1
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Wei D, Li J, Guo M, Xu J, Deng Q, Wang X. Rational selection of 4,4',4″-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl) trianiline-based covalent organic framework as adsorbent for effective co-extraction of aflatoxins, zearalenone and its metabolites from food and biological samples. Food Chem 2025; 463:141013. [PMID: 39243614 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, zearalenone and its metabolites, as representative hazard mycotoxins cause adverse effects on food safety and human health. Developing a sensitive and reliable extraction and detection method is of great importance for monitoring their residue and exposure levels. In contrast to traditional trial-and-error selection steps, 4,4',4″-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl) trianiline covalent-bonding with 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalaldehyde, namely TAPT-OH-COF was screened as a potential adsorbent utilizing density functional theory calculations prior to the synthesis procedure. After experimental verification, magnetic TAPT-OH-COFs were prepared, characterized and applied for the extraction of aflatoxins, zearalenone and its metabolites from food and biological samples, coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrophy detection. Under the optimal conditions, the developed method exhibited low limits of quantification (0.05-0.50 μg/kg), satisfactory recoveries (75.8 %-110.9 %) and good precision with intraday and interday relative standard deviations (RSDs) not exceeding 12.2 %. This study may provide great potential for the selection of candidate adsorbents for multi-mycotoxins extraction from complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wei
- Hangzhou Medical College, School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang 311300, China; Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianliang Li
- Hangzhou Medical College, School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Zhejiang Chemical Production Quality Inspection Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Hangzhou Medical College, School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Qiao Deng
- Hangzhou Medical College, School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- Hangzhou Medical College, School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang 311300, China; Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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2
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Lai H, Li G. Recent progress on media for biological sample preparation. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1734:465293. [PMID: 39181092 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of biological samples is highly valuable for disease diagnosis and treatment, forensic examination, and public safety. However, the serious matrix interference effect generated by biological samples severely affects the analysis of trace analytes. Sample preparation methods are introduced to address the limitation by extracting, separating, enriching, purifying trace target analytes from biological samples. With the raising demand of biological sample analysis, a review focuses on media for biological sample preparation and analysis over the last 5 years is presented. High-performance media in biological sample preparation are first reviewed, including porous organic frameworks, imprinted polymers, hydrogels, ionic liquids, and bioactive media. Then, application of media for different biological sample preparation and analysis is briefly introduced, including liquid samples of body fluids, solid samples (hair, feces, and tissues), and gas samples of exhale breath gas. Finally, conclusions and outlooks on media promoting biological sample preparation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huasheng Lai
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China; School of chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Gongke Li
- School of chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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3
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Lai Y, Koelmel JP, Walker DI, Price EJ, Papazian S, Manz KE, Castilla-Fernández D, Bowden JA, Nikiforov V, David A, Bessonneau V, Amer B, Seethapathy S, Hu X, Lin EZ, Jbebli A, McNeil BR, Barupal D, Cerasa M, Xie H, Kalia V, Nandakumar R, Singh R, Tian Z, Gao P, Zhao Y, Froment J, Rostkowski P, Dubey S, Coufalíková K, Seličová H, Hecht H, Liu S, Udhani HH, Restituito S, Tchou-Wong KM, Lu K, Martin JW, Warth B, Godri Pollitt KJ, Klánová J, Fiehn O, Metz TO, Pennell KD, Jones DP, Miller GW. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Human Exposomics: Expanding Chemical Space Coverage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12784-12822. [PMID: 38984754 PMCID: PMC11271014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
In the modern "omics" era, measurement of the human exposome is a critical missing link between genetic drivers and disease outcomes. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), routinely used in proteomics and metabolomics, has emerged as a leading technology to broadly profile chemical exposure agents and related biomolecules for accurate mass measurement, high sensitivity, rapid data acquisition, and increased resolution of chemical space. Non-targeted approaches are increasingly accessible, supporting a shift from conventional hypothesis-driven, quantitation-centric targeted analyses toward data-driven, hypothesis-generating chemical exposome-wide profiling. However, HRMS-based exposomics encounters unique challenges. New analytical and computational infrastructures are needed to expand the analysis coverage through streamlined, scalable, and harmonized workflows and data pipelines that permit longitudinal chemical exposome tracking, retrospective validation, and multi-omics integration for meaningful health-oriented inferences. In this article, we survey the literature on state-of-the-art HRMS-based technologies, review current analytical workflows and informatic pipelines, and provide an up-to-date reference on exposomic approaches for chemists, toxicologists, epidemiologists, care providers, and stakeholders in health sciences and medicine. We propose efforts to benchmark fit-for-purpose platforms for expanding coverage of chemical space, including gas/liquid chromatography-HRMS (GC-HRMS and LC-HRMS), and discuss opportunities, challenges, and strategies to advance the burgeoning field of the exposome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Lai
