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Vona I, Tseng CY, Tinoco RO, Nardin W. Hydrodynamics of artificial and oyster-populated breakwaters: A laboratory study with scaled-down oyster castles under unidirectional flow. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 365:121574. [PMID: 38941852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Oyster populations within the Chesapeake Bay have been drastically reduced over the last century mainly due to unregulated human activities and diseases. Regulations and restoration efforts have focused on restoring oyster populations while also considering their ability to provide ecosystem services, such as coastal protection and water quality improvement, among others. To promote oyster growth and the settlement of new populations, a recent technique adopted along the east coast of the US is the use of oyster castles (OCs). OCs have proven effective in recruiting and retaining oysters and in promoting both vertical growth and horizontal expansion of oyster habitats. OCs are widely used in coastal protection as greener alternative to common engineering solutions. We quantified hydrodynamic differences that occur around these OCs during their early stage (i.e. castles without oysters), and with fully developed oysters covering the surface of the castles through a series of laboratory experiments. The experiments were conducted in a recirculating Odell-Kovasznay type channel at the Ecohydraulics and Ecomorphodynamics Laboratory (EEL) at the University of Illinois. OCs (both with and without oysters) were 3D printed at 1:7 scale to fit the canal, and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used for 2D flow characterization. Data showed noticeable differences in flow acceleration atop the castles when covered with oysters, as well as an increase in the generation and distribution of turbulent kinetic energy atop and around the oyster-covered castles. Magnitudes and spatial distribution of Reynolds stresses were also affected by the presence of oysters in both submerged and near-emergent conditions. Challenges associated with the estimation of the drag coefficient for both gray and oyster-covered OCs highlighted the need for more data besides the centerline 2D PIV output. Further research involving the whole three-dimensional structure of the flow, in both unidirectional and oscillatory conditions, will allow us to provide relevant guidelines on the design and use of oyster-populated breakwaters as a viable nature-based solution for coastal protection within low-energy environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Vona
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, USA; National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Marine Science, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chien-Yung Tseng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, CO, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Rafael O Tinoco
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - William Nardin
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, USA
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2
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Francis TB, Sullaway GH, Feist BE, Shelton AO, Chui E, Daley C, Frick KE, Tolimieri N, Williams GD, Samhouri JF. Equivocal associations between small-scale shoreline restoration and subtidal fishes in an urban estuary. Restor Ecol 2022; 30:e13652. [PMID: 36589387 PMCID: PMC9790757 DOI: 10.1111/rec.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Restoration of degraded coastal and estuarine habitats owing to human activities is a major global concern. In Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A., removal of hard armor from beaches and intertidal zones has become a priority for state and local agencies. However, the effectiveness of these shoreline restoration programs for subtidal habitats and fish is unknown. We surveyed six restoration sites in Puget Sound over 2 years to evaluate associations between shoreline restoration and subtidal fish abundance. We measured the abundance of juvenile salmonids and forage fishes along armored, restored, and reference shorelines. Bayesian generalized linear models showed limited support for associations between shoreline restoration and these fishes in the 3-7 years since armor removal. Pacific herring were more abundant at reference shorelines; the shoreline effect for surf smelt varied by survey site. Shoreline restoration was not an important predictor of salmonid abundance; the best models for Chinook and chum salmon included predictors for survey site and eelgrass, respectively. The retention of survey site in several species' top models reveals the influence of the broader landscape context. We also found seasonal variation in abundance for chum salmon and surf smelt. Our results suggest that juvenile forage fish and salmonids in estuaries likely have unique responses to shoreline features, and that the positive effects of armor removal either do not extend into subtidal areas or are not detectable at local scales. To be most effective, coastal restoration programs should consider broader landscape patterns as well as species-specific habitat needs when prioritizing investments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa B. Francis
- Puget Sound InstituteUniversity of Washington TacomaTacomaWA98421U.S.A.
| | - Genoa H. Sullaway
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, College of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesJuneauAK99801U.S.A.
| | - Blake E. Feist
- Conservation Biology DivisionNorthwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationSeattleWA98112U.S.A.
| | - Andrew O. Shelton
- Conservation Biology DivisionNorthwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationSeattleWA98112U.S.A.
| | - Emily Chui
- Department of Marine ScienceCalifornia State University Monterey BaySeasideCA93955U.S.A.
| | - Caroline Daley
- Department of BiologyMiddlebury CollegeMiddleburyVT05753U.S.A.
| | - Kinsey E. Frick
- Fish Ecology DivisionNorthwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationSeattleWA98112U.S.A.
| | - Nick Tolimieri
- Conservation Biology DivisionNorthwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationSeattleWA98112U.S.A.
| | - Gregory D. Williams
- Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationSeattleWA98112U.S.A.
| | - Jameal F. Samhouri
- Conservation Biology DivisionNorthwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationSeattleWA98112U.S.A.
