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Cheung CP, Baker RE, Coates AM, Burr JF. Cannabis containing THC impairs 20-min cycling time trial performance irrespective of the method of inhalation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:583-591. [PMID: 38299223 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00757.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we examine the human exercise response following cannabis inhalation, taking into consideration varied cannabinoid concentrations and different inhalation methods. A semirandomized crossover study design was used, with measures of perceived exertion and physiological responses to submaximal and maximal exercise. Participants (n = 14, 9 males 5 females) completed exercise after 1) smoking Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-predominant cannabis (S-THC), 2) inhaling aerosol (vaporizing) from THC-predominant cannabis (V-THC), 3) inhaling aerosol from cannabidiol (CBD)-predominant cannabis (V-CBD), or 4) under control conditions. All exercise was performed on a cycle ergometer, with submaximal testing performed at 100 W followed by an evaluation of maximal exercise performance using an all-out 20-min time trial. Metabolism was characterized via the analysis of expired gases while subjective ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were reported. During submaximal cycling, heart rate was higher during S-THC and V-THC compared with both control and V-CBD (all P < 0.02). During maximal exercise, V̇e was lower in V-THC compared with control, S-THC, and V-CBD (all P < 0.03), as was S-THC compared with control (P < 0.05). Both V̇o2 and RPE were similar between conditions during maximal exercise (both P > 0.1). Mean power output during the 20-min time trial was significantly lower in the S-THC and V-THC conditions compared with both control and V-CBD (all P < 0.04). Cannabis containing THC alters the physiological response to maximal and submaximal exercise, largely independent of the inhalation method. THC-containing cannabis negatively impacts vigorous exercise performance during a sustained 20-min effort, likely due to physiological and psychotropic effects. Inhalation of cannabis devoid of THC and primarily containing CBD has little physiological effect on the exercise response or performance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Inhalation of cannabis containing THC alters physiological responses to both submaximal and maximal exercise and reduces mean power output during a 20-min time trial, regardless of whether it is inhaled as smoke or aerosol. In contrast, cannabis devoid of THC and predominantly containing CBD has no effect on physiological responses to exercise or performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Cheung
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryleigh E Baker
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra M Coates
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Paquette JS, Rhéaume C, Cordeau P, Moulin JA, Audet-Walsh E, Blanchette V, Drouin-Chartier JP, Toi AK, Tremblay A. The Longevity Protein Klotho: A Promising Tool to Monitor Lifestyle Improvements. Metabolites 2023; 13:1157. [PMID: 37999253 PMCID: PMC10673288 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13111157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is not a disease; it is a natural evolution of human physiology. Medical advances have extended our life expectancy, but chronic diseases and geriatric syndrome continue to affect the increasingly aging population. Yet modern medicine perpetuates an approach based on treatment rather than prevention and education. In order to help solve this ever-growing problem, a new discipline has emerged: lifestyle medicine. Nutrition, physical activity, stress management, restorative sleep, social connection, and avoidance of risky substances are the pillars on which lifestyle medicine is founded. The aim of this discipline is to increase healthspan and reduce the duration of morbidity by making changes to our lifestyle. In this review, we propose the use of klotho protein as a novel biomarker for lifestyle medicine in order to quantify and monitor the health status of individuals, as no integrative tool currently exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Paquette
- Primary Care Research and Innovation Laboratory (Laboratoire ARIMED), Groupe de Médecine de Famille Universitaire du Nord de Lanaudière, Centre Intégré de Santé et de Services Sociaux de Lanaudière, Joliette, QC J6E 5X7, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Vitam, Research Center on Sustainable Health, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Caroline Rhéaume
- Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Vitam, Research Center on Sustainable Health, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Pierre Cordeau
- Vitam, Research Center on Sustainable Health, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Julie-Alexandra Moulin
- Vitam, Research Center on Sustainable Health, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Etienne Audet-Walsh
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Virginie Blanchette
- Vitam, Research Center on Sustainable Health, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Human Kinetics and Podiatric Medicine, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier
- NUTRISS (Nutrition, Health and Society) Research Centre, Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Alfred-Kodjo Toi
- Vitam, Research Center on Sustainable Health, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- NUTRISS (Nutrition, Health and Society) Research Centre, Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Quebec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
