1
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Taylor-Burns R, Lowrie C, Tehranirad B, Lowe J, Erikson L, Barnard PL, Reguero BG, Beck MW. The value of marsh restoration for flood risk reduction in an urban estuary. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6856. [PMID: 38514760 PMCID: PMC10957971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of nature-based solutions (NBS) for coastal climate adaptation has broad and growing interest, but NBS are rarely assessed with the same rigor as traditional engineering solutions or with respect to future climate change scenarios. These gaps pose challenges for the use of NBS for climate adaptation. Here, we value the flood protection benefits of stakeholder-identified marsh restoration under current and future climate change within San Francisco Bay, a densely urbanized estuary, and specifically on the shores of San Mateo County, the county most vulnerable to future flooding in California. Marsh restoration provides a present value of $21 million which increases to over $100 million with 0.5 m of sea level rise (SLR), and to about $500 million with 1 m of SLR. There are hotspots within the county where marsh restoration delivers very high benefits for adaptation, which reach $9 million/hectare with likely future sea level and storm conditions. Today's investments in nature and community resilience can result in increasing payoffs as climate change progresses and risk increases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Babak Tehranirad
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Lowe
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Li Erikson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Patrick L Barnard
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael W Beck
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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2
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Beck MW. Revealing human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) sequence‐dependent activity variations using fluorescent chemical tools. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.0r230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Beck
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryEastern Illinois UniversityCharlestonIL
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3
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Karns CJ, Flaig LH, Singh A, Gao M, Beck MW. Development and Characterization of Fluorescent Chemical Tools to Study Human Carboxylesterase 2 (CES2). FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.0r433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J. Karns
- Department of Biological SciencesEastern Illinois UniversityCharlestonIL
| | - Luke H. Flaig
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryEastern Illinois UniversityCharlestonIL
| | - Anchal Singh
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryEastern Illinois UniversityCharlestonIL
| | - Mingze Gao
- Department of Biological SciencesEastern Illinois UniversityCharlestonIL
| | - Michael W. Beck
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryEastern Illinois UniversityCharlestonIL
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4
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Singh A, Gao M, Karns CJ, Spidle TP, Beck MW. Carbonate‐Based Fluorescent Chemical Tool for Uncovering Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) Activity Variations in Live Cells. Chembiochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Eastern Illinois University Charleston IL 61920 USA
| | - Mingze Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences Eastern Illinois University Charleston IL 61920 USA
| | - Carolyn J. Karns
- Department of Biological Sciences Eastern Illinois University Charleston IL 61920 USA
| | - Taylor P. Spidle
- Department of Biological Sciences Eastern Illinois University Charleston IL 61920 USA
| | - Michael W. Beck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Eastern Illinois University Charleston IL 61920 USA
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5
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Castagno KA, Tomiczek T, Shepard CC, Beck MW, Bowden AA, O'Donnell K, Scyphers SB. Resistance, resilience, and recovery of salt marshes in the Florida Panhandle following Hurricane Michael. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20381. [PMID: 34650127 PMCID: PMC8516897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the fragility, resistance, and resilience of marshes is critical for understanding their role in reducing storm damages and for helping to manage the recovery of these natural defenses. This study uses high-resolution aerial imagery to quantify the impacts of Hurricane Michael, a category 5 hurricane, on coastal salt marshes in the Florida Panhandle, USA. Marsh damage was classified into several categories, including deposition of sediment or wrack, fallen trees, vegetation loss, and conversion to open water. The marshes were highly resistant to storm damages even under extreme conditions; only 2% of the 173,259 km2 of marshes in the study area were damaged-a failure rate much lower than that of artificial defenses. Marshes may be more resistant than resilient to storm impacts; damaged marshes were slow to recover, and only 16% of damaged marshes had recovered 6 months after landfall. Marsh management mattered for resistance and resilience; marshes on publicly-managed lands were less likely to be damaged and more likely to recover quickly from storm impacts than marshes on private land, emphasizing the need to incentivize marsh management on private lands. These results directly inform policy and practice for hazard mitigation, disaster recovery, adaptation, and conservation, particularly given the potential for more intense hurricane landfalls as the climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Castagno
- Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,The Nature Conservancy, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Center for Coastal Studies, Provincetown, MA, 02657, USA.
| | - Tori Tomiczek
- Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, USA Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, 21402, USA
| | - Christine C Shepard
- The Nature Conservancy, Gulf of Mexico Program, Big Pine Key, FL, 33043, USA
| | - Michael W Beck
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | | | - Kiera O'Donnell
- Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Steven B Scyphers
- Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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6
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Singh A, Gao M, Beck MW. Human carboxylesterases and fluorescent probes to image their activity in live cells. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1142-1153. [PMID: 34355180 PMCID: PMC8292992 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00073j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human carboxylesterases (CESs) are serine hydrolases that are responsible for the phase I metabolism of an assortment of ester, amide, thioester, carbonate, and carbamate containing drugs. CES activity is known to be influenced by a variety of factors including single nucleotide polymorphisms, alternative splicing, and drug-drug interactions. These different factors contribute to interindividual variability of CES activity which has been demonstrated to influence clinical outcomes among people treated with CES-substrate therapeutics. Detailed exploration of the factors that influence CES activity is emerging as an important area of research. The use of fluorescent probes with live cell imaging techniques can selectively visualize the real-time activity of CESs and have the potential to be useful tools to help reveal the impacts of CES activity variations on human health. This review summarizes the properties of the five known human CESs including factors reported to or that could potentially influence their activity before discussing the design aspects and use considerations of CES fluorescent probes in general in addition to highlighting several well-characterized probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Illinois University Charleston IL 61920 USA +1 217 581 6227
| | - Mingze Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University Charleston IL 61920 USA
| | - Michael W Beck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Illinois University Charleston IL 61920 USA +1 217 581 6227
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7
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Abstract
Urban and periurban ocean developments impact 1.5% of the global exclusive economic zones, and the demand for ocean space and resources is increasing. As we strive for a more sustainable future, it is imperative that we better design, manage, and conserve urban ocean spaces for both humans and nature. We identify three key objectives for more sustainable urban oceans: reduction of urban pressures, protection and restoration of ocean ecosystems, and support of critical ecosystem services. We describe an array of emerging evidence-based approaches, including greening grayinfrastructure, restoring habitats, and developing biotechnologies. We then explore new economic instruments and incentives for supporting these new approaches and evaluate their feasibility in delivering these objectives. Several of these tools have the potential to help bring nature back to the urban ocean while also addressing some of the critical needs of urban societies, such as climate adaptation, seafood production, clean water, and recreation, providing both human and environmental benefits in some of our most impacted ocean spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Airoldi
- Department of Biology, Chioggia Hydrobiological Station Umberto D'Ancona, University of Padova, 30015 Chioggia, Italy;
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center for Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, UO CoNISMa, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Michael W Beck
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA;
| | - Louise B Firth
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom;
| | - Ana B Bugnot
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia;
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia
| | - Peter D Steinberg
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation and School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia;
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Katherine A Dafforn
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia;
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8
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Baker R, Taylor MD, Able KW, Beck MW, Cebrian J, Colombano DD, Connolly RM, Currin C, Deegan LA, Feller IC, Gilby BL, Kimball ME, Minello TJ, Rozas LP, Simenstad C, Turner RE, Waltham NJ, Weinstein MP, Ziegler SL, Zu Ermgassen PSE, Alcott C, Alford SB, Barbeau MA, Crosby SC, Dodds K, Frank A, Goeke J, Goodridge Gaines LA, Hardcastle FE, Henderson CJ, James WR, Kenworthy MD, Lesser J, Mallick D, Martin CW, McDonald AE, McLuckie C, Morrison BH, Nelson JA, Norris GS, Ollerhead J, Pahl JW, Ramsden S, Rehage JS, Reinhardt JF, Rezek RJ, Risse LM, Smith JAM, Sparks EL, Staver LW. Fisheries rely on threatened salt marshes. Science 2020; 370:670-671. [PMID: 33154131 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Baker
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL 36528 USA.
