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Clauzel A, Persoons R, Maître A, Balducci F, Petit P. Review of environmental airborne pyrene/benzo[a]pyrene levels from industrial emissions for the improvement of 1-hydroxypyrene biomonitoring interpretation. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2024; 27:212-232. [PMID: 38845364 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2024.2362632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants of significant public health concern, with several that are highly toxic to humans, including some proven or suspected carcinogens. To account for the high variability of PAH mixtures encountered in occupational settings, adjusting urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) levels by the total airborne pyrene (PyrT)/benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) ratio is essential for human biomonitoring (HBM). Given the complexity and cost of systematically monitoring atmospheric levels, alternative approaches to simultaneous airborne and HBM are required. The aim of this review was to catalog airborne PyrT/BaP ratios measured during different industrial activities and recommend 1-OHP-dedicated biological guidance values (BGV). A literature search was conducted. Seventy-one studies were included, with 5619 samples pertaining to 15 industrial sectors, 79 emission processes, and 213 occupational activities. This review summarized more than 40 years of data from almost 20 countries and highlighted the diversity and evolution of PAH emissions. PyrT/BaP ratios were highly variable, ranging from 0.8 in coke production to nearly 40 in tire and rubber production. A single PyrT/BaP value cannot apply to all occupational contexts, raising the question of the relevance of defining a single biological limit value for 1-OHP in industrial sectors where the PyrT/BaP ratio variability is high. Based upon the inventory, a practical approach is proposed for systematic PAH exposure and risk assessment, with a simple frame to follow based upon specific 1-OHP BGVs depending upon the occupational context and setup of a free PAH HBM interactive tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Maître
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Pascal Petit
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, AGEIS, Grenoble, France
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Frederiksen M, Jensen SP, Andersen MHG, Vogel U, Saber AT. Online SPE-LC-MS-MS method for eight hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine and determination of optimal sampling time after firefighter training. Toxicol Lett 2024:S0378-4274(24)00144-9. [PMID: 38977139 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs) are formed during incomplete combustion and firefighters are inadvertently at risk of being exposed to these and other hazardous compounds. Exposure to PAHs is often estimated by measuring their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PAH) in urine. Here, an online-SPE LC-MS-MS method was set up for eight OH-PAHs thus increasing sample throughput and minimizing manual handling. The method was validated over a 5-month period and showed good reproducibility with intra- and inter-day variation of 2.4-8.1% and 1.6-6.5%, respectively, of low-level samples and accuracy (91.6-104.8%) for a standard reference material. The method was applied to urine samples from conscripts training to become firefighters to determine the optimal sampling time for this training activity before a large intervention study. In total, six conscripts sampled urine 6-8 times over a 40-hr period during a 3-day training course. All eight metabolites were detected in ≥ 97% of the samples and showed peak excretion 4-6 hrs after the training corresponding to 8-10 hrs after first exposure. Samples taken the morning after the exercise contained low levels of most metabolites. Consequently, 4-6 hrs post exposure is recommended as the optimal sampling time for quantification of PAH exposure and monitoring of potential differences in exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Frederiksen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Simon Pelle Jensen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; DTU Food, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Thoustrup Saber
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Liao X, Wu H, Liu K, Bai Y, Wu D, Guo C, Liu X, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Zhao N, Xiao Y, Deng Q. The effects and potential mechanisms of essential metals on the associations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with blood cell-based inflammation markers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123856. [PMID: 38556152 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well-acknowledged pro-inflammatory chemicals, but their associations with blood cell-based inflammatory biomarkers need further investigation. Moreover, the effects and mechanisms of essential metals on PAH-related inflammation remain poorly understood. OBJECTS To elucidate the associations of PAHs on inflammatory biomarkers, as well as the effects and mechanisms of essential metals on these associations. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1388 coke oven workers. We analyzed the modification effects of key essential metal(s) on PAHs-inflammatory biomarkers associations. To explore the possible mechanisms from an inflammation perspective, we performed a bioinformatic analysis on the genes of PAHs and essential metals obtained from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) and performed a mediation analysis. RESULTS We observed associations of PAHs and essential metals with lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) (P < 0.05). PAH mixtures were inversely associated with LMR (βQGC-index = -0.18, P < 0.001), with 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-Pyr) being the most prominent contributor (weight = 63.37%), whereas a positive association between essential metal mixtures and LMR was observed (βQGC-index = 0.14, P < 0.001), with tin being the most significant contributor (weight = 51.61%). An inverse association of 1-OH-Pyr with LMR was weakened by increased tin exposure (P < 0.05). The CTD database showed that PAHs and tin compounds co-regulated 22 inflammation-associated genes, but they regulated most genes in opposite directions. Further identified the involvement of oxidative stress and mediation analysis showed that the mediation effect of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) on 1-OH-Pyr-LMR association presented heterogeneity between low and high tin tertile groups (I2 = 37.84%). CONCLUSION 1-OH-Pyr and tin were significantly associated with LMR. Modification effects indicated that the inverse association of 1-OH-Pyr with LMR was mitigated with an increase in tin. The mediation effect of 8-OHdG on the inverse association of 1-OH-Pyr with LMR may be partially dependent on tin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Liao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Haimei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Kang Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Yansen Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Degang Wu
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaofan Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaorui Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongshun Huang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, 510300, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, 510300, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongmei Xiao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Qifei Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China; School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China.
