1
|
Kappari L, Dasireddy JR, Applegate TJ, Selvaraj RK, Shanmugasundaram R. MicroRNAs: exploring their role in farm animal disease and mycotoxin challenges. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1372961. [PMID: 38803799 PMCID: PMC11129562 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1372961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve as key regulators in gene expression and play a crucial role in immune responses, holding a significant promise for diagnosing and managing diseases in farm animals. This review article summarizes current research on the role of miRNAs in various farm animal diseases and mycotoxicosis, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and using them for mitigation strategies. Through an extensive literature review, we focused on the impact of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of several farm animal diseases, including viral and bacterial infections and mycotoxicosis. They regulate gene expression by inducing mRNA deadenylation, decay, or translational inhibition, significantly impacting cellular processes and protein synthesis. The research revealed specific miRNAs associated with the diseases; for instance, gga-miR-M4 is crucial in Marek's disease, and gga-miR-375 tumor-suppressing function in Avian Leukosis. In swine disease such as Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) and swine influenza, miRNAs like miR-155 and miR-21-3p emerged as key regulatory factors. Additionally, our review highlighted the interaction between miRNAs and mycotoxins, suggesting miRNAs can be used as a biomarker for mycotoxin exposure. For example, alterations in miRNA expression, such as the dysregulation observed in response to Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in chickens, may indicate potential mechanisms for toxin-induced changes in lipid metabolism leading to liver damage. Our findings highlight miRNAs potential for early disease detection and intervention in farm animal disease management, potentially reducing significant economic losses in agriculture. With only a fraction of miRNAs functionally characterized in farm animals, this review underlines more focused research on specific miRNAs altered in distinct diseases, using advanced technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 screening, single-cell sequencing, and integrated multi-omics approaches. Identifying specific miRNA targets offers a novel pathway for early disease detection and the development of mitigation strategies against mycotoxin exposure in farm animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laharika Kappari
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Todd J. Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sousa Terada-Nascimento J, Vieira Dantas-Filho J, Temponi-Santos BL, Perez-Pedroti V, de Lima Pinheiro MM, García-Nuñez RY, Mansur Muniz I, Bezerra de Mira Á, Guedes EAC, de Vargas Schons S. Monitoring of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Fish Farm Water and Fumonisins in Feeds for Farmed Colossoma macropomum. TOXICS 2023; 11:762. [PMID: 37755772 PMCID: PMC10536658 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi in fish farm water and mycotoxins in feeds for farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). A total of 40 samples of freshwater from fish farms and 16 samples of feed were collected and analyzed for microbiology. A total of five species of free-living fungi were identified in fish farms: Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium citrinum, P. implicatum, Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata. These fungi species were counted in water samples at 35.14 CFU mL-1 and 24.69 CFU mL-1 in the dry seasons. In all fish farms, there was a higher abundance of fungi species in the rainy season. During visits to the fish farmers, it was possible to verify poor feed storage conditions. Concerning mutations in blood cells, in tambaqui (C. macropomum), a total of 159 anomalies were found, and in Leptodactylus petersii, 299 anomalies were found, with higher incidences in conditions above 1.0 CFU mL-1 in log10(x+1) fungi and in the rainy season. The occurrence of mycotoxicological contamination was confirmed in 81.25% of the analyzed samples. The quantified mycotoxin was Fumonisins B1 + B2 (375 to 1418 μg kg-1). Pearson's correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between Fumonisins and feed samples (r = 0.83). There was also a significant positive correlation between the abundance of fungi in water and the quantification of Fumonisins (r = 0.79). Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that free-living fungi can be used as bioindicators of water quality in fish farms. Consequently, the lack of good management practices caused microbiological contamination of the aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Sousa Terada-Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Rolim de Moura 76.940-000, Brazil; (J.S.T.-N.); (S.d.V.S.)
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Patologia Animal no Bioma Amazônico, Centro de Diagnóstico Animal, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Rolim de Moura 76.940-000, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Vieira Dantas-Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Rolim de Moura 76.940-000, Brazil; (J.S.T.-N.); (S.d.V.S.)
