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Huang L, Xu J, Zhang H, Wang M, Zhang Y, Lin Q. Application and investigation of thrombopoiesis-stimulating agents in the treatment of thrombocytopenia. Ther Adv Hematol 2023; 14:20406207231152746. [PMID: 36865986 PMCID: PMC9972067 DOI: 10.1177/20406207231152746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets, derived from a certain subpopulation of megakaryocytes, are closely related to hemostasis, coagulation, metastasis, inflammation, and cancer progression. Thrombopoiesis is a dynamic process regulated by various signaling pathways in which thrombopoietin (THPO)-MPL is dominant. Thrombopoiesis-stimulating agents could promote platelet production, showing therapeutic effects in different kinds of thrombocytopenia. Some thrombopoiesis-stimulating agents are currently used in clinical practices to treat thrombocytopenia. The others are not in clinical investigations to deal with thrombocytopenia but have potential in thrombopoiesis. Their potential values in thrombocytopenia treatment should be highly regarded. Novel drug screening models and drug repurposing research have found many new agents and yielded promising outcomes in preclinical or clinical studies. This review will briefly introduce thrombopoiesis-stimulating agents currently or potentially valuable in thrombocytopenia treatment and summarize the possible mechanisms and therapeutic effects, which may enrich the pharmacological armamentarium for the medical treatment of thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejun Huang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative
Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology,
Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianxuan Xu
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative
Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology,
Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huaying Zhang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative
Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology,
Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mengfan Wang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative
Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology,
Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative
Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology,
Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Medicinal Chemistry of Anti-HIV-1 Latency Chemotherapeutics: Biotargets, Binding Modes and Structure-Activity Relationship Investigation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010003. [PMID: 36615199 PMCID: PMC9822059 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The existence of latent viral reservoirs (LVRs), also called latent cells, has long been an acknowledged stubborn hurdle for effective treatment of HIV-1/AIDS. This stable and heterogeneous reservoir, which mainly exists in resting memory CD4+ T cells, is not only resistant to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) but cannot be detected by the immune system, leading to rapid drug resistance and viral rebound once antiviral treatment is interrupted. Accordingly, various functional cure strategies have been proposed to combat this barrier, among which one of the widely accepted and utilized protocols is the so-called 'shock-and-kill' regimen. The protocol begins with latency-reversing agents (LRAs), either alone or in combination, to reactivate the latent HIV-1 proviruses, then eliminates them by viral cytopathic mechanisms (e.g., currently available antiviral drugs) or by the immune killing function of the immune system (e.g., NK and CD8+ T cells). In this review, we focuse on the currently explored small molecular LRAs, with emphasis on their mechanism-directed drug targets, binding modes and structure-relationship activity (SAR) profiles, aiming to provide safer and more effective remedies for treating HIV-1 infection.
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Alves ALV, da Silva LS, Faleiros CA, Silva VAO, Reis RM. The Role of Ingenane Diterpenes in Cancer Therapy: From Bioactive Secondary Compounds to Small Molecules. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221105691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diterpenes are a class of critical taxonomic markers of the Euphorbiaceae family, representing small compounds (eg, molecules) with a wide range of biological activities and multi-target therapeutic potential. Diterpenes can exert different activities, including antitumor and multi-drug resistance-reversing activities, and antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects, mainly due to their great structural diversity. In particular, one polycyclic skeleton has been highlighted: ingenane. Besides this natural diterpene, promising polycyclic skeletons may be submitted to chemical modification—by in silico approaches, chemical reactions, or biotransformation—putatively providing more active analogs (eg, ingenol derivatives), which are currently under pre-clinical investigation. This review outlines the current mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic implications of ingenol diterpenes as small cancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura V. Alves
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Luciane S. da Silva
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Camila A. Faleiros
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Viviane A. O. Silva
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Rui M. Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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4
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Analyzing the Systems Biology Effects of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines to Assess Their Safety and Putative Side Effects. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070743. [PMID: 35889989 PMCID: PMC9320269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have been instrumental tools in reducing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infections around the world by preventing 80% to 90% of hospitalizations and deaths from reinfection, in addition to preventing 40% to 65% of symptomatic illnesses. However, the simultaneous large-scale vaccination of the global population will indubitably unveil heterogeneity in immune responses as well as in the propensity to developing post-vaccine adverse events, especially in vulnerable individuals. Herein, we applied a systems biology workflow, integrating vaccine transcriptional signatures with chemogenomics, to study the pharmacological effects of mRNA vaccines. First, we derived transcriptional signatures and predicted their biological effects using pathway enrichment and network approaches. Second, we queried the Connectivity Map (CMap) to prioritize adverse events hypotheses. Finally, we accepted higher-confidence hypotheses that have been predicted by independent approaches. Our results reveal that the mRNA-based BNT162b2 vaccine affects immune response pathways related to interferon and cytokine signaling, which should lead to vaccine success, but may also result in some adverse events. Our results emphasize the effects of BNT162b2 on calcium homeostasis, which could be contributing to some frequently encountered adverse events related to mRNA vaccines. Notably, cardiac side effects were signaled in the CMap query results. In summary, our approach has identified mechanisms underlying both the expected protective effects of vaccination as well as possible post-vaccine adverse effects. Our study illustrates the power of systems biology approaches in improving our understanding of the comprehensive biological response to vaccination against COVID-19.