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Rao A, Clayton P, Briskey D. Libifem® ( Trigonella foenum-graecum) in conjunction with exercise on muscle strength, power, endurance, and body composition in females aged between 25 and 45 years. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1207013. [PMID: 37637219 PMCID: PMC10450923 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1207013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examined the effects of Libifem® on exercise performance and body composition in females 25-45 years old. Methods Participants were randomized to three equal groups to consume: 600 mg Libifem®/day, 300 mg Libifem®/day or a placebo for 8 weeks. Participants completed a whole-body exercise program three times a week for 8 weeks. At baseline, week 4 and week 8, muscle strength and endurance, functional threshold power, body composition, and sex hormones were measured. At week 8, all three groups increased leg press 1RM compared to baseline. Results A significant difference between group treatment effect was seen for leg press at week 8 (p = 0.045), with the 600 mg Libifem® group significantly increasing their leg press 1RM compared to placebo (p = 0.014). The 600 mg Libifem® group significantly reduced their total fat mass (0.96 kg loss) from baseline compared to placebo group (0.09 kg gain). There was no significant difference in fat mass for the 300 mg Libifem® group (0.23 kg loss). The 600 mg Libifem® group had a significant increase in lean mass compared to both the 300 mg and placebo groups (p = 0.011 and 0.009, respectively). Discussion Overall, there were significant and dose-related changes in body composition and ergogenic parameters, comparable with previous findings in males. Clinical Trial Registration This trial was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials registry [ACTRN12618001538235].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Clayton
- Department of Personalized and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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Quadriceps Muscle Morphology Is an Important Determinant of Maximal Isometric and Crank Torques of Cyclists. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020022. [PMID: 36828307 PMCID: PMC9958782 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if quadriceps morphology [muscle volume (MV); cross-sectional area (CSA)], vastus lateralis (VL) muscle architecture, and muscle quality [echo intensity (ECHO)] can explain differences in knee extensor maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), crank torque (CT) and time-to-exhaustion (TTE) in trained cyclists. Twenty male competitive cyclists performed a maximal incremental ramp to determine their maximal power output (POMAX). Muscle morphology (MV; CSA), muscle architecture of VL and muscle quality (ECHO) of both quadriceps muscles were assessed. Subsequently, cyclists performed three MVICs of both knee extensor muscles and finally performed a TTE test at POMAX with CT measurement during TTE. Stepwise multiple regression results revealed right quadriceps MV determined right MVIC (31%) and CT (33%). Left MV determined CT (24%); and left VL fascicle length (VL-FL) determined MVIC (64%). However, quadriceps morphological variables do not explain differences in TTE. No significant differences were observed between left and right quadriceps muscle morphology (p > 0.05). The findings emphasize that quadriceps MV is an important determinant of knee extensor MVIC and CT but does not explain differences in TTE at POMAX. Furthermore, quadriceps morphological variables were similar between the left and right quadriceps in competitive cyclists.
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Prediction of Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Cycle Ergometry in Competitive Cyclists. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010160. [PMID: 36676109 PMCID: PMC9866134 DOI: 10.3390/life13010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Models for predicting maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in average adults might not be suitable for athletes, especially for competitive cyclists who can have significantly higher VO2max than normally active people. The aim of this study was to develop a clinically applicable equation for predicting VO2max during cycle ergometry in competitive cyclists and to compare its accuracy to the traditional American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) equation. Maximal cycle ergometry tests were performed in 496 male and 84 female competitive cyclists. Six predictors were initially used to model the prediction equation (power output, body weight, body height, fat mass, fat-free mass and age). Power output and body weight were the most important parameters in the model predicting VO2max. Three new equations were derived: for male (VO2max = 0.10 × PO - 0.60 × BW + 64.21), female cyclists (0.13 × PO - 0.83 × BW + 64.02) and the non-gender-specific formula (0.12 × PO - 0.65 × BW + 59.78). The ACSM underestimated VO2max in men by 7.32 mL/min/kg (11.54%), in women by 8.24 mL/min/kg (15.04%) and in all participants by 7.45 mL/min/kg (11.99%), compared to the new equation that underestimated VO2max in men by 0.12 mL/min/kg (0.19%) and in all participants by 0.65 mL/min/kg (1.04%). In female cyclists, the new equation had no relative bias. We recommend that medicine and sports practitioners adapt our proposed equations when working with competitive cyclists. Our findings demonstrate the need to evaluate prediction models for other athletes with a special focus on disciplines that demand high aerobic capacity.