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Therkorn JH, Mathewson BA, Laursen CJ, Maberti S, Aizenberg V, Dinkelacker BT, Rege S. Methods to assess dermal exposures in occupational settings: a scoping review. Ann Work Expo Health 2024; 68:351-365. [PMID: 38466914 PMCID: PMC11033572 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The dermal exposure route is expected to become increasingly significant relative to total worker exposure as inhalational exposure limits continue to decrease. However, standardization of occupational exposure assessment methods and scientific consensus are needed. This is the first scoping review mapping the literature across all dermal exposure assessment methods and their targeted substances/chemicals in occupational settings. METHODS Eligibility criteria broadly included studies reporting any noninvasive dermal exposure assessment method in an occupational setting. The literature search (Web of Science and MEDLINE) was restricted to peer-reviewed, primary literature published in the last 20 years (2002-2022). Titles/abstracts were dual independently screened. Data charting was performed by a single reviewer using standard template. All stages were pilot tested. The JBI (formerly, the Joanna Briggs Institute) scoping review methods and PRISMA-ScR checklist (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) were used. RESULTS In total, 493 articles were data charted and categorized by 4 study types: methods development (22%), exposure assessment (51%), health outcomes (21%), and controls assessment (6%). Fourteen types of dermal exposure assessment methods were charted with biomarkers (51%), dosimeters (21%), and qualitative assessments such as questionnaires or surveys (17%) most common. Seventeen different chemicals/substances were charted; pesticides (28%) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (22%) associated with crude oil products and combustion were most common. Mapping between substances and exposure assessment method categories, pesticide dosimeters (11%), and PAH biomarker studies (14%) were most reported. Literature gaps were identified for cleaning agents, hair dyes, glycol ether, N,N-dimethylformamide/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dioxins, and bisphenol A. CONCLUSIONS To foster scientific consensus, standardization across study reporting is needed for describing: (i) exposure assessment methods used, (ii) worker tasking/conditions, (iii) targeted substances and substance state, and (iv) targeted exposure routes. Overall, this review categorizes, maps, and defines the scope of literature for occupational dermal exposure assessment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Therkorn
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 U.S. Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ, United States
| | - Brittany A Mathewson
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 U.S. Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ, United States
| | - Christopher J Laursen
- ExxonMobil Technology & Engineering, 22777 Springwoods Village Parkway, Spring, TX, United States
| | - Silvia Maberti
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 U.S. Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ, United States
| | - Vitaly Aizenberg
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 U.S. Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ, United States
| | - Brian T Dinkelacker
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 U.S. Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ, United States
| | - Saumitra Rege
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 U.S. Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ, United States
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Zhou S, Guo C, Dai Y, Pan X, Luo X, Qin P, Tan L. Association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and liver function: The mediating roles of inflammation and oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123068. [PMID: 38042471 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure has been associated with adverse health effects, and accumulating evidence suggests that PAH exposure may impair liver function. However, the underlying mechanisms linking PAH exposure and liver function impairment remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between PAH exposure and liver function biomarkers, and the mediating effects of inflammation and oxidative stress. The cross-sectional study included 155 adults and their urinary PAH metabolites (OH-PAHs) were determined, and eight liver function biomarkers were measured in paired serum samples. A comprehensive statistical analysis investigated the linear, non-linear, individual, and joint effects of the association between urinary OH-PAHs and liver function biomarkers. The results indicated significant positive associations between urinary OH-PAH concentrations and liver function biomarker levels, suggesting that PAH exposure may adversely affect liver function. 2-hydroxyfluorene was identified as the individual metabolite contributing significantly to elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase levels. Further stratification by gender revealed that this association is more pronounced in males. Moreover, we observed significant mediation effects of the oxidative stress biomarker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and the inflammatory biomarkers C-reactive protein and white blood cell count on this association. The physiological responses triggered by PAH exposure are mediated by inflammation, which serves as a link between oxidative stress, cellular injury, and elevated liver enzyme levels. The results demonstrated that increased inflammation and oxidative stress mediated the association between increased urinary OH-PAHs and elevated liver function biomarkers. The results contribute to a better understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying PAH exposure's hepatotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhou
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Chongshan Guo
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Yingyi Dai
