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Chinwong S, Penthinapong T, Tengcharoenphongthorn P, Pingkaew S, Siriwattana K, Phrommintikul A, Chinwong D. Electronic Cigarettes and Tobacco Product Cessation: A Survey of Healthcare Providers' Opinions on Safety and Recommendation. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1410. [PMID: 39057553 PMCID: PMC11275567 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12141410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to: (1) assess healthcare providers' opinions on e-cigarette safety and compare them across professions; (2) evaluate providers' recommendations for e-cigarettes as a tobacco product cessation tool and identify any associations with their safety perceptions. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 760 healthcare professionals (January-March 2020). The survey included eight opinions on e-cigarette safety with five Likert-scale answers and a question on recommending them for tobacco product cessation. Results: Among 760 healthcare providers (173 physicians/dentists, 69 pharmacists, and 518 nurses), only 20% reported prior experience with tobacco product cessation counseling. Providers expressed uncertainty regarding e-cigarette safety (mean ± SD: 2.5 ± 0.7 on a 5-point Likert scale), with no significant differences between professions (p = 0.836). Similarly, e-cigarette recommendations for tobacco product cessation remained low across professions (13%, 85/637), with no significant differences found (p = 0.072). The recommendation of e-cigarettes for tobacco cessation is associated with perceived safety, lower respiratory irritation, lower coughing, a lower risk of cancer, and a lower risk for secondhand smokers when compared to traditional cigarettes (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Most healthcare providers were unsure about the safety of e-cigarettes; about 13% of providers suggested using them for tobacco product cessation, with safety perceptions influencing recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surarong Chinwong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.C.); (T.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.)
- Research Center for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thitichaya Penthinapong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.C.); (T.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.)
| | - Phitinan Tengcharoenphongthorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.C.); (T.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.)
| | - Siroj Pingkaew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.C.); (T.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.)
| | | | - Arintaya Phrommintikul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Dujrudee Chinwong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.C.); (T.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.)
- Research Center for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Liu J, Yue Q, Zhang S, Xu J, Jiang X, Su Q, Sun L, Li B, Li K, Su L, Zhao L. A pilot study on oral microbiome in electronic cigarettes consumers versus traditional cigarettes smokers. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01185-w. [PMID: 38954243 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01185-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Oral microorganisms are closely related to oral health, the occurrence of some oral diseases is associated with changes in the oral microbiota, and many studies have demonstrated that traditional smoking can affect the oral microbial community. However, due to the short time since the emergence of e-cigarettes, fewer studies are comparing oral microorganisms for users of e-cigarettes versus cigarettes. We collected saliva from 40 non-smokers (NS), 46 traditional cigarette smokers (TS), and 27 e-cigarette consumers (EC), aged between 18 and 35 years. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the saliva samples collected to study the effects of e-cigarettes versus traditional cigarettes on the oral microbiome. The results showed that compared with the NS group, the alpha diversity of oral flora in saliva was altered in the TS group, with no significant change in the e-cigarette group. Compared with the NS and EC groups, the relative abundance of Actinomyces and Prevotella was increased in the TS group. However, compared with the NS and TS groups, the relative abundance of Veillonella was increased, and the relative abundance of Porphyromonas and Peptostreptococcus was decreased in the EC group. These results showed that both e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes could alter the structure and composition of oral microbiota. The use of traditional cigarettes promotes the growth of some anaerobic bacteria, which may contribute to dental decay and bad breath over time. E-cigarettes have a different effect on the structure and composition of the oral microbial community compared to conventional cigarettes. In order to better understand the effects of e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes on users' mouths, future studies will investigate the relationship between diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis and changes in oral microbial species levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiulin Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- RELX Tech. Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Tech. Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Su
- Shandong Baoyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Sun
- Shandong Baoyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Baojun Li
- Shandong Danhe Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunlun Li
- Shengshengxiangrong (Shandong) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China.