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5
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Chaib M, Sipe LM, Yarbro JR, Bohm MS, Counts BR, Tanveer U, Pingili AK, Daria D, Marion TN, Carson JA, Thomas PG, Makowski L. PKC agonism restricts innate immune suppression, promotes antigen cross-presentation and synergizes with agonistic CD40 antibody therapy to activate CD8 + T cells in breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 531:98-108. [PMID: 35074498 PMCID: PMC9867936 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are an immature innate cell population that expands in pathological conditions such as cancer and suppresses T cells via production of immunosuppressive factors. Conversely, efficient cytotoxic T cell priming is dependent on the ability of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to cross-present tumor antigens to CD8+ T cells, a process that requires a specific subtype of dendritic cells (DCs) called conventional DC1 (cDC1) which are often dysfunctional in cancer. One way to activate cDC1 is ligation of CD40 which is abundantly expressed by myeloid cells and its agonism leads to myeloid cell activation. Thus, targeting MDSCs while simultaneously expanding cross-presenting DCs represents a promising strategy that, when combined with agonistic CD40, may result in long-lasting protective immunity. In this study, we investigated the effect of PKC agonists PEP005 and prostratin on MDSC expansion, differentiation, and recruitment to the tumor microenvironment. Our findings demonstrate that PKC agonists decreased MDSC expansion from hematopoietic progenitors and induced M-MDSC differentiation to an APC-like phenotype that expresses cDC1-related markers via activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Simultaneously, PKC agonists favored cDC1 expansion at the expense of cDC2 and plasmacytoid DCs (pDC). Functionally, PKC agonists blunted MDSC suppressive activity and enhanced MDSC cross-priming capacity both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, combination of PKC agonism with agonistic CD40 mAb resulted in a marked reduction in tumor growth with a significant increase in intratumoral activated CD8+ T cells and tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells in a syngeneic breast cancer mouse model. In sum, this work proposes a novel promising strategy to simultaneously target MDSCs and promote APC function that may have highly impactful clinical relevance in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Chaib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Laura M. Sipe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Johnathan R. Yarbro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Margaret S. Bohm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Brittany R. Counts
- Division of Regenerative and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, UTHSC Memphis, USA
| | - Ubaid Tanveer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Ajeeth K. Pingili
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Deidre Daria
- Office of Vice Chancellor for Research, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Tony N. Marion
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA,Office of Vice Chancellor for Research, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - James A. Carson
- Division of Regenerative and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, UTHSC Memphis, USA,UTHSC Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA,UTHSC Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Liza Makowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA,UTHSC Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA,Corresponding author. Cancer Research Building Room 322, UTHSC Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 South Manassas, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA. (L. Makowski)
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6
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A Comparison of Network-Based Methods for Drug Repurposing along with an Application to Human Complex Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073703. [PMID: 35409062 PMCID: PMC8999012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing strategy, proposing a therapeutic switching of already approved drugs with known medical indications to new therapeutic purposes, has been considered as an efficient approach to unveil novel drug candidates with new pharmacological activities, significantly reducing the cost and shortening the time of de novo drug discovery. Meaningful computational approaches for drug repurposing exploit the principles of the emerging field of Network Medicine, according to which human diseases can be interpreted as local perturbations of the human interactome network, where the molecular determinants of each disease (disease genes) are not randomly scattered, but co-localized in highly interconnected subnetworks (disease modules), whose perturbation is linked to the pathophenotype manifestation. By interpreting drug effects as local perturbations of the interactome, for a drug to be on-target effective against a specific disease or to cause off-target adverse effects, its targets should be in the nearby of disease-associated genes. Here, we used the network-based proximity measure to compute the distance between the drug module and the disease module in the human interactome by exploiting five different metrics (minimum, maximum, mean, median, mode), with the aim to compare different frameworks for highlighting putative repurposable drugs to treat complex human diseases, including malignant breast and prostate neoplasms, schizophrenia, and liver cirrhosis. Whilst the standard metric (that is the minimum) for the network-based proximity remained a valid tool for efficiently screening off-label drugs, we observed that the other implemented metrics specifically predicted further interesting drug candidates worthy of investigation for yielding a potentially significant clinical benefit.
