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Strohm VR, Ayache N, Millette NC, Menegay A, Gobler CJ, Campbell L, Smith JL. Role of turbulence in Dinophysis spp. growth, feeding, and toxin leakage in culture. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 137:102666. [PMID: 39003026 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Dinophysis, a mixotrophic dinoflagellate that is known to prey on the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum, and retain its chloroplasts, is responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans and has been identified on all U.S. coasts. Monocultures of Dinophysis have been used to investigate the growth of Dinophysis species in response to variations in environmental conditions, however, little is known about the roles of system stability (turbulence) and mixotrophy in the growth and toxicity of Dinophysis species in the U.S.. To begin to address this gap in knowledge, culturing experiments were conducted with three species (four strains) of Dinophysis, that included predator-prey co-incubation (Dinophysis spp.+ M. rubrum) and prey-only (M. rubrum) flasks. Cultures were investigated for effects of low or high turbulence on Dinophysis spp. growth, feeding, and amounts of intra- and extracellular toxins: okadaic acid and derivatives (diarrhetic shellfish toxins, DSTs) and pectenotoxins (PTXs). Turbulence did not have a measurable effect on the rates of ingestion of M. rubrum prey by Dinophysis spp. for any of the four strains, however, effects on growth and particulate and dissolved toxins were observed. High turbulence (ε = 10-2 m2s-3) significantly slowed growth of both D. acuminata and D. ovum relative to still controls, but significantly stimulated growth of the D. caudata strain. Increasing turbulence also resulted in significantly higher intracellular toxin content in D. acuminata cultures (DSTs and PTXs), but significantly reduced intracellular toxin content (PTXs) in those of D. caudata. An increase in turbulence appeared to promote toxin leakage, as D. ovum had significantly more extracellular DSTs found in the medium under high turbulence when compared to the still control. Overall, significant responses to turbulence were observed, whereby the three strains from the "Dinophysis acuminata complex" displayed a stress response to turbulence, i.e., decreasing growth, increasing intracellular toxin content and/or increasing toxin leakage, while the D. caudata strain had an opposite response, appearing stimulated by, or more tolerant of, high turbulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Strohm
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, 1375 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA, USA 23062
| | - Nour Ayache
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, 1375 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA, USA 23062
| | - Nicole C Millette
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, 1375 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA, USA 23062
| | - Amy Menegay
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, 1375 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA, USA 23062
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA
| | - Lisa Campbell
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, 1375 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA, USA 23062.
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Duarte Silva A, Rodrigues SM, Godinho L. Advances in the Early Warning of Shellfish Toxification by Dinophysis acuminata. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:204. [PMID: 38787056 PMCID: PMC11126001 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16050204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In Western Europe, the incidence of DST is likely the highest globally, posing a significant threat with prolonged bans on shellfish harvesting, mainly caused by species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis. Using a time series from 2014 to 2020, our study aimed (i) to determine the concentration of D. acuminata in water at which shellfish toxin levels could surpass the regulatory limit (160 µg OA equiv kg-1) and (ii) to assess the predictability of toxic events for timely mitigation actions, especially concerning potential harvesting bans. The analysis considered factors such as (i) overdispersion in the data, (ii) distinct periods of presence and absence, (iii) the persistence of cells, and (iv) the temporal lag between cells in the water and toxins in shellfish. Four generalized additive models were tested, with the Tweedie (TW-GAM) model showing superior performance (>85%) and lower complexity. The results suggest existing thresholds currently employed (200 and 500 cells L-1) are well-suited for the Portuguese coast, supported by empirical evidence (54-79% accuracy). The developed algorithm allows for thresholds to be tailored on a case-by-case basis, offering flexibility for regional variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Duarte Silva
- IPMA—Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Susana Margarida Rodrigues
- IPMA—Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Lia Godinho
- ICNF—Instituto de Conservação da Natureza e Florestas, Av. da República, 16, 1050-191 Lisboa, Portugal;
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Wang Y, Javeed A, Jian C, Zeng Q, Han B. Precautions for seafood consumers: An updated review of toxicity, bioaccumulation, and rapid detection methods of marine biotoxins. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 274:116201. [PMID: 38489901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Seafood products are globally consumed, and there is an increasing demand for the quality and safety of these products among consumers. Some seafoods are easily contaminated by marine biotoxins in natural environments or cultured farming processes. When humans ingest different toxins accumulated in seafood, they may exhibit different poisoning symptoms. According to the investigations, marine toxins produced by harmful algal blooms and various other marine organisms mainly accumulate in the body organs such as liver and digestive tract of seafood animals. Several regions around the world have reported incidents of seafood poisoning by biotoxins, posing a threat to human health. Thus, most countries have legislated to specify the permissible levels of these biotoxins in seafood. Therefore, it is necessary for seafood producers and suppliers to conduct necessary testing of toxins in seafood before and after harvesting to prohibit excessive toxins containing seafood from entering the market, which therefore can reduce the occurrence of seafood poisoning incidents. In recent years, some technologies which can quickly, conveniently, and sensitively detect biological toxins in seafood, have been developed and validated, these technologies have the potential to help seafood producers, suppliers and regulatory authorities. This article reviews the seafood toxins sources and types, mechanism of action and bioaccumulation of marine toxins, as well as legislation and rapid detection technologies for biotoxins in seafood for official and fishermen supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Ansar Javeed
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Cuiqin Jian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Qiuyu Zeng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Bingnan Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
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Yang Y, Li A, Qiu J, Gao D, Yin C, Li D, Yan W, Dang H, Li P, Wu R, Han L, Wang X. Responses of the intestinal microbiota to exposure of okadaic acid in marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133087. [PMID: 38035524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
It is still limited that how the microalgal toxin okadaic acid (OA) affects the intestinal microbiota in marine fishes. In the present study, adult marine medaka Oryzias melastigma was exposed to the environmentally relevant concentration of OA (5 μg/L) for 10 days, and then recovered in fresh seawater for 10-days depuration. Analysis of taxonomic composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota, as well as function prediction analysis and histology observation were carried out in this study. Functional prediction analysis indicated that OA potentially affected the development of colorectal cancer, protein and carbohydrate digestion and absorption functions, and development of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, which may be associated with changes in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes in marine medaka. Significant increases of C-reactive protein (CRP) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels, as well as the changes of histology of intestinal tissue demonstrated that an intestinal inflammation was induced by OA exposure in marine medaka. This study showed that the environmental concentrations of OA could harm to the intestinal microbiota thus threatening the health of marine medaka, which hints that the chemical ecology of microalgal toxins should be paid attention to in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmeng Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dongmei Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Chao Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dongyue Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wenhui Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hui Dang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Peiyao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ruolin Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lilin Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Zhang W, Ye Z, Qu P, Li D, Gao H, Liang Y, He Z, Tong M. Using solid phase adsorption toxin tracking and extended local similarity analysis to monitor lipophilic shellfish toxins in a mussel culture ranch in the Yangtze River Estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:116027. [PMID: 38217914 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their associated phycotoxins are increasing globally, posing great threats to local coastal ecosystems and human health. Nutrients have been carried by the freshwater Yangtze River and have entered the estuary, which was reported to be a biodiversity-rich but HAB-frequent region. Here, in situ solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) was used to monitor lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) in seawaters, and extended local similarity analysis (eLSA) was conducted to trace the temporal and special regions of those LSTs in a one-year trail in a mussel culture ranch in the Yangtze River Estuary. Nine analogs of LSTs, including okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), yessotoxin (YTX), homoyessotoxin (homoYTX), 45-OH-homoYTX, pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), 7-epi-PTX2 seco acid (7-epi-PTX2sa), gymnodimine (GYM) and azaspiracids-3 (AZA3), were detected in seawater (SPATT) or rope farmed mussels. The concentrations of OA + DTX1 and homoYTX in mussels were positively correlated with those in SPATT samplers (Pearson test, p < 0.05), indicating that SPATT (with resin HP20) would be a good monitoring tool and potential indicator for OA + DTX1 and homoYTX in mussel Mytilus coruscus. The eLSA results indicated that late summer and early autumn were the most phycotoxin-contaminated seasons in the Yangtze River Estuary. OA + DTX1, homoYTX, PTX2 and GYM were most likely driven by the local growing HAB species in spring and summer, while Yangtze River diluted water may impact the accumulation of HAB species, causing potential phycotoxin contamination in the Yangtze River Estuary in autumn and winter. Together, the results showed that the mussel harvesting season, late summer and early autumn, would be the season with the greatest phycotoxin risk and would be the most contaminated by local growing toxic algae. Routine monitoring sites should be set up close to the local seawaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Zhang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Peipei Qu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; Dalian Phycotoxins Key Laboratory, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Han Gao
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Yubo Liang
- Dalian Phycotoxins Key Laboratory, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhiguo He
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Mengmeng Tong
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China.
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Park JB, Cho S, Lee SY, Park SM, Chun HS. Occurrence and risk assessment of okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, dinophysistoxin-2, and dinophysistoxin-3 in seafood from South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:6243-6257. [PMID: 38147248 PMCID: PMC10799158 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The okadaic acid (OA)-group toxins, including OA, dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2), and dinophysistoxin-3 (DTX3), cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning in humans. To manage OA-group toxins more strictly, Korean regulations were recently revised to consider OA, DTX1, DTX2, and DTX3 combined. Thus, our study characterized the occurrence of OA, DTX1, DTX2, and DTX3 in seafood distributed across South Korea, and a risk assessment of seafood consumption was conducted. Two hundred and seventeen samples from 16 bivalve and 7 non-bivalve species collected from three representative coastal areas in 2021 were analyzed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. OA, DTX1, and DTX3 were detected in 2.3%, 4.1%, and 9.2% of the examined samples, with positive mean levels of 11.3, 16.4, and 40.9 µg/kg, respectively. DTX2 was not detected in any of the samples. At least one OA-group toxin was detected in the bivalve samples, including blood clams, pan shells, hard clams, mussels, and scallops, whereas none were detected in non-bivalves. The estimated acute exposure to OA-group toxins through the intake of seafood in the Korean population and consumer groups was low, ranging from 24.7 to 74.5% of the recommended acute reference dose (ARfD) of 0.33 μg OA equivalents/kg body weight. However, for the scallop consumers aged 7-12 years, acute exposure to OA-group toxins exceeded the ARfD, indicating a possible health risk. These results suggest that including DTX3 in the new regulatory limits is appropriate to protect Korean seafood consumers from exposure to OA-group toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bin Park
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Solyi Cho
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Sang Yoo Lee
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Su Mi Park
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea.