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Vichayanrat T, Chidchuangchai W, Karawekpanyawong R, Phienudomkitlert K, Chongcharoenjai N, Fungkiat N. E-cigarette use, perceived risks, attitudes, opinions of e-cigarette policies, and associated factors among Thai university students. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-74. [PMID: 38737769 PMCID: PMC11087886 DOI: 10.18332/tid/186536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although many countries, including Thailand, currently ban the sale of e-cigarettes, their use continues to rise, especially among young adults. Since the study of e-cigarette use among university students is limited, this study aimed to determine factors associated with e-cigarette use and explore university students' attitudes toward e-cigarettes, perceived risk, and opinion of e-cigarette policies. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students using convenience sampling in a university, in central Thailand from November 2022 to February 2023. A self-administered online questionnaire was distributed to 19 faculties representing health sciences, science and technology, social and arts faculties, and the International College. RESULTS A total of 548 students completed the online questionnaire, and 20.4% reported ever using e-cigarettes, while 40% of e-cigarette users were unsure about the nicotine content. About 28% agreed, and 22% were unsure whether e-cigarettes could help quit smoking. Most students perceived that e-cigarettes are addictive and harmful, while about half of the participants agreed with the policy related to e-cigarettes in Thailand. Students with positive attitudes towards e-cigarettes were more likely to use e-cigarettes (AOR=1.15; 95% CI: 1.08-1.22), and those with lower perceived risk (AOR=0.89; 95% CI: 0.82-0.96) and who disagreed with e-cigarettes policy (AOR=0.93; 95% CI: 0.89-0.97) were more likely to use e-cigarettes. Personal income and having friends who use e-cigarettes were the significant predictors for e-cigarette use, while studying in the faculty of science and technology was a predictor of using e-cigarettes last month. CONCLUSIONS Although the perceived risk was high, about half of the students thought that e-cigarettes could help them quit smoking and were unsure or disagreed with e-cigarette banning policies. Attitude, perceived risk, policy opinions, personal income, and having friends who used e-cigarettes, were associated with e-cigarette use. Thus, correcting misunderstandings and increasing risk perceptions about e-cigarettes must be advocated among university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tippanart Vichayanrat
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Warungkana Chidchuangchai
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Hernandez A, Belfleur L, Migaud M, Gassman NR. A tipping point in dihydroxyacetone exposure: mitochondrial stress and metabolic reprogramming alter survival in rat cardiomyocytes H9c2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 394:110991. [PMID: 38582340 PMCID: PMC11069339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Exogenous exposures to the triose sugar dihydroxyacetone (DHA) occur from sunless tanning products and electronic cigarette aerosol. Once inhaled or absorbed, DHA enters cells, is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), and incorporated into several metabolic pathways. Cytotoxic effects of DHA vary across the cell types depending on the metabolic needs of the cells, and differences in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle arrest, and mitochondrial dysfunction have been reported. We have shown that cytotoxic doses of DHA induced metabolic imbalances in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in liver and kidney cell models. Here, we examine the dose-dependent effects of DHA on the rat cardiomyocyte cell line, H9c2. Cells begin to experience cytotoxic effects at low millimolar doses, but an increase in cell survival was observed at 2 mM DHA. We confirmed that 2 mM DHA increased cell survival compared to the low cytotoxic 1 mM dose and investigated the metabolic differences between these two low DHA doses. Exposure to 1 mM DHA showed changes in the cell's fuel utilization, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), and transient changes in the glycolysis and mitochondrial energetics, which normalized 24 h after exposure. The 2 mM dose induced robust changes in mitochondrial flux through acetyl CoA and elevated expression of fatty acid synthase. Distinct from the 1 mM dose, the 2 mM exposure increased mitochondrial ROS and NAD(P)H levels, and sustained changes in LDHA/LDHB and acetyl CoA-associated enzymes were observed. Although the cells were exposed to low cytotoxic (1 mM) and non-cytotoxic (2 mM) acute doses of DHA, significant changes in mitochondrial metabolic pathways occurred. Further, the proliferation increase at the acute 2 mM DHA dose suggests a metabolic adaption occurred with sustained consequences in survival and proliferation. With increased exogenous exposure to DHA through e-cigarette aerosol, this work suggests cell metabolic changes induced by acute or potentially chronic exposures could impact cell function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlet Hernandez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Luxene Belfleur