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3
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Wedding LM, Reiter S, Moritsch M, Hartge E, Reiblich J, Gourlie D, Guerry A. Embedding the value of coastal ecosystem services into climate change adaptation planning. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13463. [PMID: 36032941 PMCID: PMC9415443 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Coastal habitats, such as salt marshes and dune systems, can protect communities from hazards by reducing coastline exposure. However, these critical habitats and their diverse ecosystem services are threatened by coastal development and the impacts from a changing climate. Ever increasing pressure on coastal habitats calls for coastal climate adaptation efforts that mitigate or adapt to these pressures in ways that maintain the integrity of coastal landscapes. An important challenge for decisionmakers is determining the best mitigation and adaptation strategies that not only protect human lives and property, but also safeguard the ability of coastal habitats to provide a broad suite of benefits. Here, we present a potential pathway for local-scale climate change adaptation planning through the identification and mapping of natural habitats that provide the greatest benefits to coastal communities. The methodology coupled a coastal vulnerability model with a climate adaptation policy assessment in an effort to identify priority locations for nature-based solutions that reduce vulnerability of critical assets using feasible land-use policy methods. Our results demonstrate the critical role of natural habitats in providing the ecosystem service of coastal protection in California. We found that specific dune habitats play a key role in reducing erosion and inundation of the coastline and that several wetland areas help to absorb energy from storms and provide a protective service for the coast of Marin county, California, USA. Climate change and adaptation planning are globally relevant issues in which the scalability and transferability of solutions must be considered. This work outlines an iterative approach for climate adaptation planning at a local-scale, with opportunity to consider the scalability of an iterative science-policy engagement approach to regional, national, and international levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Wedding
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Sarah Reiter
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America,Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, Boston, United States of America
| | - Monica Moritsch
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Eric Hartge
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Jesse Reiblich
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America,Virginia Coastal Policy Center, William & Mary Law School, Williamsburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Don Gourlie
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America,Puget Sound Partnership, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Anne Guerry
- Natural Capital Project, Stanford, CA, United States of America
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Wellman EH, Baillie CJ, Puckett BJ, Donaher SE, Trackenberg SN, Gittman RK. Reef design and site hydrodynamics mediate oyster restoration and marsh stabilization outcomes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2506. [PMID: 34870355 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental ecological impacts of engineered shoreline protection methods (e.g., seawalls) and the need to protect the coastal zone have prompted calls for greater use of natural and nature-based infrastructure (NNBI). To balance competing needs of structural stability and ecological functioning, managers require assessments of NNBI designs and materials for differing environmental settings (e.g., among wave-energy regimes). To examine the effects of setting and oyster-based NNBI design on the provision of shoreline protection, we constructed reefs from two substrates: a novel, biodegradable material (Oyster Catcher, OC) and traditional oyster shell bags (SB) on low- and high-energy eroding salt marsh shorelines, designated based on fetch and boat wake exposure. Both reef types buffered marsh elevation change on the high-energy shoreline relative to unaltered controls, but only SB reefs were able to do so on the low-energy shoreline. Additionally, both shorelines experienced high ambient rates of retreat and declines in marsh vegetation shoot density. Although constructed reefs did not mitigate marsh retreat on the low-energy shoreline, novel OC reefs significantly reduced retreat relative to SB reefs and control sites (no reefs) on the high-energy shoreline. Those SB reefs were severely damaged by storm events, increasing their areal footprints at the expense of vertical relief. Conversely, OC reefs on both shorelines exhibited steady oyster recruitment and growth and hosted higher densities of larger oysters. To successfully provide shoreline stabilization benefits, oyster-based NNBI must be structurally stable and able to promote sustained oyster recruitment and growth. Our results indicate that deliberate decisions regarding NNBI substrate, siting, and configuration can produce resilient reefs, which reduce rates of erosion and, in some cases, enhance vertical accretion along salt marsh edges. The growth trajectory, structural stability, and co-benefit provisioning of OC reefs demonstrate the potential of alternative restoration substrates to provide valuable oyster habitat along threatened marsh shorelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emory H Wellman
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Brandon J Puckett
- North Carolina Coastal Reserve and National Estuarine Research Reserve, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah E Donaher
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Stacy N Trackenberg
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel K Gittman
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Coastal Studies Institute, East Carolina University, Wanchese, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Using Organigraphs to Map Disaster Risk Management Governance in the Field of Cultural Heritage. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14021002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Global cultural heritage is threatened by the increasing frequency and severity of natural disasters caused by climate change. International experts emphasise the importance of managing cultural heritage sustainably as part of a paradigm shift in cultural heritage perception, understanding, and management. This paradigm shift has stimulated a need to integrate cultural heritage into pre-existing disaster risk management governance. However, there is currently a lack of robust and practical approaches to map the complex nature of disaster risk management governance. It is here considered that a shared understanding of the respective roles and responsibilities of the different organisations involved in risk management is a critical element in improving the preparedness of cultural heritage sites. The purpose of this article is to present the utility of the Organigraph technique and its main components as a tool to map governance structures, identify key stakeholders, and integrate cultural heritage experts into wider disaster risk management. The article presents a semi-empirical research approach, consisting of four iterative phases in which a series of digital workshops, semi-structured meetings, and bilateral expert meetings were used to co-produce five Organigraphs for heritage sites participating in an ongoing European Project. Our findings suggest that Organigraphs provide a valuable tool at the disposal of practitioners and academics with the potential to provide a basis for cross-national, cross-issue, and cross-scale peer learning between heritage sites. Furthermore, the technique is a valuable self-diagnostic tool to facilitate learning and proactive discussions in the preparedness phase of disaster risk management. Finally, they facilitate the co-creation of solutions through an evolving, interactive platform to integrate data-driven approaches.