| | - Matthew D Taylor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Nelson Bay, NSW 2315, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Able
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Michael W Beck
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95062, USA
| | - Just Cebrian
- Northern Gulf Institute, Mississippi State University, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA
| | - Denise D Colombano
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rod M Connolly
- Australian Rivers Institute-Coast & Estuaries, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Carolyn Currin
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Linda A Deegan
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA
| | - Ilka C Feller
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | - Ben L Gilby
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - Matthew E Kimball
- Baruch Marine Field Laboratory, University of South Carolina, Georgetown, SC 29442, USA
| | - Thomas J Minello
- NOAA Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Galveston, TX 77551, USA
| | - Lawrence P Rozas
- NOAA Fisheries, Estuarine Habitats and Coastal Fisheries Center, Lafayette, LA 70506, USA
| | - Charles Simenstad
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5020, USA
| | - R Eugene Turner
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Nathan J Waltham
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, and Marine Data Technologies Hub, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Michael P Weinstein
- New Jersey Marine Sciences Consortium, Fort Hancock, Sandy Hook, NJ 07043, USA
| | | | - Philine S E Zu Ermgassen
- Changing Oceans Group, School of Geosciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
| | | | - Scott B Alford
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Nature Coast Biological Station, University of Florida, Cedar Key, FL 32625 USA
| | - Myriam A Barbeau
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | | | - Kate Dodds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Alyssa Frank
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL 36528 USA
| | - Janelle Goeke
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77554, USA
| | - Lucy A Goodridge Gaines
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - Felicity E Hardcastle
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - Christopher J Henderson
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - W Ryan James
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Matthew D Kenworthy
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Justin Lesser
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Debbrota Mallick
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL 36528 USA
| | - Charles W Martin
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Nature Coast Biological Station, University of Florida, Cedar Key, FL 32625 USA
| | - Ashley E McDonald
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77554, USA
| | - Catherine McLuckie
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Blair H Morrison
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL 36528 USA
| | - James A Nelson
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Gregory S Norris
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Jeff Ollerhead
- Geography and Environment Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1E4, Canada
| | - James W Pahl
- Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA
| | - Sarah Ramsden
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL 36528 USA
| | - Jennifer S Rehage
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | | | - Ryan J Rezek
- Department of Earth and Environment, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - L Mark Risse
- University of Georgia Marine Extension and Georgia Sea Grant, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Eric L Sparks
- Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Biloxi, MS 39532, USA.,Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
| | - Lorie W Staver
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD 21617, USA
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9
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Scyphers SB, Beck MW, Furman KL, Haner J, Keeler AG, Landry CE, O'Donnell KL, Webb BM, Grabowski JH. Designing effective incentives for living shorelines as a habitat conservation strategy along residential coasts. Conserv Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steven B. Scyphers
- Department of Marine & Environmental Sciences, Coastal Sustainability Institute Northeastern University Nahant Massachusetts
| | - Michael W. Beck
- Institute of Marine Science & The Nature Conservancy University of California Santa Cruz California
| | - Kelsi L. Furman
- Department of Marine & Environmental Sciences, Coastal Sustainability Institute Northeastern University Nahant Massachusetts
| | - Judy Haner
- The Nature Conservancy Alabama Coastal Program Mobile Alabama
| | - Andrew G. Keeler
- University of North Carolina—Coastal Studies Institute & Department of Economics East Carolina University Wanchese North Carolina
| | - Craig E. Landry
- Department of Agricultural & Applied Economics University of Georgia Athens Georgia
| | - Kiera L. O'Donnell
- Department of Marine & Environmental Sciences, Coastal Sustainability Institute Northeastern University Nahant Massachusetts
| | - Bret M. Webb
- Department of Civil Engineering University of South Alabama Mobile Alabama
| | - Jonathan H. Grabowski
- Department of Marine & Environmental Sciences, Coastal Sustainability Institute Northeastern University Nahant Massachusetts
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10
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Abstract
Coastal flood risks are rising rapidly. We provide high resolution estimates of the economic value of mangroves forests for flood risk reduction every 20 km worldwide. We develop a probabilistic, process-based valuation of the effects of mangroves on averting damages to people and property. We couple spatially-explicit 2-D hydrodynamic analyses with economic models, and find that mangroves provide flood protection benefits exceeding $US 65 billion per year. If mangroves were lost, 15 million more people would be flooded annually across the world. Some of the nations that receive the greatest economic benefits include the USA, China, India and Mexico. Vietnam, India and Bangladesh receive the greatest benefits in terms of people protected. Many (>45) 20-km coastal stretches particularly those near cities receive more than $US 250 million annually in flood protection benefits from mangroves. These results demonstrate the value of mangroves as natural coastal defenses at global, national and local scales, which can inform incentives for mangrove conservation and restoration in development, climate adaptation, disaster risk reduction and insurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelayo Menéndez
- IHCantabria - Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, 39011, Santander, Spain.
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95062, USA.