- Department of Pharmacology, Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Ave, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Marie Migaud
- Department of Pharmacology, Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Ave, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Natalie R Gassman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Cretu B, Zamfir A, Bucurica S, Scheau AE, Savulescu Fiedler I, Caruntu C, Caruntu A, Scheau C. Role of Cannabinoids in Oral Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:969. [PMID: 38256042 PMCID: PMC10815457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have incited scientific interest in different conditions, including malignancy, due to increased exposure to cannabis. Furthermore, cannabinoids are increasingly used to alleviate cancer-related symptoms. This review paper aims to clarify the recent findings on the relationship between cannabinoids and oral cancer, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that could link cannabinoids with oral cancer pathogenesis. In addition, we provide an overview of the current and future perspectives on the management of oral cancer patients using cannabinoid compounds. Epidemiological data on cannabis use and oral cancer development are conflicting. However, in vitro studies assessing the effects of cannabinoids on oral cancer cells have unveiled promising anti-cancer features, including apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation. Downregulation of various signaling pathways with anti-cancer effects has been identified in experimental models of oral cancer cells exposed to cannabinoids. Furthermore, in some countries, several synthetic or phytocannabinoids have been approved as medical adjuvants for the management of cancer patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy. Cannabinoids may improve overall well-being by relieving anxiety, depression, pain, and nausea. In conclusion, the link between cannabinoid compounds and oral cancer is complex, and further research is necessary to elucidate the potential risks or their protective impact on oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Cretu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania; (B.C.); (A.Z.)
| | - Alexandra Zamfir
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania; (B.C.); (A.Z.)
| | - Sandica Bucurica
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Carol Davila” University Central Emergency Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Elena Scheau
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ilinca Savulescu Fiedler
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.C.); (C.S.)
- Department of Dermatology, “Prof. N.C. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania; (B.C.); (A.Z.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Scheau
- Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.C.); (C.S.)
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Gaur S, Agnihotri R. The Role of Electronic Cigarettes in Dental Caries: A Scoping Review. SCIENTIFICA 2023; 2023:9980011. [PMID: 37680743 PMCID: PMC10482527 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9980011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries, a predominant childhood and adolescence affliction, has numerous factors implicated in its pathogenesis. Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have recently gained popularity among the younger population. Various factors, such as the EC liquid composition and aerosols, are associated with the development of dental caries. This review explains numerous EC-related factors which may lead to dental caries. An electronic search was conducted in Medline (Pubmed), Scopus, and Embase databases to evaluate the original research investigating the role of ECs in developing dental caries. About 12 included studies in the review indicated that factors such as the composition of e-liquids and aerosols are significant in the progression of dental caries. Specifically, cariogenic sugars such as sucrose, fructose, glucose, aldehydes, and flavors such as menthol, cinnamon, and strawberry in the e-liquids contribute to dental caries. They are toxic to oral commensals such as Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus intermedius, and Streptococcus oralis and promote the proliferation of cariogenic pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) which causes dental caries. However, further validation of the effects of ECs on the development of dental caries is warranted through clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Gaur
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Rupali Agnihotri