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Jeremy P. Koelmel
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School
of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Elliott J. Price
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Papazian
- Department
of Environmental Science, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- National
Facility for Exposomics, Metabolomics Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Katherine E. Manz
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Delia Castilla-Fernández
- Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - John A. Bowden
- Center for
Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences,
College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | | | - Arthur David
- Univ Rennes,
Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement
et travail) − UMR_S, 1085 Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Bessonneau
- Univ Rennes,
Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement
et travail) − UMR_S, 1085 Rennes, France
| | - Bashar Amer
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | | | - Xin Hu
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Elizabeth Z. Lin
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School
of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Akrem Jbebli
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Brooklynn R. McNeil
- Biomarkers
Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Dinesh Barupal
- Department
of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Marina Cerasa
- Institute
of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Italian National Research Council, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Hongyu Xie
- Department
of Environmental Science, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vrinda Kalia
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Renu Nandakumar
- Biomarkers
Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Randolph Singh
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peng Gao
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, and Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- UPMC Hillman
Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, United States
| | - Yujia Zhao
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Saurabh Dubey
- Biomarkers
Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Kateřina Coufalíková
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Seličová
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helge Hecht
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School
of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hanisha H. Udhani
- Biomarkers
Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Sophie Restituito
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Kam-Meng Tchou-Wong
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Kun Lu
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Martin
- Department
of Environmental Science, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- National
Facility for Exposomics, Metabolomics Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Krystal J. Godri Pollitt
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School
of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast
Metabolomics Center, University of California−Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Kurt D. Pennell
- School
of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Department
of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Gary W. Miller
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
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4
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Muñoz-Solano B, Lizarraga Pérez E, González-Peñas E. Monitoring Mycotoxin Exposure in Food-Producing Animals (Cattle, Pig, Poultry, and Sheep). Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:218. [PMID: 38787070 PMCID: PMC11125880 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16050218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Food-producing animals are exposed to mycotoxins through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact with contaminated materials. This exposure can lead to serious consequences for animal health, affects the cost and quality of livestock production, and can even impact human health through foods of animal origin. Therefore, controlling mycotoxin exposure in animals is of utmost importance. A systematic literature search was conducted in this study to retrieve the results of monitoring exposure to mycotoxins in food-producing animals over the last five years (2019-2023), considering both external exposure (analysis of feed) and internal exposure (analysis of biomarkers in biological matrices). The most commonly used analytical technique for both approaches is LC-MS/MS due to its capability for multidetection. Several mycotoxins, especially those that are regulated (ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins, fumonisins, T-2, and HT-2), along with some emerging mycotoxins (sterigmatocystin, nivalenol, beauvericin, enniantins among others), were studied in 13,818 feed samples worldwide and were typically detected at low levels, although they occasionally exceeded regulatory levels. The occurrence of multiple exposure is widespread. Regarding animal biomonitoring, the primary objective of the studies retrieved was to study mycotoxin metabolism after toxin administration. Some compounds have been suggested as biomarkers of exposure in the plasma, urine, and feces of animal species such as pigs and poultry. However, further research is required, including many other mycotoxins and animal species, such as cattle and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena González-Peñas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (B.M.-S.); (E.L.P.)