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6
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Aiken CM, Mulloy R, Dwane G, Jackson EL. Working With Nature Approaches for the Creation of Soft Intertidal Habitats. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.682349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the artificial defenses often required for urban and industrial development, such as seawalls, breakwaters, and bund walls, directly replace natural habitats, they may produce population fragmentation and a disruption of ecological connectivity, compromising the delivery of ecosystem services. Such problems have increasingly been addressed through “Working with Nature” (WwN) techniques, wherein natural features such as species and habitats are included as additional functional components within the design of built infrastructure. There now exists a convincing body of empirical evidence that WwN techniques can enhance the structural integrity of coastal works, and at the same time promote biodiversity and ecosystem services. While these benefits have often been achieved through modification of the hard surfaces of the coastal defense structures themselves, the desired ecological and engineering goals may often demand the creation of new soft substrates from sediment. Here we discuss the design considerations for creating new sediment habitats in the intertidal zone within new coastal infrastructure works. We focus on the sediment control structures required to satisfy the physiological and ecological requirements of seagrass and mangroves – two keystone intertidal species that are common candidates for restoration – and illustrate the concepts by discussing the case study of soft habitat creation within a major multi-commodity port.
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7
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The Role of Nature-Based Solutions for Improving Environmental Quality, Health and Well-Being. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131910950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nature-based solutions (NbS) have been positioned and implemented in urban areas as solutions for enhancing urban resilience in the face of a wide range of urban challenges. However, there is a lack of recommendations of optimal NbS and appropriate typologies fitting to different contexts and urban design. The analytical frameworks for NbS implementation and impact evaluation, that integrate NbS into local policy frameworks, socio-economic transition pathways, and spatial planning, remain fragmented. In this article, the NbS concept and its related terminologies are first discussed. Second, the types of NbS implemented in Europe are reviewed and their benefits over time are explored, prior to categorizing them and highlighting the key methods, criteria, and indicators to identify and assess the NbS’s impacts, co-benefits, and trade-offs. The latter involved a review of the websites of 52 projects and some relevant publications funded by EU Research and Innovation programs and other relevant publications. The results show that there is a shared understanding that the NbS concept encompasses benefits of restoration and rehabilitation of ecosystems, carbon neutrality, improved environmental quality, health and well-being, and evidence for such benefits. This study also shows that most NbS-related projects and activities in Europe use hybrid approaches, with NbS typically developed, tested, or implemented to target specific types of environmental–social–economic challenges. The results of this study indicate that NbS as a holistic concept would be beneficial in the context of climate action and sustainable solutions to enhance ecosystem resilience and adaptive capacity within cities. As such, this article provides a snapshot of the role of NbS in urban sustainability development, a guide to the state-of-the-art, and key messages and recommendations of this rapidly emerging and evolving field.
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8
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Preference Heterogeneity of Coastal Gray, Green, and Hybrid Infrastructure against Sea-Level Rise: A Choice Experiment Application in Japan. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13168927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coastal zones are bearing the brunt of an increase in the likelihood of extreme events, coupled with sea-level rise (SLR). Conventionally, gray infrastructures, such as seawalls, have been constructed to reduce risks in limited coastal zone spaces. Nature-based approaches, known as green infrastructure, have been used in coastal defense, and their ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction functions (Eco-DRR) have received growing attention. However, both gray and green infrastructure alone have limitations in responding to an ongoing increase in the intensity and frequency of natural hazards. To overcome these issues, hybrid infrastructure, which combine gray and green components, is needed, and they have been receiving growing attention. Meanwhile, a large-scale coastal development requires stakeholder agreement; thus, it is imperative to understand people’s demands and build a consensus between municipalities and coastal citizens in coastal development for long-term resilience. The author administered the online survey across Japan, applying it to the choice experiment, and obtained 840 valid responses. Therefore, this paper clarified the heterogeneities in coastal people’s preferences for coastal ecosystem services provided by gray, green, and hybrid structures in intertidal zones in Japan, recognizing seawalls as gray and coastal pine forests as green infrastructure. Consequently, while coastal citizens acknowledged gray’s coastal defense function, the diverse perceptions toward seawalls for SLR preparation were notable as its scenarios became severe. Another remarkable finding is that nearly 60% of respondents preferred Eco-DRR functions provided by coastal forests with JPY 695 in willingness-to-pay for expanding 100 m in width, even though there are uncertainties in their performances.
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Influence of Sand Trapping Fences on Dune Toe Growth and Its Relation with Potential Aeolian Sediment Transport. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9080850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study provides insights into dune toe growth around and between individual brushwood lines of sand trapping fences at the dune toe of coastal dunes using digital elevation models obtained from repeated unmanned aerial vehicle surveys. Prevailing boundary conditions, especially sediment supply, as well as the porosity and arrangement of the installed sand trapping fences significantly influence the effectiveness of different configurations of sand trapping fences. The dune toe growth is significant immediately after constructing a new sand trapping fence and decreases over time. According to the results presented in this study, for sand trapping fences that have been in place longer, the protruding branch height and the porosity of the remaining branches play a minor role in trapping sand. Sand trapping fences with lower permeability favour localized coastal dune toe growth directly at their brushwood lines, whereas fences with higher porosity allow for more sediment deposition further downwind. The trend in dune toe changes can be roughly predicted by integrating potential sediment transport rates calculated with hourly meteorological data.