| | - Iñigo J Losada
- IHCantabria - Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Saul Torres-Ortega
- IHCantabria - Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Siddharth Narayan
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95062, USA
- Department of Coastal Studies, East Carolina University, 850-NC 345, Wanchese, NC, 27959, USA
| | - Michael W Beck
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95062, USA
- The Nature Conservancy, Santa Cruz, CA, 95062, USA
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11
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Friedman WR, Halpern BS, McLeod E, Beck MW, Duarte CM, Kappel CV, Levine A, Sluka RD, Adler S, O’Hara CC, Sterling EJ, Tapia-Lewin S, Losada IJ, McClanahan TR, Pendleton L, Spring M, Toomey JP, Weiss KR, Possingham HP, Montambault JR. Research Priorities for Achieving Healthy Marine Ecosystems and Human Communities in a Changing Climate. Front Mar Sci 2020; 7. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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12
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Hughes BB, Wasson K, Tinker MT, Williams SL, Carswell LP, Boyer KE, Beck MW, Eby R, Scoles R, Staedler M, Espinosa S, Hessing-Lewis M, Foster EU, M Beheshti K, Grimes TM, Becker BH, Needles L, Tomoleoni JA, Rudebusch J, Hines E, Silliman BR. Species recovery and recolonization of past habitats: lessons for science and conservation from sea otters in estuaries. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8100. [PMID: 31844568 PMCID: PMC6910117 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovering species are often limited to much smaller areas than they historically occupied. Conservation planning for the recovering species is often based on this limited range, which may simply be an artifact of where the surviving population persisted. Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) were hunted nearly to extinction but recovered from a small remnant population on a remote stretch of the California outer coast, where most of their recovery has occurred. However, studies of recently-recolonized estuaries have revealed that estuaries can provide southern sea otters with high quality habitats featuring shallow waters, high production and ample food, limited predators, and protected haul-out opportunities. Moreover, sea otters can have strong effects on estuarine ecosystems, fostering seagrass resilience through their consumption of invertebrate prey. Using a combination of literature reviews, population modeling, and prey surveys we explored the former estuarine habitats outside the current southern sea otter range to determine if these estuarine habitats can support healthy sea otter populations. We found the majority of studies and conservation efforts have focused on populations in exposed, rocky coastal habitats. Yet historical evidence indicates that sea otters were also formerly ubiquitous in estuaries. Our habitat-specific population growth model for California's largest estuary-San Francisco Bay-determined that it alone can support about 6,600 sea otters, more than double the 2018 California population. Prey surveys in estuaries currently with (Elkhorn Slough and Morro Bay) and without (San Francisco Bay and Drakes Estero) sea otters indicated that the availability of prey, especially crabs, is sufficient to support healthy sea otter populations. Combining historical evidence with our results, we show that conservation practitioners could consider former estuarine habitats as targets for sea otter and ecosystem restoration. This study reveals the importance of understanding how recovering species interact with all the ecosystems they historically occupied, both for improved conservation of the recovering species and for successful restoration of ecosystem functions and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent B Hughes
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, USA.,Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, USA
| | - Kerstin Wasson
- Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Watsonville, CA, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - M Tim Tinker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,U. S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Susan L Williams
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, USA
| | - Lilian P Carswell
- Ventura Fish and Wildlife Office, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Ventura, CA, USA
| | - Katharyn E Boyer
- Estuary & Ocean Science Center, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Beck
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ron Eby
- Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Watsonville, CA, USA
| | - Robert Scoles
- Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Watsonville, CA, USA
| | | | - Sarah Espinosa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - Erin U Foster
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada.,Applied Conservation Science Lab, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, USA
| | - Kathryn M Beheshti
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Tracy M Grimes
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin H Becker
- Point Reyes National Seashore, United States National Park Service, Point Reyes Station, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Needles
- Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University-San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Joseph A Tomoleoni
- U. S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Jane Rudebusch
- Estuary & Ocean Science Center, Department of Geography and Environment, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Ellen Hines
- Estuary & Ocean Science Center, Department of Geography and Environment, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Brian R Silliman
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, USA
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13
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Jones K, Kentala K, Beck MW, An W, Lippert AR, Lewis JC, Dickinson BC. Development of a Split Esterase for Protein-Protein Interaction-Dependent Small-Molecule Activation. ACS Cent Sci 2019; 5:1768-1776. [PMID: 31807678 PMCID: PMC6891849 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Split reporters based on fluorescent proteins and luciferases have emerged as valuable tools for measuring interactions in biological systems. Relatedly, biosensors that transduce measured input signals into outputs that influence the host system are key components of engineered gene circuits for synthetic biology applications. While small-molecule-based imaging agents are widely used in biological studies, and small-molecule-based drugs and chemical probes can target a range of biological processes, a general method for generating a target small molecule in a biological system based on a measured input signal is lacking. Here, we develop a proximity-dependent split esterase that selectively unmasks ester-protected small molecules in an interaction-dependent manner. Exploiting the versatility of an ester-protected small-molecule output, we demonstrate fluorescent, chemiluminescent, and pharmacological probe generation, each created by masking key alcohol functional groups on a target small molecule. We show that the split esterase system can be used in combination with ester-masked fluorescent or luminescent probes to measure protein-protein interactions and protein-protein interaction inhibitor engagement. We demonstrate that the esterase-based reporter system is compatible with other commonly used split reporter imaging systems for the simultaneous detection of multiple protein-protein interactions. Finally, we develop a system for selective small-molecule-dependent cell killing by unmasking a cytotoxic molecule using an inducible split esterase. Presaging utility in future synthetic biology-based therapeutic applications, we also show that the system can be used for intercellular cell killing via a bystander effect, where one activated cell unmasks a cytotoxic molecule and kills cells physically adjacent to the activated cells. Collectively, this work illustrates that the split esterase system is a valuable new addition to the split protein toolbox, with particularly exciting potential in synthetic biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysten
A. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Kaitlin Kentala
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Michael W. Beck
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Weiwei An
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4),
Center for Global Health Impact (CGHI), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Alexander R. Lippert
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4),
Center for Global Health Impact (CGHI), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Jared C. Lewis
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Bryan C. Dickinson
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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14
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Menéndez P, Losada IJ, Torres-Ortega S, Toimil A, Beck MW. Assessing the effects of using high-quality data and high-resolution models in valuing flood protection services of mangroves. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220941. [PMID: 31430317 PMCID: PMC6701829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of change on coastlines is accelerating from climate change and coastal development. Coastal flooding is a particularly pressing and increasing problem, which affects hundreds of millions of people and damages trillions of US$ in property. Scientists, practitioners and managers must be able to quickly assess flood risk and identify appropriate adaptation and risk reduction measures often with limited data and tools, particularly in developing countries. To inform these decision-making processes, we identify how sensitive flood risk and adaptation analyses are to changes in the resolution of data and models. We further do these comparisons in the context of assess the benefits of an ecosystem-based approach for risk reduction. There is growing interest in these ecosystem-based approaches as cost effective measures for adaptation and risk reduction. We assess flood risks from tropical cyclones and the flood risk reduction benefits provided by mangroves in Pagbilao (the Philippines). Then, we also compare risks and risk reduction (benefits) using different quality data and models, to identify where to invest in in new modeling and data acquisition to improve decision-making. We find that coastal flood risk valuation improves by using high resolution topography and long time series of data on tropical cyclones, while flood reduction benefits of mangroves are better valued by using consistent databases and models along the whole process rather than investing in single measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelayo Menéndez
- Environmental Hydraulics Institute (IHCantabria), Universidad de Cantabria—Avda, Isabel Torres, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Iñigo J. Losada
- Environmental Hydraulics Institute (IHCantabria), Universidad de Cantabria—Avda, Isabel Torres, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Saúl Torres-Ortega