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5
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Chen J, Ren B, Wang Z, Wang Q, Bi J, Sun X. Multiple Isothermal Amplification Coupled with CRISPR-Cas14a for the Naked-eye and Colorimetric Detection of Aflatoxin B1. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:55423-55432. [PMID: 38014527 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is highly toxic and challenging to remove, posing significant risks to both human health and economic development. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop rapid, simple, and sensitive detection technologies. In this study, we introduce a naked-eye and colorimetric method based on multiple isothermal amplifications coupled with CRISPR-Cas14a and investigate its biosensing properties. This technique utilizes composite nanoprobes (MAPs) comprising magnetic nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles. AFB1 is efficiently identified through an aptamer competition process facilitated by magnetic nanoparticles , which triggers multiple isothermal amplification. This converts trace amounts of the toxin into a large quantity of DNA signal. Upon specific activation of the CRISPR-Cas14a complex, the MAPs are cleaved, resulting in significant changes in both color and colorimetric signal. The method demonstrates acceptable sensitivity, with a detection limit of 31.90 pg mL-1 and a wide detection range from 0.05 to 10 ng mL-1. Furthermore, the assay exhibits satisfactory specificity and high accuracy when it is applied to practical samples. Our approach offers a universal sensing platform with potential applications in food safety, environmental monitoring, and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Chen
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Beizhuo Ren
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Jing Bi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
- Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Wuhan 430061, China
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6
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Ochieng PE, Croubels S, Kemboi D, Okoth S, De Baere S, Cavalier E, Kang'ethe E, Faas J, Doupovec B, Gathumbi J, Douny C, Scippo ML, Lindahl JF, Antonissen G. Effects of Aflatoxins and Fumonisins, Alone or in Combination, on Performance, Health, and Safety of Food Products of Broiler Chickens, and Mitigation Efficacy of Bentonite and Fumonisin Esterase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13462-13473. [PMID: 37655855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The current study evaluated the effects of feeding diets contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisins (FBs), or both on the performance and health of broiler chickens and the safety of their food products as well as the efficacy of bentonite and fumonisin esterase to mitigate the effects of these mycotoxins under conditions representative for sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Four hundred one-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 20 treatments with either a control diet, a diet with moderate AFB1 (60 μg/kg feed) or high AFB1 (220 μg/kg feed), or FBs (17,430 μg FB1+FB2/kg feed), alone or in combination, a diet containing AFB1 (either 60 or 220 μg/kg) and/or FBs (17,430 μg FB1+FB2/kg) and bentonite or fumonisin esterase or both, or a diet with bentonite or fumonisin esterase only. The experimental diets were given to the birds from day 1 to day 35 of age, and the effects of the different treatments on production performance were assessed by feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Possible health effects were evaluated through blood biochemistry, organ weights, mortality, liver gross pathological changes, and vaccine response. Residues of aflatoxins (AFB1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2) were determined in plasma, muscle, and liver tissues using validated UHPLC-MS/MS methods. The results obtained indicated that broiler chickens fed high AFB1 alone had poor FCR when compared to a diet with both high AFB1 and FBs (p = 0.0063). Serum total protein and albumin from birds fed FBs only or in combination with moderate or high AFB1 or detoxifiers increased when compared to the control (p < 0.05). Liver gross pathological changes were more pronounced in birds fed contaminated diets when compared to birds fed the control or diets supplemented with mycotoxin detoxifiers. The relative weight of the heart was significantly higher in birds fed high AFB1 and FBs when compared to the control or high AFB1 only diets (p < 0.05), indicating interactions between the mycotoxins. Inclusion of bentonite in AFB1-contaminated diets offered a protective effect on the change in weights of the liver, heart and spleen (p < 0.05). Residues of AFB1 were detected above the limit of quantification (max: 0.12 ± 0.03 μg/kg) in liver samples only, from birds fed a diet with high AFB1 only or with FBs or the detoxifiers. Supplementing bentonite into these AFB1-contaminated diets reduced the levels of the liver AFB1 residues by up to 50%. Bentonite or fumonisin esterase, alone, did not affect the performance and health of broiler chickens. Thus, at the doses tested, both detoxifiers were safe and efficient for use as valid means of counteracting the negative effects of AFB1 and FBs as well as transfer of AFB1 to food products (liver) of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillis Emelda Ochieng