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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Kotewar SS, Pakhale A, Tiwari R, Reche A, Singi SR. Electronic Nicotine Delivery System: End to Smoking or Just a New Fancy Cigarette. Cureus 2023; 15:e43425. [PMID: 37706142 PMCID: PMC10497069 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking and tobacco chewing are the predominant causes of oral cancer. Tobacco is the second-most widely consumed psychoactive substance. There are numerous ways to quit smoking, of which one is electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). E-cigarette use is a brand-new, global trend. E-cigarette is a battery-operated device that heats a liquid to create a vapor that the consumer inhales. Several countries have acknowledged that the first step toward electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) management is a precise classification of ENDS within the limits of current legislation. Countries have currently categorized ENDS into four generations. People's perceptions about tobacco products have altered recently as a consequence of the advertising of ENDS. The likelihood of starting to smoke cigarettes was four times higher in adolescents who used ENDS, and the probability of quitting was reduced and often prolonged in those who used ENDS. In addition, ENDS normalizes smoking-like actions including inhaling in and exhaling smoke. Adverse marketing via geographic locations and social media platforms, as well as nicotine's irreversible effects on growing adolescent and young adult brains that predispose individuals to addicted behaviors, may be responsible for their rising appeal among teenagers. Despite this, ENDS use has risen among young individuals who have never smoked and undoubtedly face more health risks than those who do not use ENDS. The oral cavity is the first to encounter ENDS in individuals and where it initially affects the human system. As a known contributor to cardiovascular diseases, neurological conditions, and cancers, nicotine seems to be a serious cause for concern. This review provides a concise summary of the research on the components, mode of action, applications, and effects of e-cigarettes on oral as well as systemic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrudhi S Kotewar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College ad Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Aayushi Pakhale
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Rupali Tiwari
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Amit Reche
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Shriya R Singi
- Department of Research and Development, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
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Shen Y, Liu C, Yang T, Tang Y, Shen Y, Gu Y. Transcriptome characterization of human gingival mesenchymal and periodontal ligament stem cells in response to electronic-cigarettes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121307. [PMID: 36804562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The potential toxicities and threats of electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) on periodontal health remain elusive. Gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) contribute to cell differentiation and regeneration for periodontium as well as inflammatory modulation. However, the effects of E-cig exposure on periodontal tissues, particularly GMSCs and PDLSCs, and the underlying epigenetic mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we conducted RNA-seq analysis to examine the transcriptome of human GMSCs and PDLSCs exposed to four types of E-cigs (aerosol and liquid with tobacco and menthol flavor) and conventional tobacco smoke in vitro. Our results showed that E-cig exposure primarily impacted the immunoregulation and inflammatory responses to pathogenic microorganisms in GMSCs, and the microenvironment, differentiation and response to corticosteroid in PDLSCs, which were significantly different from the damage effects caused by tobacco smoke. Additionally, we discovered a large number of differentially expressed non-coding RNAs among the different E-cig exposure methods and flavors. We also noticed that in GMSCs, CXCL2 was especially down-regulated by E-cig aerosol exposure whereas up-regulated by E-liquid exposure compared to control. Of note, the enhancer elements near CXCL2 and other genes located at Chromosome 4 contributed to the transcription activity of these genes, and KDM6B was remarkably elevated in response to E-liquid exposure. Lastly, we conducted ChIP-seq analysis to confirm that the elevated gene transcription by E-liquids was due to the weakened H3K27me3 at genome-wide enhancer elements in GMSCs, but not at promoter regions. Taken together, our results characterized the diverse gene expression profiles of GMSCs and PDLSCs in response to E-cigs with different exposure methods and flavors in vitro, and indicated a novel mechanism of KDM6B-mediated H3K27me3 on enhancers for gene transcription regulation. Our data could be served as a resource for emphasizing the understanding of E-cigs in periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifen Shen
- Central Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215200, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Central Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215200, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215200, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Central Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215200, China
| | - Yihang Shen
- Central Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215200, China
| | - Yongchun Gu
- Department of Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215200, China.