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Patologia Animal no Bioma Amazônico, Centro de Diagnóstico Animal, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Rolim de Moura 76.940-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lucieny Temponi-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Rolim de Moura 76.940-000, Brazil; (J.S.T.-N.); (S.d.V.S.)
| | - Vinícius Perez-Pedroti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Rolim de Moura 76.940-000, Brazil; (J.S.T.-N.); (S.d.V.S.)
| | - Maria Mirtes de Lima Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Rolim de Moura 76.940-000, Brazil; (J.S.T.-N.); (S.d.V.S.)
| | - Ricardo Ysaac García-Nuñez
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária—Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Amazónica de Madre de Dios, UNAMAD, Puerto Maldonado 17.0001-000, Peru
| | - Igor Mansur Muniz
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Patologia Animal no Bioma Amazônico, Centro de Diagnóstico Animal, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Rolim de Moura 76.940-000, Brazil
| | - Átila Bezerra de Mira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Rolim de Moura 76.940-000, Brazil; (J.S.T.-N.); (S.d.V.S.)
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Patologia Animal no Bioma Amazônico, Centro de Diagnóstico Animal, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Rolim de Moura 76.940-000, Brazil
| | - Elica Amara Cecilia Guedes
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, UFAL, Maceió 57.480-000, Brazil
| | - Sandro de Vargas Schons
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Rolim de Moura 76.940-000, Brazil; (J.S.T.-N.); (S.d.V.S.)
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Patologia Animal no Bioma Amazônico, Centro de Diagnóstico Animal, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Rolim de Moura 76.940-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Effects of Intestinal Microorganisms on Metabolism and Toxicity Mitigation of Zearalenone in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151962. [PMID: 35953951 PMCID: PMC9367588 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Zearalenone (ZEN) widely contaminates all the feed crops, and ZEN may cause harmful damage to animals and humans. Different animals have different sensitivity to ZEN. Among these animals, chickens show a strong resistance. Intestinal microorganisms are essential in digestion and degradation. Therefore, we hypothesise whether intestinal microorganisms in chickens play an important role in digesting and degrading ZEN. In this study, we found that intestinal microorganisms could degrade ZEN to a certain degree by both vivo and vitro experiments. We concluded that the intestinal microbiota of broilers had metabolic effects on ZEN and alleviated antioxidant and liver damage caused by ZEN to broilers. Moreover, we found some key bacteria that are important in degrading ZEN. Abstract Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogenic mycotoxin, and chickens are relatively insensitive to it. In this study, the effects of intestinal microorganisms on ZEN metabolism and toxicity mitigation in broilers were studied by two experiments. Firstly, in vitro, ZEN was incubated anaerobically with chyme from each part of the chicken intestine to study its intestinal microbial metabolism. Then, in vivo, we explored the effects of intestinal microbiota on ZEN by inhibiting intestinal microorganisms. Broilers were fed a control diet, 2.5 mg/kg ZEN diet, microbial inhibition diet or ‘microbial inhibition +2.5 mg/kg ZEN’ diet. In vitro, the results showed that the rates of ZEN degradation by microorganisms in the duodenum, ileum, caecum, and colon were 56%, 12%, 15%, and 17%, respectively, and the microorganisms could convert ZEN into Zearalenol (ZOL). After microbial inhibition in vivo, the content of ZEN and its metabolites in excreta of broilers increased significantly, and antioxidant damage and liver damage were aggravated. 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that antioxidant indices and the content of ZEN and its metabolites in excreta were significantly correlated with the relative abundance of Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Enterococcus, etc. In conclusion, the intestinal microorganisms of broilers play an important role in ZEN metabolism and ZEN-induced antioxidant and liver injury mitigation, among which the key bacteria include Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Enterococcus, etc.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ochieng PE, Scippo ML, Kemboi DC, Croubels S, Okoth S, Kang’ethe EK, Doupovec B, Gathumbi JK, Lindahl JF, Antonissen G. Mycotoxins in Poultry Feed and Feed Ingredients from Sub-Saharan Africa and Their Impact on the Production of Broiler and Layer Chickens: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:633. [PMID: 34564637 PMCID: PMC8473361 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is faced with feed insecurity, associated with high cost of feeds, and feed safety, associated with locally produced feeds often contaminated with mycotoxins. Mycotoxins, including aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FBs), trichothecenes, and zearalenone (ZEN), are common contaminants of poultry feeds and feed ingredients from SSA. These mycotoxins cause deleterious effects on the health and productivity of chickens and can also be present in poultry food products, thereby posing a health hazard to human consumers of these products. This review summarizes studies of major mycotoxins in poultry feeds, feed ingredients, and poultry food products from SSA as well as aflatoxicosis outbreaks. Additionally reviewed are the worldwide regulation of mycotoxins in poultry feeds, the impact of major mycotoxins in the production of chickens, and the postharvest use of mycotoxin detoxifiers. In most studies, AFs are most commonly quantified, and levels above the European Union regulatory limits of 20 μg/kg are reported. Trichothecenes, FBs, ZEN, and OTA are also reported but are less frequently analyzed. Co-occurrences of mycotoxins, especially AFs and FBs, are reported in some studies. The effects of AFs on chickens' health and productivity, carryover to their products, as well as use of mycotoxin binders are reported in few studies conducted in SSA. More research should therefore be conducted in SSA to evaluate occurrences, toxicological effects, and mitigation strategies to prevent the toxic effects of mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillis E. Ochieng
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (P.E.O.); (M.-L.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (D.C.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (P.E.O.); (M.-L.S.)