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10
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Gittman RK, Scyphers SB, Baillie CJ, Brodmerkel A, Grabowski JH, Livernois M, Poray AK, Smith CS, Fodrie FJ. Reversing a tyranny of cascading shoreline‐protection decisions driving coastal habitat loss. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Gittman
- Department of Biology and Coastal Studies Institute East Carolina University Greenville North Carolina USA
| | - Steven B. Scyphers
- Department of Marine & Environmental Sciences Coastal Sustainability Institute, Northeastern University Nahant Massachusetts USA
| | - Christopher J. Baillie
- Department of Biology and Coastal Studies Institute East Carolina University Greenville North Carolina USA
| | - Anna Brodmerkel
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Morehead City North Carolina USA
| | - Jonathan H. Grabowski
- Department of Marine & Environmental Sciences Coastal Sustainability Institute, Northeastern University Nahant Massachusetts USA
| | - Mariah Livernois
- Department of Marine Biology Texas A&M University at Galveston Galveston Texas USA
| | - Abigail K. Poray
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Morehead City North Carolina USA
| | - Carter S. Smith
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Marine Lab Beaufort North Carolina USA
| | - F. Joel Fodrie
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Morehead City North Carolina USA
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11
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Characterization of SDGs towards Coastal Management: Sustainability Performance and Cross-Linking Consequences. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13031560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and associated targets focus on a wide range of global issues and can be useful in coastal challenges such as climate change and green economic growth. The aim of this study is to tailor the SDGs, as a universally recognized policy framework, to assess the sustainability performance for coastal flood protection management to enhance climate-resilient and adaptable coastal development. To operationalize this aim, the SDG Sustainability Impact Score (SDG-SIS) framework was developed. Based on system functionalities for the land–sea interface, 38 SDGs were identified in the SDG-SIS framework. Given the availability of public numeric data, only 12 SDG targets are connected with Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). The SDG-SIS framework was applied to two different sets of cases, including five coastline and five sand nourishment cases. This study shows that the geographical and socioeconomic characteristics of the two sets of cases should be considered in the selection of system functionalities as well as the consideration of SDG targets. Moreover, cross-linking cumulative consequences of SIS do not directly indicate the level of sustainability, but the individual SDG target data are essential to reveal the underlying details. This stresses the importance of prioritizing SDGs to serve as leverage for policymakers to optimize the climate resilience and adaptation of coastal management. The SDG-SIS framework enables the support of coastal policy by addressing long-term measures and providing a sustainable vision for future implementation.
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12
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Santiago L, Barreto M, Montañez-Acuña A, Flecha T, Cabrera N, Bonano V, Marrero LB, Díaz E. A Coastal Vulnerability Framework to Guide Natural Infrastructure Funds Allocation in Compressed Time. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 67:67-80. [PMID: 33275171 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-020-01397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hurricane Maria, a category 4 tropical cyclone, hit the US non-incorporated territory of Puerto Rico on September 20, 2017. Widespread physical and natural infrastructure damage was observed, especially in already vulnerable coastal communities. As public sector funding availability for natural infrastructure (ex. coastal ecosystems) increases, mechanisms for its efficient and equitable allocation are lacking. An accessible and replicable coastal vulnerability indicator framework is presented to assist state and federal policy makers in the allocation of funding for coastal natural infrastructure recovery. To assess funding priorization gaps and test the applicability of the proposed framework, spatial patterns in the estimated funding need identified in state-led post-Hurricane Maria assessments for natural infrastructure rehabilitation efforts were compared to physical and social coastal vulnerability estimations. Three main challenges that emerge during the implementation of a vulnerability indicator framework were considered for its design: (1) the compressed time frame in which decisions are made after an extreme weather event, (2) the availability of data to calculate indicators in a reduced time frame, and (3) the accessibility of results to a broad variety of stakeholders. We propose a vulnerability indicator framework that can become operational in a relatively short period of time, attempts to simplify data gathering efforts, and uses methods that aim to be more transparent and understandable to a broad group of stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Santiago
- School of Public Administration, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Maritza Barreto
- Graduate School of Planning, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Thomas Flecha
- Graduate School of Law, Interamerican University, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Nahir Cabrera
- Department of History, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Valeria Bonano
- Graduate School of Planning, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Elizabeth Díaz
- Coastal Research and Planning Institute of Puerto Rico, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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13
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Airoldi L, Beck MW, Firth LB, Bugnot AB, Steinberg PD, Dafforn KA. Emerging Solutions to Return Nature to the Urban Ocean. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2021; 13:445-477. [PMID: 32867567 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-032020-020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urban and periurban ocean developments impact 1.5% of the global exclusive economic zones, and the demand for ocean space and resources is increasing. As we strive for a more sustainable future, it is imperative that we better design, manage, and conserve urban ocean spaces for both humans and nature. We identify three key objectives for more sustainable urban oceans: reduction of urban pressures, protection and restoration of ocean ecosystems, and support of critical ecosystem services. We describe an array of emerging evidence-based approaches, including greening grayinfrastructure, restoring habitats, and developing biotechnologies. We then explore new economic instruments and incentives for supporting these new approaches and evaluate their feasibility in delivering these objectives. Several of these tools have the potential to help bring nature back to the urban ocean while also addressing some of the critical needs of urban societies, such as climate adaptation, seafood production, clean water, and recreation, providing both human and environmental benefits in some of our most impacted ocean spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Airoldi
- Department of Biology, Chioggia Hydrobiological Station Umberto D'Ancona, University of Padova, 30015 Chioggia, Italy;
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center for Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, UO CoNISMa, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Michael W Beck
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA;
| | - Louise B Firth
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom;
| | - Ana B Bugnot
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia;
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia
| | - Peter D Steinberg
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation and School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia;
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Katherine A Dafforn
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia;
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14
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Investigating Changes in Aeolian Sediment Transport at Coastal Dunes and Sand Trapping Fences: A Field Study on the German Coast. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8121012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For the restoration and maintenance of beach and dune systems along the coast, knowledge of aeolian sediment transport and its interaction with coastal protection measures is required. As a nature-based solution, sand trapping fences can be an integral part of coastal protection measures initiating foredune development. There are few detailed studies on aeolian sediment transport rates on coastal dunes and sand trapping fences available to date. Thus, in this work, we present the results of field experiments conducted at the beach, coastal dune, and sand trapping fence on the East Frisian island Langeoog. The vertical sediment flux profile was measured by vertical mesh sand traps, and saltiphones measured the instantaneous sediment transport. A meteorological station was set up to obtain wind data. On the beach, dune toe, and dune crest, the stationary wind profile can be described well by the law of the wall. Saturated aeolian sediment transport rates on the beach and dune toe were predicted by widely used empirical models. Between the sand trapping fence, these empirical transport models could not be applied, as no logarithmic wind profile existed. The upwind sediment supply reduced after each brushwood line of the sand trapping fence, thereby, leading to increased deviation from the saturated conditions.