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Soo J, Easwaran M, Erickson‐DiRenzo E. Impact of Electronic Cigarettes on the Upper Aerodigestive Tract: A Comprehensive Review for Otolaryngology Providers. OTO Open 2023; 7:e25. [PMID: 36998560 PMCID: PMC10046796 DOI: 10.1002/oto2.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The use and effects of electronic (e)-cigarettes (e-cigs) are particularly relevant for otolaryngology providers as tobacco plays a major role in benign and malignant diseases of the upper aerodigestive tract. This review aims to (1) summarize the recent policies regarding e-cigs and important patterns of use and (2) serve as a comprehensive resource for clinical providers on the known biologic and clinical effects of e-cigs on the upper aerodigestive tract. Data Sources PubMed/MEDLINE. Review Methods We conducted a narrative review on (1) general information on e-cig use and informative findings in the lower respiratory system and a comprehensive review on (2) the effects of e-cigs on cell and animal models and the clinical implications of these products on human health as is relevant to otolaryngology. Conclusions Although e-cigs are likely less harmful than conventional cigarettes, preliminary research on e-cigs suggest several deleterious effects including in the upper aerodigestive tract. Due to this, there has been increased interest in restricting e-cig usage, particularly among the adolescent population, and caution in recommending e-cigs to current smokers. Implications for Practice Chronic e-cig use is likely to have clinical implications. It is critical for otolaryngology providers to be aware of the rapidly changing regulations and use patterns regarding e-cigs and how e-cigs influence human health, particularly with regards to the upper aerodigestive tract, to accurately council patients regarding potential risks and benefits of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Soo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Meena Easwaran
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Elizabeth Erickson‐DiRenzo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
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Mechanistic Effects of E-Liquids on Biofilm Formation and Growth of Oral Commensal Streptococcal Communities: Effect of Flavoring Agents. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10050085. [PMID: 35621538 PMCID: PMC9139693 DOI: 10.3390/dj10050085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vaping has become a global health concern. As research continues, more studies are beginning to question the relative safety of E-liquid flavoring additives. The oral cavity is the first site of exposure to E-liquid aerosol, making it critical for investigation. Because of the importance of commensal bacterial biofilms for oral health, we sought to explore the effects of E-liquids ± flavors on the formation and growth of single- and multi-species biofilms and to investigate the mechanism of inhibition. Methods: Quantitative and confocal biofilm analysis, death curves, and colony-forming units (CFU) were evaluated with flavorless and flavored (tobacco, menthol, cinnamon, strawberry, blueberry) E-liquids using four strains of oral commensal bacteria (Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus oralis). Results: All flavoring agents show a dose-dependent inhibition in the growth of single-species and multi-species biofilms. Furthermore, CFUs, death curves, and light microscopy show that flavoring agents have a bactericidal mode of inhibition on the growth of these oral streptococci. Conclusions: These results show that flavored, rather than unflavored, E-liquids are more detrimental to biofilm formation and growth of oral commensal bacteria. Consequently, E-liquid flavorings agents could pose risks to the oral microenvironment, and by extension, to systemic health.
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Does Smoking Explain the Association Between Use of E-Cigarettes and Self-Reported Periodontal Disease? J Dent 2022; 122:104164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Du Y, Yang K, Zhou Z, Wu L, Wang L, Chen Y, Ge X, Wang X. Nicotine regulates autophagy of human periodontal ligament cells through α7 nAchR that promotes secretion of inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-8. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:560. [PMID: 34732192 PMCID: PMC8565023 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nicotine is an important risk factor and the main toxic component associated with periodontitis. However, the mechanism of nicotine induced periodontitis is not clear. To investigated the mechanism through which nicotine regulates autophagy of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) through the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) and how autophagy further regulates the release of IL-1β and IL-8 secretion in hPDLCs. Methods HPDLCs were obtained from root of extracted teeth and pre-incubated in alpha-bungarotoxin (α-BTX) or 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), followed by culturing in nicotine. We used a variety of experimental detection techniques including western blotting, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and RT-qPCR to assess the expression of the LC3 protein, autolysosome, and release of IL-1β and IL-8 from hPDLCs. Results Western blots, immunofluorescence and TEM results found that the nicotine significantly increased the autophagy expression in hPDLCs that was time and concentration dependent and reversed by α-BTX treatment (p < 0.05). RT-qPCR and ELISA results revealed a noticeable rise in the release of inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-8 from hPDLCs in response to nicotine. RT-qPCR and ELISA results showed that nicotine can significantly up-regulate the release of inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-8 in hPDLCs, and this effect can be inhibited by 3-MA (p < 0.05). Conclusions Nicotine regulated autophagy of hPDLCs through α7 nAChR and in turn the regulation of the release of inflammatory factors 1L-1β and 1L-8 by hPDLCs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01894-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kuan Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhifei Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The General Hospital of Tibetan Military Region, Lhasa, China
