. -1.45 ± 0.31 mmol/L, p < .001); however, this change did not translate into an improvement in RAST total time (32.12 ± 0.30 vs. 33.31 ± 0.41 s, p = .553); fatigue index (5.44 ± 0.64 vs. 6.28 ± 0.64 W/s, p = .263); ratings of perceived exertion (7.60 ± 0.33 vs. 7.80 ± 0.10 units, p = .525); countermovement jump pre-RAST (32.21 ± 3.35 vs. 32.05 ± 3.51 cm, p = .383); or countermovement jump post-RAST (31.70 ± 0.78 vs. 32.74 ± 1.11 cm, p = .696). Acute NaHCO3 supplementation did not reduce muscle fatigue or improve RAST performance in semiprofessional adolescent soccer players. More work assessing supplementation in this age group is required to increase understanding in the area.
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21
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Ruscello B, Esposito M, Fusco C, Ceccarelli C, Pomponi S, Filetti C, Pantanella L, Gabrielli P, D'ottavio S. Acute effects of two different initial heart rates on testing the repeated sprint ability in elite women soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:527-535. [PMID: 32043343 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated sprint ability (RSA) in women's soccer is crucial to ensure high level of performance during the game. The aim of this study is to investigate the acute effects of two different initial heart rates intensities on fatigue when testing the RSA. METHODS Since there are many kinds of pre-match warming-ups, the heart rate reached at the end of two different warm-up protocols (~90 vs. ≈60% HRmax) as an indicator of internal load has been selected and the respective RSA performances were compared. RSA tests were performed by 19 elite women soccer players (age: 22.5±3.3 years, height 163.9±7.3 cm, body mass 54.3±6.4 kg, BMI 20.6±1.5 kg/m2) with two sets of ten shuttle-sprints (15+15 m) with a 1:3 exercise to rest ratio, in different days (randomized order) with different initial HR% (60% and 90% HRmax). In order to compare the different sprint performances a Fatigue Index (FI%) was computed; the blood lactate concentrations (BLa-) were measured before and after testing, to compare metabolic energy. RESULTS Significant differences among trials within each set (P<0.01) were found, as evidence of fatigue. Differences between sets were not found, (Factorial ANOVA 2x10; P>0.05). Although the BLa- after warm-up was higher between 90% vs. 60% HRmax (P<0.05), at the completion of RSA tests (after 3 minutes) the differences were considerably low and not significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that, contrary to male soccer, the initial heart rates, induced by different modes of warming-up, do not affect the overall performance while testing RSA in women's soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ruscello
- Interdepartmental Center of Science and Culture of Sport, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy - .,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy - .,Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy -
| | - Mario Esposito
- Interdepartmental Center of Science and Culture of Sport, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Fusco
- Interdepartmental Center of Science and Culture of Sport, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Pomponi
- Interdepartmental Center of Science and Culture of Sport, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Pantanella
- Interdepartmental Center of Science and Culture of Sport, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Gabrielli
- Interdepartmental Center of Science and Culture of Sport, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano D'ottavio
- Interdepartmental Center of Science and Culture of Sport, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,AS Roma Women Football Club, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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22
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Combined Small-Sided Game and High-Intensity Interval Training in Soccer Players: The Effect of Exercise Order. J Hum Kinet 2019; 69:249-257. [PMID: 31666907 PMCID: PMC6815089 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare combined small-sided game (SSG) and high-intensity interval training (HIT) with different order. Twenty-one semi-professional soccer players were divided into two groups: SSG+HIT (n = 10) and HIT+SSG (n = 11), and underwent similar four-week training programs. Players completed the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) before and after the experiment; maximum speed (VIFT) was recorded. During the experiment, seven sessions of SSG (3 vs 3) and HIT (15"-15" with 95-100% VIFT) were implemented. Weekly accumulated training loads for both groups during the experiment were similar. Moderate improvements in VIFT were observed in both SSG+HIT (+6.2%, 90% confidence limits, [CL] 4.6; 7.7 and Effect Size, [ES] +0.96) and HIT+SSG (+6.9%, 90% CL 4.6; 9.3 and ES +0.97) groups. Between-group difference in changes of VIFT was trivial (+0.7%, 90% CL -1.8; 3.3 and ES +0.11). Combining SSG and HIT in different order elicited the same enhancement in high-intensity intermittent performance in soccer players.