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Zhang T, Braun DJ. Theory of Fast Walking With Human-Driven Load-Carrying Robot Exoskeletons. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:1971-1981. [PMID: 35834449 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3190208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reaching and maintaining high walking speeds is challenging for a human when carrying extra weight, such as walking with a heavy backpack. Robotic limbs can support a heavy backpack when standing still, but accelerating a backpack within a couple of steps to race-walking speeds requires limb force and energy beyond natural human ability. Here, we conceive a human-driven robot exoskeleton that could accelerate a heavy backpack faster and maintain top speeds higher than what the human alone can when not carrying a backpack. The key components of the exoskeleton are the mechanically adaptive but energetically passive spring limbs. We show that by optimally adapting the stiffness of the limbs, the robot can achieve near-horizontal center of mass motion to emulate the load-bearing mechanics of the bicycle. We find that such an exoskeleton could enable the human to accelerate one extra body weight up to top race-walking speeds in ten steps. Our finding predicts that human-driven mechanically adaptive robot exoskeletons could extend human weight-bearing and fast-walking ability without using external energy.
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Bennett S, Tiollier E, Brocherie F, Owens DJ, Morton JP, Louis J. Three weeks of a home-based "sleep low-train low" intervention improves functional threshold power in trained cyclists: A feasibility study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260959. [PMID: 34855913 PMCID: PMC8639084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background “Sleep Low-Train Low” is a training-nutrition strategy intended to purposefully reduce muscle glycogen availability around specific exercise sessions, potentially amplifying the training stimulus via augmented cell signalling. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a 3-week home-based “sleep low-train low” programme and its effects on cycling performance in trained athletes. Methods Fifty-five trained athletes (Functional Threshold Power [FTP]: 258 ± 52W) completed a home-based cycling training program consisting of evening high-intensity training (6 × 5 min at 105% FTP), followed by low-intensity training (1 hr at 75% FTP) the next morning, three times weekly for three consecutive weeks. Participant’s daily carbohydrate (CHO) intake (6 g·kg-1·d-1) was matched but timed differently to manipulate CHO availability around exercise: no CHO consumption post- HIT until post-LIT sessions [Sleep Low (SL), n = 28] or CHO consumption evenly distributed throughout the day [Control (CON), n = 27]. Sessions were monitored remotely via power data uploaded to an online training platform, with performance tests conducted pre-, post-intervention. Results LIT exercise intensity reduced by 3% across week 1, 3 and 2% in week 2 (P < 0.01) with elevated RPE in SL vs. CON (P < 0.01). SL enhanced FTP by +5.5% vs. +1.2% in CON (P < 0.01). Comparable increases in 5-min peak power output (PPO) were observed between groups (P < 0.01) with +2.3% and +2.7% in SL and CON, respectively (P = 0.77). SL 1-min PPO was unchanged (+0.8%) whilst CON improved by +3.9% (P = 0.0144). Conclusion Despite reduced relative training intensity, our data demonstrate short-term “sleep low-train low” intervention improves FTP compared with typically “normal” CHO availability during exercise. Importantly, training was completed unsupervised at home (during the COVID-19 pandemic), thus demonstrating the feasibility of completing a “sleep low-train low” protocol under non-laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bennett
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Eve Tiollier