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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8
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Cilleros-Mañé V, Just-Borràs L, Polishchuk A, Durán M, Tomàs M, Garcia N, Tomàs JM, Lanuza MA. M 1 and M 2 mAChRs activate PDK1 and regulate PKC βI and ε and the exocytotic apparatus at the NMJ. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21724. [PMID: 34133802 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002213r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) regulate cholinergic exocytosis through the M1 and M2 muscarinic acetylcholine autoreceptors (mAChR), involving the crosstalk between receptors and downstream pathways. Protein kinase C (PKC) regulates neurotransmission but how it associates with the mAChRs remains unknown. Here, we investigate whether mAChRs recruit the classical PKCβI and the novel PKCε isoforms and modulate their priming by PDK1, translocation and activity on neurosecretion targets. We show that each M1 and M2 mAChR activates the master kinase PDK1 and promotes a particular priming of the presynaptic PKCβI and ε isoforms. M1 recruits both primed-PKCs to the membrane and promotes Munc18-1, SNAP-25, and MARCKS phosphorylation. In contrast, M2 downregulates PKCε through a PKA-dependent pathway, which inhibits Munc18-1 synthesis and PKC phosphorylation. In summary, our results discover a co-dependent balance between muscarinic autoreceptors which orchestrates the presynaptic PKC and their action on ACh release SNARE-SM mechanism. Altogether, this molecular signaling explains previous functional studies at the NMJ and guide toward potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cilleros-Mañé
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - L Just-Borràs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - A Polishchuk
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - M Durán
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - M Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - N Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - J M Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - M A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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9
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Erin N, Tavşan E, Akdeniz Ö, Isca VMS, Rijo P. Rebound increases in chemokines by CXCR2 antagonist in breast cancer can be prevented by PKCδ and PKCε activators. Cytokine 2021; 142:155498. [PMID: 33773907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of CXCR2 by chemokines such as CXCL1 and CXCL2 increases aggressiveness of breast cancer, inducing chemoresistance, hence CXCR2 antagonists are in clinical trials. We previously reported that inhibition of CXCR2 increases MIP-2 (CXCL2), which may inhibit anti-tumoral effects of CXCR2 antagonists. This seems to be due to inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) by CXCR2 antagonist since specific inhibitor of PKC also enhances MIP-2 secretion. We here examined whether CXCR2 inhibitor also increases KC (CXCL1) secretion, ligand for CXCR2 involved in metastasis and PKC activators can prevent increases in chemokine secretion. We used SB 225002, which is a specific CXCR2 antagonist. The effects of PKC activators that have documented anti-tumoral effects and activates multiple isozymes of PKC such as Ingenol-3-angelate (I3A) and bryostatin-1 were examined here. In addition, FR236924, PKCε selective and 7α-acetoxy-6β-benzoyloxy-12-O-benzoylroyleanone (Roy-Bz), PKCδ selective activators were also tested. The effects of activators were determined using brain metastatic (4TBM) and heart metastatic (4THM) subset of 4T1 breast carcinoma cells because these aggressive carcinoma cells with cancer stem cell features secrete high levels of KC and MIP-2. Inhibition of CXCR-2 activity increased KC (CXCL1) secretion. PKC activators prevented SB225002-induced increases in KC and MIP-2 secretion. Different activators/modulators induce differential changes in basal and SB225002-induced chemokine secretion as well as cell proliferation and the activators that act on PKCδ and/or PKCε such as bryostatin 1, FR236924 and Roy-Bz are the most effective. These activators alone also decrease cell proliferation or chemokine secretion or both. Given the role of KC and MIP-2 in drug resistance including chemotherapeutics, activators of PKCε and PKCδ may prevent emerging of resistance to CXCR2 inhibitors as well as other chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Erin
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Antalya, Turkey; Immunopharmacology and Immunooncology Unit, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Esra Tavşan
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Antalya, Turkey; Immunopharmacology and Immunooncology Unit, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Özlem Akdeniz
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Vera M S Isca
- CBIOS-Center for Research in Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Rijo
- CBIOS-Center for Research in Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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10
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Lima NS, Takata H, Huang SH, Haregot A, Mitchell J, Blackmore S, Garland A, Sy A, Cartwright P, Routy JP, Michael NL, Appay V, Jones RB, Trautmann L. CTL Clonotypes with Higher TCR Affinity Have Better Ability to Reduce the HIV Latent Reservoir. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:699-707. [PMID: 32591402 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The success of the shock and kill strategy for the HIV cure depends both on the reactivation of the latent reservoir and on the ability of the immune system to eliminate infected cells. As latency reversal alone has not shown any impact in the size of the latent reservoir, ensuring that effector CTLs are able to recognize and kill HIV-infected cells could contribute to reservoir reduction. In this study, we investigated which functional aspects of human CTLs are associated with a better capacity to kill HIV-infected CD4+ T cells. We isolated Gag- and Nef-specific CTL clones with different TCR sequences from the PBMC of donors in acute and chronic infection. High-affinity clonotypes that showed IFN-γ production preserved even when the CD8 coreceptor was blocked, and clones with high Ag sensitivity exhibited higher efficiency at reducing the latent reservoir. Although intrinsic cytotoxic capacity did not differ according to TCR affinity, clonotypes with high TCR affinity showed a better ability to kill HIV-infected CD4+ T cells obtained from in vivo-infected PBMC and subjected to viral reactivation. Strategies aiming to specifically boost and maintain long-living memory CTLs with high TCR affinity in vivo prior to latency-reversing treatment might improve the efficacy of the shock and kill approach to reduce the latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemia S Lima
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Szu-Han Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Alexander Haregot
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Julie Mitchell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Stephen Blackmore
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Ayanna Garland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Aaron Sy
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Victor Appay
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris 75005, France; and.,International Research Center of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - R Brad Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910; .,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
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11
