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Varrone E, Carnicelli D, He X, Grasse M, Stampfer K, Huber S, Kellnerová S, Tazzari PL, Ricci F, Paterini P, Ardissino G, Morabito S, Orth-Höller D, Würzner R, Brigotti M. Detection of Cleaved Stx2a in the Blood of STEC-Infected Patients. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:690. [PMID: 38133194 PMCID: PMC10747961 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Typical hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is mainly caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) releasing Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2). Two different structures of this AB5 toxin have been described: uncleaved, with intact B and A chains, and cleaved, with intact B and a nicked A chain consisting of two fragments, A1 and A2, connected by a disulfide bond. Despite having the same toxic effect on sensitive cells, the two forms differ in their binding properties for circulating cells, serum components and complement factors, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of HUS differently. The outcome of STEC infections and the development of HUS could be influenced by the relative amounts of uncleaved or cleaved Stx2 circulating in patients' blood. Cleaved Stx2 was identified and quantified for the first time in four out of eight STEC-infected patients' sera by a method based on the inhibition of cell-free translation. Cleaved Stx2 was present in the sera of patients with toxins bound to neutrophils and in two out of three patients developing HUS, suggesting its involvement in HUS pathogenesis, although in association with other bacterial or host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Varrone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.V.); (D.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Domenica Carnicelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.V.); (D.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Xiaohua He
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA;
| | - Marco Grasse
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.G.); (K.S.); (S.H.); (S.K.); (R.W.)
| | - Karin Stampfer
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.G.); (K.S.); (S.H.); (S.K.); (R.W.)
| | - Silke Huber
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.G.); (K.S.); (S.H.); (S.K.); (R.W.)
| | - Sára Kellnerová
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.G.); (K.S.); (S.H.); (S.K.); (R.W.)
| | - Pier Luigi Tazzari
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Center, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (P.L.T.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesca Ricci
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Center, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (P.L.T.); (F.R.)
| | - Paola Paterini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.V.); (D.C.); (P.P.)
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research-CRBA, University of Bologna, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Ardissino
- Center for HUS Control, Prevention and Management, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Stefano Morabito
- European Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Reinhard Würzner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.G.); (K.S.); (S.H.); (S.K.); (R.W.)
| | - Maurizio Brigotti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.V.); (D.C.); (P.P.)
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Mosadegh S, Abtahi H, Amani J, Karizi SZ, Salmanian AH. Protective immunization against Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae Type 1 by chitosan nanoparticle loaded with recombinant chimeric antigens comprising EIT and STX1B-IpaD. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106344. [PMID: 37704060 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrated that Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (S. dysenteriae1) are considered pathogens, that are connected with diarrhea and are still the greatest cause of death in children under the age of five years, worldwide. EHEC and S. dysenteriae 1 infections can be prevented and managed using a vaccination strategy against pathogen attachment stages. In this study, the chitosan nanostructures were loaded with recombinant EIT and STX1B-IpaD polypeptides. The immunogenic properties of this nano-vaccine candidate were investigated. The EIT and STX1B-IpaD recombinant proteins were heterologous expressed, purified, and confirmed by western blotting. The chitosan nanoparticles, were used to encapsulate the purified proteins. The immunogenicity of recombinant nano vaccine candidate, was examined in three groups of BalB/c mice by injection, oral delivery, and combination of oral-injection. ELISA and antibody titer, evaluated the humoral immune response. Finally, all three mice groups were challenged by two pathogens to test the ability of the nano-vaccine candidate to protect against bacterial infection. The Sereny test in guinea pigs was used to confirm the neutralizing effect of immune sera in controlling S. dysenteriae 1, infections. SDS-PAGE and western blotting, confirmed the presence and specificity of 63 and 27 kDa recombinant EIT and STX1B-IpaD, respectively. The results show that the nanoparticles containing recombinant proteins could stimulate the systemic and mucosal immune systems by producing IgG and IgA, respectively. The challenge test showed that, the candidate nano-vaccine could protect the animal model from bacterial infection. The combination of multiple recombinant proteins, carrying several epitopes and natural nanoparticles could evocate remarkable humoral and mucosal responses and improve the protection properties of synthetic antigens. Furthermore, compared with other available antigen delivery methods, using oral delivery as immune priming and injection as a booster method, could act as combinatorial methods to achieve a higher level of immunity. This approach could present an appropriate vaccine candidate against both EHEC and S. dysenteriae 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Mosadegh
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Abtahi
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Zare Karizi
- Department of Biology, Varamin Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pishva, Varamin, Iran
| | - Ali Hatef Salmanian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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Liu J, Wen D, Song X, Su P, Lou J, Yao D, Zhang C. Evolution and natural selection of ribosome-inactivating proteins in bacteria, fungi, and plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125929. [PMID: 37481176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are found in bacteria, fungi, and plants, with a wide range of biological resistances such as anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-insect, and anti-tumor. They can be roughly divided into proactive defense bacterial or fungal types and passive defense plant types. We identified 1592 RIP genes in bacteria, fungi, and plants. Approximately 88 % of the 764 bacterial RIPs were Shiga or Shiga-like toxins which were exotoxins and could rapidly enter cells to possess strong biotoxicity, and about 98 % of fungal RIPs were predicted as secreted proteins. RIPs were not detected in non-seed plants such as algae, bryophytes, and ferns. However, we found RIPs in some flowering and non-flowering seed plants. The existence of plant RIPs might be related to the structure of seeds or fruits, which might be associated with whether seeds are easy to survive and spread. The evolutionary characteristics of RIPs were different between dicotyledons and monocotyledons. In addition, we also found that RIP2 genes might emerge very early and be plant-specific. Some plant RIP1 genes might evolve from RIP2 genes. This study provides new insights into the evolution of RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, PR China; ShanghaiMunicipal Agricultural Technology Extension & service Center, Shanghai 201103, PR China
| | - Daxing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, PR China
| | - Xianliang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, PR China
| | - Peisen Su
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Lou
- ShanghaiMunicipal Agricultural Technology Extension & service Center, Shanghai 201103, PR China
| | - Danqing Yao
- ShanghaiMunicipal Agricultural Technology Extension & service Center, Shanghai 201103, PR China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, PR China.