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Daniel J. Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Marín-Pagán C, Dufour S, Freitas TT, Alcaraz PE. Performance Profile among Age Categories in Young Cyclists. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111196. [PMID: 34827189 PMCID: PMC8614687 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Overall, adolescence brings upon many bodily changes that modify physical capacities. To better understand these physiological changes and the characteristics of each stage of adolescent development in youth cycling, it is necessary to describe and compare cyclists that pertain to lower categories. Parameters such as maximum oxygen uptake, fat oxidation capacity, functional power threshold, and ventilatory thresholds are decisive predictors of performance in future stages. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the physiological profile of different road cyclist age categories (Youth, Junior, and Under-23) to obtain the performance requirements. The results suggest major differences, with the Youth group showing clear changes in all metabolic zones except in fat oxidation. The Youth group physiological profile is clearly different from the other age categories. The present results suggest that the Juniors’ qualities are closer to adult performance, however, little is known about sports performance indicators in adolescent cyclists. Abstract Endurance profile assessment is of major interest to evaluate the cyclist’s performance potential. In this regard, maximal oxygen uptake and functional threshold power are useful functional parameters to determine metabolic training zones (ventilatory threshold). The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the physiological profile of different road cyclist age categories (Youth, Junior, and Under-23) to obtain the performance requirements. Sixty-one competitive road cyclists (15–22 years) performed a maximal incremental test on a bike in order to determine functional parameters (maximal fat oxidation zone, ventilatory thresholds, maximal oxygen uptake, and functional threshold power) and metabolic training zones. The results suggest major differences, with the Youth group showing clear changes in all metabolic zones except in fat oxidation. The main differences between Under-23 vs. Junior groups were observed in maximal relative power output (Under-23: 6.70 W·Kg−1; Junior: 6.17 W·Kg−1) and relative functional threshold power (Under-23: 4.91 W·Kg−1; Junior: 4.48 W·Kg−1). The Youth group physiological profile is clearly different to the other age categories. Some parameters normalized to body weight (maximal oxygen consumption, load and functional threshold power) could be interesting to predict a sporting career during the Junior and Under-23 stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Marín-Pagán
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain; (T.T.F.); (P.E.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Stéphane Dufour
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Medicine Federation (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, EA 3072 Strasbourg, France;
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain; (T.T.F.); (P.E.A.)
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain; (T.T.F.); (P.E.A.)
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Valiulin D, Purge P, Hofmann P, Mäestu J, Jürimäe J. Can We Improve the Functional Threshold Power Test by Adding High-Intensity Priming Arm-Crank? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:88. [PMID: 34842766 PMCID: PMC8628883 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of arm-crank induced priming on subsequent 20 min Functional Threshold Power Test among 11 well-trained male cyclists (18.8 ± 0.9 years; 182 ± 5 cm; 73.0 ± 6.6 kg; V˙O2max 67.9 ± 5.1 mL·kg-1·min-1). Participants completed an incremental test and two maximal performance tests (MPTs) in a randomized order. Warm-up prior to MPTlow consisted of 20 min aerobic exercise and 25 s high-intensity all-out arm crank effort was added to warm-up in MPThigh. Constant intensities for the first 17 min of MPT were targeting to achieve a similar relative fatigue according to participants' physiological capacity before the last 3 min all-out spurt. Final 3 min all-out spurt power was 4.94 ± 0.27 W·kg-1 and 4.85 ± 0.39 W·kg-1 in MPTlow and MPThigh, respectively (not statistically different: p = 0.116; d = 0.5). Blood lactate [La] levels just before the start were higher (p < 0.001; d = 2.6) in MPThigh (5.6 ± 0.5 mmol·L-1) compared to MPTlow (1.1 ± 0.1 mmol·L-1). According to V˙CO2 and net [La] data, significantly higher anaerobic energy production was detected among MPTlow condition. In conclusion, priming significantly reduced anaerobic energy contribution but did neither improve nor decrease group mean performance although effects were variable. We suggest priming to have beneficial effects based on previous studies; however, the effects are individual and additional studies are needed to distinguish such detailed effects in single athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Valiulin