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15
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Weiskopf SR, Rubenstein MA, Crozier LG, Gaichas S, Griffis R, Halofsky JE, Hyde KJW, Morelli TL, Morisette JT, Muñoz RC, Pershing AJ, Peterson DL, Poudel R, Staudinger MD, Sutton-Grier AE, Thompson L, Vose J, Weltzin JF, Whyte KP. Climate change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and natural resource management in the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:137782. [PMID: 32209235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a pervasive and growing global threat to biodiversity and ecosystems. Here, we present the most up-to-date assessment of climate change impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems, and ecosystem services in the U.S. and implications for natural resource management. We draw from the 4th National Climate Assessment to summarize observed and projected changes to ecosystems and biodiversity, explore linkages to important ecosystem services, and discuss associated challenges and opportunities for natural resource management. We find that species are responding to climate change through changes in morphology and behavior, phenology, and geographic range shifts, and these changes are mediated by plastic and evolutionary responses. Responses by species and populations, combined with direct effects of climate change on ecosystems (including more extreme events), are resulting in widespread changes in productivity, species interactions, vulnerability to biological invasions, and other emergent properties. Collectively, these impacts alter the benefits and services that natural ecosystems can provide to society. Although not all impacts are negative, even positive changes can require costly societal adjustments. Natural resource managers need proactive, flexible adaptation strategies that consider historical and future outlooks to minimize costs over the long term. Many organizations are beginning to explore these approaches, but implementation is not yet prevalent or systematic across the nation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Weiskopf
- U.S. Geological Survey National Climate Adaptation Science Center, Reston, VA, USA.
| | | | - Lisa G Crozier
- NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Gaichas
- NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Roger Griffis
- NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jessica E Halofsky
- University of Washington, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Toni Lyn Morelli
- U.S. Geological Survey Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Morisette
- U.S. Department of the Interior, National Invasive Species Council Secretariat, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Roldan C Muñoz
- NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort, NC, USA
| | | | - David L Peterson
- University of Washington, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Michelle D Staudinger
- U.S. Geological Survey Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Ariana E Sutton-Grier
- University of Maryland Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Laura Thompson
- U.S. Geological Survey National Climate Adaptation Science Center, Reston, VA, USA
| | - James Vose
- U.S. Forest Service Southern Research Station, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Investigating the Erosion Resistance of Different Vegetated Surfaces for Ecological Enhancement of Sea Dikes. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8070519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dense grass covers are generally recommended for surface protection of sea dikes against mild and moderate hydraulic loads. The standard seeding mixtures were composed to meet the technical requirements and ensure dike safety. These mixtures are, however, limited in their species diversity. In the present study, four differently vegetated surfaces were tested regarding their erosion resistance against wave impacts and overflow. The test vegetations ranged from a species-poor grass-dominated reference mixture to species-rich herb-dominated mixtures. Two vegetations were reinforced with a three-dimensional geogrid. For the unreinforced vegetations, the erosion rate due to wave impacts decreased exponentially with increasing root density and root length density. The geogrid reinforcements functioned as additional protection when the upper vegetation layer was eroded and led to slightly decreasing erosion rate with depth. In overflow simulations, the relatively densely-vegetated grass-dominated mixture experienced least erosion. Erosion was mainly initiated at bare spots emphasizing the major role of a closed vegetation cover and dike maintenance. The present results give new insights into erosion patterns of unreinforced and reinforced vegetated dike covers and the relation between vegetation parameters and hydraulic resistance to wave impacts and overflow.