- Environmental Hydraulics Institute (IHCantabria), Universidad de Cantabria—Avda, Isabel Torres, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Alexandra Toimil
- Environmental Hydraulics Institute (IHCantabria), Universidad de Cantabria—Avda, Isabel Torres, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Michael W. Beck
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
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15
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Lefcheck JS, Hughes BB, Johnson AJ, Pfirrmann BW, Rasher DB, Smyth AR, Williams BL, Beck MW, Orth RJ. Are coastal habitats important nurseries? A meta‐analysis. Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Lefcheck
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network, MarineGEOSmithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater Maryland
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William & Mary Gloucester Point Virginia
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences,Center for Ocean Health East Boothbay Maine
| | - Brent B. Hughes
- Department of BiologySonoma State University Rohnert Park California
| | - Andrew J. Johnson
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William & Mary Gloucester Point Virginia
| | - Bruce W. Pfirrmann
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William & Mary Gloucester Point Virginia
- Baruch Marine Field LaboratoryUniversity of South Carolina Georgetown South Carolina
| | - Douglas B. Rasher
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences,Center for Ocean Health East Boothbay Maine
| | - Ashley R. Smyth
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William & Mary Gloucester Point Virginia
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, Tropical Research and Education CenterUniversity of Florida Homestead Florida
| | - Bethany L. Williams
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William & Mary Gloucester Point Virginia
| | - Michael W. Beck
- The Nature Conservancy & Institute of Marine SciencesUniversity of California Santa Cruz California
| | - Robert J. Orth
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William & Mary Gloucester Point Virginia
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16
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Beck MW, Losada IJ, Menéndez P, Reguero BG, Díaz-Simal P, Fernández F. The global flood protection savings provided by coral reefs. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2186. [PMID: 29895942 PMCID: PMC5997709 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs can provide significant coastal protection benefits to people and property. Here we show that the annual expected damages from flooding would double, and costs from frequent storms would triple without reefs. For 100-year storm events, flood damages would increase by 91% to $US 272 billion without reefs. The countries with the most to gain from reef management are Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Mexico, and Cuba; annual expected flood savings exceed $400 M for each of these nations. Sea-level rise will increase flood risk, but substantial impacts could happen from reef loss alone without better near-term management. We provide a global, process-based valuation of an ecosystem service across an entire marine biome at (sub)national levels. These spatially explicit benefits inform critical risk and environmental management decisions, and the expected benefits can be directly considered by governments (e.g., national accounts, recovery plans) and businesses (e.g., insurance).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Beck
- The Nature Conservancy, University of California, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
| | - Iñigo J Losada
- Environmental Hydraulics Institute "IHCantabria", Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Cantabria, 39011, Spain
| | - Pelayo Menéndez
- Environmental Hydraulics Institute "IHCantabria", Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Cantabria, 39011, Spain
| | - Borja G Reguero
- The Nature Conservancy, University of California, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Pedro Díaz-Simal
- Environmental Hydraulics Institute "IHCantabria", Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Cantabria, 39011, Spain
| | - Felipe Fernández
- Environmental Hydraulics Institute "IHCantabria", Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Cantabria, 39011, Spain
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17
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Reguero BG, Beck MW, Bresch DN, Calil J, Meliane I. Comparing the cost effectiveness of nature-based and coastal adaptation: A case study from the Gulf Coast of the United States. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192132. [PMID: 29641611 PMCID: PMC5894966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coastal risks are increasing from both development and climate change. Interest is growing in the protective role that coastal nature-based measures (or green infrastructure), such as reefs and wetlands, can play in adapting to these risks. However, a lack of quantitative information on their relative costs and benefits is one principal factor limiting their use more broadly. Here, we apply a quantitative risk assessment framework to assess coastal flood risk (from climate change and economic exposure growth) across the United States Gulf of Mexico coast to compare the cost effectiveness of different adaptation measures. These include nature-based (e.g. oyster reef restoration), structural or grey (e.g., seawalls) and policy measures (e.g. home elevation). We first find that coastal development will be a critical driver of risk, particularly for major disasters, but climate change will cause more recurrent losses through changes in storms and relative sea level rise. By 2030, flooding will cost $134–176.6 billion (for different economic growth scenarios), but as the effects of climate change, land subsidence and concentration of assets in the coastal zone increase, annualized risk will more than double by 2050 with respect to 2030. However, from the portfolio we studied, the set of cost-effective adaptation measures (with benefit to cost ratios above 1) could prevent up to $57–101 billion in losses, which represents 42.8–57.2% of the total risk. Nature-based adaptation options could avert more than $50 billion of these costs, and do so cost effectively with average benefit to cost ratios above 3.5. Wetland and oyster reef restoration are found to be particularly cost-effective. This study demonstrates that the cost effectiveness of nature-based, grey and policy measures can be compared quantitatively with one another, and that the cost effectiveness of adaptation becomes more attractive as climate change and coastal development intensifies in the future. It also shows that investments in nature-based adaptation could meet multiple objectives for environmental restoration, adaptation and flood risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja G. Reguero
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- The Nature Conservancy, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael W. Beck
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- The Nature Conservancy, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - David N. Bresch
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliano Calil
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Imen Meliane
- The Nature Conservancy, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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18
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Reguero BG, Beck MW, Agostini VN, Kramer P, Hancock B. Coral reefs for coastal protection: A new methodological approach and engineering case study in Grenada. J Environ Manage 2018; 210:146-161. [PMID: 29339333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coastal communities in tropical environments are at increasing risk from both environmental degradation and climate change and require urgent local adaptation action. Evidences show coral reefs play a critical role in wave attenuation but relatively little direct connection has been drawn between these effects and impacts on shorelines. Reefs are rarely assessed for their coastal protection service and thus not managed for their infrastructure benefits, while widespread damage and degradation continues. This paper presents a systematic approach to assess the protective role of coral reefs and to examine solutions based on the reef's influence on wave propagation patterns. Portions of the shoreline of Grenville Bay, Grenada, have seen acute shoreline erosion and coastal flooding. This paper (i) analyzes the historical changes in the shoreline and the local marine, (ii) assess the role of coral reefs in shoreline positioning through a shoreline equilibrium model first applied to coral reef environments, and (iii) design and begin implementation of a reef-based solution to reduce erosion and flooding. Coastline changes in the bay over the past 6 decades are analyzed from bathymetry and benthic surveys, historical imagery, historical wave and sea level data and modeling of wave dynamics. The analysis shows that, at present, the healthy and well-developed coral reefs system in the southern bay keeps the shoreline in equilibrium and stable, whereas reef degradation in the northern bay is linked with severe coastal erosion. A comparison of wave energy modeling for past bathymetry indicates that degradation of the coral reefs better explains erosion than changes in climate and historical sea level rise. Using this knowledge on how reefs affect the hydrodynamics, a reef restoration solution is designed and studied to ameliorate the coastal erosion and flooding. A characteristic design provides a modular design that can meet specific engineering, ecological and implementation criteria. Four pilot units were implemented in 2015 and are currently being field-tested. This paper presents one of the few existing examples available to date of a reef restoration project designed and engineered to deliver risk reduction benefits. The case study shows how engineering and ecology can work together in community-based adaptation. Our findings are particularly important for Small Island States on the front lines of climate change, who have the most to gain from protecting and managing coral reefs as coastal infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja G Reguero
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, 115 McAllister Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA; The Nature Conservancy, 115 McAllister Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
| | - Michael W Beck
- The Nature Conservancy, 115 McAllister Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA; Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, 115 McAllister Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
| | - Vera N Agostini
- The Nature Conservancy, 255 Alhambra Circle Suite 640, Coral Gables, FL 33134, USA.
| | - Philip Kramer
- The Nature Conservancy, 115 McAllister Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA; Florida Institute of Oceanography, 830 1st St S, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Boze Hancock
- The Nature Conservancy, 215 South Ferry Rd., Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.