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Sibat M, Mai T, Tanniou S, Biegala I, Hess P, Jauffrais T. Seasonal Single-Site Sampling Reveals Large Diversity of Marine Algal Toxins in Coastal Waters and Shellfish of New Caledonia (Southwestern Pacific). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:642. [PMID: 37999505 PMCID: PMC10674433 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Algal toxins pose a serious threat to human and coastal ecosystem health, even if their potential impacts are poorly documented in New Caledonia (NC). In this survey, bivalves and seawater (concentrated through passive samplers) from bays surrounding Noumea, NC, collected during the warm and cold seasons were analyzed for algal toxins using a multi-toxin screening approach. Several groups of marine microalgal toxins were detected for the first time in NC. Okadaic acid (OA), azaspiracid-2 (AZA2), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), pinnatoxin-G (PnTX-G), and homo-yessotoxin (homo-YTX) were detected in seawater at higher levels during the summer. A more diversified toxin profile was found in shellfish with brevetoxin-3 (BTX3), gymnodimine-A (GYM-A), and 13-desmethyl spirolide-C (SPX1), being confirmed in addition to the five toxin groups also found in seawater. Diarrhetic and neurotoxic toxins did not exceed regulatory limits, but PnTX-G was present at up to the limit of the threshold recommended by the French Food Safety Authority (ANSES, 23 μg kg-1). In the present study, internationally regulated toxins of the AZA-, BTX-, and OA-groups by the Codex Alimentarius were detected in addition to five emerging toxin groups, indicating that algal toxins pose a potential risk for the consumers in NC or shellfish export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoëlla Sibat
- Ifremer, ODE/PHYTOX/METALG, Rue de l’île d’Yeu, F-44300 Nantes, France;
| | - Tepoerau Mai
- Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, 98800 Nouméa, New Caledonia; (T.M.); (T.J.)
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Simon Tanniou
- Ifremer, ODE/PHYTOX/METALG, Rue de l’île d’Yeu, F-44300 Nantes, France;
| | - Isabelle Biegala
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM110, 13288 Marseille, France;
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, ODE/PHYTOX/METALG, Rue de l’île d’Yeu, F-44300 Nantes, France;
| | - Thierry Jauffrais
- Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, 98800 Nouméa, New Caledonia; (T.M.); (T.J.)
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Sheng C, He X, Shen N, Han T, Chen J, Liu C, Li X. Occurrence and phase distribution of lipophilic marine algal toxins in the bottom boundary layer and sediment-porewater system of two mariculture sites. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140109. [PMID: 37689146 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
To date, understanding the fate of lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs) in benthic environments on which cultivated shellfish depend is still limited. In this work, the occurrence, concentration levels, and phase distributions of LMATs in the benthic environments of two mariculture sites (Sishili and Rongcheng Bays) in China were investigated for the first time. Five LMATs: okadaic acid (OA), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), gymnodimine, 13-desmethyl spirolide C, and azaspiracid-2 (AZA2) and three derivatives: dinophysistoxin-1 isomer (DTX1-iso), pectenotoxin-2 seco acid, and 7-epi- pectenotoxin-2 seco acid were detected in different environmental samples. OA and PTX2 were the dominant LMATs in the bottom boundary layer (BBL) and sediment, whereas AZA2 was present in the sediment only. Notably, DTX1-iso was found for the first time to be widely distributed in the benthic environments of the bays. In BBL, the average proportion of LMATs in the dissolved phase (99.20%) was much higher than in the particulate phase (0.80%). Partition of LMATs was more balanced between sediment porewater (57.80% average proportion) and sediment (42.20%). The concentrations of ∑LMATs in the BBL seawater ranged from 19.09 ng/L to 41.57 ng/L (mean of 32.67 ng/L), and the spatial distribution trend was higher in offshore than nearshore. ∑LMATs concentrations in the sediment and porewater of the two bays ranged from 17.04 ng/kg to 150.13 ng/kg (mean of 53.58 ng/kg) and from 8.29 ng/L to 120.58 ng/L (mean of 46.63 ng/L), respectively. Their spatial distributions differed from those in BBL, showing a trend of high concentrations in areas with heavy land-based inputs. ∑LMATs concentrations in porewater were significantly higher than those in BBL seawaters, suggesting that the potential hazards of LMATs to benthic organisms may be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Xiuping He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Tongzhu Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Qingdao, 266061, China.
| | - Chenguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Moreira-González AR, Domit C, Rosa KMS, Mafra LL. Occurrence of potentially toxic microalgae and diarrhetic shellfish toxins in the digestive tracts of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) from southern Brazil. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 128:102498. [PMID: 37714579 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Algal toxins are involved in the mortality and/or illness of marine organisms via consumption of contaminated prey, or upon direct exposure to toxic cells. In this study, the presence of potentially toxic microalgal cells was investigated within the digestive tract contents of a threatened species of green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Additionally, lipophilic toxins were determined by LC-MS/MS in tissue samples (liver, stomach and/or intestine) of selected animals (n = 39 individuals) found dead-stranded in southern Brazil, from winter/2015 to autumn/2016. Thirteen potentially toxic species of microalgae (both benthic and planktonic), including seven dinoflagellates, six cyanobacteria and one diatom, were found in the digestive tract contents of green turtles. Among them, dinoflagellates belonging to the Dinophysis acuminata species complex were the most frequent (36%) and abundant (maximum average abundance of 566 cells g-1 in spring/2015). Moreover, 23% of the examined sea turtles exhibited detectable levels of the diarrhetic shellfish toxin okadaic acid (OA) in washed digestive tissues. Seven individuals accumulated OA in their intestines (max. 24.1 ng g-1) and two in the stomachs (max. 7.4 ng g-1). Toxin levels in the tissues were directly and significantly (r = 0.70, p < 0.025) associated with the cell abundance of OA-producing D. acuminata and Prorocentrum lima species complexes within the digestive contents of green turtles. Although OA concentrations were relatively low, possible chronic exposure might deteriorate general health conditions of exposed sea turtles, increasing the risk for diseases. Okadaic acid has been regarded as a tumor-promoting compound and an environmental co-factor in the incidence of fibropapillomatosis, a frequent disease in juvenile green turtles inhabiting this geographic region. Even though, only one green turtle containing OA in the digestive tissues (out of six examined) also presented fibropapillomatosis in this study. Notwithstanding, sea turtles are sentinels of ocean health. Monitoring the accumulation of algal toxins and their negative effects on these organisms contributes to conserving biodiversity and marine habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel R Moreira-González
- Centro de Estudos do Mar. Universidade Federal do Paraná. Cx. Postal 61. Pontal do Paraná. Paraná. 83255-976. Brazil; Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC). Carretera a Castillo de Jagua. Km 1.5. AP. 5, Ciudad Nuclear 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba
| | - Camila Domit
- Centro de Estudos do Mar. Universidade Federal do Paraná. Cx. Postal 61. Pontal do Paraná. Paraná. 83255-976. Brazil
| | - Kaianan M S Rosa
- Centro de Estudos do Mar. Universidade Federal do Paraná. Cx. Postal 61. Pontal do Paraná. Paraná. 83255-976. Brazil
| | - Luiz L Mafra
- Centro de Estudos do Mar. Universidade Federal do Paraná. Cx. Postal 61. Pontal do Paraná. Paraná. 83255-976. Brazil.