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17
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Kurth MH, Ali R, Bridges TS, Suedel BC, Linkov I. Evaluating Resilience Co-benefits of Engineering With Nature® Projects. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Morris RL, Graham TDJ, Kelvin J, Ghisalberti M, Swearer SE. Kelp beds as coastal protection: wave attenuation of Ecklonia radiata in a shallow coastal bay. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:235-246. [PMID: 31424534 PMCID: PMC7442369 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Coastal protection from erosion and flooding is a significant ecosystem service provided by vegetated marine systems. Kelp beds are a dominant habitat-forming species on temperate reefs worldwide. While they are valued as hotspots of biodiversity, there is a paucity of information that supports their use in nature-based coastal defence. This includes the effectiveness of kelp beds in attenuating waves approaching the shore and how this influences sediment transport. METHODS Wave loggers were deployed at paired kelp bed and control (urchin barren) treatments at four sites in Port Phillip Bay, Australia. The significant wave height offshore (exposed side) to onshore (sheltered side) of the treatment were compared to determine wave attenuation. KEY RESULTS At three sites, the wave attenuation of kelp beds was significantly less than that of the control. This result was consistent across the environmental conditions recorded in this study. At the fourth site, on average there was no significant difference in wave transmission between kelp and control. However, wave attenuation at kelp beds was 10 % greater than the control during periods of northerly winds. We highlight the importance of disentangling the effects of the reef substratum and kelp when evaluating the efficacy of kelp at providing coastal protection. CONCLUSIONS We have highlighted a significant gap in the research on ecosystem services provided by kelp beds. A greater understanding is needed on which kelp species are able to provide coastal protection, and under what conditions. Such future research is essential for providing managers and policy makers with actionable information on sustainable and cost-effective solutions for coastal defence when faced with a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Morris
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tristan D J Graham
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaya Kelvin
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, VIC, Australia
| | - Marco Ghisalberti
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen E Swearer
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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19
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Seddon N, Chausson A, Berry P, Girardin CAJ, Smith A, Turner B. Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190120. [PMID: 31983344 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing awareness that 'nature-based solutions' (NbS) can help to protect us from climate change impacts while slowing further warming, supporting biodiversity and securing ecosystem services. However, the potential of NbS to provide the intended benefits has not been rigorously assessed. There are concerns over their reliability and cost-effectiveness compared to engineered alternatives, and their resilience to climate change. Trade-offs can arise if climate mitigation policy encourages NbS with low biodiversity value, such as afforestation with non-native monocultures. This can result in maladaptation, especially in a rapidly changing world where biodiversity-based resilience and multi-functional landscapes are key. Here, we highlight the rise of NbS in climate policy-focusing on their potential for climate change adaptation as well as mitigation-and discuss barriers to their evidence-based implementation. We outline the major financial and governance challenges to implementing NbS at scale, highlighting avenues for further research. As climate policy turns increasingly towards greenhouse gas removal approaches such as afforestation, we stress the urgent need for natural and social scientists to engage with policy makers. They must ensure that NbS can achieve their potential to tackle both the climate and biodiversity crisis while also contributing to sustainable development. This will require systemic change in the way we conduct research and run our institutions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Seddon
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandre Chausson
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pam Berry
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cécile A J Girardin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison Smith
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beth Turner
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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20
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Gittman RK, Baillie CJ, Arkema KK, Bennett RO, Benoit J, Blitch S, Brun J, Chatwin A, Colden A, Dausman A, DeAngelis B, Herold N, Henkel J, Houge R, Howard R, Hughes AR, Scyphers SB, Shostik T, Sutton-Grier A, Grabowski JH. Voluntary Restoration: Mitigation's Silent Partner in the Quest to Reverse Coastal Wetland Loss in the USA. FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE 2019; 6:511. [PMID: 32133361 PMCID: PMC7055519 DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coastal ecosystems are under pressure from a vast array of anthropogenic stressors, including development and climate change, resulting in significant habitat losses globally Conservation policies are often implemented with the intent of reducing habitat loss. However, losses already incurred will require restoration if ecosystem functions and services are to be recovered. The United States has a long history of wetland loss and recognizes that averting loss requires a multi-pronged approach including mitigation for regulated activities and non-mitigation (voluntary herein) restoration. The 1989 "No Net Loss" (NNL) policy stated the Federal government's intent that losses of wetlands would be offset by at least as many gains of wetlands. However, coastal wetlands losses result from both regulated and non-regulated activities. We examined the effectiveness of Federally funded, voluntary restoration efforts in helping avert losses of coastal wetlands by assessing: (1) What are the current and past trends in coastal wetland change in the U.S.?; and (2) How much and where are voluntary restoration efforts occurring? First, we calculated palustrine and estuarine wetland change in U.S. coastal shoreline counties using data from NOAA's Coastal Change Analysis Program, which integrates both types of potential losses and gains. We then synthesized available data on Federally funded, voluntary restoration of coastal wetlands. We found that from 1996 to 2010, the U.S. lost 139,552 acres (~565 km2) of estuarine wetlands (2.5% of 1996 area) and 336,922 acres (~1,363 km2) of palustrine wetlands (1.4%). From 2006 to 2015, restoration of 145,442 acres (~589 km2) of estuarine wetlands and 154,772 acres (~626 km2) of palustrine wetlands occurred. Further, wetland losses and restoration were not always geographically aligned, resulting in local and regional "winners" and "losers." While these restoration efforts have been considerable, restoration and mitigation collectively have not been able to keep pace with wetland losses; thus, reversing this trend will likely require greater investment in coastal habitat conservation and restoration efforts. We further conclude that "area restored," the most prevalent metric used to assess progress, is inadequate, as it does not necessarily equate to restoration of functions. Assessing the effectiveness of wetland restoration not just in the U.S., but globally, will require allocation of sufficient funding for long-term monitoring of restored wetland functions, as well as implementation of standardized methods for monitoring data collection, synthesis, interpretation, and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Gittman
- Department of Biology and Coastal Studies Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Christopher J. Baillie
- Department of Biology and Coastal Studies Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Katie K. Arkema
- Natural Capital Project, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University Stanford, CA, United States