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Faheem MM, Seligson ND, Ahmad SM, Rasool RU, Gandhi SG, Bhagat M, Goswami A. Convergence of therapy-induced senescence (TIS) and EMT in multistep carcinogenesis: current opinions and emerging perspectives. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:51. [PMID: 32566256 PMCID: PMC7295779 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug induced resistance is a widespread problem in the clinical management of cancer. Cancer cells, when exposed to cytotoxic drugs, can reprogram their cellular machinery and resist cell death. Evasion of cell death mechanisms, such as apoptosis and necroptosis, are part of a transcriptional reprogramming that cancer cells utilize to mediate cytotoxic threats. An additional strategy adopted by cancer cells to resist cell death is to initiate the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) program. EMT is a trans-differentiation process which facilitates a motile phenotype in cancer cells which can be induced when cells are challenged by specific classes of cytotoxic drugs. Induction of EMT in malignant cells also results in drug resistance. In this setting, therapy-induced senescence (TIS), an enduring "proliferative arrest", serves as an alternate approach against cancer because cancer cells remain susceptible to induced senescence. The molecular processes of senescence have proved challenging to understand. Senescence has previously been described solely as a tumor-suppressive mechanism; however, recent evidences suggest that senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) can contribute to tumor progression. SASP has also been identified to contribute to EMT induction. Even though the causes of senescence and EMT induction can be wholly different from each other, a functional link between EMT and senescence is still obscure. In this review, we summarize the evidence of potential cross-talk between EMT and senescence while highlighting some of the most commonly identified molecular players. This review will shed light on these two intertwined and highly conserved cellular process, while providing background of the therapeutic implications of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Mohd Faheem
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006 India
| | - Nathan D. Seligson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, The University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL USA
- Department of Pharmacogenomics and Translational Research, Nemours Children’s Specialty Care, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Syed Mudabir Ahmad
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
| | - Reyaz Ur Rasool
- Perelman School of Medicine, Cancer Biology Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Sumit G. Gandhi
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
| | - Madhulika Bhagat
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006 India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
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12
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Tarvainen I, Zimmermann T, Heinonen P, Jäntti MH, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Talman V, Franzyk H, Tuominen RK, Christensen SB. Missing Selectivity of Targeted 4β-Phorbol Prodrugs Expected to be Potential Chemotherapeutics. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:671-677. [PMID: 32435369 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting cytotoxic 4β-phorbol esters toward cancer tissue was attempted by conjugating a 4β-pborbol derivative with substrates for the proteases prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expressed in cancer tissue. The hydrophilic peptide moiety was hypothesized to prevent penetration of the prodrugs into cells and prevent interaction with PKC. Cleavage of the peptide in cancer tumors was envisioned to release lipophilic cytotoxins, which subsequently penetrate into cancer cells. The 4β-phorbol esters were prepared from 4β-phorbol isolated from Croton tiglium seeds, while the peptides were prepared by solid-phase synthesis. Cellular assays revealed activation of PKC by the prodrugs and efficient killing of both peptidase positive as well as peptidase negative cells. Consequently no selectivity for enzyme expressing cells was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilari Tarvainen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomáš Zimmermann
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pia Heinonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Helena Jäntti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Talman
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raimo K. Tuominen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Søren Brøgger Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Silva VAO, Rosa MN, Tansini A, Martinho O, Tanuri A, Evangelista AF, Cruvinel Carloni A, Lima JP, Pianowski LF, Reis RM. Semi-Synthetic Ingenol Derivative from Euphorbia tirucalli Inhibits Protein Kinase C Isotypes and Promotes Autophagy and S-phase Arrest on Glioma Cell Lines. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234265. [PMID: 31771098 PMCID: PMC6930609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of signaling pathways that are involved in gliomagenesis is crucial for targeted therapy design. In this study we assessed the biological and therapeutic effect of ingenol-3-dodecanoate (IngC) on glioma. IngC exhibited dose-time-dependent cytotoxic effects on large panel of glioma cell lines (adult, pediatric cancer cells, and primary cultures), as well as, effectively reduced colonies formation. Nevertheless, it was not been able to attenuate cell migration, invasion, and promote apoptotic effects when administered alone. IngC exposure promoted S-phase arrest associated with p21CIP/WAF1 overexpression and regulated a broad range of signaling effectors related to survival and cell cycle regulation. Moreover, IngC led glioma cells to autophagy by LC3B-II accumulation and exhibited increased cytotoxic sensitivity when combined to a specific autophagic inhibitor, bafilomycin A1. In comparison with temozolomide, IngC showed a mean increase of 106-fold in efficacy, with no synergistic effect when they were both combined. When compared with a known compound of the same class, namely ingenol-3-angelate (I3A, Picato®), IngC showed a mean 9.46-fold higher efficacy. Furthermore, IngC acted as a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) activity, an emerging therapeutic target in glioma cells, showing differential actions against various PKC isotypes. These findings identify IngC as a promising lead compound for the development of new cancer therapy and they may guide the search for additional PKC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Aline Oliveira Silva
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brazil; (V.A.O.S.); (M.N.R.); (A.T.); (O.M.); (A.F.E.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Marcela Nunes Rosa
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brazil; (V.A.O.S.); (M.N.R.); (A.T.); (O.M.); (A.F.E.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Aline Tansini
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brazil; (V.A.O.S.); (M.N.R.); (A.T.); (O.M.); (A.F.E.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Olga Martinho
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brazil; (V.A.O.S.); (M.N.R.); (A.T.); (O.M.); (A.F.E.); (A.C.C.)
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Departaments of genetics, IB, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
| | - Adriane Feijó Evangelista
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brazil; (V.A.O.S.); (M.N.R.); (A.T.); (O.M.); (A.F.E.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Adriana Cruvinel Carloni
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brazil; (V.A.O.S.); (M.N.R.); (A.T.); (O.M.); (A.F.E.); (A.C.C.)
| | - João Paulo Lima
- Medical Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brazil;
- Medical Oncology Department, A C Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-010, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brazil; (V.A.O.S.); (M.N.R.); (A.T.); (O.M.); (A.F.E.); (A.C.C.)