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10
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Samantray D, Tanwar AS, Murali TS, Brand A, Satyamoorthy K, Paul B. A Comprehensive Bioinformatics Resource Guide for Genome-Based Antimicrobial Resistance Studies. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2023; 27:445-460. [PMID: 37861712 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2023.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of high-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatic tools has greatly transformed microbial genome research. With the help of sophisticated computational tools, it has become easier to perform whole genome assembly, identify and compare different species based on their genomes, and predict the presence of genes responsible for proteins, antimicrobial resistance, and toxins. These bioinformatics resources are likely to continuously improve in quality, become more user-friendly to analyze the multiple genomic data, efficient in generating information and translating it into meaningful knowledge, and enhance our understanding of the genetic mechanism of AMR. In this manuscript, we provide an essential guide for selecting the popular resources for microbial research, such as genome assembly and annotation, antibiotic resistance gene profiling, identification of virulence factors, and drug interaction studies. In addition, we discuss the best practices in computer-oriented microbial genome research, emerging trends in microbial genomic data analysis, integration of multi-omics data, the appropriate use of machine-learning algorithms, and open-source bioinformatics resources for genome data analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debyani Samantray
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Ankit Singh Tanwar
- United Nations University-Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thokur Sreepathy Murali
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Angela Brand
- United Nations University-Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Information, Prasanna School of Public Health (PSPH), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara (SDM) University, Dharwad, India
| | - Bobby Paul
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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11
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Díaz PA, Reguera B. North American Dinophysis, late-comers to the harmful algae world. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:653-657. [PMID: 37561020 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Casilla 557, Chile
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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12
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Flores-Chavarria A, Rodríguez-Jaramillo C, Band-Schmidt CJ, Hernández-Sandoval FE, Núñez-Vázquez E, Bustillos-Guzmán JJ. Effect of dissolved metabolites of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Graham, 1943) on the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931): A histological study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17018. [PMID: 37484312 PMCID: PMC10361116 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algae blooms (HABs) are a conspicuous phenomenon that affect the coastal zone worldwide. Aquaculture industry zones are not excluded from being affected by HAB that cause organism mortality and jeopardize their innocuity due to the contamination by phytotoxins with the concomitant economic losses. Direct ingestion of metabolites from HAB species or organisms contaminated with phycotoxins together with dermal absorption of dissolved metabolites (DM), including toxins, are the two main routes of poisoning. From these poisoning routes, the effect of DM, particularly paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), has been relatively understudied. This intoxication route can be conspicuous and could be involved in many significant mortalities of cultivated marine organisms. In this study, white shrimp juveniles (2.1 g wet weight) of Litopenaeus vannamei were exposed to extracts of 104, 105 and 106 cells/L of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum, a PST producer. The experiment ended after 17 h of exposure when shrimps exposed to 106 cells/L extract started to die and the rest of the shrimps, from this and other treatments, did not respond to gentle physical stimulus and their swimming activity was low and erratic. Toxin concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromatography while qualitative and quantitative histological damages were assessed on the tissues. In general, most toxins were accumulated in the hepatopancreas where more than 90% were found. Other tissues such as intestine, muscle, and gills contained less than 10% of toxins. Compared to the control, the main significative tissue damages were, loss of up to 80% of the nerve cord, 40% of the muscle coverage area, and reduction of the gill lamella width. Also, atrophy in hepatopancreas was observed, manifested by a decrease in the height of B cells, lumen degeneration and thinning of tubules. Some damages were more evident when shrimps were exposed to higher concentrated extracts of G. catenatum, however, not all damages were progressive and proportional to the extract concentration. These data confirm that PST dissolved enter the shrimp, possibly via the gills, and suggest that dissolved metabolites, including PST, may cause tissue damage. Other dissolved metabolites produced by G. catenatum, alone or in synergy, may also be involved. These results also pointed out the importance of dissolved molecules produced for this dinoflagellate and the potential effect on cultured shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Flores-Chavarria
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Jaramillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Christine J. Band-Schmidt
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Ave. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Francisco E. Hernández-Sandoval
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Erick Núñez-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - José J. Bustillos-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
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13
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Yang Y, Li A, Qiu J, Yan W, Han L, Li D, Yin C. Effects of lipophilic phycotoxin okadaic acid on the early development and transcriptional expression of marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 260:106576. [PMID: 37196507 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The lipophilic okadaic acid (OA)-group toxins produced by some species of Dinophysis spp. and Prorocentrum spp. marine dinoflagellates have been frequently and widely detected in natural seawater environments, e.g. 2.1∼1780 ng/L in Spanish sea and 5.63∼27.29 ng/L in the Yellow Sea of China. The toxicological effects of these toxins dissolved in seawater on marine fish is still unclear. Effects of OA on the embryonic development and 1-month old larvae of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) were explored and discussed in this study. Significantly increased mortality and decreased hatching rates occurred for the medaka embryos exposed to OA at 1.0 μg/mL. Diverse malformations including spinal curvature, dysplasia and tail curvature were also observed in the embryos exposed to OA and the heart rates significantly increased at 11 d post fertilization. The 96 h LC50 of OA for 1-month old larvae was calculated at 3.80 μg/mL. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly accumulated in medaka larvae. Catalase (CAT) enzyme activity was significantly increased in 1-month old larvae. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity significantly increased with a dose-dependent pattern in 1-month old larvae. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in 11 KEGG pathways with Q value < 0.05 in 1-month old medaka larvae exposed to OA at 0.38 μg/mL for 96 h, which were mainly related to cell division and proliferation, and nervous system. Most of DEGs involved in DNA replication, cell cycle, nucleotide excision repair, oocyte meiosis, and mismatch repair pathways were significantly up-regulated, while most of DEGs involved in synaptic vesicle cycle, glutamatergic synapse, and long-term potentiation pathways were markedly down-regulated. This transcriptome analysis demonstrated that a risk of cancer developing was possibly caused by OA due to DNA damage in marine medaka larvae. In addition, the neurotoxicity of OA was also testified for marine fish, which potentially cause major depressive disorder (MDD) via the up-regulated expression of NOS1 gene. The genotoxicity and neurotoxicity of OA to marine fish should be paid attention to and explored further in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmeng Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wenhui Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lilin Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dongyue Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Chao Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Stoner O, Economou T, Torres R, Ashton I, Brown AR. Quantifying Spatio-temporal risk of Harmful Algal Blooms and their impacts on bivalve shellfish mariculture using a data-driven modelling approach. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 121:102363. [PMID: 36639184 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) intoxicate and asphyxiate marine life, causing devastating environmental and socio-economic impacts, costing at least $8bn/yr globally. Accumulation of phycotoxins from HAB phytoplankton in filter-feeding shellfish can poison human consumers, prompting harvesting closures at shellfish production sites. To quantify long-term intoxication risk from Dinophysis HAB species, we used historical HAB monitoring data (2009-2020) to develop a new modelling approach to predict Dinophysis toxin concentrations in a range of bivalve shellfish species at shellfish sites in Western Scotland, South-West England and Northern France. A spatiotemporal statistical modelling framework was developed within the Generalized Additive Model (GAM) framework to quantify long-term HAB risks for different bivalve shellfish species across each region, capturing seasonal variations, and spatiotemporal interactions. In all regions spatial functions were most important for predicting seasonal HAB risk, offering the potential to inform optimal siting of new shellfish operations and safe harvesting periods for businesses. A 10-fold cross-validation experiment was carried out for each region, to test the models' ability to predict toxin risk at harvesting locations for which data were withheld from the model. Performance was assessed by comparing ranked predicted and observed mean toxin levels at each site within each region: the correlation of ranks was 0.78 for Northern France, 0.64 for Western Scotland, and 0.34 for South-West England, indicating our approach has promise for predicting unknown HAB risk, depending on the region and suitability of training data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stoner
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Theo Economou
- Climate and Atmospheric Research Centre, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ricardo Torres
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, UK
| | - Ian Ashton
- Department of Engineering, University of Exeter, UK
| | - A Ross Brown
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, UK.
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15
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Toxic Responses of Different Shellfish Species after Exposure to Prorocentrum lima, a DSP Toxins Producing Dinoflagellate. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070461. [PMID: 35878199 PMCID: PMC9317551 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prorocentrum lima is a global benthic dinoflagellate that produces diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, which can be ingested by filter-feeding bivalves, and eventually pose a great threat to human health through food chain. After being exposed to P. lima, different bivalves may accumulate various levels of DSP toxins and display different toxic responses. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we found that the content of okadaic acid-equivalents (OA-eq) varied in the digestive glands of the three bivalves including Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus coruscus and Tegillarca granosa after P. lima exposure. The degree of esterification of OA-eq in the three bivalves were opposite to the accumulation of OA-eq. The digestive gland tissues of the three bivalve species were damaged to different degrees. The transcriptional induction of Nrf2 targeted genes such as ABCB1 and GPx indicates the functionality of Nrf2 pathway against DSP toxins in bivalves. The oyster could protect against DSP toxins mainly through ABC transporters and esterification, while the mussel and clam reduce the damage induced by DSP toxins mainly by regulating the expression of antioxidant genes. Our findings may provide some explanations for the difference in toxic response to DSP toxins in different shellfish.
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16
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Blanco J, Martín H, Mariño C, Rossignoli AE. Okadaic Acid Depuration from the Cockle Cerastoderma edule. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:216. [PMID: 35324713 PMCID: PMC8950396 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The cockle Cerastoderma edule is a commercially important species in many European Countries. It can accumulate okadaic acid (OA) and other toxins in its group, which makes it unsuitable for human consumption, producing harvesting bans to avoid intoxications. The duration of those bans depends in part on the depuration kinetics of the toxin in this species. In this work, this kinetics was studied by means of fitting different models to depuration data experimentally obtained, using naturally contaminated cockles. Cockles depurated OA faster than most other bivalve species studied. Models that include Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe the depuration better than those using a first order exponential decrease to describe the first (or the only) compartment. One-compartment models were not able to describe the final part of the depuration curve, in which OA was depurated very slowly. Therefore, two-compartment models were needed. Esters were depurated at a much faster rate than the free form of the toxin; however, no significant esterification was detected during the process. The slow depuration rate suggests that other bivalve species could be used as sentinels to monitor cockle populations, but caution should be taken when toxin concentrations are very high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacions Mariñas (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Coron s/n, Vilanova de Arousa, 36620 Pontevedra, Spain; (H.M.); (C.M.); (A.E.R.)
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17
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D’Amore T, Lo Magro S, Vita V, Di Taranto A. Optimization and Validation of a High Throughput UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of the EU Regulated Lipophilic Marine Toxins and Occurrence in Fresh and Processed Shellfish. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20030173. [PMID: 35323472 PMCID: PMC8953077 DOI: 10.3390/md20030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Under the name of lipophilic marine toxins, there are included more than 1000 toxic secondary metabolites, produced by phytoplankton, with the common chemical property of lipophilicity. Due to toxicological effects and geographical distribution, in European legislation relevant compounds are regulated, and their determination is accomplished with the reference liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. In this study a modified ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the identification and quantification of EU-regulated lipophilic toxins. The method optimization included a refinement of SPE-C18 clean-up, in order to reduce matrix interferences. Improved LC conditions and upgraded chromatographic ammonia-based gradient ensured the best separation of all analytes and, in particular, of the two structural isomers (OA and DTX2). Also, different MS parameters were tested, and confirmation criteria finally established. The validation studies confirmed that all parameters were satisfactory. The requirements for precision (RSD% < 11.8% for each compound), trueness (recoveries from 73 to 101%) and sensitivity (limits of quantification in the range 3−8 µg kg−1) were fulfilled. The matrix effect, ranging from −9 to 19%, allowed the use of a calibration curve in solvent (3−320 µg kg−1 in matrix) for quantification of real samples. Method relative uncertainty ranged from 12 to 20.3%. Additionally, a total of 1000 shellfish samples was analysed, providing a first preliminary surveillance study that may contribute to the knowledge of lipophilic marine toxins contamination. Increase in algae proliferation events and intoxication cases, EFSA suggestions for modification of maximum permitted levels and toxicity equivalency factors, and new studies of important toxic effects underline that implementation of reference methods still represents an important task for health and food safety laboratories.