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Rocha-Ramírez LM, Hernández-Chiñas U, Moreno-Guerrero SS, Ramírez-Pacheco A, Eslava CA. In Vitro Effect of the Cell-Free Supernatant of the Lactobacillus casei Strain IMAU60214 against the Different Pathogenic Properties of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1324. [PMID: 37317298 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) are E. coli pathotypes associated with unmanageable diarrhea in children and adults. An alternative to the treatment of infections caused by these microorganisms is the use of the bacteria of the Lactobacillus genus; however, the beneficial effects on the intestinal mucosa are specific to the strain and species. The interest of this study consisted of analyzing the coaggregation properties of Lactobacillus casei IMAU60214, as well as the effect of cell-free supernatant (CSF) on growth and anti-cytotoxic activity in a cell model of the human intestinal epithelium for an agar diffusion assay (HT-29) and the inhibition of biofilm formation on plates of DEC strains of the EAEC and EHEC pathotypes. The results showed that L. casei IMAU60214 exhibits time-dependent coaggregation (35-40%) against EAEC and EHEC that is similar to the control E. coli ATCC 25922. The CSF showed antimicrobial activity (20-80%) against EAEC and EHEC depending on the concentration. In addition, the formation and dispersion of biofilms of the same strains decrease, and the proteolytic pre-treatment with catalase and/or proteinase K (1 mg/mL) of CSF reduces the antimicrobial effect. When evaluating the effect in HT-29 cells pre-treated with CFS on the toxic activity induced by the EAEC and EHEC strains, a reduction of between 30 and 40% was observed. The results show that L. casei IMAU60214 and its CSF have properties that interfere with some properties associated with the virulence of the EAEC and EHEC strains that cause intestinal infection, which supports their use for the control and prevention of infections caused by these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz María Rocha-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col. Doctores, Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Ulises Hernández-Chiñas
- Unidad Periférica de Investigación Básica y Clínica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dr. Márquez 162, Col. Doctores, Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Salud Pública, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Silvia Selene Moreno-Guerrero
- Departamento de Hemato-Oncología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col. Doctores, Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Arturo Ramírez-Pacheco
- Departamento de Hemato-Oncología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col. Doctores, Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Eslava
- Unidad Periférica de Investigación Básica y Clínica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dr. Márquez 162, Col. Doctores, Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Salud Pública, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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Synthetic biology-inspired cell engineering in diagnosis, treatment, and drug development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:112. [PMID: 36906608 PMCID: PMC10007681 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The fast-developing synthetic biology (SB) has provided many genetic tools to reprogram and engineer cells for improved performance, novel functions, and diverse applications. Such cell engineering resources can play a critical role in the research and development of novel therapeutics. However, there are certain limitations and challenges in applying genetically engineered cells in clinical practice. This literature review updates the recent advances in biomedical applications, including diagnosis, treatment, and drug development, of SB-inspired cell engineering. It describes technologies and relevant examples in a clinical and experimental setup that may significantly impact the biomedicine field. At last, this review concludes the results with future directions to optimize the performances of synthetic gene circuits to regulate the therapeutic activities of cell-based tools in specific diseases.
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Biological control of pathogens in artisanal cheeses. Int Dairy J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2023.105612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Wu P, Wang Q, Yang Q, Feng X, Liu X, Sun H, Yan J, Kang C, Liu B, Liu Y, Yang B. A Novel Role of the Two-Component System Response Regulator UvrY in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 Pathogenicity Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032297. [PMID: 36768620 PMCID: PMC9916836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is an important human pathogen causing severe diseases, such as hemorrhagic colitis and lethal hemolytic uremic syndrome. The signal-sensing capability of EHEC O157:H7 at specific host colonization sites via different two-component systems (TCSs) is closely related to its pathogenicity during infection. However, the types of systems involved and the regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the function of the TCS BarA/UvrY regulator UvrY in the pathogenicity regulation of EHEC O157:H7. Our results showed that UvrY acts as a positive regulator of EHEC O157:H7 for cellular adherence and mouse colonization through the transcriptional activation of the locus for enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenic genes. Furthermore, this regulation is mediated by the LEE island master regulator, Ler. Our results highlight the significance of UvrY in EHEC O157:H7 pathogenicity and underline the unknown importance of BarA/UvrY in colonization establishment and intestinal adaptability during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qian Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qian Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaohui Feng
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xingmei Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hongmin Sun
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jun Yan
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chenbo Kang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Nankai International Advanced Research Institute, Nankai University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yutao Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Nankai International Advanced Research Institute, Nankai University, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (B.Y.)
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Michael M, Bagga A, Sartain SE, Smith RJH. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet 2022; 400:1722-1740. [PMID: 36272423 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is a heterogeneous group of diseases that result in a common pathology, thrombotic microangiopathy, which is classically characterised by the triad of non-immune microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. In this Seminar, different causes of HUS are discussed, the most common being Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli HUS. Identifying the underlying thrombotic microangiopathy trigger can be challenging but is imperative if patients are to receive personalised disease-specific treatment. The quintessential example is complement-mediated HUS, which once carried an extremely high mortality but is now treated with anti-complement therapies with excellent long-term outcomes. Unfortunately, the high cost of anti-complement therapies all but precludes their use in low-income countries. For many other forms of HUS, targeted therapies are yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mini Michael
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Arvind Bagga
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarah E Sartain
- Pediatrics-Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard J H Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology, Pediatrics and Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Bumunang EW, Zaheer R, Stanford K, Laing C, Niu D, Guan LL, Chui L, Tarr GAM, McAllister TA. Genomic Analysis of Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli O157 Cattle and Clinical Isolates from Alberta, Canada. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090603. [PMID: 36136541 PMCID: PMC9505746 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (stx) is the principal virulence factor of the foodborne pathogen, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 and is associated with various lambdoid bacterio (phages). A comparative genomic analysis was performed on STEC O157 isolates from cattle (n = 125) and clinical (n = 127) samples to characterize virulence genes, stx-phage insertion sites and antimicrobial resistance genes that may segregate strains circulating in the same geographic region. In silico analyses revealed that O157 isolates harboured the toxin subtypes stx1a and stx2a. Most cattle (76.0%) and clinical (76.4%) isolates carried the virulence gene combination of stx1, stx2, eae and hlyA. Characterization of stx1 and stx2-carrying phages in assembled contigs revealed that they were associated with mlrA and wrbA insertion sites, respectively. In cattle isolates, mlrA and wrbA insertion sites were occupied more often (77% and 79% isolates respectively) than in clinical isolates (38% and 1.6% isolates, respectively). Profiling of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the assembled contigs revealed that 8.8% of cattle (11/125) and 8.7% of clinical (11/127) isolates harboured ARGs. Eight antimicrobial resistance genes cassettes (ARCs) were identified in 14 isolates (cattle, n = 8 and clinical, n = 6) with streptomycin (aadA1, aadA2, ant(3’’)-Ia and aph(3’’)-Ib) being the most prevalent gene in ARCs. The profound disparity between the cattle and clinical strains in occupancy of the wrbA locus suggests that this trait may serve to differentiate cattle from human clinical STEC O157:H7. These findings are important for stx screening and stx-phage insertion site genotyping as well as monitoring ARGs in isolates from cattle and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel W. Bumunang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1M4, Canada
| | - Chad Laing
- National Centre for Animal Disease Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB T1J 0P3, Canada
| | - Dongyan Niu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P9, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- Alberta Precisions Laboratory, Alberta Public Health, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Gillian A. M. Tarr
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and a Fresh View on Shiga Toxin-Binding Glycosphingolipids of Primary Human Kidney and Colon Epithelial Cells and Their Toxin Susceptibility. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136884. [PMID: 35805890 PMCID: PMC9266556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are the human pathogenic subset of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC are responsible for severe colon infections associated with life-threatening extraintestinal complications such as the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and neurological disturbances. Endothelial cells in various human organs are renowned targets of Stx, whereas the role of epithelial cells of colon and kidneys in the infection process has been and is still a matter of debate. This review shortly addresses the clinical impact of EHEC infections, novel aspects of vesicular package of Stx in the intestine and the blood stream as well as Stx-mediated extraintestinal complications and therapeutic options. Here follows a compilation of the Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs), globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) and their various lipoforms present in primary human kidney and colon epithelial cells and their distribution in lipid raft-analog membrane preparations. The last issues are the high and extremely low susceptibility of primary renal and colonic epithelial cells, respectively, suggesting a large resilience of the intestinal epithelium against the human-pathogenic Stx1a- and Stx2a-subtypes due to the low content of the high-affinity Stx-receptor Gb3Cer in colon epithelial cells. The review closes with a brief outlook on future challenges of Stx research.