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-1733216600 (ext. 7090)
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Yu M, Zhao M, Yu R, Chu S, Xu J, Xia M, Wang C. Nanotechnology-mediated immunochemotherapy with Ingenol-3-Mebutate for Systematic Anti-tumor Effects. J Control Release 2019; 304:242-258. [PMID: 31071376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-Immunotherapy was the most exciting topic. However, either insensitivity due to singleness of therapeutic target or immune evasion leads to the failure of the treatment. Ingenol-3-mebutate (I3A) can inhibit cancer through synergy between immunotherapy and chemotherapy, however, the speculation and accurate mechanism haven't been confirmed in vivo limited by its hydrophobicity and pH-instability, which also hindered its clinical translation. Herein we developed a polymeric micelle with 'acidic core' provided by single alcoholic hydroxyl (-CH(CH3)-OH) encapsulating I3A (I3A-PM), which successfully overcome the aforementioned problems and reduce the toxicity in vivo. To test the synergy, S180 tumor-bearing mice were subjected to I3A-PM through intravenous and intratumoral administration, we found I3A-PM presented significant antitumor effect, and promoted Th1 polarization by upregulating the level of Th1 cytokines (IL-12, IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α), and accelerated the expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, meanwhile, I3A-PM depleted regulatory T cells, Th2 cytokine IL-6 through inhibiting TGF-β signaling pathway. Furthermore, we appealed to virtual screening of tumor target, and found a new pathway of I3A as a TGF-β receptor type I inhibitor to improve immunostimulatory effects. These results demonstrated I3A-PM as a promising nanoagent for cancer immunotherapy strategy. The synergistic therapeutic effects are encouraged to further evaluate in different cancer model compared with commercial products to facilitate research finding (I3A-PM) entering the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Miaoqing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Key Laboratory for Kidney Regeneration of Shandong Province, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shaochen Chu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiahao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ming Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Key Laboratory for Kidney Regeneration of Shandong Province, Jinan 250021, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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15
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Natural product-derived compounds in HIV suppression, remission, and eradication strategies. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:63-77. [PMID: 30063970 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has successfully converted HIV to a chronic but manageable infection in many parts of the world, HIV continues to persist within latent cellular reservoirs, which can become reactivated at any time to produce infectious virus. New therapies are therefore needed not only for HIV suppression but also for containing or eliminating HIV reservoirs. Compounds derived from plant, marine, and other natural products have been found to combat HIV infection and/or target HIV reservoirs, and these discoveries have substantially guided current HIV therapy-based studies. Here we summarize the role of natural product-derived compounds in current HIV suppression, remission, and cure strategies.
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16
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Kim SH, Singh MP, Sharma C, Kang SC. Fumonisin B1 actuates oxidative stress-associated colonic damage via apoptosis and autophagy activation in murine model. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32:e22161. [PMID: 29785744 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxic mechanism of Fumonisin B1 (FB1) in mice colonic region in a time course manner. Herein, after consecutive 4 days of exposure to FBI (2.5 mg/kg body weight), we observed disintegration of mice colon, as evidenced by histopathological analysis. FB1 significantly increased alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in serum and plasma, decreased ceramide level, increased sphinganine level, and increased lipid peroxidase level along with the breakdown of the antioxidant system. Further, FB1-induced ER stress caused apoptosis and autophagy activation in mice colon, evidenced by increased expression of IRE1-α, p-JNK, Casp3, and LC3I/II. In addition, we also noticed a reduced protein kinase C expression in mice colon exposed to FB1, suggesting its role in ER stress-induced cell death. Taken together, study suggests both physiologically and biochemically, FB1 toxicity to mice colon induced by oxidative stress-associated apoptosis and autophagy activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ho Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Daegu University Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahendra Pal Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Daegu University Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanchal Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Daegu University Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Daegu University Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea
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17
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Singh D, Fisher J, Shagalov D, Varma A, Siegel DM. Dangerous plants in dermatology: Legal and controlled. Clin Dermatol 2018; 36:399-419. [PMID: 29908582 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The plant and mushroom kingdoms have species used for intoxication, inebriation, or recreation. Some of these species are toxic. Given that many of these plants or substances are illegal and have histories of abuse, much of the research regarding therapeutic application is based on basic science, animal studies, and traditional use. This review examines Cannabis, Euphorbia, Ricinus, Podophyllum, Veratrum, mushrooms, and nightshades, along with resveratrol and cocaine as they relate to dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeptej Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM.
| | - Juliya Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Devorah Shagalov
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Aakaash Varma
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Daniel M Siegel
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
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18
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Yahiro K, Nagasawa S, Ichimura K, Takeuchi H, Ogura K, Tsutsuki H, Shimizu T, Iyoda S, Ohnishi M, Iwase H, Moss J, Noda M. Mechanism of inhibition of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli SubAB cytotoxicity by steroids and diacylglycerol analogues. Cell Death Discov 2018. [PMID: 29531819 PMCID: PMC5841432 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-017-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) are responsible for a worldwide foodborne disease, which is characterized by severe bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB) is a novel AB5 toxin, which is produced by Locus for Enterocyte Effacement (LEE)-negative STEC. Cleavage of the BiP protein by SubAB induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, followed by induction of cytotoxicity in vitro or lethal severe hemorrhagic inflammation in mice. Here we found that steroids and diacylglycerol (DAG) analogues (e.g., bryostatin 1, Ingenol-3-angelate) inhibited SubAB cytotoxicity. In addition, steroid-induced Bcl-xL expression was a key step in the inhibition of SubAB cytotoxicity. Bcl-xL knockdown increased SubAB-induced apoptosis in steroid-treated HeLa cells, whereas SubAB-induced cytotoxicity was suppressed in Bcl-xL overexpressing cells. In contrast, DAG analogues suppressed SubAB activity independent of Bcl-xL expression at early time points. Addition of Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) with SubAB to cells enhanced cytotoxicity even in the presence of steroids. In contrast, DAG analogues suppressed cytotoxicity seen in the presence of both toxins. Here, we show the mechanism by which steroids and DAG analogues protect cells against SubAB toxin produced by LEE-negative STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinnosuke Yahiro