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Panton A, Purdie DA. Dinophysis spp. abundance and toxicity events in South Cornwall, U.K.: Interannual variability and environmental drivers at three coastal sites. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 112:102169. [PMID: 35144817 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis is a genus of dinoflagellates with the potential to cause diarrhoeic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) in humans. The lipophilic toxins produced by some species of Dinophysis spp. can accumulate within shellfish flesh even at low cell abundances, and this may result in the closure of a shellfish farm if toxins exceed the recommended upper limit. Over the period 2014 to 2020 inclusive there were several toxic events along the South West coast of U.K. related to Dinophysis spp. The Food Standards Agency (FSA) monitoring programme measure Dinophysis cell abundances and toxin concentration within shellfish flesh around the coasts of England and Wales, but there are few schemes routinely measuring the environmental parameters that may be important drivers for these Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). This study uses retrospective data from the FSA monitoring at three sites on the south Cornwall coast as well as environmental data from some novel platforms such as coastal WaveRider buoys to investigate potential drivers and explore whether either blooms or toxic events at these sites can be predicted from environmental data. Wind direction was found to be important in determining whether a bloom develops at these sites, and low air temperature in June was associated with low toxicity in the shellfish flesh. Using real time data from local platforms may help shellfish farmers predict future toxic events and minimise financial loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouska Panton
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK.
| | - Duncan A Purdie
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
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19
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Moreira-González AR, Rosa KMS, Mafra LL. Prevalence of okadaic acid in benthic organisms associated Prorocentrum lima complex in a sub-tropical estuary. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:382-396. [PMID: 34732112 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1992512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipophilic toxins were investigated in different benthic compartments of Paranaguá Bay, southern Brazil. Relatively low concentrations of okadaic acid (OA) were frequently reported in macrophyte extracts (maximum 0.64 ng g-1), mainly in sheltered estuarine areas, correlated with the cell abundance of toxigenic benthic dinoflagellates, Prorocentrum lima. Non-conjugated OA was also detected in benthic marine animals, mostly during summer-autumn 2016. Higher OA concentrations were found in the viscera of Genidens genidens fish (24.3 ± 3.7 ng g-1) and in soft tissues of Mytella guyanensis bivalves (21.3 ± 2.13 ng g-1), whereas lower levels were less frequently reported in many other benthic feeders, including cephalopods, gastropods, crustaceans and fishes. Although OA concentrations were below the levels associated with acute human intoxication, possible chronic effects to benthic animals and their consumers cannot be disregarded due to the frequent presence of this biotoxin in various fishery resources. Human health risks are substantially enhanced for small-scale fishing communities and other socioeconomically vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Ramón Moreira-González
- Departamento de Gestión y Ingeniería Ambiental, Centro de Estudos do Mar. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil.,Departamento de Gestión y Ingeniería Ambiental, Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Cienfuegos, Cuba
| | - Kaianan Mauê Santos Rosa
- Departamento de Gestión y Ingeniería Ambiental, Centro de Estudos do Mar. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz Laureno Mafra
- Departamento de Gestión y Ingeniería Ambiental, Centro de Estudos do Mar. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
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20
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Expression Analyses of Genes Related to Multixenobiotic Resistance in Mytilus galloprovincialis after Exposure to Okadaic Acid-Producing Dinophysis acuminata. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090614. [PMID: 34564618 PMCID: PMC8471661 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is one of the most important aquaculture species in Europe. Its main production problem is the accumulation of toxins during coastal blooms, which prevents mussel commercialization. P-glycoprotein (ABCB1/MDR1/P-gp) is part of the multixenobiotic resistance system in aquatic organisms, and okadaic acid, the main DSP toxin, is probably a substrate of the P-gp-mediated efflux. In this study, the presence and possible role of P-gp in the okadaic acid detoxification process was studied in M. galloprovincialis. We identified, cloned, and characterized two complete cDNAs of mdr1 and mdr2 genes. MgMDR1 and MgMDR2 predicted proteins had the structure organization of ABCB full transporters, and were identified as P-gp/MDR/ABCB proteins. Furthermore, the expression of mdr genes was monitored in gills, digestive gland, and mantle during a cycle of accumulation-elimination of okadaic acid. Mdr1 significantly increased its expression in the digestive gland and gills, supporting the idea of an important role of the MDR1 protein in okadaic acid efflux out of cells in these tissues. The expression of M. galloprovincialismrp2, a multidrug associated protein (MRP/ABCC), was also monitored. As in the case of mdr1, there was a significant induction in the expression of mrp2 in the digestive gland, as the content of okadaic acid increased. Thus, P-gp and MRP might constitute a functional defense network against xenobiotics, and might be involved in the resistance mechanisms to DSP toxins.
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21
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Wilkins AL, Rundberget T, Sandvik M, Rise F, Knudsen BK, Kilcoyne J, Reguera B, Rial P, Wright EJ, Giddings SD, Boundy MJ, Rafuse C, Miles CO. Identification of 24- O-β-d-Glycosides and 7-Deoxy-Analogues of Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxin-1 and -2 in Extracts from Dinophysis Blooms, Dinophysis and Prorocentrum Cultures, and Shellfish in Europe, North America and Australasia. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080510. [PMID: 34437381 PMCID: PMC8402559 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two high-mass polar compounds were observed in aqueous side-fractions from the purification of okadaic acid (1) and dinophysistoxin-2 (2) from Dinophysis blooms in Spain and Norway. These were isolated and shown to be 24-O-β-d-glucosides of 1 and 2 (4 and 5, respectively) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and enzymatic hydrolysis. These, together with standards of 1, 2, dinophysistoxin-1 (3), and a synthetic specimen of 7-deoxy-1 (7), combined with an understanding of their mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns, were then used to identify 1–5, the 24-O-β-d-glucoside of dinophysistoxin-1 (6), 7, 7-deoxy-2 (8), and 7-deoxy-3 (9) in a range of extracts from Dinophysis blooms, Dinophysis cultures, and contaminated shellfish from Spain, Norway, Ireland, Canada, and New Zealand. A range of Prorocentrum lima cultures was also examined by liquid chromatography–high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS/MS) and was found to contain 1, 3, 7, and 9. However, although 4–6 were not detected in these cultures, low levels of putative glycosides with the same exact masses as 4 and 6 were present. The potential implications of these findings for the toxicology, metabolism, and biosynthesis of the okadaic acid group of marine biotoxins are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair L. Wilkins
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (A.L.W.); (T.R.); (M.S.)
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Thomas Rundberget
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (A.L.W.); (T.R.); (M.S.)
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Sandvik
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (A.L.W.); (T.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Brent K. Knudsen
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, County Galway H91 R673, Ireland;
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO, CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain; (B.R.); (P.R.)
| | - Pilar Rial
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO, CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain; (B.R.); (P.R.)
| | - Elliott J. Wright
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (S.D.G.); (C.R.)
| | - Sabrina D. Giddings
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (S.D.G.); (C.R.)
| | - Michael J. Boundy
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand;
| | - Cheryl Rafuse
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (S.D.G.); (C.R.)
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (A.L.W.); (T.R.); (M.S.)
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (S.D.G.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Li J, Ruan Y, Mak YL, Zhang X, Lam JCW, Leung KMY, Lam PKS. Occurrence and Trophodynamics of Marine Lipophilic Phycotoxins in a Subtropical Marine Food Web. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8829-8838. [PMID: 34142818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine lipophilic phycotoxins (MLPs) are produced by toxigenic microalgae and cause foodborne illnesses. However, there is little information on the trophic transfer potential of MLPs in marine food webs. In this study, various food web components including 17 species of mollusks, crustaceans, and fishes were collected for an analysis of 17 representative MLPs, including azaspiracids (AZAs), brevetoxins (BTXs), gymnodimine (GYM), spirolides (SPXs), okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxins (DTXs), pectenotoxins (PTXs), yessotoxins (YTXs), and ciguatoxins (CTXs). Among the 17 target MLPs, 12, namely, AZAs1-3, BTX3, GYM, SPX1, OA, DTXs1-2, PTX2, YTX, and the YTX derivative homoYTX, were detected, and the total MLP concentrations ranged from 0.316 to 20.3 ng g-1 wet weight (ww). The mean total MLP concentrations generally decreased as follows: mollusks (8.54 ng g-1, ww) > crustaceans (1.38 ng g-1, ww) > fishes (0.914 ng g-1, ww). OA, DTXs, and YTXs were the predominant MLPs accumulated in the studied biota. Trophic dilution of the total MLPs was observed with a trophic magnification factor of 0.109. The studied MLPs might not pose health risks to residents who consume contaminated seafood; however, their potential risks to the ecosystem can be a cause for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yim Ling Mak
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Hong Kong SAR 518000, China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Hong Kong SAR 518000, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Office of the President, The Open University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Hong Kong SAR 518000, China
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23
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Ben-Gigirey B, Soliño L, Bravo I, Rodríguez F, Casero MVM. Paralytic and Amnesic Shellfish Toxins Impacts on Seabirds, Analyses and Management. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:454. [PMID: 34209782 PMCID: PMC8309893 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine biotoxins have been frequently implicated in morbidity and mortality events in numerous species of birds worldwide. Nevertheless, their effects on seabirds have often been overlooked and the associated ecological impact has not been extensively studied. On top of that, the number of published studies confirming by analyses the presence of marine biotoxins from harmful algal blooms (HABs) in seabirds, although having increased in recent years, is still quite low. This review compiles information on studies evidencing the impact of HAB toxins on marine birds, with a special focus on the effects of paralytic and amnesic shellfish toxins (PSTs and ASTs). It is mainly centered on studies in which the presence of PSTs and/or ASTs in seabird samples was demonstrated through analyses. The analytical techniques commonly employed, the tissues selected and the adjustments done in protocols for processing seabird matrixes are summarized. Other topics covered include the role of different vectors in the seabird intoxications, information on clinical signs in birds affected by PSTs and ASTs, and multifactorial causes which could aggravate the syndromes. Close collaboration between seabird experts and marine biotoxins researchers is needed to identify and report the potential involvement of HABs and their toxins in the mortality events. Future studies on the PSTs and ASTs pharmacodynamics, together with the establishment of lethal doses in various seabird species, are also necessary. These studies would aid in the selection of the target organs for toxins analyses and in the postmortem intoxication diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Ben-Gigirey
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO, CSIC), 36390 Vigo, Spain; (L.S.); (I.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Lucía Soliño
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO, CSIC), 36390 Vigo, Spain; (L.S.); (I.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO, CSIC), 36390 Vigo, Spain; (L.S.); (I.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO, CSIC), 36390 Vigo, Spain; (L.S.); (I.B.); (F.R.)