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Synergistic Effects of Bacteriophage vB_Eco4-M7 and Selected Antibiotics on the Biofilm Formed by Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060712. [PMID: 35740119 PMCID: PMC9219966 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria, the formation of biofilms is a feature that makes bacterial infections especially difficulty to treat. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are dangerous pathogens, causing severe infections in humans, and capable of biofilm production. We have reported previously the identification and characterization of the vB_Eco4-M7 bacteriophage, infecting various STEC strains. It was suggested that this phage might be potentially used in phage therapy against these bacteria. Here, we tested the effects of vB_Eco4-M7 alone or in a phage cocktail with another STEC-infecting phage, and/or in a combination with different antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and rifampicin) on biofilm formed by a model STEC strain, named E. coli O157:H7 (ST2-8624). The vB_Eco4-M7 phage appeared effective in anti-biofilm action in all these experimental conditions (2–3-fold reduction of the biofilm density, and 2–3 orders of magnitude reduction of the number of bacterial cells). However, the highest efficiency in reducing a biofilm’s density and number of bacterial cells was observed when phage infection preceded antibiotic treatment (6-fold reduction of the biofilm density, and 5–6 orders of magnitude reduction of the number of bacterial cells). Previous reports indicated that the use of antibiotics to treat STEC-caused infections might be dangerous due to the induction of Shiga toxin-converting prophages from bacterial genomes under stress conditions caused by antibacterial agents. We found that ciprofloxacin was almost as efficient in inducing prophages from the E. coli O15:H7 (ST2-8624) genome as a classical inducer, mitomycin C, while no detectable prophage induction could be observed in rifampicin-treated STEC cells. Therefore, we conclude the latter antibiotic or similarly acting compounds might be candidate(s) as effective and safe drug(s) when used in combination with phage therapy to combat STEC-mediated infections.
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Ehrenfeld M, Schrade A, Flisikowska T, Perl M, Hirsch ND, Sichler A, Geyer L, Flisikowski K, Wilhelm D, Schober SJ, Johannes L, Schnieke A, Janssen KP. Tumor targeting with bacterial Shiga toxin B-subunit in genetic porcine models for colorectal cancer and osteosarcoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:686-699. [PMID: 35086950 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The B-subunit of bacterial Shiga toxin (STxB) is non-toxic and has low immunogenicity. Its receptor, the glycosphingolipid Gb3/CD77, is overexpressed on the cell surface of human colorectal cancer (CRC). We tested whether genetic porcine models, closely resembling human anatomy and pathophysiology, can be used to exploit the tumor targeting potential of STxB. In accordance with findings on human CRC, the pig model APC1311 bound STxB in colorectal tumors, but not in normal colon or jejunum, except for putative enteroendocrine cells. In primary tumor cells from endoscopic biopsies, STxB was rapidly taken up along the retrograde intracellular route to the Golgi, whereas normal colon organoids did not bind or internalize STxB. Next, we tested a porcine model (TP53LSL-R167H) for osteosarcoma, a tumor entity with a dismal prognosis and insufficient treatment options, hitherto not known to express Gb3. Pig osteosarcoma strongly bound StxB and expressed the Gb3-synthase A4GALT. Primary osteosarcoma cells, but not normal osteoblasts, rapidly internalized fluorescently labelled STxB along the retrograde route to the Golgi. Importantly, six out of eight human osteosarcoma cell lines expressed A4GALT mRNA and showed prominent intracellular uptake of STxB. The physiological role of A4GALT was tested by Crispr/Cas9-mutagenesis in porcine LLC-PK1 kidney epithelial cells and RNA interference in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. A4GALT-deficiency or knock-down abolished STxB uptake and led to significantly reduced cell migration and proliferation, hinting towards a putative tumor-promoting role of Gb3. Thus, pig models are suitable tools for STxB-based tumor targeting, and may allow "reverse-translational" predictions on human tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Ehrenfeld
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
| | - Anna Schrade
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich
| | - Markus Perl
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg
| | - Noah-David Hirsch
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich
| | - Anna Sichler
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich
| | - Laura Geyer
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich
| | - Dirk Wilhelm
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Sebastian Johannes Schober
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Technical University of Munich
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery team, Institute Curie
| | | | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
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Optimization of Multivalent Gold Nanoparticle Vaccines Eliciting Humoral and Cellular Immunity in an In Vivo Model of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 Colonization. mSphere 2022; 7:e0093421. [PMID: 35044806 PMCID: PMC8769200 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00934-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 remains a pathogen of significance and high consequence around the world. This outcome is due in part to the high economic impact associated with massive, contaminated product recalls, prevalence of the pathogen in carrier reservoirs, disease sequelae, and mortality associated with several outbreaks worldwide. Furthermore, the contraindication of antibiotic use for the treatment of EHEC-related infections makes this pathogen a primary candidate for the development of effective prophylactic vaccines. However, no vaccines are approved for human use, and many have failed to provide a high degree of efficacy or broad protection, thereby opening an avenue for the use of new technologies to produce a safe, effective, and protective vaccine. Building on our previous studies using reverse vaccinology-predicted antigens, we refine a formulation, evaluate new immunogenic antigens, and further expand our understanding about the mechanism of EHEC vaccine-mediated protection. In the current study, we exploit the use of the nanotechnology platform based on gold nanoparticles (AuNP), which can act as a scaffold for the delivery of various antigens. Our results demonstrate that a refined vaccine formulation incorporating EHEC antigen LomW, EscC, LpfA1, or LpfA2 and delivered using AuNPs can elicit robust antigen-specific cellular and humoral responses associated with reduced EHEC colonization in vivo. Furthermore, our in vitro mechanistic studies further support that antibody-mediated protection is primarily driven by inhibition of bacterial adherence onto intestinal epithelial cells and by promotion of macrophage uptake and killing. IMPORTANCE Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 remains an important human pathogen that does not have an effective and safe vaccine available. We have made outstanding progress in the identification of novel protective antigens that have been incorporated into the gold nanoparticle platform and used as vaccines. In this study, we have refined our vaccine formulations to incorporate multiple antigens and further define the mechanism of antibody-mediated protection, including one vaccine that promotes macrophage uptake. We further define the cell-mediated responses elicited at the mucosal surface by our nanovaccine formulations, another key immune mechanism linked to protection.