- 1Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagasawa
- 2Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Ichimura
- 1Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takeuchi
- 1Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogura
- 3Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- 4Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- 1Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sunao Iyoda
- 5Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- 5Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- 2Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Joel Moss
- 6Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Masatoshi Noda
- 1Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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LeQuang JA. Updates on Psoriasis and Cutaneous Oncology: Proceedings from the 2017 MauiDerm Meeting. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2017; 10:S8-S41. [PMID: 29410723 PMCID: PMC5788261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann LeQuang
- Ms. LeQuang is a medical writer with LeQ Medical in Angleton, Texas
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20
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Allred TK, Manoni F, Harran PG. Exploring the Boundaries of “Practical”: De Novo Syntheses of Complex Natural Product-Based Drug Candidates. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11994-12051. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K. Allred
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles
E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Francesco Manoni
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles
E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Patrick G. Harran
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles
E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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21
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Tvedt TH, Nepstad I, Bruserud Ø. Antileukemic effects of midostaurin in acute myeloid leukemia - the possible importance of multikinase inhibition in leukemic as well as nonleukemic stromal cells. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 26:343-355. [PMID: 28001095 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1275564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Midostaurin is a multikinase inhibitor that inhibits receptor tyrosine kinases (Flt3, CD117/c-kit, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2) as well as non-receptor tyrosine kinases (Frg, Src, Syk, Protein kinase C). Combination of midostaurin with conventional intensive chemotherapy followed by one year maintenance monotherapy was recently reported to improve the survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with Flt3 mutations. Areas covered: Relevant publications were identified through literature searches in the PubMed database. We searched for (i) original articles describing the results from clinical studies; (ii) published articles describing the importance of midostaurin-inhibited kinases for leukemogenesis and chemosensitivity. Expert opinion: Midostaurin monotherapy is well tolerated, combined with conventional chemotherapy gastrointestinal toxicity increases significantly. Midostaurin alters anthracycline pharmacokinetics. Furthermore, its antileukemic effects may not only be mediated through Flt3 inhibition alone; the inhibition of other kinases may also be important for the overall antileukemic effect. Midostaurin may then have direct effects on the leukemic cells but also indirect antileukemic effects through inhibition of the AML-supporting effects of neighboring stromal cells in the bone marrow microenvironment. Midostaurin may thus be used in combination with intensive chemotherapy, as maintenance treatment or as disease-stabilizing treatment for elderly unfit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Henrik Tvedt
- a Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Ina Nepstad
- b Section for Hematology , Institute of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- a Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway.,b Section for Hematology , Institute of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
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22
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Esposito M, Nothias LF, Nedev H, Gallard JF, Leyssen P, Retailleau P, Costa J, Roussi F, Iorga BI, Paolini J, Litaudon M. Euphorbia dendroides Latex as a Source of Jatrophane Esters: Isolation, Structural Analysis, Conformational Study, and Anti-CHIKV Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:2873-2882. [PMID: 27786472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An efficient process was used to isolate six new jatrophane esters, euphodendroidins J (3), K (5), L (6), M, (8), N (10), and O (11), along with seven known diterpenoid esters, namely, euphodendroidins A (4), B (9), E (1), and F (2), jatrophane ester (7), and 3α-hydroxyterracinolides G and B (12 and 13), and terracinolides J and C (14 and 15) from the latex of Euphorbia dendroides. Their 2D structures and relative configurations were established by extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of compounds 1, 11, and 15 were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Euphodendroidin F (2) was obtained in 18% yield from the diterpenoid ester-enriched extract after two consecutive flash chromatography steps, making it an interesting starting material for chemical synthesis. Euphodendroidins K and L (5 and 6) showed an unprecedented NMR spectroscopic behavior, which was investigated by variable-temperature NMR experiments and molecular modeling. The structure-conformation relationships study of compounds 1, 5, and 6, using DFT-NMR calculations, indicated the prominent role of the acylation pattern in governing the conformational behavior of these jatrophane esters. The antiviral activity of compounds 1-15 was evaluated against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Esposito
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, CNRS, UMR SPE 6134, University of Corsica , 20250, Corte, France
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, ICSN UPR 2301, University of Paris-Saclay , 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Louis-Félix Nothias
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, CNRS, UMR SPE 6134, University of Corsica , 20250, Corte, France
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, ICSN UPR 2301, University of Paris-Saclay , 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hirsto Nedev
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, ICSN UPR 2301, University of Paris-Saclay , 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-François Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, ICSN UPR 2301, University of Paris-Saclay , 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Laboratory for Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, ICSN UPR 2301, University of Paris-Saclay , 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean Costa
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, CNRS, UMR SPE 6134, University of Corsica , 20250, Corte, France
| | - Fanny Roussi
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, ICSN UPR 2301, University of Paris-Saclay , 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bogdan I Iorga
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, ICSN UPR 2301, University of Paris-Saclay , 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Paolini