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Diagnostic value of Beep and Yo-Yo tests in assessing physical performance of female soccer players. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2019-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Study aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the physiological responses of female soccer players recorded during the Beep Test and Yo-Yo Test.
Material and methods: Twenty-three high-level women’s soccer players underwent aerobic fitness testing. Modification of the Beep Test consisted of: lengthening the distance between turns to 40 m, extending the time between the increase in speed, and including a rest period between exercise stages. During the running efforts the length of the distance run in both tests was measured as well as circulatory and respiratory variables. For statistical analyses only data obtained at maximum loads in both tests were accepted.
Results: Analyzed variables showed that all values recorded in both tests reached maximum values and did not differ statistically significantly.
Conclusion: The results show that both applied tests loaded the soccer players to a similar maximum degree and the tests are suitable for assessing the aerobic physical performance.
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Effects of high intensity speed-based treadmill training on ambulatory function in people with chronic stroke: A preliminary study with long-term follow-up. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1985. [PMID: 30760772 PMCID: PMC6374472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37982-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High intensity treadmill training has shown to be beneficial for stroke survivors, yet the feasibility and long-term effects remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine whether a 4-week high intensity speed-based treadmill training (HISTT) is feasible for chronic stroke survivors, and we examined its effects on ambulatory function, and long-term retention. Sixteen individuals post-stroke participated in 40 minutes of HISTT for four weeks at a frequency of three sessions per week. Gait speed was measured using the 10-meter walk test, endurance was measured using the 6-minute walk test, and quality of life was assessed using the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) at baseline, post-training, and at 3-month follow-up. All participants successfully completed the training without any serious adverse events. Participants significantly increased fastest walking speed by 19%, self-selected walking speed by 18%, and walking endurance by 12% after the training. These improvements were maintained for 3 months after the intervention. Our results indicate that this modified speed-based high intensity walking program has the potential to be a feasible and effective method of gait training for stroke survivors. However, the small sample size and lack of a control group warrant caution in interpretation of results. Further studies are recommended to better understand effectiveness of this protocol in combination with other physical therapy interventions for functional recovery after stroke.
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Uthoff A, Oliver J, Cronin J, Winwood P, Harrison C. Prescribing Target Running Intensities for High-School Athletes: Can Forward and Backward Running Performance Be Autoregulated? Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:E77. [PMID: 30096881 PMCID: PMC6162733 DOI: 10.3390/sports6030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Target running intensities are prescribed to enhance sprint-running performance and progress injured athletes back into competition, yet is unknown whether running speed can be achieved using autoregulation. This study investigated the consistency of running intensities in adolescent athletes using autoregulation to self-select velocity. Thirty-four boys performed 20 m forward running (FR) and backward running (BR) trials at slow, moderate and fast intensities (40⁻55%, 60⁻75% and +90% maximum effort, respectively) on three occasions. Absolute and relative consistency was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Systematic changes in 10 and 20 m performance were identified between trials 1⁻2 for moderate and fast BR (p ≤ 0.01) and during moderate BR over 20 m across trials 2⁻3 (p ≤ 0.05). However, comparisons between trials 2⁻3 resulted in low typical percentage error (CV ≤ 4.3%) and very good to excellent relative consistency (ICC ≥ 0.87) for all running speeds and directions. Despite FR being significantly (p ≤ 0.01) faster than BR at slow (26%), moderate (28%) and fast intensities (26%), consistency was similar in both running directions and strongest at the fastest speeds. Following appropriate familiarization, youth athletes may use autoregulation to self-select prescribed FR and BR target running intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, 17 Anatres Pl, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Jon Oliver
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, 17 Anatres Pl, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK.
| | - John Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, 17 Anatres Pl, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
- School of Health and Medical Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia.
| | - Paul Winwood
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, 17 Anatres Pl, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
- Department of Sport and Recreation, School of Applied Science, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga 3112, New Zealand.
| | - Craig Harrison
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, 17 Anatres Pl, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
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