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19
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Qiu T, Kathayat RS, Cao Y, Beck MW, Dickinson BC. A Fluorescent Probe with Improved Water Solubility Permits the Analysis of Protein S-Depalmitoylation Activity in Live Cells. Biochemistry 2018; 57:221-225. [PMID: 29023093 PMCID: PMC5823605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
S-Palmitoylation is an abundant lipid post-translational modification that is dynamically installed on and removed from target proteins to regulate their activity and cellular localization. A dearth of tools for studying the activities and regulation of protein S-depalmitoylases, thioesterase "erasers" of protein cysteine S-palmitoylation, has contributed to an incomplete understanding of the role of dynamic S-palmitoylation in regulating proteome lipidation. Recently, we developed "depalmitoylation probes" (DPPs), small molecule probes that become fluorescent upon S-depalmitoylase enzymatic activity. To be suitable for application in live cells, the first-generation DPPs relied on a shorter lipid substrate (C8 vs naturally occurring C16), which enhanced solubility and cell permeability. However, the use of an unnatural lipid substrate on the probes potentially limits the utility of the approach. Herein, we present a new member of the DPP family, DPP-5, which features an anionic carboxylate functional group that increases the probe water solubility. The enhanced water solubility of DPP-5 permits the use of a natural, palmitoylated substrate (C16), rather than a surrogate lipid. We show that DPP-5 is capable of monitoring endogenous S-depalmitoylases in live mammalian cells and that it can reveal changes in S-depalmitoylation levels due to lipid stress. DPP-5 should prove to be a useful new tool for probing the regulation of proteome lipidation through dynamic S-depalmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Rahul S. Kathayat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Michael W. Beck
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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20
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Beck MW, Kathayat RS, Cham CM, Chang EB, Dickinson BC. Correction: Michael addition-based probes for ratiometric fluorescence imaging of protein S-depalmitoylases in live cells and tissues. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7879. [PMID: 30123473 PMCID: PMC6063153 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc90066j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Correction for ‘Michael addition-based probes for ratiometric fluorescence imaging of protein S-depalmitoylases in live cells and tissues’ by Michael W. Beck et al., Chem. Sci., 2017, DOI: ; 10.1039/c7sc02805a
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Beck
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Chicago , 5801 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
| | - Rahul S Kathayat
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Chicago , 5801 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
| | - Candace M Cham
- Department of Medicine , The University of Chicago , 5801 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine , The University of Chicago , 5801 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA
| | - Bryan C Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Chicago , 5801 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
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21
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Mumby PJ, Sanchirico JN, Broad K, Beck MW, Tyedmers P, Morikawa M, Okey TA, Crowder LB, Fulton EA, Kelso D, Kleypas JA, Munch SB, Glynn P, Matthews K, Lubchenco J. Avoiding a crisis of motivation for ocean management under global environmental change. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:4483-4496. [PMID: 28447373 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and ocean acidification are altering marine ecosystems and, from a human perspective, creating both winners and losers. Human responses to these changes are complex, but may result in reduced government investments in regulation, resource management, monitoring and enforcement. Moreover, a lack of peoples' experience of climate change may drive some towards attributing the symptoms of climate change to more familiar causes such as management failure. Taken together, we anticipate that management could become weaker and less effective as climate change continues. Using diverse case studies, including the decline of coral reefs, coastal defences from flooding, shifting fish stocks and the emergence of new shipping opportunities in the Arctic, we argue that human interests are better served by increased investments in resource management. But greater government investment in management does not simply mean more of "business-as-usual." Management needs to become more flexible, better at anticipating and responding to surprise, and able to facilitate change where it is desirable. A range of technological, economic, communication and governance solutions exists to help transform management. While not all have been tested, judicious application of the most appropriate solutions should help humanity adapt to novel circumstances and seek opportunity where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Mumby
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab & ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - James N Sanchirico
- Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Broad
- Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael W Beck
- The Nature Conservancy & Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Peter Tyedmers
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Megan Morikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Okey
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Larry B Crowder
- Center for Ocean Solutions & Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Fulton
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania and Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tas, Australia
| | - Denny Kelso
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Stephan B Munch
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jane Lubchenco
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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22
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Beck MW, Derrick JS, Suh JM, Kim M, Korshavn KJ, Kerr RA, Cho WJ, Larsen SD, Ruotolo BT, Ramamoorthy A, Lim MH. Minor Structural Variations of Small Molecules Tune Regulatory Activities toward Pathological Factors in Alzheimer's Disease. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1828-1838. [PMID: 28990338 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemical tools have been valuable for establishing a better understanding of the relationships between metal ion dyshomeostasis, the abnormal aggregation and accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ), and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Still, very little information is available to correlate the structures of chemical tools with specific reactivities used to uncover such relationships. Recently, slight structural variations to the framework of a chemical tool were found to drastically determine the tool's reactivities toward multiple pathological facets to various extents. Herein, we report our rational design and characterization of a structural series to illustrate the extent to which the reactivities of small molecules vary toward different targets as a result of minor structural modifications. These compounds were rationally and systematically modified based on consideration of properties, including ionization potentials and metal binding, to afford their desired reactivities with metal-free or metal-bound Aβ, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and free organic radicals. Our results show that although small molecules are structurally similar, they can interact with multiple factors associated with AD pathogenesis and alleviate their reactivities to different degrees. Together, our studies demonstrate the rational structure-directed design that can be used to develop chemical tools capable of regulating individual or interrelated pathological features in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Beck
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Derrick
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyle J Korshavn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Richard A Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Woo Jong Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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Beck MW, Kathayat RS, Cham CM, Chang EB, Dickinson BC. Michael addition-based probes for ratiometric fluorescence imaging of protein S-depalmitoylases in live cells and tissues. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7588-7592. [PMID: 29568422 PMCID: PMC5848818 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02805a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversible modification of cysteine residues through thioester formation with palmitate (protein S-palmitoylation) is a prevalent chemical modification that regulates the function, localization, and stability of many proteins. Current methods for monitoring the "erasers" of S-palmitoylation, acyl-protein thioesterases (APTs), rely on destructive proteomic methods or "turn-on" probes, precluding deployment in heterogeneous samples such as primary tissues. To address these challenges, we present the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of Ratiometric Depalmitoylation Probes (RDPs). RDPs respond to APTs with a robust ratiometric change in fluorescent signal both in vitro and in live cells. Moreover, RDPs can monitor endogenous APT activities in heterogeneous primary human tissues such as colon organoids, presaging the utility of these molecules in uncovering novel roles for APTs in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Beck