| | - Lizheng Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Characteristic Medical Center of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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Vemulapalli A, Mandapati SR, Kotha A, Aryal S. Association between vaping and untreated caries: A cross-sectional study of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018 data. J Am Dent Assoc 2021; 152:720-729. [PMID: 34274068 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the rise in the prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) and vaping products and the emergence of evidence indicating their cariogenic potential, it is essential to examine the association between vaping and untreated caries at a population level. METHODS The authors obtained data from the 2017-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and investigated the outcome variable-untreated caries-using oral health examination data. The authors applied multiple logistic regression analyses to assess the association between untreated caries and smoking (cigarette smoking, vaping, and both) while controlling for education, race or ethnicity, income, age, sex, and time since previous dental visit. RESULTS A total of 4,618 participants were included in the analyses for this cross-sectional study. Participants who currently smoked e-cigarettes were more likely to have untreated caries (odds ratio, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.24 to 2.29) than those who had never smoked, when adjusted for demographic variables. Similarly, dual smokers (e-cigarette and conventional smokers) were more likely to have untreated caries compared with nondual smokers (odds ratio, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.36 to 4.36). CONCLUSION Both vaping and dual smoking are associated with an increased occurrence of untreated caries. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Vaping status should be included as a part of health history questionnaires for patients. Dental professionals should be informed of the potential oral health implications of vaping and, in turn, impart this knowledge to patients.
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Horel S, Keyzer T. Covid 19: How harm reduction advocates and the tobacco industry capitalised on the pandemic to promote nicotine. BMJ 2021; 373:n1303. [PMID: 34078640 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Matshik Dakafay H, O'Brien K, Montierth D, Xiao N, Ojcius DM. Effects of electronic cigarette aerosol exposure on oral and systemic health. Biomed J 2021; 44:252-259. [PMID: 33039378 PMCID: PMC8358192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional cigarette smoke harms nearly every organ of the body and is the leading cause of death in the United States and in the world. Decades of research have associated conventional cigarette smoke with several diseases and death. Heavily marketed, electronic nicotine delivery systems such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are available in a variety of flavors and high nicotine concentrations. In 2019, a severe lung disease outbreak linked to e-cigarette use led to several deaths, which was called electronic-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). Even though the trend of e-cigarette use among teens continues to increase, information on the effects of e-cigarette smoke on oral and overall health are still scarce. This review discusses the possible health effects due to unregulated e-cigarette use, as well as the health effects of second-hand smoke and third-hand smoke on non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harmony Matshik Dakafay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenji O'Brien
- Dental Surgery Program, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dallin Montierth
- Dental Surgery Program, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nan Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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16
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Akram Z, Aati S, Alrahlah A, Vohra F, Fawzy A. Longitudinal evaluation of clinical, spectral and tissue degradation biomarkers in progression of periodontitis among cigarette and electronic cigarette smokers. J Dent 2021; 109:103678. [PMID: 33895240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To longitudinally evaluate the periodontal parameters and MMP-8 and CTX (C-terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type I collagen) levels from diseased and healthy sites from cigarette and electronic cigarette (e-cig) smokers and characterize the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples using Raman spectroscopy In addition, to longitudinally determine if MMP-8 and CTX are predictive factors for attachment loss in periodontitis sites. METHODS Sixty periodontally healthy and 60 periodontitis/diseased sites from 30 e-cig and 30 cigarette smokers were monitored at baseline, 3 months, and 6-months. GCF was sampled to study the MMP-8 and CTX concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infra-red absorption spectra of GCF were acquired at all time points and processed to identify key functional groups. RESULTS A significantly increased attachment loss was observed at 6 months for both smokers when compared with baseline (p < 0.01). This difference was significantly high for cigarette smokers compared with e-cig users (p < 0.01). MMP-8, CTX, smoking pack-years were significantly correlated with probing depth and clinical attachment loss among both e-cig and cigarette smokers. For MMP-8 and CTX, the periodontitis sites showed a statistically significant difference between e-cig and cigarette smokers at both 3- and 6 months follow-up. From baseline to 6 months follow-up, periodontitis sites from both groups showed higher spectral band intensities with deconvulations and Raman shifts for Amide I and Amide II peaks. CONCLUSION Cigarette smokers showed higher periodontal worsening than e-cig smokers. Smoking, MMP-8, CTX are prognostic factors for clinical attachment loss in cigarette and e-cig smokers. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Data for Raman scattering and spectral information identifying collagen degradation among e-cig and cigarette smokers have been analyzed. This type of analysis proves a robust diagnostic and prognostic tool for periodontal diseases. Smoking, MMP-8, and CTX are prognostic factors for clinical attachment loss in cigarette and e-cig smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Akram
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Sultan Aati
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ali Alrahlah
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Said University, Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College Of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College Of Dentistry, King Said University; Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr Fawzy
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
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Xian S, Chen Y. E-cigarette users are associated with asthma disease: A meta-analysis. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2021; 15:457-466. [PMID: 33683790 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, there are more than 300 million asthma patients in the world. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are considered as a new way of smoking and are loved by young people. The relationship between e-cigarettes and asthma risk is still controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to explore the relationship between e-cigarettes and asthma. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for research results published before august 2020. All data analysis was through R version 3.6.3. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots, Begg's rank correlation test, and Egger regression asymmetry tests. Most of the included studies were adjusted for potential confounding factors. RESULTS This meta found the association of e-cigarette use with asthma, and the combined OR value was 1.27 (95% CI = 1.17-1.37). We found the significant association of current e-cigarette usage with asthma (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.17-1.45), and the former use of e-cigarettes also had an association with asthma (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.08-1.39). Then, when e-cigarettes were used in combination with traditional cigarettes, the association odds with asthma was 1.47 (95% CI = 1.13-1.91), which was higher than that of users who used traditional cigarettes (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.19-1.49). In subgroup analysis, adult and female e-cigarette users were more closely associated with asthma. CONCLUSION In short, in this meta-analysis, we found that current or former use of e-cigarettes are associated with the prevalence of asthma. However, the specific relationship required more rigorous design for further verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Xian
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yongxing Chen
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Briggs K, Bell C, Breik O. What should every dental health professional know about electronic cigarettes? Aust Dent J 2021; 66:224-233. [PMID: 33428774 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) have become increasingly popular around the world. Currently, dental professionals' knowledge and attitudes are varied with many clinicians unclear regarding the impact of E-cigarette products on the oral and general health of their patients. With developing social and health-related challenges, advice of dental and medical associations and other regulatory bodies on E-cigarette use is changing. Growing evidence demonstrating the risks of E-cigarette usage has prompted a review of legislation in the United Kingdom (UK), United States of America (USA), Australia and Canada to include the sale and availability of E-cigarettes, particularly those containing nicotine. Further consideration within the scientific and public health community is being given to assessing demographic usage patterns particularly uptake by non-smokers and adolescents, efficacy as a cessation tool, the impact of vapour on bystanders and direct injuries via explosions as well as emerging lung injuries. This article aims to provide a summary of the most up to date evidence relating to E-cigarette use, the latest position of dental associations and the oral health implications of E-cigarettes compared to conventional smoking. The article also aims to collate this information in order to provide dental clinicians with guidance on how to advise patients, specifically in answering common questions posed regarding E-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Briggs
- General Dentist, Private Practice, Brisbane, Australia
| | - C Bell
- Associate Specialist Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Bristol University Hospitals Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - O Breik