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Lee K, Lee J, Lee P, Jeon BC, Song MY, Kwak S, Lee J, Kim J, Kim D, Kim JH, Tesh VL, Lee M, Park S. Inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation protects from Shiga toxin-mediated cell injury and lethality in host. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14678. [PMID: 34842355 PMCID: PMC8749473 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are the major virulence factors responsible for hemorrhagic colitis, which can lead to life-threatening systemic complications including acute renal failure (hemolytic uremic syndrome) and neuropathy. Here, we report that O-GlcNAcylation, a type of post-translational modification, was acutely increased upon induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in host cells by Stxs. Suppression of the abnormal Stx-mediated increase in O-GlcNAcylation effectively inhibited apoptotic and inflammatory responses in Stx-susceptible cells. The protective effect of O-GlcNAc inhibition for Stx-mediated pathogenic responses was also verified using three-dimensional (3D)-cultured spheroids or organoids mimicking the human kidney. Treatment with an O-GlcNAcylation inhibitor remarkably improved the major disease symptoms and survival rate for mice intraperitoneally injected with a lethal dose of Stx. In conclusion, this study elucidates O-GlcNAcylation-dependent pathogenic mechanisms of Stxs and demonstrates that inhibition of aberrant O-GlcNAcylation is a potential approach to treat Stx-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung‐Soo Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)DaejeonKorea
- Department of Biomolecular ScienceKRIBB School of BioscienceKorea University of Science and Technology (UST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)DaejeonKorea
| | - Pureum Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)DaejeonKorea
- Department of Biomolecular ScienceKRIBB School of BioscienceKorea University of Science and Technology (UST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Bong Chan Jeon
- Department of Biomolecular ScienceKRIBB School of BioscienceKorea University of Science and Technology (UST)DaejeonKorea
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)DaejeonKorea
| | - Min Yeong Song
- Environmental Diseases Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)DaejeonKorea
- Department of Biomolecular ScienceKRIBB School of BioscienceKorea University of Science and Technology (UST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Sojung Kwak
- Environmental Diseases Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)DaejeonKorea
| | - Jungwoon Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)DaejeonKorea
- Department of Biomolecular ScienceKRIBB School of BioscienceKorea University of Science and Technology (UST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Jun‐Seob Kim
- Department of Nano‐BioengineeringIncheon National UniversityIncheonKorea
| | - Doo‐Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)DaejeonKorea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Infectious Disease Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)DaejeonKorea
| | - Vernon L Tesh
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and ImmunologyCollege of MedicineTexas A&M UniversityBryanTXUSA
| | - Moo‐Seung Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)DaejeonKorea
- Department of Biomolecular ScienceKRIBB School of BioscienceKorea University of Science and Technology (UST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Sung‐Kyun Park
- Infectious Disease Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)DaejeonKorea
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Kavousi S, Shandiz SAS, Asghari Moghaddam N. Evaluation of FOXCUT, CCAT2, and HULC LncRNA Expression Levels and Apoptosis Induction by Sodium Butyrate in PC-3 and LNCAP Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2022; 10:189-196. [PMID: 35178357 PMCID: PMC8800457 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.10.3.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sodium butyrate (NaBu) is a short-chain fatty acid acting as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and has been shown to be a potential regulator of cancer cell death. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of NaBu on cell cycle control, apoptosis, and expression of some lncRNAs in two human prostate cancer cells (PC-3 and LNCAP). Cell viability was assessed and the appropriate dose was determined using the MTT assay. Real-time PCR technique was also used to evaluate the expression levels of HULC, FOXCUT, and CCAT2 lncRNAs. Apoptosis was diagnosed using annexin V staining, and cell cycle distribution was then assessed using flow cytometry with propidium iodide DNA staining. NaBu induced apoptosis in both prostate cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. The expressions of CCAT2 and HULC lncRNAs genes have significantly decreased in the presence of NaBu (P <0.05) in both PC3 and LNCAP cell lines, in comparison with the control. However, no significant difference was observed in the expression of FOXCUT lncRNAs. Moreover, the results of flow cytometry showed an increase in cell cycle arrest of LNCAP cell line at the sub-G1 stage as compared to the control cells, but no significant difference was observed between the control cells and NaBu-exposed PC-3 cells. In addition, the percentages of early and late apoptotic cells following treatment with NaBu were 80% and 49.63% in LNCAP and PC-3 cells, respectively. Our results suggest that NaBu has a positive effect on the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell cycle in PC-3 and LNCAP prostate cancer cells.
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Oloomi M, Moazzezy N, Bouzari S. Protein kinase signaling by Shiga Toxin subunits. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SIGNALS & SENSORS 2022; 12:57-63. [PMID: 35265466 PMCID: PMC8804587 DOI: 10.4103/jmss.jmss_79_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Escherichia coli produces Shiga toxin (Stx), a pentamer composed of one A subunit and four B subunits. The B subunit of Stx (StxB) mediated the attachment of the holotoxin to the cell surface while the A subunit (StxA) has N-glycosidase activity, resulting in protein synthesis and cell death inhibition. Stx-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis have been observed in various cell lines, although the signaling effectors are not precisely defined. Activated by protein kinases (PK), the signaling pathway in human tumors plays an oncogenic role. Tumor proliferation, survival, and metastasis are promoted by kinase receptors. In this regard, PK regulatory effects on the cellular constituents of the tumor microenvironment can affect immunosuppressive purposes. Methods: In this study, kinase inhibitors were used to evaluate the influence of Stx and its subunits on HeLa and Vero cells. Selective inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), CaM kinase (calmodulin kinase), protein kinase A (PKA), and protein kinase G (PKG) were used to compare the signaling activity of each subunit. Results: The ribotoxic activity in the target cells will lead to rapid protein synthesis inhibition and cell death in the mammalian host. The expression of Bcl2 family members was also assessed. Protein kinase signaling by Stx and its A and B subunits was induced by PKA, PKG, and PKC in HeLa cells. CaM kinase induction was significant in Vero cells. StxB significantly induced the pro-apoptotic Bax signaling factor in HeLa cells. Conclusion: The assessment of different signaling pathways utilized by Stx and its subunits could help in a better understanding of various cell death responses. The use of inhibitors can block cell damage and disease progression and create therapeutic compounds for targeted cancer therapy. Inhibition of these pathways is the primary clinical goal.