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51008 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51008 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Training & Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sports & Health, Exercise Physiology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jarek Mäestu
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51008 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51008 Tartu, Estonia
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Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on body composition and performance in road cycling: a randomized, controlled trial. NUTR HOSP 2021; 37:1022-1027. [PMID: 32960626 DOI: 10.20960/nh.03103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Low-carbohydrate diets are frequently used to improve performance in endurance sports, often with contradictory results. This study aimed to assess whether a low-carbohydrate diet can outperform an isocaloric conventional diet for improving body composition and performance in a sample of twenty-six trained male road cyclists (previous experience in cyclosportive events, 7.6 ± 4.4 years; age, 26.9 ± 4.9 years; weekly training volume, 7.8 ± 2.9 hours; height, 176 ± 7 centimeters; body fat percentage, 9.7 ± 0.8 %; weight, 65.3 ± 2.3 kg). Detraining and pretreatment periods in which nutrition and training were standardized were followed by an eight-week long intervention in which cyclists consumed either a low-carbohydrate diet (15 % of calories from carbohydrates) or a conventional endurance sports diet while maintaining the same training volumes and intensities. Body composition was assessed through electrical impedance, and performance was evaluated through a twenty-minute time trial performed on a smart bike trainer. The results revealed an overall improvement over time in absolute and relative power, body mass, and body fat for both groups, whilst the improvement in absolute power was comparable. The improvements seen in relative power (p = 0.042), body mass (p = 0.006), and body fat (p = 0.01) were significantly higher in the low-carbohydrate group. We concluded that eight weeks of a low-carbohydrate diet significantly reduced body weight and body fat percentage, and improved 20-minute relative power values in a sample of road cyclists when compared to an isocaloric conventional diet.
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Effect of Seasonal Variation during Annual Cyclist Training on Somatic Function, White Blood Cells Composition, Immunological System, Selected Hormones and Their Interaction with Irisin. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153299. [PMID: 34362082 PMCID: PMC8348623 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate somatic, hormonal and immunological changes during the macrocycle of cyclists (9 well-trained men, age 25.6 ± 5.2 years and body weight 72.4 ± 7.35 kg). During the training macrocycle, four exercise control tests were carried out, and biochemical markers were measured in the laboratory. Seasonal training changes did not significantly disturb resting somatic and functional parameters, physical capacity (VO2max), body weight, the number of leukocytes and selected hormones. The secretory system of the organism did not respond significantly to the exercise stress in the training process, even with the increasing share of anaerobic processes in the subsequent periods of the macrocycle. Irisin and other parameters globally did not correlate with training volume. Irisin showed a significant correlation only with cortisol in the first period and human growth hormone in the second, and it showed a weak correlation in the third period with body mass and BMI. The lack of interactions between irisin level and other variables practically excludes its use in monitoring cyclist training. Future research would be complemented by the assessment of stress and postexercise changes in the cyclists’ macrocycle and expanding the research group to other athletes, including women.