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Chicago , 5801 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
| | - Rahul S Kathayat
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Chicago , 5801 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
| | - Candace M Cham
- Department of Medicine , The University of Chicago , 5801 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine , The University of Chicago , 5801 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA
| | - Bryan C Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Chicago , 5801 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
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Abelson A, Nelson PA, Edgar GJ, Shashar N, Reed DC, Belmaker J, Krause G, Beck MW, Brokovich E, France R, Gaines SD. Expanding marine protected areas to include degraded coral reefs. Conserv Biol 2016; 30:1182-1191. [PMID: 26991947 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a commonly applied solution to coral reef degradation, yet coral reefs continue to decline worldwide. We argue that expanding the range of MPAs to include degraded reefs (DR-MPA) could help reverse this trend. This approach requires new ecological criteria for MPA design, siting, and management. Rather than focusing solely on preserving healthy reefs, our approach focuses on the potential for biodiversity recovery and renewal of ecosystem services. The new criteria would help identify sites with the highest potential for recovery and the greatest resistance to future threats (e.g., increased temperature and acidification) and sites that contribute to MPA connectivity. The DR-MPA approach is a compliment rather than a substitute for traditional MPA design approaches. We believe that the DR-MPA approach can enhance the natural, or restoration-assisted, recovery of DRs and their ecosystem services; increase total reef area available for protection; promote more resilient and better-connected MPA networks; and improve conditions for human communities dependent on MPA ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abelson
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - P A Nelson
- H. T. Harvey & Associates, 983 University Avenue, Building D, Los Gatos, CA, 95032-7637, U.S.A
| | - G J Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - N Shashar
- Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University, Eilat, Israel
| | - D C Reed
- Marine Science Institute University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-6150, U.S.A
| | - J Belmaker
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - G Krause
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), Bussestrasse 24, D-27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - M W Beck
- Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, U.S.A
| | - E Brokovich
- The Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Kehilat New-York Street, Tel Aviv, 6775323, Israel
| | - R France
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - S D Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-6150, U.S.A
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Pendleton L, Comte A, Langdon C, Ekstrom JA, Cooley SR, Suatoni L, Beck MW, Brander LM, Burke L, Cinner JE, Doherty C, Edwards PET, Gledhill D, Jiang LQ, van Hooidonk RJ, Teh L, Waldbusser GG, Ritter J. Coral Reefs and People in a High-CO2 World: Where Can Science Make a Difference to People? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164699. [PMID: 27828972 PMCID: PMC5102364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
REEFS AND PEOPLE AT RISK Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere put shallow, warm-water coral reef ecosystems, and the people who depend upon them at risk from two key global environmental stresses: 1) elevated sea surface temperature (that can cause coral bleaching and related mortality), and 2) ocean acidification. These global stressors: cannot be avoided by local management, compound local stressors, and hasten the loss of ecosystem services. Impacts to people will be most grave where a) human dependence on coral reef ecosystems is high, b) sea surface temperature reaches critical levels soonest, and c) ocean acidification levels are most severe. Where these elements align, swift action will be needed to protect people's lives and livelihoods, but such action must be informed by data and science. AN INDICATOR APPROACH Designing policies to offset potential harm to coral reef ecosystems and people requires a better understanding of where CO2-related global environmental stresses could cause the most severe impacts. Mapping indicators has been proposed as a way of combining natural and social science data to identify policy actions even when the needed science is relatively nascent. To identify where people are at risk and where more science is needed, we map indicators of biological, physical and social science factors to understand how human dependence on coral reef ecosystems will be affected by globally-driven threats to corals expected in a high-CO2 world. Western Mexico, Micronesia, Indonesia and parts of Australia have high human dependence and will likely face severe combined threats. As a region, Southeast Asia is particularly at risk. Many of the countries most dependent upon coral reef ecosystems are places for which we have the least robust data on ocean acidification. These areas require new data and interdisciplinary scientific research to help coral reef-dependent human communities better prepare for a high CO2 world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwood Pendleton
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR6308 AMURE, IUEM, Plouzané, France
| | - Adrien Comte
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR6308 AMURE, IUEM, Plouzané, France
| | - Chris Langdon
- RSMAS/MBE, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Ekstrom
- University of California Davis, Policy Institute for Energy, Environment and the Economy, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah R. Cooley
- Ocean Conservancy, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Lisa Suatoni
- Natural Resources Defense Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Beck
- The Nature Conservancy and the University of California, Santa Cruz, Ocean Sciences, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Luke M. Brander
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lauretta Burke
- World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Josh E. Cinner
- James Cook University, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, Australia
| | - Carolyn Doherty
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter E. T. Edwards
- Coral Reef Conservation Program, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dwight Gledhill
- Ocean Acidification Program, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li-Qing Jiang
- Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruben J. van Hooidonk
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Louise Teh
- Institute for Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - George G. Waldbusser
- Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jessica Ritter
- National Wildlife Foundation, Washington, D.C., United States of America
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26
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Abelson A, Halpern BS, Reed DC, Orth RJ, Kendrick GA, Beck MW, Belmaker J, Krause G, Edgar GJ, Airoldi L, Brokovich E, France R, Shashar N, de Blaeij A, Stambler N, Salameh P, Shechter M, Nelson PA. Upgrading Marine Ecosystem Restoration Using Ecological-Social Concepts. Bioscience 2015; 66:156-163. [PMID: 26977115 PMCID: PMC4786620 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation and environmental management are principal countermeasures to the degradation of marine ecosystems and their services. However, in many cases, current practices are insufficient to reverse ecosystem declines. We suggest that restoration ecology, the science underlying the concepts and tools needed to restore ecosystems, must be recognized as an integral element for marine conservation and environmental management. Marine restoration ecology is a young scientific discipline, often with gaps between its application and the supporting science. Bridging these gaps is essential to using restoration as an effective management tool and reversing the decline of marine ecosystems and their services. Ecological restoration should address objectives that include improved ecosystem services, and it therefore should encompass social-ecological elements rather than focusing solely on ecological parameters. We recommend using existing management frameworks to identify clear restoration targets, to apply quantitative tools for assessment, and to make the re-establishment of ecosystem services a criterion for success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avigdor Abelson
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Benjamin S Halpern
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Daniel C Reed
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Robert J Orth
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Gary A Kendrick
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Michael W Beck
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Jonathan Belmaker
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Gesche Krause
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Graham J Edgar
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Laura Airoldi
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Eran Brokovich
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Robert France
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Nadav Shashar
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Arianne de Blaeij
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Noga Stambler
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Pierre Salameh
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Mordechai Shechter