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Du Y, Wang X, Han Z, Hua Y, Yan K, Zhang B, Zhao W, Wan C. Polyphosphate Kinase 1 Is a Pathogenesis Determinant in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:762171. [PMID: 34777317 PMCID: PMC8578739 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.762171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ppk1 gene encodes polyphosphate kinase (PPK1), which is the major catalytic enzyme that Escherichia coli utilizes to synthesize inorganic polyphosphate (polyP). The aim of this study was to explore the role of PPK1 in the pathogenesis of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 (EHEC O157:H7). An isogenic in-frame ppk1 deletion mutant (Δppk1) and ppk1 complemented mutant (Cppk1) were constructed and characterized in comparison to wild-type (WT) EHEC O157:H7 strain EDL933w by microscope observation and growth curve analysis. Survival rates under heat stress and acid tolerance, both of which the bacteria would face during pathogenesis, were compared among the three strains. LoVo cells and a murine model of intestinal colitis were used as the in vitro and in vivo models, respectively, to evaluate the effect of PPK1 on adhesion and invasion during the process of pathogenesis. Real-time reverse-transcription PCR of regulatory gene rpoS, adhesion gene eae, and toxin genes stx1 and stx2 was carried out to corroborate the results from the in vitro and in vivo models. The ppk1 deletion mutant exhibited disrupted polyP levels, but not morphology and growth characteristics. The survival rate of the Δppk1 strain under stringent environmental conditions was lower as compared with WT and Cppk1. The in vitro assays showed that deletion of the ppk1 gene reduced the adhesion, formation of attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions, and invasive ability of EHEC O157:H7. Moreover, the virulence of the Δppk1 in BALB/c mice was weaker as compared with the other two strains. Additionally, mRNA expression of rpoS, eae, stx1 and stx2 were consistent with the in vitro and in vivo results. In conclusion: EHEC O157:H7 requires PPK1 for both survival under harsh environmental conditions and virulence in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Du
- School of Medical Technology and Nursing, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongli Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Hua
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaina Yan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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Detzner J, Püttmann C, Pohlentz G, Humpf HU, Mellmann A, Karch H, Müthing J. Primary Human Colon Epithelial Cells (pHCoEpiCs) Do Express the Shiga Toxin (Stx) Receptor Glycosphingolipids Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer and Are Largely Refractory but Not Resistant towards Stx. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810002. [PMID: 34576167 PMCID: PMC8472147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) is released by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) into the human intestinal lumen and transferred across the colon epithelium to the circulation. Stx-mediated damage of human kidney and brain endothelial cells and renal epithelial cells is a renowned feature, while the sensitivity of the human colon epithelium towards Stx and the decoration with the Stx receptor glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer, Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer, GalNAcβ1-3Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer) is a matter of debate. Structural analysis of the globo-series GSLs of serum-free cultivated primary human colon epithelial cells (pHCoEpiCs) revealed Gb4Cer as the major neutral GSL with Cer (d18:1, C16:0), Cer (d18:1, C22:1/C22:0) and Cer (d18:1, C24:2/C24:1) accompanied by minor Gb3Cer with Cer (d18:1, C16:0) and Cer (d18:1, C24:1) as the dominant lipoforms. Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer co-distributed with cholesterol and sphingomyelin to detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) used as microdomain analogs. Exposure to increasing Stx concentrations indicated only a slight cell-damaging effect at the highest toxin concentration of 1 µg/mL for Stx1a and Stx2a, whereas a significant effect was detected for Stx2e. Considerable Stx refractiveness of pHCoEpiCs that correlated with the rather low cellular content of the high-affinity Stx-receptor Gb3Cer renders the human colon epithelium questionable as a major target of Stx1a and Stx2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Detzner
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Charlotte Püttmann
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)251-8355192
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A Validation System for Selection of Bacteriophages against Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Contamination. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090644. [PMID: 34564648 PMCID: PMC8470416 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause severe infections in humans, leading to serious diseases and dangerous complications, such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Although cattle are a major reservoir of STEC, the most commonly occurring source of human infections are food products (e.g., vegetables) contaminated with cow feces (often due to the use of natural fertilizers in agriculture). Since the use of antibiotics against STEC is controversial, other methods for protection of food against contaminations by these bacteria are required. Here, we propose a validation system for selection of bacteriophages against STEC contamination. As a model system, we have employed a STEC-specific bacteriophage vB_Eco4M-7 and the E. coli O157:H7 strain no. 86-24, bearing Shiga toxin-converting prophage ST2-8624 (Δstx2::cat gfp). When these bacteria were administered on the surface of sliced cucumber (as a model vegetable), significant decrease in number viable E. coli cells was observed after 6 h of incubation. No toxicity of vB_Eco4M-7 against mammalian cells (using the Balb/3T3 cell line as a model) was detected. A rapid decrease of optical density of STEC culture was demonstrated following addition of a vB_Eco4M-7 lysate. However, longer incubation of susceptible bacteria with this bacteriophage resulted in the appearance of phage-resistant cells which predominated in the culture after 24 h incubation. Interestingly, efficiency of selection of bacteria resistant to vB_Eco4M-7 was higher at higher multiplicity of infection (MOI); the highest efficiency was evident at MOI 10, while the lowest occurred at MOI 0.001. A similar phenomenon of selection of the phage-resistant bacteria was also observed in the experiment with the STEC-contaminated cucumber after 24 h incubation with phage lysate. On the other hand, bacteriophage vB_Eco4M-7 could efficiently develop in host bacterial cells, giving plaques at similar efficiency of plating at 37, 25 and 12 °C, indicating that it can destroy STEC cells at the range of temperatures commonly used for vegetable short-term storage. These results indicate that bacteriophage vB_Eco4M-7 may be considered for its use in food protection against STEC contamination; however, caution should be taken due to the phenomenon of the appearance of phage-resistant bacteria.