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Mackey J, Horner K. What is known about the FTP 20 test related to cycling? A scoping review. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2735-2745. [PMID: 34304689 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1955515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Functional Threshold Power (FTP) in cycling is increasingly used in exercise prescription, particularly with the rise in use of home trainers and virtual exercise platforms. FTP testing does not require biological sampling and is considered a more practical test than others. This scoping review investigated what is known about the 20-minute FTP (FTP20) test. A three-step search strategy was used to identify studies in relevant databases (PubMed, CINAHL, SportDiscus, Google Scholar, Web of Science) and grey literature. Data were extracted and common themes identified which allowed for descriptive analysis and thematic summary. Fifteen studies were included. The primary focus fitted broadly into four themes: reliability, association with other physiological markers, other power-related concepts and performance prediction. The FTP20 test was reported as a reliable test. Studies investigating the relationship of FTP20 with other physiological markers and power-related concepts reported large limits of agreement suggesting parameters cannot be used interchangeably. Some findings indicate that FTP20 may be useful in performance prediction. The majority of studies involved trained male cyclists. Overall, existing literature on the FTP20 test is limited. Further investigation is needed to provide physiological justification for FTP20 and inform use in exercise prescription in a range of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Mackey
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science and Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katy Horner
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science and Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Ardavani A, Aziz H, Phillips BE, Doleman B, Ramzan I, Mozaffar B, Atherton PJ, Idris I. Indicators of response to exercise training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044676. [PMID: 34301648 PMCID: PMC8728353 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Means-based analysis of maximal rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) has traditionally been used as the exercise response indicator to assess the efficacy of endurance (END), high intensity interval (HIIT) and resistance exercise training (RET) for improving cardiorespiratory fitness and whole-body health. However, considerable heterogeneity exists in the interindividual variability response to the same or different training modalities. OBJECTIVES We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate exercise response rates in the context of VO2max: (1) in each training modality (END, HIIT and RET) versus controls, (2) in END versus either HIIT or RET and (3) exercise response rates as measured by VO2max versus other indicators of positive exercise response in each exercise modality. METHODS Three databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, CENTRAL) and additional sources were searched. Both individual response rate and population average data were incorporated through continuous data, respectively. Of 3268 identified manuscripts, a total of 29 studies were suitable for qualitative synthesis and a further 22 for quantitative. Stratification based on intervention duration (less than 12 weeks; more than or equal to 12 weeks) was undertaken. RESULTS A total of 62 data points were procured. Both END and HIIT training exhibited differential improvements in VO2max based on intervention duration. VO2max did not adequately differentiate between END and HIIT, irrespective of intervention length. Although none of the other exercise response indicators achieved statistical significance, LT and HRrest demonstrated common trajectories in pooled and separate analyses between modalities. RET data were highly limited. Heterogeneity was ubiquitous across all analyses. CONCLUSIONS The potential for LT and HRrest as indicators of exercise response requires further elucidation, in addition to the exploration of interventional and intrinsic sources of heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Ardavani
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Hariz Aziz
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Brett Doleman
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Imran Ramzan
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Boshra Mozaffar
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Iskandar Idris
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
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Karsten B, Petrigna L, Klose A, Bianco A, Townsend N, Triska C. Relationship Between the Critical Power Test and a 20-min Functional Threshold Power Test in Cycling. Front Physiol 2021; 11:613151. [PMID: 33551839 PMCID: PMC7862708 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.613151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the agreement between critical power (CP) and functional threshold power (FTP), 17 trained cyclists and triathletes (mean ± SD: age 31 ± 9 years, body mass 80 ± 10 kg, maximal aerobic power 350 ± 56 W, peak oxygen consumption 51 ± 10 mL⋅min-1⋅kg-1) performed a maximal incremental ramp test, a single-visit CP test and a 20-min time trial (TT) test in randomized order on three different days. CP was determined using a time-trial (TT) protocol of three durations (12, 7, and 3 min) interspersed by 30 min passive rest. FTP was calculated as 95% of 20-min mean power achieved during the TT. Differences between means were examined using magnitude-based inferences and a paired-samples t-test. Effect sizes are reported as Cohen's d. Agreement between CP and FTP was assessed using the 95% limits of agreement (LoA) method and Pearson correlation coefficient. There was a 91.7% probability that CP (256 ± 50 W) was higher than FTP (249 ± 44 W). Indeed, CP was significantly higher compared to FTP (P = 0.041) which was associated with a trivial effect size (d = 0.04). The mean bias between CP and FTP was 7 ± 13 W and LoA were -19 to 33 W. Even though strong correlations exist between CP and FTP (r = 0.969; P < 0.001), the chance of meaningful differences in terms of performance (1% smallest worthwhile change), were greater than 90%. With relatively large ranges for LoA between variables, these values generally should not be used interchangeably. Caution should consequently be exercised when choosing between FTP and CP for the purposes of performance analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Karsten
- European University of Applied Sciences (EUFH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Petrigna
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andreas Klose
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nathan Townsend
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Christoph Triska
- Institute of Sport Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Leistungssport Austria, High Performance Unit, Brunn am Gebirge, Austria
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