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
| | - Peter A Nelson
- Avigdor Abelson ( ) is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, in Israel. Benjamin S. Halpern is with the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Daniel C. Reed is with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robert J. Orth is with the School of Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Gary A. Kendrick is with the School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Michael W. Beck is with the Global Marine Team of The Nature Conservancy at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jonathan Belmaker is with the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. Gesche Krause is with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP), in Bremerhaven, Germany. Graham J. Edgar is with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Australia. Laura Airoldi is with the Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali and the Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali at the Università di Bologna, in Ravenna, Italy. Eran Brokovich is with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Israel. Robert France is with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Dalhousie University, in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nadav Shashar and Noga Stambler are with the Eilat Campus at Ben-Gurion University, in Eilat, Israel; NS is also with the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Arianne de Blaeij is with the LEI at Wageningen University and Research Centre, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Pierre Salameh is with the Department of Fisheries at the Ministry of Agriculture, in Kiryat Haim, Israel. Mordechai Shechter is with the Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Peter A. Nelson is a senior fish ecologist at H. T. Harvey and Associates, in Los Gatos, California
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Flooding is the most common and damaging of all natural disasters in the United States, and was a factor in almost all declared disasters in U.S. HISTORY Direct flood losses in the U.S. in 2011 totaled $8.41 billion and flood damage has also been on the rise globally over the past century. The National Flood Insurance Program paid out more than $38 billion in claims since its inception in 1968, more than a third of which has gone to the one percent of policies that experienced multiple losses and are classified as "repetitive loss." During the same period, the loss of coastal wetlands and other natural habitat has continued, and funds for conservation and restoration of these habitats are very limited. This study demonstrates that flood losses could be mitigated through action that meets both flood risk reduction and conservation objectives. We found that there are at least 11,243km2 of land in coastal California, which is both flood-prone and has natural resource conservation value, and where a property/structure buyout and habitat restoration project could meet multiple objectives. For example, our results show that in Sonoma County, the extent of land that meets these criteria is 564km2. Further, we explore flood mitigation grant programs that can be a significant source of funds to such projects. We demonstrate that government funded buyouts followed by restoration of targeted lands can support social, environmental, and economic objectives: reduction of flood exposure, restoration of natural resources, and efficient use of limited governmental funds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Calil
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael W. Beck
- Global Marine Team, The Nature Conservancy, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Gleason
- California Chapter, The Nature Conservancy, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Merrifield
- California Chapter, The Nature Conservancy, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kirk Klausmeyer
- California Chapter, The Nature Conservancy, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Newkirk
- California Chapter, The Nature Conservancy, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Scyphers SB, Gouhier TC, Grabowski JH, Beck MW, Mareska J, Powers SP. Natural shorelines promote the stability of fish communities in an urbanized coastal system. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118580. [PMID: 26039407 PMCID: PMC4454662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation are leading causes of species extinctions in terrestrial, aquatic and marine systems. Along coastlines, natural habitats support high biodiversity and valuable ecosystem services but are often replaced with engineered structures for coastal protection or erosion control. We coupled high-resolution shoreline condition data with an eleven-year time series of fish community structure to examine how coastal protection structures impact community stability. Our analyses revealed that the most stable fish communities were nearest natural shorelines. Structurally complex engineered shorelines appeared to promote greater stability than simpler alternatives as communities nearest vertical walls, which are among the most prevalent structures, were most dissimilar from natural shorelines and had the lowest stability. We conclude that conserving and restoring natural habitats is essential for promoting ecological stability. However, in scenarios when natural habitats are not viable, engineered landscapes designed to mimic the complexity of natural habitats may provide similar ecological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B. Scyphers
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts 01905 United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tarik C. Gouhier
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts 01905 United States of America
| | - Jonathan H. Grabowski
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts 01905 United States of America
| | - Michael W. Beck
- The Nature Conservancy, Global Marine Program, Santa Cruz, California 95060 United States of America
| | - John Mareska
- Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Post Office Box 189, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528 United States of America
| | - Sean P. Powers
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Mobile, Alabama 36688 United States of America
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Fitzsimons JA, Hale L, Hancock B, Beck MW. Developing a marine conservation program in temperate Australia: determining priorities for action. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/18366503.2015.1014020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Beck MW, Oh SB, Kerr RA, Lee HJ, Kim SH, Kim S, Jang M, Ruotolo BT, Lee JY, Lim MH. A rationally designed small molecule for identifying an in vivo link between metal-amyloid-β complexes and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Chem Sci 2015; 6:1879-1886. [PMID: 28706643 PMCID: PMC5494539 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03239j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors, including amyloid-β (Aβ), metals, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), are involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Metal ions can interact with Aβ species generating toxic oligomers and ROS in vitro; however, the involvement of metal-Aβ complexes in AD pathology in vivo remains unclear. To solve this uncertainty, we have developed a chemical tool (L2-b) that specifically targets metal-Aβ complexes and modulates their reactivity (i.e., metal-Aβ aggregation, toxic oligomer formation, and ROS production). Through the studies presented herein, we demonstrate that L2-b is able to specifically interact with metal-Aβ complexes over metal-free Aβ analogues, redirect metal-Aβ aggregation into off-pathway, nontoxic less structured Aβ aggregates, and diminish metal-Aβ-induced ROS production, overall mitigating metal-Aβ-triggered toxicity, confirmed by multidisciplinary approaches. L2-b is also verified to enter the brain in vivo with relative metabolic stability. Most importantly, upon treatment of 5XFAD AD mice with L2-b, (i) metal-Aβ complexes are targeted and modulated in the brain; (ii) amyloid pathology is reduced; and (iii) cognition deficits are significantly improved. To the best of our knowledge, by employing an in vivo chemical tool specifically prepared for investigating metal-Aβ complexes, we report for the first time experimental evidence that metal-Aβ complexes are related directly to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Beck
- Department of Chemistry , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 689-798 , Republic of Korea .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109-1055 , USA .
| | - Shin Bi Oh
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences , Asan Medical Center , Seoul 138-736 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Richard A Kerr
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109-1055 , USA .
| | - Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 689-798 , Republic of Korea .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109-1055 , USA .
| | - So Hee Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences , Asan Medical Center , Seoul 138-736 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Sujeong Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences , Asan Medical Center , Seoul 138-736 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Milim Jang
- Department of Chemistry , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 689-798 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109-1055 , USA .
| | - Joo-Yong Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences , Asan Medical Center , Seoul 138-736 , Republic of Korea .
- Department of Neurology , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul 138-736 , Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 689-798 , Republic of Korea .