| | - María V. M. Casero
- RIAS Wildlife Rehabilitation and Research Centre, Parque Natural da Ria Formosa, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal;
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24
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Akgöl S, Ulucan-Karnak F, Kuru Cİ, Kuşat K. The usage of composite nanomaterials in biomedical engineering applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2906-2922. [PMID: 34050923 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is still developing over the decades and it is commonly used in biomedical applications with the design of nanomaterials due to the several purposes. With the investigation of materials on the molecular level has increased the develop composite nanomaterials with exceptional properties using in different applications and industries. The application of these composite nanomaterials is widely used in the fields of textile, chemical, energy, defense industry, electronics, and biomedical engineering which is growing and developing on human health. Development of biosensors for the diagnosis of diseases, drug targeting and controlled release applications, medical implants and imaging techniques are the research topics of nanobiotechnology. In this review, overview of the development of nanotechnology and applications which is use of composite nanomaterials in biomedical engineering is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Akgöl
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Cansu İlke Kuru
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Kevser Kuşat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
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25
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Raja IS, Vedhanayagam M, Preeth DR, Kim C, Lee JH, Han DW. Development of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials Based Electrochemical Biosensors on Enhancing the Analysis of Food Toxicants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3277. [PMID: 33806998 PMCID: PMC8005143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, food safety has become a topic of debate as the foodborne diseases triggered by chemical and biological contaminants affect human health and the food industry's profits. Though conventional analytical instrumentation-based food sensors are available, the consumers did not appreciate them because of the drawbacks of complexity, greater number of analysis steps, expensive enzymes, and lack of portability. Hence, designing easy-to-use tests for the rapid analysis of food contaminants has become essential in the food industry. Under this context, electrochemical biosensors have received attention among researchers as they bear the advantages of operational simplicity, portability, stability, easy miniaturization, and low cost. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have a larger surface area to volume compared to other dimensional nanomaterials. Hence, researchers nowadays are inclined to develop 2D nanomaterials-based electrochemical biosensors to significantly improve the sensor's sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility while measuring the food toxicants. In the present review, we compile the contribution of 2D nanomaterials in electrochemical biosensors to test the food toxicants and discuss the future directions in the field. Further, we describe the types of food toxicity, methodologies quantifying food analytes, how the electrochemical food sensor works, and the general biomedical properties of 2D nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Desingh Raj Preeth
- Chemical Biology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, MIT Campus, Chromepet, Chennai 600 044, India;
| | - Chuntae Kim
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (I.S.R.); (C.K.)
| | - Jong Hun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Han
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (I.S.R.); (C.K.)
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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26
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Sharp JH, Clements K, Diggens M, McDonald JE, Malham SK, Jones DL. E. coli Is a Poor End-Product Criterion for Assessing the General Microbial Risk Posed From Consuming Norovirus Contaminated Shellfish. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:608888. [PMID: 33679634 PMCID: PMC7933002 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.608888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fecal indicator organism (FIO) Escherichia coli is frequently used as a general indicator of sewage contamination and for evaluating the success of shellfish cleaning (depuration) processes. To evaluate the robustness of this approach, the accumulation, retention, and depuration of non-pathogenic E. coli, pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 and norovirus GII (NoV GII) RNA were evaluated using a combination of culture-based (E. coli) and molecular methods (E. coli, NoV GII) after exposure of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to water contaminated with human feces. We simulated water contamination after a point-source release from a combined sewer overflow (CSO) where untreated wastewater is released directly into the coastal zone. All three microbiological indicators accumulated rapidly in the mussels, reaching close to maximum concentration within 3 h of exposure, demonstrating that short CSO discharges pose an immediate threat to shellfish harvesting areas. Depuration (72 h) in clean water proved partially successful at removing both pathogenic and non-pathogenic E. coli from shellfish tissue, but failed to eradicate NoV GII RNA. We conclude that current EU standards for evaluating microbiological risk in shellfish are inadequate for protecting consumers against exposure to human norovirus GII found in polluted marine waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine H Sharp
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Clements
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom.,School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Mallory Diggens
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - James E McDonald
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom.,UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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27
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Rourke WA, Justason A, Martin JL, Murphy CJ. Shellfish Toxin Uptake and Depuration in Multiple Atlantic Canadian Molluscan Species: Application to Selection of Sentinel Species in Monitoring Programs. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020168. [PMID: 33671640 PMCID: PMC7926447 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Shellfish toxin monitoring programs often use mussels as the sentinel species to represent risk in other bivalve shellfish species. Studies have examined accumulation and depuration rates in various species, but little information is available to compare multiple species from the same harvest area. A 2-year research project was performed to validate the use of mussels as the sentinel species to represent other relevant eastern Canadian shellfish species (clams, scallops, and oysters). Samples were collected simultaneously from Deadmans Harbour, NB, and were tested for paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and amnesic shellfish toxin (AST). Phytoplankton was also monitored at this site. Scallops accumulated PSTs and AST sooner, at higher concentrations, and retained toxins longer than mussels. Data from monitoring program samples in Mahone Bay, NS, are presented as a real-world validation of findings. Simultaneous sampling of mussels and scallops showed significant differences between shellfish toxin results in these species. These data suggest more consideration should be given to situations where multiple species are present, especially scallops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade A. Rourke
- Dartmouth Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1992 Agency Drive, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1Y9, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrew Justason
- New Brunswick Operations, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 99 Mount Pleasant Road, P.O. Box 1036, St. George, NB E5C 3S9, Canada;
| | - Jennifer L. Martin
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 125 Marine Science Drive, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada;
| | - Cory J. Murphy
- Dartmouth Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1992 Agency Drive, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1Y9, Canada;
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28
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Karlson B, Andersen P, Arneborg L, Cembella A, Eikrem W, John U, West JJ, Klemm K, Kobos J, Lehtinen S, Lundholm N, Mazur-Marzec H, Naustvoll L, Poelman M, Provoost P, De Rijcke M, Suikkanen S. Harmful algal blooms and their effects in coastal seas of Northern Europe. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101989. [PMID: 33875185 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HAB) are recurrent phenomena in northern Europe along the coasts of the Baltic Sea, Kattegat-Skagerrak, eastern North Sea, Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea. These HABs have caused occasional massive losses for the aquaculture industry and have chronically affected socioeconomic interests in several ways. This status review gives an overview of historical HAB events and summarises reports to the Harmful Algae Event Database from 1986 to the end of year 2019 and observations made in long term monitoring programmes of potentially harmful phytoplankton and of phycotoxins in bivalve shellfish. Major HAB taxa causing fish mortalities in the region include blooms of the prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in northern Norway in 1991 and 2019, resulting in huge economic losses for fish farmers. A bloom of the prymesiophyte Prymnesium polylepis (syn. Chrysochromulina polylepis) in the Kattegat-Skagerrak in 1988 was ecosystem disruptive. Blooms of the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis spp. have caused accumulations of foam on beaches in the southwestern North Sea and Wadden Sea coasts and shellfish mortality has been linked to their occurrence. Mortality of shellfish linked to HAB events has been observed in estuarine waters associated with influx of water from the southern North Sea. The first bloom of the dictyochophyte genus Pseudochattonella was observed in 1998, and since then such blooms have been observed in high cell densities in spring causing fish mortalities some years. Dinoflagellates, primarily Dinophysis spp., intermittently yield concentrations of Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DST) in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, above regulatory limits along the coasts of Norway, Denmark and the Swedish west coast. On average, DST levels in shellfish have decreased along the Swedish and Norwegian Skagerrak coasts since approximately 2006, coinciding with a decrease in the cell abundance of D. acuta. Among dinoflagellates, Alexandrium species are the major source of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST) in the region. PST concentrations above regulatory levels were rare in the Skagerrak-Kattegat during the three decadal review period, but frequent and often abundant findings of Alexandrium resting cysts in surface sediments indicate a high potential risk for blooms. PST levels often above regulatory limits along the west coast of Norway are associated with A. catenella (ribotype Group 1) as the main toxin producer. Other Alexandrium species, such as A. ostenfeldii and A. minutum, are capable of producing PST among some populations but are usually not associated with PSP events in the region. The cell abundance of A. pseudogonyaulax, a producer of the ichthyotoxin goniodomin (GD), has increased in the Skagerrak-Kattegat since 2010, and may constitute an emerging threat. The dinoflagellate Azadinium spp. have been unequivocally linked to the presence of azaspiracid toxins (AZT) responsible for Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP) in northern Europe. These toxins were detected in bivalve shellfish at concentrations above regulatory limits for the first time in Norway in blue mussels in 2005 and in Sweden in blue mussels and oysters (Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas) in 2018. Certain members of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid and analogs known as Amnesic Shellfish Toxins (AST). Blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia were common in the North Sea and the Skagerrak-Kattegat, but levels of AST in bivalve shellfish were rarely above regulatory limits during the review period. Summer cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea are a concern mainly for tourism by causing massive fouling of bathing water and beaches. Some of the cyanobacteria produce toxins, e.g. Nodularia spumigena, producer of nodularin, which may be a human health problem and cause occasional dog mortalities. Coastal and shelf sea regions in northern Europe provide a key supply of seafood, socioeconomic well-being and ecosystem services. Increasing anthropogenic influence and climate change create environmental stressors causing shifts in the biogeography and intensity of HABs. Continued monitoring of HAB and phycotoxins and the operation of historical databases such as HAEDAT provide not only an ongoing status report but also provide a way to interpret causes and mechanisms of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Karlson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Research and Development, Oceanography, Sven Källfelts gata 15, SE-426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden.