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Detzner J, Klein AL, Pohlentz G, Krojnewski E, Humpf HU, Mellmann A, Karch H, Müthing J. Primary Human Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells (pHRPTEpiCs): Shiga Toxin (Stx) Glycosphingolipid Receptors, Stx Susceptibility, and Interaction with Membrane Microdomains. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080529. [PMID: 34437399 PMCID: PMC8402424 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular epithelial cells of the human kidney are considered as targets of Shiga toxins (Stxs) in the Stx-mediated pathogenesis of hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by Stx-releasing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Analysis of Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs) of primary human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (pHRPTEpiCs) yielded globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) with Cer (d18:1, C16:0), Cer (d18:1, C22:0), and Cer (d18:1, C24:1/C24:0) as the dominant lipoforms. Investigation of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) and nonDRMs, serving as equivalents for the liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered membrane phase, respectively, revealed the prevalence of Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer together with cholesterol and sphingomyelin in DRMs, suggesting lipid raft association. Stx1a and Stx2a exerted strong cellular damage with half-maximal cytotoxic doses (CD50) of 1.31 × 102 pg/mL and 1.66 × 103 pg/mL, respectively, indicating one order of magnitude higher cellular cytotoxicity of Stx1a. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) real-time interaction analysis using biosensor surfaces coated with DRM or nonDRM fractions gave stronger binding capability of Stx1a versus Stx2a that correlated with the lower cytotoxicity of Stx2a. Our study underlines the substantial role of proximal tubular epithelial cells of the human kidney being associated with the development of Stx-mediated HUS at least for Stx1a, while the impact of Stx2a remains somewhat ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Detzner
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (A.-L.K.); (G.P.); (E.K.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Anna-Lena Klein
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (A.-L.K.); (G.P.); (E.K.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (A.-L.K.); (G.P.); (E.K.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Elisabeth Krojnewski
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (A.-L.K.); (G.P.); (E.K.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (A.-L.K.); (G.P.); (E.K.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (A.-L.K.); (G.P.); (E.K.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (A.-L.K.); (G.P.); (E.K.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Lee KS, Jeong YJ, Lee MS. Escherichia coli Shiga Toxins and Gut Microbiota Interactions. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060416. [PMID: 34208170 PMCID: PMC8230793 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 are enterohemorrhagic bacteria that induce hemorrhagic colitis. This, in turn, may result in potentially lethal complications, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which is characterized by thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure, and neurological abnormalities. Both species of bacteria produce Shiga toxins (Stxs), a phage-encoded exotoxin inhibiting protein synthesis in host cells that are primarily responsible for bacterial virulence. Although most studies have focused on the pathogenic roles of Stxs as harmful substances capable of inducing cell death and as proinflammatory factors that sensitize the host target organs to damage, less is known about the interface between the commensalism of bacterial communities and the pathogenicity of the toxins. The gut contains more species of bacteria than any other organ, providing pathogenic bacteria that colonize the gut with a greater number of opportunities to encounter other bacterial species. Notably, the presence in the intestines of pathogenic EHEC producing Stxs associated with severe illness may have compounding effects on the diversity of the indigenous bacteria and bacterial communities in the gut. The present review focuses on studies describing the roles of Stxs in the complex interactions between pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, the resident microbiome, and host tissues. The determination of these interactions may provide insights into the unresolved issues regarding these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Soo Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 127 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jeong
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.J.); (M.-S.L.)
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 127 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.J.); (M.-S.L.)
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22
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Węgrzyn G, Muniesa M. Editorial: Shiga Toxin-Converting Bacteriophages. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:680816. [PMID: 34017320 PMCID: PMC8129015 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.680816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maite Muniesa
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Liu Y, Tian S, Thaker H, Dong M. Shiga Toxins: An Update on Host Factors and Biomedical Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:222. [PMID: 33803852 PMCID: PMC8003205 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are classic bacterial toxins and major virulence factors of toxigenic Shigella dysenteriae and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). These toxins recognize a glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3/CD77) as their receptor and inhibit protein synthesis in cells by cleaving 28S ribosomal RNA. They are the major cause of life-threatening complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), associated with severe cases of EHEC infection, which is the leading cause of acute kidney injury in children. The threat of Stxs is exacerbated by the lack of toxin inhibitors and effective treatment for HUS. Here, we briefly summarize the Stx structure, subtypes, in vitro and in vivo models, Gb3 expression and HUS, and then introduce recent studies using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome-wide screens to identify the host cell factors required for Stx action. We also summarize the latest progress in utilizing and engineering Stx components for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Songhai Tian
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hatim Thaker
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Bording-Jorgensen M, Tyrrell H, Lloyd C, Chui L. Comparison of Common Enrichment Broths Used in Diagnostic Laboratories for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030503. [PMID: 33673617 PMCID: PMC7997271 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) affects more than 4 million individuals in Canada. Diagnostic laboratories are shifting towards culture-independent diagnostic testing; however, recovery of STEC remains an important aspect of surveillance programs. The objective of this study was to compare common broth media used for the enrichment of STEC. Clinical isolates including O157:H7 as well as non-O157 serotypes were cultured in tryptic soy (TSB), MacConkey (Mac), and Gram-negative (GN) broths and growth was compared using culture on sheep’s blood agar and real-time PCR (qPCR). In addition, a selection of the same isolates was spiked into negative stool and enriched in the same three broths, which were then evaluated using culture on CHROMagarTM STEC agar and qPCR. TSB was found to provide the optimal enrichment for growth of isolates with and without stool. The results from this study suggest that diagnostic laboratories may benefit from enriching STEC samples in TSB as a first line enrichment instead of GN or Mac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bording-Jorgensen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.B.-J.); (H.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Hannah Tyrrell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.B.-J.); (H.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Colin Lloyd
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.B.-J.); (H.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Linda Chui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.B.-J.); (H.T.); (C.L.)