- Department of Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - David Kemboi
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
- Department of Animal Science, Chuka University, P.O. Box 109, 00625 Chuka, Kenya
| | - Sheila Okoth
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, University Hospital of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - James Gathumbi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology, and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Caroline Douny
- Department of Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Department of Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Johanna F Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
- Chair Poultry Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
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7
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Muñoz-Solano B, González-Peñas E. Biomonitoring of 19 Mycotoxins in Plasma from Food-Producing Animals (Cattle, Poultry, Pigs, and Sheep). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040295. [PMID: 37104233 PMCID: PMC10144229 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are of great concern in relation to food safety. When animals are exposed to them, health problems, economic losses in farms and related industries, and the carryover of these compounds to animal-derived foods can occur. Therefore, control of animal exposure is of great importance. This control may be carried out by analyzing raw material and/or feed or through the analysis of biomarkers of exposure in biological matrixes. This second approach has been chosen in the present study. Firstly, a methodology capable of analyzing mycotoxins and some derivatives (AFB1, OTA, ZEA, DON, 3- and 15-ADON, DOM-1, T-2, HT-2, AFM1, STER, NEO, DAS, FUS-X, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTB, and NIV) by LC-MS/MS in human plasma, has been revalidated to be applied in animal plasma. Secondly, this methodology was used in 80 plasma samples obtained from animals dedicated to food production: cattle, pigs, poultry, and sheep (20 samples of each), with and without being treated with a mixture of β-glucuronidase-arylsulfatase to determine possible glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Without enzymatic treatment, no mycotoxin was detected in any of the samples. Only one sample from poultry presented levels of DON and 3- and 15-ADON. With enzymatic treatment, only DON (1 sample) and STER were detected. The prevalence of STER was 100% of the samples, without significant differences among the four species; however, the prevalence and levels of this mycotoxin in the previously analyzed feed were low. This could be explained by the contamination of the farm environment. Animal biomonitoring can be a useful tool to assess animal exposure to mycotoxins. However, for these studies to be carried out and to be useful, knowledge must be increased on appropriate biomarkers for each mycotoxin in different animal species. In addition, adequate and validated analytical methods are needed, as well as knowledge of the relationships between the levels found in biological matrices and mycotoxin intake and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Muñoz-Solano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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8
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Leite M, Freitas A, Barbosa J, Ramos F. Mycotoxins in Raw Bovine Milk: UHPLC-QTrap-MS/MS Method as a Biosafety Control Tool. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030173. [PMID: 36977064 PMCID: PMC10054876 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are compounds produced by several fungi that contaminate agricultural fields and, either directly or by carry-over, final food products. Animal exposure to these compounds through contaminated feed can lead to their excretion into milk, posing threats to public health. Currently, aflatoxin M1 is the sole mycotoxin with a maximum level set in milk by the European Union, as well as the most studied. Nonetheless, animal feed is known to be contaminated by several groups of mycotoxins with relevance from the food safety point of view that can be carried over into milk. To evaluate the multi-mycotoxin occurrence in this highly consumed food product it is crucial to develop precise and robust analytical methodologies towards their determination. In this sense, an analytical method for the simultaneous identification of 23 regulated, non-regulated, and emerging mycotoxins in raw bovine milk using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was validated. A modified QuEChERS protocol for