- Life Sciences Institute , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-2216 , USA
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Spalding MD, McIvor AL, Beck MW, Koch EW, Möller I, Reed DJ, Rubinoff P, Spencer T, Tolhurst TJ, Wamsley TV, Wesenbeeck BK, Wolanski E, Woodroffe CD. Coastal Ecosystems: A Critical Element of Risk Reduction. Conserv Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Spalding
- Global Marine Team The Nature Conservancy and Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1TN UK
| | - Anna L. McIvor
- Cambridge Coastal Research Unit Department of Geography University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1TN UK
- Global Marine Team The Nature Conservancy University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1TN UK
| | - Michael W. Beck
- Global Marine Team The Nature Conservancy University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1TN UK
| | - Evamaria W. Koch
- Horn Point Laboratory University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Cambridge MD 21613 USA
| | - Iris Möller
- Cambridge Coastal Research Unit Department of Geography University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1TN UK
| | - Denise J. Reed
- The Water Institute of the Gulf Baton Rouge LA 70825 USA
| | - Pamela Rubinoff
- Coastal Resources Center University of Rhode Island Narragansett RI 02882 USA
| | - Thomas Spencer
- Cambridge Coastal Research Unit Department of Geography University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1TN UK
| | - Trevor J. Tolhurst
- School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich Norfolk NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Ty V. Wamsley
- Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Vicksburg MS 39180‐6199 USA
| | | | - Eric Wolanski
- James Cook University Townsville City QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Colin D. Woodroffe
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
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Liu Y, Kochi A, Pithadia AS, Lee S, Nam Y, Beck MW, He X, Lee D, Lim MH. Tuning Reactivity of Diphenylpropynone Derivatives with Metal-Associated Amyloid-β Species via Structural Modifications. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:8121-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ic400851w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Younwoo Nam
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Korea
| | | | | | - Dongkuk Lee
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Korea
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Pithadia AS, Kochi A, Soper MT, Beck MW, Liu Y, Lee S, DeToma AS, Ruotolo BT, Lim MH. Reactivity of diphenylpropynone derivatives toward metal-associated amyloid-β species. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:12959-67. [PMID: 23153071 DOI: 10.1021/ic302084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), metal-associated amyloid-β (metal-Aβ) species have been suggested to be involved in neurotoxicity; however, their role in disease development is still unclear. To elucidate this aspect, chemical reagents have been developed as valuable tools for targeting metal-Aβ species, modulating the interaction between the metal and Aβ, and subsequently altering metal-Aβ reactivity. Herein, we report the design, preparation, characterization, and reactivity of two diphenylpropynone derivatives (DPP1 and DPP2) composed of structural moieties for metal chelation and Aβ interaction (bifunctionality). The interactions of these compounds with metal ions and Aβ species were confirmed by UV-vis, NMR, mass spectrometry, and docking studies. The effects of these bifunctional molecules on the control of in vitro metal-free and metal-induced Aβ aggregation were investigated and monitored by gel electrophoresis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both DPP1 and DPP2 showed reactivity toward metal-Aβ species over metal-free Aβ species to different extents. In particular, DPP2, which contains a dimethylamino group, exhibited greater reactivity with metal-Aβ species than DPP1, suggesting a structure-reactivity relationship. Overall, our studies present a new bifunctional scaffold that could be utilized to develop chemical reagents for investigating metal-Aβ species in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Pithadia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Abstract
Background Salt marshes lie between many human communities and the coast and have been presumed to protect these communities from coastal hazards by providing important ecosystem services. However, previous characterizations of these ecosystem services have typically been based on a small number of historical studies, and the consistency and extent to which marshes provide these services has not been investigated. Here, we review the current evidence for the specific processes of wave attenuation, shoreline stabilization and floodwater attenuation to determine if and under what conditions salt marshes offer these coastal protection services. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a thorough search and synthesis of the literature with reference to these processes. Seventy-five publications met our selection criteria, and we conducted meta-analyses for publications with sufficient data available for quantitative analysis. We found that combined across all studies (n = 7), salt marsh vegetation had a significant positive effect on wave attenuation as measured by reductions in wave height per unit distance across marsh vegetation. Salt marsh vegetation also had a significant positive effect on shoreline stabilization as measured by accretion, lateral erosion reduction, and marsh surface elevation change (n = 30). Salt marsh characteristics that were positively correlated to both wave attenuation and shoreline stabilization were vegetation density, biomass production, and marsh size. Although we could not find studies quantitatively evaluating floodwater attenuation within salt marshes, there are several studies noting the negative effects of wetland alteration on water quantity regulation within coastal areas. Conclusions/Significance Our results show that salt marshes have value for coastal hazard mitigation and climate change adaptation. Because we do not yet fully understand the magnitude of this value, we propose that decision makers employ natural systems to maximize the benefits and ecosystem services provided by salt marshes and exercise caution when making decisions that erode these services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Shepard
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America.
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Merrifield MS, Hines E, Liu X, Beck MW. Building regional threat-based networks for estuaries in the Western United States. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17407. [PMID: 21387006 PMCID: PMC3046153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estuaries are ecologically and economically valuable and have been highly degraded from both land and sea. Estuarine habitats in the coastal zone are under pressure from a range of human activities. In the United States and elsewhere, very few conservation plans focused on estuaries are regional in scope; fewer still address threats to estuary long term viability.We have compiled basic information about the spatial extent of threats to identify commonalities. To do this we classify estuaries into hierarchical networks that share similar threat characteristics using a spatial database (geodatabase) of threats to estuaries from land and sea in the western U.S.Our results show that very few estuaries in this region (16%) have no or minimal stresses from anthropogenic activity. Additionally, one quarter (25%) of all estuaries in this study have moderate levels of all threats. The small number of un-threatened estuaries is likely not representative of the ecological variability in the region and will require working to abate threats at others. We think the identification of these estuary groups can foster sharing best practices and coordination of conservation activities amongst estuaries in any geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Merrifield
- Department of Science and Planning, The Nature Conservancy, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
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Beck MW, Brumbaugh RD, Airoldi L, Carranza A, Coen LD, Crawford C, Defeo O, Edgar GJ, Hancock B, Kay MC, Lenihan HS, Luckenbach MW, Toropova CL, Zhang G, Guo X. Oyster Reefs at Risk and Recommendations for Conservation, Restoration, and Management. Bioscience 2011. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 747] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Beck MW. Separating the elements of habitat structure: independent effects of habitat complexity and structural components on rocky intertidal gastropods. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 2000; 249:29-49. [PMID: 10817826 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It has been difficult to understand the effects of habitat structure on assemblages because the different elements of habitat structure are often confounded. For example, few studies consider that the effects of structural components of a habitat (rocks, trees, pits, pneumatophores) may be separate from the complexity (e.g. surface area {SA}) they create. From prior observations and experiments, I developed three hypotheses about the effects of habitat structure on gastropods on rocky intertidal shores in Botany Bay, Australia. (1) The complexity of habitats positively affects the density and richness of gastropods. (2) The fractal dimension (D) represents elements of complexity that affect the density and richness of gastropods better than other indices of complexity. (3) The effects of specific structural components on the density and richness of gastropods are independent of their complexity. To test these hypotheses, treatments composed of pits and pneumatophores were used to independently manipulate complexity and structural components in experiments repeated at five different times on two shores. There was support for hypotheses (1) and (3) at most times and places but not for hypothesis (2). Richness, total density, and the densities of two of the three most common gastropods were greater in treatments with greater complexity. D was not definitively better than other indices of complexity, but D and SA were recommended for further consideration. When complexity was held constant, species richness and the density of most gastropods, except Austrocochlea porcata, was greater in treatments with pits than with pneumatophores. A common mechanistic explanation for the effects of habitat complexity on rocky intertidal gastropods relies on a specific characteristic of pits; they pool water and reduce desiccation stress. This assumption may be appropriate for many gastropods, but it was inappropriate for A. porcata. Habitat complexity affected its density, but this was not because of a characteristic specific to pits. The complexity and structural components of habitats have separate effects on assemblages, and it confuses the study of habitat structure to combine them.
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Affiliation(s)
- MW Beck
- Institute of Marine Ecology, A11, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Beck MW, Connor EF. Factors affecting the reproductive success of the crab spider Misumenoides formosipes: the covariance between juvenile and adult traits. Oecologia 1992; 92:287-295. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00317377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/1991] [Accepted: 06/19/1992] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Beck MW, Brown ME. Finite-element simulation of the differential thermal analysis response to ignition of a pyrotechnic composition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1039/ft9918700711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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