| | - Per Andersen
- Aarhus University, Marine Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Arneborg
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Research and Development, Oceanography, Sven Källfelts gata 15, SE-426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Allan Cembella
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Wenche Eikrem
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, P. O. Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water Research. Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Joy West
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, P.O. Box 1129, 0318 Blindern, Oslo Norway
| | - Kerstin Klemm
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Justyna Kobos
- University of Gdansk, Institute of Oceanography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszalka Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia; POLAND
| | - Sirpa Lehtinen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- University of Gdansk, Institute of Oceanography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszalka Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia; POLAND
| | - Lars Naustvoll
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, N-4817 His, Norway
| | - Marnix Poelman
- Wageningen UR, Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. box 77, 4400 AB, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Provoost
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Project Office for IODE, Wandelaarkaai 7/61 - 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Rijcke
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Wandelaarkaai 7, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Sanna Suikkanen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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29
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Leyva V, Maruenda H. Assessment of the Presence of Lipophilic Phycotoxins in Scallops (Argopecten purpuratus) Farmed along Peruvian Coastal Waters. J Food Prot 2021; 84:204-212. [PMID: 32977333 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Some harmful algal blooms produce lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMTs) such as okadaic acid (OA; and its analogs dinophysistoxins [DTXs]), yessotoxins (YTXs), pectenotoxins (PTXs), and azaspiracids (AZAs), all of which may accumulate in filter-feeding bivalve mollusks. European health regulations stipulate a limit of 160 μg/kg for OA or DTXs, PTXs, and AZAs and 3.75 mg/kg for YTXs. Argopecten purpuratus is a valuable commercial marine bivalve exploited in Peru. Despite its importance and the periodic reports of the presence of harmful algal blooms in Peruvian coastal waters, information regarding potential contamination of these scallops by LMTs is lacking. We evaluated LMTs in 115 samples of A. purpuratus collected between November 2013 and March 2015 from 18 production areas distributed along the Peruvian coast. The hepatopancreas, which accumulates most of the toxins in the scallop, was analyzed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to quantify OA in its free form, YTX, AZA-1, and PTX-2. Baseline separation was achieved in 19 min. Linearity (R2 > 0.997), precision (coefficient of variation < 15%), and limits of quantification (0.155 to 0.479 ng/mL) were satisfactory. YTX was found in 72 samples, and PTX-2 was found in 17 samples, but concentrations of both biotoxins were below the regulatory limits. Free OA and AZA-1 were not detected in the scallop samples. This atypical profile (i.e., presence of PTX-2 and absence of OA) may be linked to the presence of the dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata. The production of YTX could be associated with the phytoplankton Gonyaulax spinifera and Protoceratium reticulatum. This is the first systematic assessment of the four types of LMTs in shellfish from Peruvian coastal waters. The results suggest low prevalence of LMTs in Peruvian bay scallops but support continued surveillance and analysis of LMTs in Peru. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Leyva
- Departamento de Ciencias-Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru´
| | - Helena Maruenda
- Departamento de Ciencias-Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru´.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4714-156X [H.M.])
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30
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Duan GF, Liu Y, Zhang LN, Li HY, Liu JS, Yang WD. Cinnamaldehyde Could Reduce the Accumulation of Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins in the Digestive Gland of the Mussel Perna viridis under Laboratory Conditions. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020063. [PMID: 33513729 PMCID: PMC7911482 DOI: 10.3390/md19020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs), some of the most important phycotoxins, are distributed almost all over the world, posing a great threat to human health through the food chain. Therefore, it is of great significance to find effective methods to reduce toxin accumulation in shellfish. In this paper, we observed the effects of four phytochemicals including cinnamaldehyde (CA), quercetin, oridonin and allicin on the accumulation of DSTs in the digestive gland of Perna viridis after exposure to the DSTs-producing Prorocentrum lima. We found that, among the four phytochemicals, CA could effectively decrease the accumulation of DSTs (okadaic acid-eq) in the digestive gland of P. viridis. Further evidence demonstrated that CA could reduce the histological alterations of the digestive gland of a mussel caused by DSTs. RT-qPCR showed that CA could suppress the CYP3A4 induction by DSTs, suggesting that the DSTs’ decrease induced by CA might be related to the inhibition of CYP3A4 transcription induction. However, further studies on the underlying mechanism, optimal treatment time, ecological safety and cost should be addressed before cinnamaldehyde is used to decrease the accumulation of DSTs in field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-020-85226386; Fax: +86-020-85225183
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DSP Toxin Distribution across Organs in Mice after Acute Oral Administration. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19010023. [PMID: 33430011 PMCID: PMC7826939 DOI: 10.3390/md19010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) and its main structural analogs dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) are marine lipophilic phycotoxins distributed worldwide that can be accumulated by edible shellfish and can cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). In order to study their toxicokinetics, mice were treated with different doses of OA, DTX1, or DTX2 and signs of toxicity were recorded up to 24 h. Toxin distribution in the main organs from the gastrointestinal tract was assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis. Our results indicate a dose-dependency in gastrointestinal absorption of these toxins. Twenty-four hours post-administration, the highest concentration of toxin was detected in the stomach and, in descending order, in the large intestine, small intestine, and liver. There was also a different toxicokinetic pathway between OA, DTX1, and DTX2. When the same toxin doses are compared, more OA than DTX1 is detected in the small intestine. OA and DTX1 showed similar concentrations in the stomach, liver, and large intestine tissues, but the amount of DTX2 is much lower in all these organs, providing information on DSP toxicokinetics for human safety assessment.