extraction purposes was used, and further validation was performed by assessing the selectivity and specificity, limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ), linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery. The performance criteria were compliant with mycotoxin-specific and general European regulations for regulated, non-regulated, and emerging mycotoxins. The LOD and LOQ ranged between 0.001 and 9.88 ng mL−1 and 0.005 and 13.54 ng mL−1, respectively. Recovery values were between 67.5 and 119.8%. The repeatability and reproducibility parameters were below 15 and 25%, respectively. The validated methodology was successfully applied to determine regulated, non-regulated, and emerging mycotoxins in raw bulk milk from Portuguese dairy farms, proving the importance of widening the monitoring scope of mycotoxins in dairy products. Additionality, this method presents itself as a new strategic and integrated biosafety control tool for dairy farms for the analysis of these natural and relevant human risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Leite
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), R. D. Manuel II, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Freitas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), R. D. Manuel II, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Barbosa
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), R. D. Manuel II, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), R. D. Manuel II, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Kemboi D, Antonissen G, Ochieng P, Croubels S, De Baere S, Scippo ML, Okoth S, Kangethe E, Faas J, Doupovec B, Lindahl J, Gathumbi J. Efficacy of Bentonite and Fumonisin Esterase in Mitigating the Effects of Aflatoxins and Fumonisins in Two Kenyan Cattle Breeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2143-2151. [PMID: 36649058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the efficacy of bentonite and fumonisin esterase, separately or combined, in mitigating the effects of aflatoxins (AF) and fumonisins (FUM) in Boran and Friesian-Boran crossbreed cattle. These effects were studied by measuring mycotoxins, their metabolites, and biomarkers that relate to animal health, productivity, and food safety. The study was divided into three experiments each lasting for 2 weeks. Cows in experiment 1 received in random order aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) [788 μg/cow/day (69.7 μg/kg dry matter intake (DMI)) for Borans and 2,310 μg/cow/day (154 μg/kg DMI) for crossbreeds], bentonite (60 g/cow/day), or both AFB1 and bentonite. Boran cows in experiment 2 received in random order FUM (12.4 mg/cow/day (1.1 mg/kg DMI)), fumonisin esterase (120 U/cow/day), or both FUM and fumonisin esterase. Boran cows in experiment 3 received in random order AFB1 (952 μg/cow/day (84.2 μg/kg DMI)) + FUM (30.4 mg/cow/day (2.7 mg/kg DMI)), bentonite (60 g/cow/day) + fumonisin esterase (120 U/cow/day), or both AFB1 + FUM and bentonite + fumonisin esterase. Feeding AFB1 and/or FUM contaminated feed with or without the addition of the detoxifiers for 14 days did not affect DMI, milk composition, hematology, and blood biochemical parameters. The addition of bentonite in a diet contaminated with AFB1 led to a decrease in milk aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) concentration of 30% and 43%, with the carry-over subsequently decreasing from 0.35% to 0.20% and 0.08% to 0.06% for crosses and Borans, respectively. No significant change was observed in the sphinganine/sphingosine (Sa/So) ratio following feeding with FUM alone or in combination with fumonisin esterase; however, the ability of fumonisin esterase to hydrolyze FUM into less toxic fully hydrolyzed FUM and partially hydrolyzed FUM was evident in the rumen fluid and feces. These results indicate bentonite was effective in decreasing AFM1 concentration in milk, and AFB1 and AFM1 in plasma, while fumonisin esterase can convert FUM into less toxic metabolites and can be a suitable addition to feed cocontaminated with AFB1 and FUM.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kemboi
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology, and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 29053, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Department of Animal Science, Chuka University, P.O Box 109-00625, Chuka 00625, Kenya
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
- Chair Poultry Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Phillis Ochieng
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Sheila Okoth
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197 Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Johannes Faas
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | | | - Johanna Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - James Gathumbi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology, and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 29053, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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