| | - David C. Kemboi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (D.C.K.); (S.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
- Department of Animal Science, Chuka University, P.O. Box 109-00625, Chuka 00625, Kenya
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (D.C.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Sheila Okoth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | | | | | - James K. Gathumbi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 582, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (D.C.K.); (S.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peillod C, Laborde M, Travel A, Mika A, Bailly JD, Cleva D, Boissieu C, Le Guennec J, Albaric O, Labrut S, Froment P, Tardieu D, Guerre P. Toxic Effects of Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Alone and in Combination in Ducks Fed the Maximum EUTolerated Level. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020152. [PMID: 33669302 PMCID: PMC7920068 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic effects among fumonisins B (FB), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) administered alone and combined were investigated in 84-day-old ducks during force-feeding. 75 male ducks, divided into five groups of 15 animals, received daily during the meal a capsule containing the desired among of toxin. Treated animals received dietary levels of toxins equivalent to 20 mg FB1+FB2/kg (FB), 5 mg DON/kg (DON), 0.5 mg ZEN/kg (ZEN) and 20, 5 and 0.5 mg/kg of FB, DON and ZEN (FBDONZEN), respectively. Control birds received capsules with no toxin. After 12 days, a decrease in body weight gain accompanied by an increase in the feed conversion ratio was observed in ducks exposed to FBDONZEN, whereas there was no effect on performances in ducks exposed to FB, DON and ZEN separately. No difference among groups was observed in relative organ weight, biochemistry, histopathology and several variables used to measure oxidative damage and testicular function. A sphinganine to sphingosine ratio of 0.32, 1.19 and 1.04, was measured in liver in controls and in ducks exposed to FB and FBDONZEN, respectively. Concentrations of FB1 in liver were 13.34 and 15.4 ng/g in ducks exposed to FB and FBDONZEN, respectively. Together ZEN and its metabolites were measured after enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated forms. Mean concentrations of α-zearalenol in liver were 0.82 and 0.54 ng/g in ducks exposed to ZEN and FBDONZEN, respectively. β-zearalenol was 2.3-fold less abundant than α-zearalenol, whereas ZEN was only found in trace amounts. In conclusion, this study suggests that decreased performance may occur in ducks exposed to a combination of FB, DON and ZEN, but does not reveal any other interaction between mycotoxins in any of the other variables measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Peillod
- ITAVI, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (C.P.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Marie Laborde
- ITAVI, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (C.P.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Angélique Travel
- ITAVI, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (C.P.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Amandine Mika
- ITAVI, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (C.P.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Jean Denis Bailly
- Equipe Biosynthèse et toxicité des mycotoxines, ENVT, UMR Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, F-31076 Toulouse, France;
| | - Didier Cleva
- Chêne Vert Conseil, Z Bellevue II, 35220 Chateaubourg, France; (D.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Cyril Boissieu
- Chêne Vert Conseil, Z Bellevue II, 35220 Chateaubourg, France; (D.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Jean Le Guennec
- Finalab, 4 bis rue Th. Botrel, BP 351, 22603 Loudéac CEDEX, France;
| | - Olivier Albaric
- ONIRIS, Site de la Chantrerie, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 3, France; (O.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Sophie Labrut
- ONIRIS, Site de la Chantrerie, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 3, France; (O.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Pascal Froment
- Equipe GCR INRA–Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements-UMR INRA-CNRS (UMR 6175)-Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France;
| | | | - Philippe Guerre
- ENVT, Université de Toulouse, F-31076 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-056-119-3840