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xinhong Pan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Pengzhe Qin
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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6
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Dai Y, Xu X, Huo X, Faas MM. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on pregnancy, placenta, and placental trophoblasts. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115314. [PMID: 37536008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of persistent organic pollutants that are carcinogenic, mutagenic, endocrine-toxic, and immunotoxic. PAHs can be found in maternal and fetal blood and in the placenta during pregnancy. They may thus affect placental and fetal development. Therefore, the exposure levels and toxic effects of PAHs in the placenta deserve further study and discussion. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the effects of PAHs and their metabolites on pregnancy and birth outcomes and on placental trophoblast cells. A growing number of epidemiological studies detected PAH-DNA adducts as well as the 16 high-priority PAHs in the human placenta and showed that placental PAH exposure is associated with adverse fetal outcomes. Trophoblasts are important cells in the placenta and are involved in placental development and function. In vitro studies have shown that exposure to either PAH mixtures, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) or BaP metabolite benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) affected trophoblast cell viability, differentiation, migration, and invasion through various signaling pathways. Furthermore, similar effects of BPDE on trophoblast cells could also be observed in BaP-treated mouse models and were related to miscarriage. Although the current data show that PAHs may affect placental trophoblast cells and pregnancy outcomes, further studies (population studies, in vitro studies, and animal studies) are necessary to show the specific effects of different PAHs on placental trophoblasts and pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Dai
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Rd, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Rd, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Rd, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
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Casjens S, Neumann S, Rühle K, Gamrad-Streubel L, Haase LM, Rudolph KK, Birk T, Giesen J, Neumann V, Pallapies D, Bünger J, Käfferlein HU, Behrens T, Brüning T, Taeger D. Impact of diesel exhaust exposure on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene in underground salt and potash workers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 251:114190. [PMID: 37253312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diesel engine exhaust (DEE) and some of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) it contains are carcinogenic to humans (for example benzo(a)pyrene) and can cause lung cancer in workers. The objective of this study was to assess exposures to DEE and its component PAH and the potential associations between these two health hazards in a salt and potash mining population. METHODS Between 2017 and 2019, 1003 underground workers (mining n = 801, maintenance n = 202) and 243 above-ground facility workers from two German mines participated. Personal exposure to DEE was assessed in air as elemental carbon for diesel particulate matter (EC-DPM), whereas exposure to PAH was assessed in pre- and post-shift urine samples in terms of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP). Associations between EC-DPM and 1-OHP were studied using linear regression models. RESULTS The highest EC-DPM exposures were measured in mining workers (median 0.06 mg/m³) followed by workers in the maintenance (0.03 mg/m3) and facility areas (<0.02 mg/m3). Exposures above the current German occupational threshold level of 0.05 mg/m3 were observed in 56%, 17%, and 5% of mining, maintenance and facility workers, respectively. 1-OHP increased statistically significantly across a work shift in underground workers but not in facility workers. Regression analyses revealed an increase of post-shift 1-OHP by almost 80% in mining and 40% in maintenance compared with facility workers. 1-OHP increased with increasing EC-DPM among underground workers. However, internal exposure of 1-OHP mainly remained at levels similar to those of the German general population in more than 90% of the urine samples. CONCLUSIONS While exposures to DEE above the current German OEL for EC-DPM are quite common in the studied population of underground salt and potash miners (39.5% overall), urinary concentrations of 1-OHP did not reflect these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaantje Casjens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany.
| | - Savo Neumann
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrin Rühle
- Environment and Health, Ramboll Deutschland GmbH, City Tower-Limbecker Platz 1, 45127, Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Gamrad-Streubel
- Environment and Health, Ramboll Deutschland GmbH, City Tower-Limbecker Platz 1, 45127, Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Haase
- Environment and Health, Ramboll Deutschland GmbH, City Tower-Limbecker Platz 1, 45127, Essen, Germany
| | - Katharina K Rudolph
- Environment and Health, Ramboll Deutschland GmbH, City Tower-Limbecker Platz 1, 45127, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Birk
- Environment and Health, Ramboll Deutschland GmbH, City Tower-Limbecker Platz 1, 45127, Essen, Germany
| | - Jörg Giesen
- Institute for the Research on Hazardous Substances (IGF), Bochum, Germany
| | - Volker Neumann
- Institute for the Research on Hazardous Substances (IGF), Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Pallapies
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bünger
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiko U Käfferlein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Behrens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Taeger
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
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