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Richard O. Bennett
- Northeast Regional Office, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Hadley, MA, United States
| | - Jeff Benoit
- Restore America’s Estuaries, Arlington, VA, United States
| | - Seth Blitch
- The Nature Conservancy, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Julien Brun
- The National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Anthony Chatwin
- National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Alyssa Dausman
- The Water Institute of the Gulf, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Bryan DeAngelis
- The Nature Conservancy, University of Rhode Island Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Nathaniel Herold
- Office for Coastal Management, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Jessica Henkel
- Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Council, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Rachel Houge
- United States Environmental Protection Agency Gulf of Mexico Program, Gulfport, MS, United States
| | - Ronald Howard
- Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Team, Natural Resource Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Madison, MS, United States
| | - A. Randall Hughes
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, United States
| | - Steven B. Scyphers
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, United States
| | - Tisa Shostik
- Office of Habitat Conservation, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ariana Sutton-Grier
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan H. Grabowski
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, United States
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21
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Abstract
Sea dikes protect low-lying hinterlands along many coasts all around the world. Commonly, they are designed as embankments with grass covers or grey revetments accounting for the prevailing hydraulic loads. So far, incorporation of ecological aspects in the dike design is limited. With regard to increasing environmental awareness and climate change adaptation needs, the present study reviews methods for ecological enhancement of sea dikes and discusses limitations and challenges related to these methods. In doing so, one key aspect is to maintain dike safety while increasing the ecological value. Potential for ecological enhancement of sea dikes has been found regarding natural or nature-based solutions in the foreshore, dike surface protection measures (vegetated dike covers, hard revetments and dike roads) and the dike geometry. While natural and nature-based solutions in the foreland are investigated thoroughly, so far only few experiences with ecological enhancements of the dike structure itself were gained resulting in uncertainties and knowledge gaps concerning the implementation and efficiency. Additional to technical uncertainties, engineers and ecologists meet the challenge of interdisciplinary collaboration under consideration of societal needs and expectations.
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22
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Strain EMA, Alexander KA, Kienker S, Morris R, Jarvis R, Coleman R, Bollard B, Firth LB, Knights AM, Grabowski JH, Airoldi L, Chan BKK, Chee SY, Cheng Z, Coutinho R, de Menezes RG, Ding M, Dong Y, Fraser CML, Gómez AG, Juanes JA, Mancuso P, Messano LVR, Naval-Xavier LPD, Scyphers S, Steinberg P, Swearer S, Valdor PF, Wong JXY, Yee J, Bishop MJ. Urban blue: A global analysis of the factors shaping people's perceptions of the marine environment and ecological engineering in harbours. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:1293-1305. [PMID: 30677991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine harbours are the focus of a diverse range of activities and subject to multiple anthropogenically induced pressures. Support for environmental management options aimed at improving degraded harbours depends on understanding the factors which influence people's perceptions of harbour environments. We used an online survey, across 12 harbours, to assess sources of variation people's perceptions of harbour health and ecological engineering. We tested the hypotheses: 1) people living near impacted harbours would consider their environment to be more unhealthy and degraded, be more concerned about the environment and supportive of and willing to pay for ecological engineering relative to those living by less impacted harbours, and 2) people with greater connectedness to the harbour would be more concerned about and have greater perceived knowledge of the environment, and be more supportive of, knowledgeable about and willing to pay for ecological engineering, than those with less connectedness. Across twelve locations, the levels of degradation and modification by artificial structures were lower and the concern and knowledge about the environment and ecological engineering were greater in the six Australasian and American than the six European and Asian harbours surveyed. We found that people's perception of harbours as healthy or degraded, but not their concern for the environment, reflected the degree to which harbours were impacted. There was a positive relationship between the percentage of shoreline modified and the extent of support for and people's willingness to pay indirect costs for ecological engineering. At the individual level, measures of connectedness to the harbour environment were good predictors of concern for and perceived knowledge about the environment but not support for and perceived knowledge about ecological engineering. To make informed decisions, it is important that people are empowered with sufficient knowledge of the environmental issues facing their harbour and ecological engineering options.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M A Strain
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia; Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia,; National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - K A Alexander
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, PO Box 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - S Kienker
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia; University of Sydney, Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - R Morris
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; University of Sydney, Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - R Jarvis
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia; Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - R Coleman
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia; University of Sydney, Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - B Bollard
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - L B Firth
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Drake Circus, UK
| | - A M Knights
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Drake Circus, UK
| | - J H Grabowski
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, 430 Nahant Road, Nahant, MA 01907, USA
| | - L Airoldi
- University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali (BIGEA) & Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali (CIRSA), UO CoNISMa, Via S. Alberto, 163, Ravenna I-48123, Italy
| | - B K K Chan
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - S Y Chee
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Z Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - R Coutinho
- Department of Marine Biotecnology, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Brazilian Navy & Post-Graduation Program in Marine Biotechnology, IEAPM/UFF, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro 28930-000, Brazil
| | - R G de Menezes
- Department of Marine Biotecnology, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Brazilian Navy & Post-Graduation Program in Marine Biotechnology, IEAPM/UFF, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro 28930-000, Brazil
| | - M Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Y Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - C M L Fraser
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - A G Gómez
- Environmental Hydraulics Institute, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Isabel Torres, 15, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - J A Juanes
- Environmental Hydraulics Institute, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Isabel Torres, 15, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - P Mancuso