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tardieu D, Travel A, Le Bourhis C, Metayer JP, Mika A, Cleva D, Boissieu C, Guerre P. Fumonisins and zearalenone fed at low levels can persist several days in the liver of turkeys and broiler chickens after exposure to the contaminated diet was stopped. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 148:111968. [PMID: 33422601 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.111968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies using zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisins (FB) revealed alpha-zearalanol (α-ZOL) and FB1 in the liver of turkeys and chickens with no sign of toxicity. The aim of the present study was to determine whether contamination persists after distribution of a mycotoxin-free diet for several days. Turkeys and broilers were fed for 14 days with a diet containing respectively, 7.5 and 0.6 mg/kg of FB and ZEN, then fed for 0, 2 or 4 days with a mycotoxin-free diet. FB1 and total α-ZOL were the most abundant metabolites found, and their concentration decreased with time. The decrease was linear for FB1 (P < 0.001) and exponential for α-ZOL. Mean concentrations of FB1 on days 0, 2, and 4 were respectively, 4.9, 4, and 2.9 ng/g in turkeys, and respectively, 5, 2.3, and 1.3 ng/g in chickens. The decrease in concentration of FB1 with time was modeled by linear regression (P < 0.001). Mean concentrations of α-ZOL on days 0, 2 and 4, were respectively, 4.8, 0.8, and 0.5 ng/g in turkeys, whereas α-ZOL was only quantified in chickens on day 0 at 0.3 ng/g. A strong correlation was found between α-ZOL and β-zearalenol (P < 0.001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Tardieu
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - A Travel
- ITAVI, L'Orfrasière, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - C Le Bourhis
- INRAE, Unité 1295 PEAT Centre Recherche Val de Loire, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - J-P Metayer
- ARVALIS-Institut du Végétal, Station expérimentale, 91720, Boigneville, France
| | - A Mika
- ITAVI, L'Orfrasière, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - D Cleva
- Chêne Vert Conseil, Z Bellevue II, Chateaubourg, France
| | - C Boissieu
- Chêne Vert Conseil, Z Bellevue II, Chateaubourg, France
| | - P Guerre
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, F-31076, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guerre P. Mycotoxin and Gut Microbiota Interactions. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E769. [PMID: 33291716 PMCID: PMC7761905 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota were discovered early in animals and explained part of the differences in susceptibility to mycotoxins among species. Isolation of microbes present in the gut responsible for biotransformation of mycotoxins into less toxic metabolites and for binding mycotoxins led to the development of probiotics, enzymes, and cell extracts that are used to prevent mycotoxin toxicity in animals. More recently, bioactivation of mycotoxins into toxic compounds, notably through the hydrolysis of masked mycotoxins, revealed that the health benefits of the effect of the gut microbiota on mycotoxins can vary strongly depending on the mycotoxin and the microbe concerned. Interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota can also be observed through the effect of mycotoxins on the gut microbiota. Changes of gut microbiota secondary to mycotoxin exposure may be the consequence of the antimicrobial properties of mycotoxins or the toxic effect of mycotoxins on epithelial and immune cells in the gut, and liberation of antimicrobial peptides by these cells. Whatever the mechanism involved, exposure to mycotoxins leads to changes in the gut microbiota composition at the phylum, genus, and species level. These changes can lead to disruption of the gut barrier function and bacterial translocation. Changes in the gut microbiota composition can also modulate the toxicity of toxic compounds, such as bacterial toxins and of mycotoxins themselves. A last consequence for health of the change in the gut microbiota secondary to exposure to mycotoxins is suspected through variations observed in the amount and composition of the volatile fatty acids and sphingolipids that are normally present in the digesta, and that can contribute to the occurrence of chronic diseases in human. The purpose of this work is to review what is known about mycotoxin and gut microbiota interactions, the mechanisms involved in these interactions, and their practical application, and to identify knowledge gaps and future research needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Guerre
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, F-31076 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|