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Leite IDP, Sandrini-Neto L, Squella FL, Alves TP, Schramm MA, Calado SLDM, Silva de Assis HC, Mafra LL. Toxin accumulation, detoxification and oxidative stress in bivalve (Anomalocardia flexuosa) exposed to the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 232:105738. [PMID: 33465619 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prorocentrum lima is a cosmopolitan benthic dinoflagellate capable of producing the diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin (DTX). These compounds may cause oxidative stress and accumulate in bivalve tissues, which become vectors of intoxication to human consumers. We investigated DST accumulation, detoxification and oxidative stress biomarkers in clams (Anomalocardia flexuosa) experimentally exposed to P. lima cells or their compounds. Experimental diets consisted of 6000 cells mL-1 of the non-toxic chlorophyte Tetraselmis sp. (C; control condition), and combinations of C with 10 P. lima cells mL-1 (T10), 100 P. lima cells mL-1 (T100), or to a toxin concentration of ∼4 μg OA L-1 and ∼0.65 μg DTX-1 L-1 (T100d). Clams were exposed to these diets for 7 days (uptake phase), followed by a 7-day depuration period. No DSTs were detected in clams exposed to treatments C (control) nor to T100d (dissolved compounds) during either uptake or detoxification phase. Conversely, clams exposed to T10 or T100 accumulated, on average, up to 2.5 and 35 μg DST kg-1 in their whole bodies at the end of the uptake phase. These concentrations are ∼64 and ∼4.5 times lower than the regulatory level of 160 μg OA kg-1, respectively. Accumulated OA quotas were 12-22 times higher in the digestive gland (DG) than in remaining tissues over the uptake phase. Quick toxin transformation was indicated by the early detection of conjugated compounds - DTX-1 and OA esters - in the DG after 6 h of exposure, with OA-ester representing the main compound (30 - 100 %) in that tissue over the experiment. During the depuration period, detoxification rates represented 0.024 h-1, 0.04 h-1 and 0.052 h-1 for OA, DTX-1 and OA-ester, respectively. The activities of catalase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and the levels of oxidative stress by lipoperoxidation varied similarly in the DG of A. flexuosa individuals subjected to T100, T100d and the control condition. However, contrasting antioxidant responses were measured in those exposed to T10. These findings indicate that no oxidative stress was primarily induced by DST-producing dinoflagellates in this clam species under laboratory conditions representative of toxic bloom situations. Even though, possible interactions should be considered under multistressor scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel do Prado Leite
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Beira-mar, s/n, P.O. Box: 61, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83255-976, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Sandrini-Neto
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Beira-mar, s/n, P.O. Box: 61, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83255-976, Brazil
| | - Francisco Lagreze Squella
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Beira-mar, s/n, P.O. Box: 61, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83255-976, Brazil
| | - Thiago Pereira Alves
- Federal Institute of Santa Catarina, Av. Ver. Abraão João Francisco, 3899, Ressacada, Itajaí, SC, 88307-303, Brazil
| | - Mathias Alberto Schramm
- Federal Institute of Santa Catarina, Av. Ver. Abraão João Francisco, 3899, Ressacada, Itajaí, SC, 88307-303, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Loise de Morais Calado
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Helena Cristina Silva de Assis
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Luiz Laureno Mafra
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Beira-mar, s/n, P.O. Box: 61, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83255-976, Brazil
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Qiu J, Ji Y, Fang Y, Zhao M, Wang S, Ai Q, Li A. Response of fatty acids and lipid metabolism enzymes during accumulation, depuration and esterification of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111223. [PMID: 32891913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks accumulate diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) from toxigenic microalgae, thus posing a threat to human health by acting as a vector of toxins to consumers. In bivalves, free forms of DSTs can be esterified with fatty acids at the C-7 site to form acyl esters (DTX3), presumably a detoxification mechanism for bivalves. However, the effects of esterification of DSTs on fatty acid metabolism in mollusks remain poorly understood. In this study, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were fed the DST-producing dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima for 10 days followed by an additional 10-days depuration in filtered seawater to track the variation in quantity and composition of DST acyl esters and fatty acids. A variety of esters of okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) were mainly formed in the digestive gland (DG), although trace amounts of esters also appeared in muscle tissue. A large relative amount of OA (60%-84%) and DTX1 (80%-92%) was esterified to DTX3 in the visceral mass (referred to as digestive gland, DG), and the major ester acyl chains were C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C20:1 and C20:2. The DG and muscle tissues showed pronounced differences in fatty acid content and composition during both feeding and depuration periods. In the DG, fatty acid content gradually decreased in parallel with increasing accumulation and esterification of DSTs. The decline in fatty acids was accelerated during depuration without food. This reduction in the content of important polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), would lead to a reduction in the nutritional value of mussels. Enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, including acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL), were actively involved in the metabolism of fatty acids in the DG, whereas their activities were weak in muscle tissue during the feeding period. This study helps to improve the understanding of interactions between the esterification of DSTs and fatty acid dynamics in bivalve mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Shuqin Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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Wu H, Chen J, Peng J, Zhong Y, Zheng G, Guo M, Tan Z, Zhai Y, Lu S. Nontarget Screening and Toxicity Evaluation of Diol Esters of Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxins Reveal Intraspecies Difference of Prorocentrum lima. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12366-12375. [PMID: 32902972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis with the assistance of molecular networking was used to investigate intracellular toxin profiles of five Prorocentrum lima (P. lima) strains sampled from the north Yellow Sea and South China Sea. Mice were used as a model species for testing the acute toxicity of intracellular okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs) in free and esterified states. Results showed that OA and DTX1 esterified derivatives were detected in all P. lima samples, accounting for 55%-96% of total toxins in five strains. A total of 24 esters and 1 stereoisomer of DTX1 (35S DTX1) were identified based on molecular networking and MS data analysis, 15 esters of which have been reported first. All P. lima strains displayed specific toxin profiles, and preliminary analysis suggested that toxin profiles of the five P. lima strains might be region-related. Moreover, acute toxicity in mice suggested higher toxicity of esters compared with free toxins, which highlights the importance and urgency of attention to esterified toxins in P. lima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jixing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guanchao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuxiu Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Songhui Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Díaz PA, Álvarez G, Seguel M, Marín A, Krock B. First detection of pectenotoxin-2 in shellfish associated with an intense spring bloom of Dinophysis acuminata on the central Chilean coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 158:111414. [PMID: 32753198 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins and pectenotoxins (PTX) produced by endemic species of the genus Dinophysis, mainly D. acuta and D. acuminata, pose a big threat to public health, artisanal fisheries and the aquaculture industry in Southern Chile. This work reports the first detection of lipophilic toxins, including pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and gymnodimine-A (GYM-A), in hard razor clam (Tagelus dombeii) associated with an unprecedented spring bloom -38.4 × 103 cells L-1 in integrated hose sampler (0-10 m) - of Dinophysis acuminata in coastal waters of central Chile. The socio-economic challenges to small-scale fisheries are discussed. The study points to the pressing need for sound policies to face unexpected HAB event, probably due to biogeographical expansions, with a focus on fisheries management, participation of stakeholders, and development of adaptive capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Miriam Seguel
- Centro Regional de Análisis de Recursos y Medio Ambiente (CERAM), Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Andrés Marín
- Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo Regional y Políticas Públicas (CEDER), Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Figueroa D, Signore A, Araneda O, Contreras HR, Concha M, García C. Toxicity and differential oxidative stress effects on zebrafish larvae following exposure to toxins from the okadaic acid group. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:573-588. [PMID: 32686606 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1793046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Okadaic acid-group (OA-group) is a set of lipophilic toxins produced only in seawater by species of the Dinophysis and Prorocentrum genera, and characterized globally by being associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs). The diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) are the most prevalent toxic analogues making up the OA-group, which jeopardize environmental safety and human health through consumption of hydrobiological organisms contaminated with these toxins that produce diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) syndrome in humans. Consequently, a regulatory limit of 160 μg of OA-group/kg was established for marine resources (bivalves). The aim of this study was to investigate effects varying concentrations of 1-15 μg/ml OA or DTX-1 on toxicity, development, and oxidative damage in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio). After determining the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) in zebrafish larvae of 10 and 7 μg/ml (24 h) and effective concentration 50 (EC50) of 8 and 6 μg/ml (24 h), different concentrations (5, 6.5, or 8 μg/ml of OA and 4, 4.5, or 6 μg/ml of DTX-1) were used to examine the effects of these toxins on oxidative damage to larvae at different time points between 24 and 120 hpf. Macroscopic evaluation during the exposure period showed alterations in zebrafish including pericardial edema, cyclopia, shortening in the anteroposterior axis, and developmental delay. The activity levels of biochemical biomarkers superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) demonstrated a concentration-dependent decrease while glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) were markedly elevated. In addition, increased levels of oxidative damage (malondialdehyde and carbonyl content) were detected following toxin exposure. Data demonstrate that high concentrations of OA and DTX-1produced pathological damage in the early stages of development <48 h post-fertilization (hpf) associated with oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Figueroa
- Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Ailen Signore
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Araneda
- Integrative Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Effort, Kinesiology School, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Los Andes , Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor R Contreras
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Concha
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos García
- Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Chile , Santiago, Chile
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Campos A, Freitas M, de Almeida AM, Martins JC, Domínguez-Pérez D, Osório H, Vasconcelos V, Reis Costa P. OMICs Approaches in Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins Research. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E493. [PMID: 32752012 PMCID: PMC7472309 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) are among the most prevalent marine toxins in Europe's and in other temperate coastal regions. These toxins are produced by several dinoflagellate species; however, the contamination of the marine trophic chain is often attributed to species of the genus Dinophysis. This group of toxins, constituted by okadaic acid (OA) and analogous molecules (dinophysistoxins, DTXs), are highly harmful to humans, causing severe poisoning symptoms caused by the ingestion of contaminated seafood. Knowledge on the mode of action and toxicology of OA and the chemical characterization and accumulation of DSTs in seafood species (bivalves, gastropods and crustaceans) has significantly contributed to understand the impacts of these toxins in humans. Considerable information is however missing, particularly at the molecular and metabolic levels involving toxin uptake, distribution, compartmentalization and biotransformation and the interaction of DSTs with aquatic organisms. Recent contributions to the knowledge of DSTs arise from transcriptomics and proteomics research. Indeed, OMICs constitute a research field dedicated to the systematic analysis on the organisms' metabolisms. The methodologies used in OMICs are also highly effective to identify critical metabolic pathways affecting the physiology of the organisms. In this review, we analyze the main contributions provided so far by OMICs to DSTs research and discuss the prospects of OMICs with regard to the DSTs toxicology and the significance of these toxins to public health, food safety and aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.C.M.); (D.D.-P.); (V.V.)
| | - Marisa Freitas
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.C.M.); (D.D.-P.); (V.V.)
- ESS-P.Porto, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto. Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - André M. de Almeida
- LEAF-Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - José Carlos Martins
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.C.M.); (D.D.-P.); (V.V.)
| | - Dany Domínguez-Pérez
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.C.M.); (D.D.-P.); (V.V.)
| | - Hugo Osório
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Ipatimup—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.C.M.); (D.D.-P.); (V.V.)