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, CNRS, UMR SPE 6134, University of Corsica , 20250, Corte, France
| | - Marc Litaudon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, ICSN UPR 2301, University of Paris-Saclay , 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Bertelsen M, Stahlhut M, Grue-Sørensen G, Liang X, Christensen GB, Skak K, Engell KM, Högberg T. Ingenol Disoxate: A Novel 4-Isoxazolecarboxylate Ester of Ingenol with Improved Properties for Treatment of Actinic Keratosis and Other Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2016; 6:599-626. [PMID: 27503482 PMCID: PMC5120626 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-016-0137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ingenol mebutate gel (Picato®, LEO Pharma A/S) is approved for the field treatment of actinic keratosis and is characterized by high sustained clearance of actinic lesions. The inherent propensity of ingenol mebutate towards chemical rearrangement necessitates refrigeration of the final product. We sought to identify novel ingenol derivatives with enhanced chemical stability and similar or improved in vitro potency and in vivo efficacy. Methods A number of ingenol esters were synthesized with full regiocontrol from ingenol. Chemical stability was determined in aqueous buffer at physiological pH and hydroalcoholic gel at lower pH. Acute cytotoxicity was determined in HeLa or HSC-5 cells. Keratinocyte proliferation, viability and caspase 3/7 activation was measured in primary epidermal keratinocytes. Relative gene expression levels were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Evaluation of in vivo tumor ablating potential was performed in the murine B16 melanoma mouse model and in the UV-induced skin carcinogenesis model in hairless SKH-1 mice following topical treatment for two consecutive days with test compounds formulated at 0.1% in a hydroalcoholic gel. Results This work resulted in the identification of ingenol disoxate (LEO 43204) displaying increased stability in a clinically relevant formulation and in aqueous buffer with minimal pH-dependent acyl migration degradation. Ingenol disoxate exhibited a significantly higher cytotoxic potency relative to ingenol mebutate. Likewise, cell growth arrest in normal human keratinocyte was more potently induced by ingenol disoxate, which was accompanied by protein kinase C dependent transcription of markers of keratinocyte differentiation. Most notably, ingenol disoxate possessed a superior antitumor effect in a B16 mouse melanoma model and significantly increased median survival time relative to ingenol mebutate. A significant effect on tumor ablation was also observed in a murine model of ultraviolet irradiation-induced skin carcinogenesis. Conclusion These data illustrate that the favorable in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties driving ingenol mebutate efficacy are either preserved or improved in ingenol disoxate. In combination with improved chemical stability to potentially facilitate storage of the final product at ambient temperatures, these features support further development of ingenol disoxate as a convenient and efficacious treatment modality of non-melanoma skin cancers. Funding LEO Pharma A/S. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13555-016-0137-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xifu Liang
- Drug Design, LEO Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark
| | | | - Kresten Skak
- Skin Research, LEO Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark
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Olivon F, Palenzuela H, Girard-Valenciennes E, Neyts J, Pannecouque C, Roussi F, Grondin I, Leyssen P, Litaudon M. Antiviral Activity of Flexibilane and Tigliane Diterpenoids from Stillingia lineata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1119-1128. [PMID: 25946116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to identify new potent and selective inhibitors of chikungunya virus and HIV-1 and HIV-2 virus replication, the endemic Mascarene species Stillingia lineata was investigated. LC/MS and bioassay-guided purification of the EtOAc leaf extract using a chikungunya virus-cell-based assay led to the isolation of six new (4-9) and three known (1-3) tonantzitlolones possessing the rare C20-flexibilane skeleton, along with tonantzitloic acid (10), a new linear diterpenoid, and three new (11, 13, and 15) and two known (12 and 14) tigliane-type diterpenoids. The planar structures of the new compounds and their relative configurations were determined by spectroscopic analysis, and their absolute configurations were determined through comparison with literature data and from biogenetic considerations. These compounds were investigated for selective antiviral activity against chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Semliki Forest virus, Sindbis virus, and, for compounds 11-15, the HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses. Compounds 12-15 were found to be the most potent and are selective inhibitors of CHIKV, HIV-1, and HIV-2 replication. In particular, compound 14 inhibited CHIKV replication with an EC50 value of 1.2 μM on CHIKV and a selectivity index of >240, while compound 15 inhibited HIV-1 and HIV-2 with EC50 values of 0.043 and 0.018 μM, respectively. It was demonstrated further that potency and selectivity are sensitive to the substitution pattern on the tigliane skeleton. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1-10 were evaluated against the HCT-116, MCF-7, and PC3 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Olivon
- †Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Héliciane Palenzuela
- †Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emmanuelle Girard-Valenciennes
- ‡Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments (LCSNSA), Université de La Réunion, 15, Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003-97744 Saint-Denis Cedex 9, France
| | - Johan Neyts
- §Laboratory for Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- §Laboratory for Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fanny Roussi
- †Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isabelle Grondin
- ‡Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments (LCSNSA), Université de La Réunion, 15, Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003-97744 Saint-Denis Cedex 9, France
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- §Laboratory for Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Litaudon
- †Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Ablative fractional laser alters biodistribution of ingenol mebutate in the skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2015; 307:515-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
DNA methylation and histone modification are epigenetic mechanisms that result in altered gene expression and cellular phenotype. The exact role of methylation in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unclear. However, aberrations (e.g. loss-/gain-of-function or up-/down-regulation) in components of epigenetic transcriptional regulation in general, and of the methylation machinery in particular, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In addition, many of these components have been identified as therapeutic targets for patients with MDS/AML, and are also being assessed as potential biomarkers of response or resistance to hypomethylating agents (HMAs). The HMAs 5-azacitidine (AZA) and 2'-deoxy-5-azacitidine (decitabine, DAC) inhibit DNA methylation and have shown significant clinical benefits in patients with myeloid malignancies. Despite being viewed as mechanistically similar drugs, AZA and DAC have differing mechanisms of action. DAC is incorporated 100% into DNA, whereas AZA is incorporated into RNA (80-90%) as well as DNA (10-20%). As such, both drugs inhibit DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs; dependently or independently of DNA replication) resulting in the re-expression of tumor-suppressor genes; however, AZA also has an impact on mRNA and protein metabolism via its inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, resulting in apoptosis. Herein, we first give an overview of transcriptional regulation, including DNA methylation, post-translational histone-tail modifications, the role of micro-RNA and long-range epigenetic gene silencing. We place special emphasis on epigenetic transcriptional regulation and discuss the implication of various components in the pathogenesis of MDS/AML, their potential as therapeutic targets, and their therapeutic modulation by HMAs and other substances (if known). The main focus of this review is laid on dissecting the rapidly evolving knowledge of AZA and DAC with a special focus on their differing mechanisms of action, and the effect of HMAs on transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pleyer