- University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali (BIGEA) & Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali (CIRSA), UO CoNISMa, Via S. Alberto, 163, Ravenna I-48123, Italy
| | - L V R Messano
- Department of Marine Biotecnology, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Brazilian Navy & Post-Graduation Program in Marine Biotechnology, IEAPM/UFF, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro 28930-000, Brazil
| | - L P D Naval-Xavier
- Department of Marine Biotecnology, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Brazilian Navy & Post-Graduation Program in Marine Biotechnology, IEAPM/UFF, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro 28930-000, Brazil
| | - S Scyphers
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, 430 Nahant Road, Nahant, MA 01907, USA
| | - P Steinberg
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia; Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - S Swearer
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - P F Valdor
- Environmental Hydraulics Institute, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Isabel Torres, 15, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - J X Y Wong
- University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali (BIGEA) & Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali (CIRSA), UO CoNISMa, Via S. Alberto, 163, Ravenna I-48123, Italy
| | - J Yee
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - M J Bishop
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
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23
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Sandifer PA, Walker AH. Enhancing Disaster Resilience by Reducing Stress-Associated Health Impacts. Front Public Health 2018; 6:373. [PMID: 30627528 PMCID: PMC6309156 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disasters are a recurring fact of life, and major incidents can have both immediate and long-lasting negative effects on the health and well-being of people, communities, and economies. A primary goal of many disaster preparedness, response, and recovery plans is to reduce the likelihood and severity of disaster impacts through increased resilience of individuals and communities. Unfortunately, most plans do not address directly major drivers of long-term disaster impacts on humans-that is, acute, chronic, and cumulative stress-and therefore do less to enhance resilience than they could. Stress has been shown to lead to or exacerbate ailments ranging from mental illness, domestic violence, substance abuse, post-traumatic stress disorders, and suicide to cardiovascular disease, respiratory problems, and other infirmities. Individuals, groups, communities, organizations, and social ties are all vulnerable to stress. Based on a targeted review of what we considered to be key literature about disasters, resilience, and disaster-associated stress effects, we recommend eight actions to improve resiliency through inclusion of stress alleviation in disaster planning: (1) Improve existing disaster behavioral and physical health programs to better address, leverage, and coordinate resources for stress reduction, relief, and treatment in disaster planning and response. (2) Emphasize pre- and post-disaster collection of relevant biomarker and other health-related data to provide a baseline of health status against which disaster impacts could be assessed, and continued monitoring of these indicators to evaluate recovery. (3) Enhance capacity of science and public health early-responders. (4) Use natural infrastructure to minimize disaster damage. (5) Expand the geography of disaster response and relief to better incorporate the displacement of affected people. (6) Utilize nature-based treatment to alleviate pre- and post-disaster stress effects on health. (7) Review disaster laws, policies, and regulations to identify opportunities to strengthen public health preparedness and responses including for stress-related impacts, better engage affected communities, and enhance provision of health services. (8) With community participation, develop and institute equitable processes pre-disaster for dealing with damage assessments, litigation, payments, and housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Sandifer
- Center for Coastal Environmental and Human Health, School of Sciences and Mathematics, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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Espeland EK, Kettenring KM. Strategic plant choices can alleviate climate change impacts: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 222:316-324. [PMID: 29864744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) uses biodiversity and ecosystem services to reduce climate change impacts to local communities. Because plants can alleviate the abiotic and biotic stresses of climate change, purposeful plant choices could improve adaptation. However, there has been no systematic review of how plants can be applied to alleviate effects of climate change. Here we describe how plants can modify climate change effects by altering biological and physical processes. Plant effects range from increasing soil stabilization to reducing the impact of flooding and storm surges. Given the global scale of plant-related activities such as farming, landscaping, forestry, conservation, and restoration, plants can be selected strategically-i.e., planting and maintaining particular species with desired impacts-to simultaneously restore degraded ecosystems, conserve ecosystem function, and help alleviate effects of climate change. Plants are a tool for EbA that should be more broadly and strategically utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Espeland
- Pest Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS NPARL 1500 N Central Avenue, Sidney MT 59270, USA
| | - Karin M Kettenring
- Department of Watershed Sciences and Ecology Center, 5210 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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25
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Smith CS, Puckett B, Gittman RK, Peterson CH. Living shorelines enhanced the resilience of saltmarshes to Hurricane Matthew (2016). ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:871-877. [PMID: 29702741 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nature-based solutions, such as living shorelines, have the potential to restore critical ecosystems, enhance coastal sustainability, and increase resilience to natural disasters; however, their efficacy during storm events compared to traditional hardened shorelines is largely untested. This is a major impediment to their implementation and promotion to policy-makers and homeowners. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated rock sill living shorelines as compared to natural marshes and hardened shorelines (i.e., bulkheads) in North Carolina, USA for changes in surface elevation, Spartina alterniflora stem density, and structural damage from 2015 to 2017, including before and after Hurricane Matthew (2016). Our results show that living shorelines exhibited better resistance to landward erosion during Hurricane Matthew than bulkheads and natural marshes. Additionally, living shorelines were more resilient than hardened shorelines, as they maintained landward elevation over the two-year study period without requiring any repair. Finally, rock sill living shorelines were able to enhance S. alterniflora stem densities over time when compared to natural marshes. Our results suggest that living shorelines have the potential to improve coastal resilience while supporting important coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter S Smith
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, North Carolina, 28557, USA
| | - Brandon Puckett
- North Carolina Coastal Reserve and National Estuarine Research Reserve, Beaufort, North Carolina, 28516, USA
| | - Rachel K Gittman
- Department of Biology and Institute for Coastal Science and Policy, Eastern Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, 27858, USA
| | - Charles H Peterson
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, North Carolina, 28557, USA
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Assessing Nature-Based Coastal Protection against Disasters Derived from Extreme Hydrometeorological Events in Mexico. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10051317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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