- Alberta Precision Laboratories-Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(780)407-8951
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25
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Varrone E, Carnicelli D, Brigotti M. Extracellular Vesicles and Renal Endothelial Cells: A Fatal Attraction in Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:795-804. [PMID: 33652019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on typical hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a life-threatening sequela of human infections caused, particularly in children, by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains. Thrombotic microangiopathy of the brain and the kidney is the end point of toxin action, resulting in the hallmarks of HUS (ie, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and acute renal failure). A growing body of evidence points to the role of extracellular vesicles released in the blood of patients by toxin-challenged circulating cells (monocytes, neutrophils, and erythrocytes) and platelets, as a key factor in the pathogenesis of HUS. This review provides i) an updated description of the pathogenesis of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli infections; ii) an analysis of blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles, and of their parent cells, as triggering factors in HUS; and iii) a model explaining why Shiga toxin-containing vesicles dock preferentially to the endothelia of target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Varrone
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Carnicelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Brigotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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26
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Detzner J, Krojnewski E, Pohlentz G, Steil D, Humpf HU, Mellmann A, Karch H, Müthing J. Shiga Toxin (Stx)-Binding Glycosphingolipids of Primary Human Renal Cortical Epithelial Cells (pHRCEpiCs) and Stx-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020139. [PMID: 33673393 PMCID: PMC7918848 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human kidney epithelial cells are supposed to be directly involved in the pathogenesis of the hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). The characterization of the major and minor Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer), respectively, of primary human renal cortical epithelial cells (pHRCEpiCs) revealed GSLs with Cer (d18:1, C16:0), Cer (d18:1, C22:0), and Cer (d18:1, C24:1/C24:0) as the dominant lipoforms. Using detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) and non-DRMs, Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer prevailed in the DRM fractions, suggesting their association with microdomains in the liquid-ordered membrane phase. A preference of Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer endowed with C24:0 fatty acid accompanied by minor monounsaturated C24:1-harboring counterparts was observed in DRMs, whereas the C24:1 fatty acid increased in relation to the saturated equivalents in non-DRMs. A shift of the dominant phospholipid phosphatidylcholine with saturated fatty acids in the DRM to unsaturated species in the non-DRM fractions correlated with the GSL distribution. Cytotoxicity assays gave a moderate susceptibility of pHRCEpiCs to the Stx1a and Stx2a subtypes when compared to highly sensitive Vero-B4 cells. The results indicate that presence of Stx-binding GSLs per se and preferred occurrence in microdomains do not necessarily lead to a high cellular susceptibility towards Stx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Detzner
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Elisabeth Krojnewski
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Daniel Steil
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence:
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27
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Warr AR, Kuehl CJ, Waldor MK. Shiga toxin remodels the intestinal epithelial transcriptional response to Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009290. [PMID: 33529199 PMCID: PMC7880444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a food-borne pathogen that causes diarrheal disease and the potentially lethal hemolytic uremic syndrome. We used an infant rabbit model of EHEC infection that recapitulates many aspects of human intestinal disease to comprehensively assess colonic transcriptional responses to this pathogen. Cellular compartment-specific RNA-sequencing of intestinal tissue from animals infected with EHEC strains containing or lacking Shiga toxins (Stx) revealed that EHEC infection elicits a robust response that is dramatically shaped by Stx, particularly in epithelial cells. Many of the differences in the transcriptional responses elicited by these strains were in genes involved in immune signaling pathways, such as IL23A, and coagulation, including F3, the gene encoding Tissue Factor. RNA FISH confirmed that these elevated transcripts were found almost exclusively in epithelial cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that Stx potently remodels the host innate immune response to EHEC. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a potentially lethal foodborne pathogen. During infection, EHEC releases a potent toxin, Shiga toxin (Stx), into the intestine, but there is limited knowledge of how this toxin shapes the host response to infection. We used an infant rabbit model of infection that closely mimics human disease to profile intestinal transcriptomic responses to EHEC infection. Comparisons of the transcriptional responses to infection by strains containing or lacking Stx revealed that this toxin markedly remodels how the epithelial cell compartment responds to infection. Our findings suggest that Stx shapes the intestinal innate immune response to EHEC and provide insight into the complex host-pathogen dialogue that underlies disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson R. Warr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carole J. Kuehl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew K. Waldor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Rocchetti L, Munari B, Varrone E, Porcellini E, Orth-Höller D, Würzner R, Carnicelli D, Brigotti M. Method for the Detection of the Cleaved Form of Shiga Toxin 2a Added to Normal Human Serum. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020094. [PMID: 33530614 PMCID: PMC7911550 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Escherichia coli-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome (eHUS) caused by infections with pathogenic Shiga toxin (Stx) producing E. coli (STEC) is centered on bacterial (e.g., Stx) and host factors (circulating cells, complement system, serum proteins) whose interaction is crucial for the immediate outcome and for the development of this life-threatening sequela. Stx2a, associated to circulating cells (early toxemia) or extracellular vesicles (late toxemia) in blood, is considered the main pathogenic factor in the development of eHUS. Recently, it was found that the functional properties of Stx2a (binding to circulating cells and complement components) change according to modifications of the structure of the toxin, i.e., after a single cleavage of the A subunit resulting in two fragments, A1 and A2, linked by a disulfide bridge. Herein, we describe a method to be used for the detection of the cleaved form of Stx2a in the serum of STEC-infected or eHUS patients. The method is based on the detection of the boosted inhibitory activity of the cleaved toxin, upon treatment with reducing agents, on a rabbit cell-free translation system reconstituted with human ribosomes. The method overcomes the technical problem caused by the presence of inhibitors of translation in human serum that have been stalled by the addition of RNAase blockers and by treatment with immobilized protein G. This method, allowing the detection of Stx2a at concentrations similar to those found by ELISA in the blood of STEC-infected patients, could be a useful tool to study the contribution of the cleaved form of Stx2a in the pathogenesis of eHUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Rocchetti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.R.); (B.M.); (E.V.); (E.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Beatrice Munari
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.R.); (B.M.); (E.V.); (E.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Elisa Varrone
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.R.); (B.M.); (E.V.); (E.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Elisa Porcellini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.R.); (B.M.); (E.V.); (E.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Dorothea Orth-Höller
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.O.-H.); (R.W.)
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.O.-H.); (R.W.)
| | - Domenica Carnicelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.R.); (B.M.); (E.V.); (E.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Maurizio Brigotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.R.); (B.M.); (E.V.); (E.P.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-209-4716
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29
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Barth SA, Bauerfeind R, Berens C, Menge C. Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli in Animals: Detection, Characterization, and Virulence Assessment. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2291:19-86. [PMID: 33704748 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1339-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cattle and other ruminants are primary reservoirs for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains which have a highly variable, but unpredictable, pathogenic potential for humans. Domestic swine can carry and shed STEC, but only STEC strains producing the Shiga toxin (Stx) 2e variant and causing edema disease in piglets are considered pathogens of veterinary medical interest. In this chapter, we present general diagnostic workflows for sampling livestock animals to assess STEC prevalence, magnitude, and duration of host colonization. This is followed by detailed method protocols for STEC detection and typing at genetic and phenotypic levels to assess the relative virulence exerted by the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Bauerfeind
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany.