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- IPMA—Instituto Português do Mar da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisbon, Portugal;
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Oyaneder-Terrazas J, Polanco C, Figueroa D, Barriga A, García C. In vitro biotransformation of OA-group and PTX-group toxins in visceral and non-visceral tissues of Mytilus chilensis and Ameghinomya antiqua. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1216-1228. [PMID: 32515303 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1750710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) are made up of multiple groups of toxic analogues, which are characterised by different levels of cellular and toxic action. The most prevalent groups in the southern Pacific zone are: a) okadaic acid group (OA-group) which consists of okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1); and, b) pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) group which consists of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2). The main objective of our study was to examine in vitro biotransformation of OA-group and PTX-group in the tissues of two endemic species of bivalves from southern Chile; blue mussels (Mytilus chilensis) and clams (Ameghinomya antiqua). The biotransformation processes of both groups were only detected in the digestive glands of both species using LC-MS/MS. The most frequently detected analogues were acyl derivatives (≈2.0 ± 0.1 μg ml-1) for OA-group and PTX-2SA (≈1.4 ± 0.1 μg ml-1) for PTX-group, with a higher percentage of biotransformation for OA-group (p < .001). In addition, simultaneous incubations of the different analogues (OA/PTX-2; DTX-1/PTX-2 and OA/DTX-1/PTX-2) did not show any interaction between the biotransformation processes. These results show that the toxicological variability of endemic species leads to biotransformation of the profile of toxins, so that these new analogues may affect people's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Oyaneder-Terrazas
- Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Programme, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Technology, Universidad de Santiago , Santiago, Chile
| | - Cassandra Polanco
- Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Programme, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Technology, Universidad de Santiago , Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Figueroa
- Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Programme, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Andres Barriga
- CEPEDEQ, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos García
- Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Programme, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile
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Carss DN, Brito AC, Chainho P, Ciutat A, de Montaudouin X, Fernández Otero RM, Filgueira MI, Garbutt A, Goedknegt MA, Lynch SA, Mahony KE, Maire O, Malham SK, Orvain F, van der Schatte Olivier A, Jones L. Ecosystem services provided by a non-cultured shellfish species: The common cockle Cerastoderma edule. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 158:104931. [PMID: 32501263 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coastal habitats provide many important ecosystem services. The substantial role of shellfish in delivering ecosystem services is increasingly recognised, usually with a focus on cultured species, but wild-harvested bivalve species have largely been ignored. This study aimed to collate evidence and data to demonstrate the substantial role played by Europe's main wild-harvested bivalve species, the common cockle Cerastoderma edule, and to assess the ecosystem services that cockles provide. Data and information are synthesised from five countries along the Atlantic European coast with a long history of cockle fisheries. The cockle helps to modify habitat and support biodiversity, and plays a key role in the supporting services on which many of the other services depend. As well as providing food for people, cockles remove nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon from the marine environment, and have a strong cultural influence in these countries along the Atlantic coast. Preliminary economic valuation of some of these services in a European context is provided, and key knowledge gaps identified. It is concluded that the cockle has the potential to become (i) an important focus of conservation and improved sustainable management practices in coastal areas and communities, and (ii) a suitable model species to study the integration of cultural ecosystem services within the broader application of 'ecosystem services'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Carss
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh, EH26 0QB, United Kingdom.
| | - Ana C Brito
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Chainho
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Xavier de Montaudouin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC, Station Marine d'Arcachon, 2 Rue du Professeur Jolyet, 33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Rosa M Fernández Otero
- Centro Tecnológico del Mar, Fundación CETMAR, Avda. Eduardo Cabello s/n, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Angus Garbutt
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bangor, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - M Anouk Goedknegt
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC, Station Marine d'Arcachon, 2 Rue du Professeur Jolyet, 33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Sharon A Lynch
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre (AFDC), Environmental Research Institute (ERI), University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Kate E Mahony
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre (AFDC), Environmental Research Institute (ERI), University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Olivier Maire
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC, Station Marine d'Arcachon, 2 Rue du Professeur Jolyet, 33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- Bangor University School of Ocean Sciences, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Orvain
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), UCN, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, SU, UA, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen cedex, France
| | | | - Laurence Jones
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bangor, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
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Li A, Zhao M, Qiu J, Ji Y. Accumulation and esterification of diarrhetic shellfish toxins from the aqueous phase in laboratory-exposed mussels. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 93:101797. [PMID: 32307077 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, marine bivalves cultured in the natural environment have been confirmed to accumulate diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) from the aqueous phase. To investigate the effects of varying seston concentrations on DST accumulation, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed to comparable concentrations of okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) in 0.45-μm filtered seawater spiked with varying concentrations of ambient suspended particles at 0, 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg L-1, for 96 h. Effects of seston additions on the mussels' feeding on nontoxic microalgae, Isochrysis galbana, the stability of dissolved toxins and the anatomical compartmentalization of toxins were also assessed. Results showed that mussels more readily accumulated OA than DTX1 from the aqueous phase. Three potential mechanisms of the effects of seston on toxin accumulation were identified. First, seston at low concentrations (10 mg L-1) adsorbed toxins and thus promoted toxin accumulation. Second, seston enhanced the degradation of aqueous OA and DTX1, and possibly reduced the adsorption by digestive gland (DG) cells through simple diffusion due to competitive adsorption. Third, the clearance rate of mussels was significantly reduced at high seston concentrations (120 mg L-1). The esterification of DSTs was maximized in DG tissue, although a high percentage (52%) of DSTs was distributed in non-visceral tissues of mussels exposed to aqueous toxins. This study suggests that the risk of benthic DST-producing microalgae to marine cultured shellfish should be taken into consideration, even in the absence of a bloom of toxic microalgae in the water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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41
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Ji Y, Che Y, Wright EJ, McCarron P, Hess P, Li A. Fatty acid ester metabolites of gymnodimine in shellfish collected from China and in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) exposed to Karenia selliformis. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 92:101774. [PMID: 32113591 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Marine shellfish exposed to the microalgae Karenia selliformis can accumulate gymnodimines (GYM). Shellfish samples collected from Beihai City in Guangxi Autonomous Region, and Ningde City in Fujian Province, in the South China Sea, as well as mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis fed on K. selliformis under laboratory conditions were analyzed. Gymnodimines and various fatty acid ester metabolites were detected in the clam Antigona lamellaris and pen shell Atrina pectinata, while no esters were found in the oyster Crassostrea sp. and the gastropod Batillaria zonalis despite positive detection of free GYM in both species. When present, the predominant acyl esters observed were 18:0-GYM-A and 20:1-GYM-A. Under laboratory conditions GYM-A was accumulated and metabolized to fatty acid esters in mussels exposed to K. selliformis, with 16:0-GYM-A and 20:1-GYM-A as the major variants. A novel compound with the same accurate mass as GYM-A and its 16:0 fatty acid ester were observed in the experimental mussels but was not present in the microalgal strain to which mussels were exposed. No significant differences of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and antioxidant enzymes were found between mussels fed on K. selliformis or GYM-free microalgae Isochrysis galbana. This suggests the accumulation of GYM and its metabolites does not significantly impact the physiological status of mussels. While it is currently not proven that GYM affects human health, risk assessments should consider the presence of GYM esters in naturally contaminated shellfish as part of exposure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yijia Che
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Elliott J Wright
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | | | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Li Z, Li X, Jian M, Geleta GS, Wang Z. Two-Dimensional Layered Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Detecting Microbial Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:E20. [PMID: 31906152 PMCID: PMC7020412 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxin detection is an important issue in numerous fields, such as agriculture/food safety, environmental monitoring, and homeland security. During the past two decades, nanotechnology has been extensively used to develop various biosensors for achieving fast, sensitive, selective and on-site analysis of toxins. In particular, the two dimensional layered (2D) nanomaterials (such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)) and their nanocomposites have been employed as label and/or biosensing transducers to construct electrochemical biosensors for cost-effective detection of toxins with high sensitivity and specificity. This is because the 2D nanomaterials have good electrical conductivity and a large surface area with plenty of active groups for conjugating 2D nanomaterials with the antibodies and/or aptamers of the targeted toxins. Herein, we summarize recent developments in the application of 2D nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors for detecting toxins with a particular focus on microbial toxins including bacterial toxins, fungal toxins and algal toxins. The integration of 2D nanomaterials with some existing antibody/aptamer technologies into electrochemical biosensors has led to an unprecedented impact on improving the assaying performance of microbial toxins, and has shown great promise in public health and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuheng Li
- Jilin Provincial Institute of Education, Changchun 130022, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, China; (X.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Xiaotong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, China; (X.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Minghong Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, China; (X.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Girma Selale Geleta
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, China; (X.L.); (M.J.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma 378, Ethiopia
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, China; (X.L.); (M.J.)
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Blanco J, Arévalo F, Correa J, Moroño Á. Lipophilic Toxins in Galicia (NW Spain) between 2014 and 2017: Incidence on the Main Molluscan Species and Analysis of the Monitoring Efficiency. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E612. [PMID: 31652623 PMCID: PMC6832414 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galicia is an area with a strong mussel aquaculture industry in addition to other important bivalve mollusc fisheries. Between 2014 and 2017, 18,862 samples were analyzed for EU regulated marine lipophilic toxins. Okadaic acid (OA) was the most prevalent toxin and the only single toxin that produced harvesting closures. Toxin concentrations in raft mussels were generally higher than those recorded in other bivalves, justifying the use of this species as an indicator. The Rías of Pontevedra and Muros were the ones most affected by OA and DTX2 and the Ría of Ares by YTXs. In general, the outer areas of the Rías were more affected by OA and DTX2 than the inner ones. The OA level reached a maximum in spring, while DTX2 was almost entirely restricted to the fall-winter season. YTXs peaked in August-September. The toxins of the OA group were nearly completely esterified in all the bivalves studied except mussels and queen scallops. Risk of intoxication with the current monitoring system is low. In less than 2% of cases did the first detection of OA in an area exceed the regulatory limit. In no case, could any effect on humans be expected. The apparent intoxication and depuration rates were similar and directly related, suggesting that the rates are regulated mainly by oceanographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Blanco
- .Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar. Xunta de Galicia. Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Fabiola Arévalo
- .Centro Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia (INTECMAR), Consellería do Mar. Xunta de Galicia. Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Jorge Correa
- .Centro Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia (INTECMAR), Consellería do Mar. Xunta de Galicia. Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Moroño
- .Centro Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia (INTECMAR), Consellería do Mar. Xunta de Galicia. Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
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Simple Diffusion as the Mechanism of Okadaic Acid Uptake by the Mussel Digestive Gland. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070395. [PMID: 31284607 PMCID: PMC6669496 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) and other toxins of the diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) group are accumulated and transformed mainly in many bivalves, inside the digestive gland cells. In this work the absorption of okadaic acid by those cells has been studied by supplying the toxin dissolved in water and including it in oil droplets given to primary cell cultures, and by checking if the uptake is saturable and/or energy-dependent. Okadaic acid was found to be absorbed preferentially from the dissolved phase, and the uptake from oil droplets was substantially lower. The process did not require energy and was non-saturable, indicating that it involved a simple diffusion across the cellular membrane. Some apparent saturation was found due to the quick biotransformation of OA to 7-O-acyl esters.
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