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Mungia R, Valdez DN. Smoking, Vaping, and the Benefits Cessation in Times of COVID-19: A Public Health Perspective. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2020.618364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this article is to inform dental practitioners and specialists of the benefits of smoking and vaping cessation in relation to COVID-19 transmission. COVID-19 caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected more than 31.7 million people globally with infection rates continuing to rise rapidly. Smoking dramatically impairs lung function and gives rise to an increase in susceptibility for infection, allowing for a more difficult recovery due, in part, to the damage SARS-CoV-2 does to the lungs. Tobacco smoking is one of the primary causes of death in the United States (US), however, nearly 40 million adults still smoke cigarettes, with 4.7 million middle and high school students using at least one tobacco product, including electronic cigarettes. COVID-19 is transmitted through salivary droplets, causing severe bilateral pneumonia and significantly reduced lung function, putting smokers and vapers at greater risk through cross-contamination and face touching. So far, data from animal studies suggest that vaping leads to an increased susceptibility to infection, which coincides with evidence of increased rates of chronic bronchitis in vapers. There is yet to be data regarding the benefits of smoking and vaping cessation during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is evidence suggesting that 4 weeks or more of smoking cessation intervention reduces the risk of contracting COVID-19 and developing severe complications. Because of these probable connections, dental practitioners should advise their patients to stop smoking and/or vaping via the 5 As Cessation Strategy.
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Gupta V, Sharma M, Srikant N, Manaktala N. Assessment of knowledge of use of electronic cigarette and its harmful effects among young adults. Open Med (Wars) 2020; 15:796-804. [PMID: 33336037 PMCID: PMC7711978 DOI: 10.1515/med-2020-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The practice of young adults smoking e-cigarette may have been adopted as a way of smoking cessation or just to follow a trend. Most people still remain unaware of the detrimental effects of e-cigarette. This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of the habit of smoking e-cigarette and the awareness of its harmful effects among adults aged 18–23 years. Methods A questionnaire adopted from a study conducted in Italy was used in the study following due permission. After taking their consent, participants were requested to fill the survey irrespective of their smoking status. Results In total the study comprised 710 participants aged 20.7 ± 1.7 years (females = 412 and males = 298) from six countries. Most respondents were from India followed by the USA and then the UK. The most common mode of information for the participants on the existence of e-cigarette was from the family members, friends followed by Internet search engines and TV/newspaper advertisements. Among the participants, e-cigarette had a prevalence of 5.63%. Among these, 26 participants were using e-cigarette for less than 1 year and 2 participants for more than 5 years. E-cigarette smokers also experienced sore throat, cough, headache, dizziness and sleeplessness. Conclusion Majority of the young population was unaware about the use and harmful effects of e-cigarette.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidushi Gupta
- Interns, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhu Sharma
- Interns, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Natarajan Srikant
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Nidhi Manaktala
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
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Beklen A, Uckan D. Electronic cigarette liquid substances propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin induce an inflammatory response in gingival epithelial cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:25-34. [PMID: 32729321 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120943934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Information on the effects of propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) and on cytotoxicity and subsequent activation of the biological mediators is limited in periodontal diseases. This study analyzes the effect of unflavored PG/VG alone or in combination with nicotine on gingival epithelial cells. The cells were exposed to different PG/VG (± nicotine) concentrations for 24 h and cytotoxicity was evaluated by calorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromid assay. The expressions of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-9 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a western blotting. Stimulation with PG/VG mixtures reduced cell viability compared to nonexposed controls (p < 0.05). Adding PG/VG increased the levels of IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-9, and the amount of PG had more biological impact compared to the VG amount. The nicotine augmented this effect compared to its nicotine-free counterparts. In western blotting result, MMP-9 was clearly activated in almost all samples. These findings suggest that the main constituents PG/VG are cytotoxic and able to induce biological response in gingival cells in vitro. Despite being advertised as less harmful than conventional cigarettes, electronic cigarette liquid pose certain risks on periodontal cells. Awareness about the effects of electronic cigarettes on periodontal diseases must be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beklen
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, 53004Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - D Uckan
- Medico-Social Dental Clinic, 52949Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
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