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30
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Shinde DB, Singhvi S, Koratkar SS, Saroj SD. Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 and other verotoxin-producing E. coli in healthy Indian cattle. Vet World 2020; 13:2269-2274. [PMID: 33281366 PMCID: PMC7704306 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2269-2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Cattle are the main reservoir of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC); therefore, there is an increased risk of infection to humans by either direct or indirect mode of transmissions. However, the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in the healthy cattle population of India is yet to be ascertained. This study aimed to screen the dairy cattle in and around Pune, Maharashtra, India, for verotoxin-producing E. coli O157:H7. Materials and Methods: A total of 257 rectal swabs were collected from 15 different organized and unorganized dairy farms of Pune during the period, January-March 2015. The screening involved enrichment in EC broth followed by differential identification on MacConkey sorbitol agar. The presumptive positive isolates were further confirmed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific to rfbE (O157), fliC (H7), VT1 (MK1), and VT2 (MK2). Vero-toxicity and antibiotic sensitivity were examined in PCR confirmed isolates. Results: Out of the 257 samples analyzed, 1.9% (2/105) were positive for O157:H7 and 39% (41/105) were positive for VTEC. Two PCR confirmed positive O157:H7 strains and two randomly selected PCR-positive VT strains exhibited in vitro cytopathic effect on Vero cells on day-7 post-inoculation. Antibiotic sensitivity profiling of O157:H7 strains exhibited resistance against penicillin G, kanamycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamycin, cefotaxime, streptomycin, and piperacillin. Conclusion: These findings reveal the presence of pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 in the healthy cattle of Pune; in a situation, wherein regular surveillance for O157:H7 is not a norm. Therefore, the findings presented herein warrant routine surveillance and public awareness to prevent the transfer of such pathogens and manage health risks to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasharath B Shinde
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Surbhi Singhvi
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santosh S Koratkar
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil D Saroj
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
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31
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Stanford K. Introduction to the Special Issue "Molecular Basis and the Pathogenesis of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Infections". Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120763. [PMID: 33287118 PMCID: PMC7761636 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much of the world has progressed since the 1980s, our ability to treat infections with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) has unfortunately shown little improvement [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Stanford
- Research and Innovation Services, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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32
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Menge C. The Role of Escherichia coli Shiga Toxins in STEC Colonization of Cattle. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090607. [PMID: 32967277 PMCID: PMC7551371 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cattle are persistently colonized with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and represent a major source of human infections with human-pathogenic STEC strains (syn. enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)). Intervention strategies most effectively protecting humans best aim at the limitation of bovine STEC shedding. Mechanisms enabling STEC to persist in cattle are only partialy understood. Cattle were long believed to resist the detrimental effects of Shiga toxins (Stxs), potent cytotoxins acting as principal virulence factors in the pathogenesis of human EHEC-associated diseases. However, work by different groups, summarized in this review, has provided substantial evidence that different types of target cells for Stxs exist in cattle. Peripheral and intestinal lymphocytes express the Stx receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3syn. CD77) in vitro and in vivo in an activation-dependent fashion with Stx-binding isoforms expressed predominantly at early stages of the activation process. Subpopulations of colonic epithelial cells and macrophage-like cells, residing in the bovine mucosa in proximity to STEC colonies, are also targeted by Stxs. STEC-inoculated calves are depressed in mounting appropriate cellular immune responses which can be overcome by vaccination of the animals against Stxs early in life before encountering STEC. Considering Stx target cells and the resulting effects of Stxs in cattle, which significantly differ from effects implicated in human disease, may open promising opportunities to improve existing yet insufficient measures to limit STEC carriage and shedding by the principal reservoir host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Cazzola H, Lemaire L, Acket S, Prost E, Duma L, Erhardt M, Čechová P, Trouillas P, Mohareb F, Rossi C, Rossez Y. The Impact of Plasma Membrane Lipid Composition on Flagellum-Mediated Adhesion of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. mSphere 2020; 5:e00702-20. [PMID: 32938696 PMCID: PMC7494831 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00702-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is a major cause of foodborne gastrointestinal illness. The adhesion of EHEC to host tissues is the first step enabling bacterial colonization. Adhesins such as fimbriae and flagella mediate this process. Here, we studied the interaction of the bacterial flagellum with the host cell's plasma membrane using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) as a biologically relevant model. Cultured cell lines contain many different molecular components, including proteins and glycoproteins. In contrast, with GUVs, we can characterize the bacterial mode of interaction solely with a defined lipid part of the cell membrane. Bacterial adhesion on GUVs was dependent on the presence of the flagellar filament and its motility. By testing different phospholipid head groups, the nature of the fatty acid chains, or the liposome curvature, we found that lipid packing is a key parameter to enable bacterial adhesion. Using HT-29 cells grown in the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acid (α-linolenic acid) or saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid), we found that α-linolenic acid reduced adhesion of wild-type EHEC but not of a nonflagellated mutant. Finally, our results reveal that the presence of flagella is advantageous for the bacteria to bind to lipid rafts. We speculate that polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent flagellar adhesion on membrane bilayers and play a clear role for optimal host colonization. Flagellum-mediated adhesion to plasma membranes has broad implications for host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE Bacterial adhesion is a crucial step to allow bacteria to colonize their hosts, invade tissues, and form biofilm. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a human pathogen and the causative agent of diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis. Here, we use biomimetic membrane models and cell lines to decipher the impact of lipid content of the plasma membrane on enterohemorrhagic E. coli flagellum-mediated adhesion. Our findings provide evidence that polyunsaturated fatty acid (α-linolenic acid) inhibits E. coli flagellar adhesion to the plasma membrane in a mechanism separate from its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory functions. In addition, we confirm that cholesterol-enriched lipid microdomains, often called lipid rafts, are important in bacterial adhesion. These findings demonstrate that plasma membrane adhesion via bacterial flagella play a significant role for an important human pathogen. This mechanism represents a promising target for the development of novel antiadhesion therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Cazzola
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UPJV, UMR CNRS 7025, Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, Compiègne, France
| | - Laurine Lemaire
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UPJV, UMR CNRS 7025, Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, Compiègne, France
| | - Sébastien Acket
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UPJV, UMR CNRS 7025, Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, Compiègne, France
| | - Elise Prost
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UPJV, UMR CNRS 7025, Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, Compiègne, France
| | - Luminita Duma
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UPJV, UMR CNRS 7025, Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, Compiègne, France
| | - Marc Erhardt
- Institute for Biology-Bacterial Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Čechová
- RCPTM, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Trouillas
- RCPTM, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- INSERM U1248-IPPRITT, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Fady Mohareb
- The Bioinformatics Group, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Rossi
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UPJV, UMR CNRS 7025, Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, Compiègne, France
| | - Yannick Rossez
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UPJV, UMR CNRS 7025, Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, Compiègne, France
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