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Hospital Salzburg, Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials at Salzburg Cancer Research Institute , Salzburg , Austria
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Abstract
The incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) continues to rise, partly because of aging, the frequency of early childhood sunburns, and sporadic extreme recreational sun exposure. A nonsurgical approach to selected cutaneous malignancy could possibly reduce the cost as well as morbidity of surgical treatment for NMSC. There has been growing interest in isolating compounds that could suppress or reverse the biochemical changes necessary for cutaneous malignancies to progress by pharmacologic intervention. By targeting diverse pathways recognized as important in the pathogenesis of nonmelanoma skin cancers, a combination approach with multiple agents or addition of chemopreventative agents to topical sunscreens may offer the potential for novel and synergistic therapies in treating nonmelanoma skin cancer. This preliminary information will expand to include more therapeutic options for NMSC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasan R Bhandari
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Sattur, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Varadraj V Pai
- Department of Dermatology, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Sattur, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Mélanome de Dubreuilh traité par mébutate d’ingénol topique. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2014.09.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Alchin DR. Ingenol mebutate: a succinct review of a succinct therapy. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2014; 4:157-64. [PMID: 25159813 PMCID: PMC4257954 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-014-0061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ingenol mebutate is a newly approved topical field therapy for actinic keratosis (AK). It has a dual mechanism of action comprising of a rapid induction of necrosis that specifically targets dysplastic cells, as well as neutrophil-mediated immunostimulatory effects. Such a dual mechanism allows for this agent to clear AK lesions in as little as two to three daily applications, thus providing for improved treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction. Review Given that this is a new dermatologic therapy, this review summarizes the key literature surrounding this agent. This review covers the indications for use, mechanisms of action, method of administration, efficacy and safety profile and important drug interactions of ingenol mebutate. Conclusions Ingenol mebutate should be considered a highly relevant field therapy for AK and the prevention of progression to squamous cell carcinoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13555-014-0061-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rhys Alchin
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia,
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Vasas A, Hohmann J. Euphorbia Diterpenes: Isolation, Structure, Biological Activity, and Synthesis (2008–2012). Chem Rev 2014; 114:8579-612. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400541j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vasas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Hohmann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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31
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Reactivation of latent HIV-1 by new semi-synthetic ingenol esters. Virology 2014; 462-463:328-39. [PMID: 25014309 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of HIV to establish long-lived latent infection is mainly due to transcriptional silencing of viral genome in resting memory T lymphocytes. Here, we show that new semi-synthetic ingenol esters reactivate latent HIV reservoirs. Amongst the tested compounds, 3-caproyl-ingenol (ING B) was more potent in reactivating latent HIV than known activators such as SAHA, ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate, TNF-α, PMA and HMBA. ING B activated PKC isoforms followed by NF-κB nuclear translocation. As virus reactivation is dependent on intact NF-κB binding sites in the LTR promoter region ING B, we have shown that. ING B was able to reactivate virus transcription in primary HIV-infected resting cells up to 12 fold and up to 25 fold in combination with SAHA. Additionally, ING B promoted up-regulation of P-TEFb subunits CDK9/Cyclin T1. The role of ING B on promoting both transcription initiation and elongation makes this compound a strong candidate for an anti-HIV latency drug combined with suppressive HAART.
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Nothias-Scaglia LF, Retailleau P, Paolini J, Pannecouque C, Neyts J, Dumontet V, Roussi F, Leyssen P, Costa J, Litaudon M. Jatrophane diterpenes as inhibitors of chikungunya virus replication: structure-activity relationship and discovery of a potent lead. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1505-12. [PMID: 24926807 DOI: 10.1021/np500271u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided purification of an EtOAc extract of the whole plant of Euphorbia amygdaloides ssp. semiperfoliata using a chikungunya virus-cell-based assay led to the isolation of six new (1-4, 9, and 10) and six known (5-7, 8, 11, and 12) jatrophane esters. Their planar structures and relative configurations were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, and their absolute configurations by X-ray analysis. These compounds were investigated for selective antiviral activity against chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Semliki Forest virus, Sindbis virus, and HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses. Compound 3 was found to be the most potent and selective inhibitor of the replication of CHIKV and of HIV-1 and HIV-2 (EC50 = 0.76, IC50 = 0.34 and 0.043 μM, respectively). A preliminary structure-activity relationship study demonstrated that potency and selectivity are very sensitive to the substitution pattern on the jatrophane skeleton. Although replication strategies of CHIK and HIV viruses are quite different, the mechanism of action by which these compounds act may involve a similar target for both viruses. The present results provide additional support for a previous hypothesis that the anti-CHIKV activity could involve a PKC-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Félix Nothias-Scaglia
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, UMR CNRS SPE 6134, University of Corsica , 20250, Corte, France
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Dual role of novel ingenol derivatives from Euphorbia tirucalli in HIV replication: inhibition of de novo infection and activation of viral LTR. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97257. [PMID: 24827152 PMCID: PMC4020785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection is not cleared by antiretroviral drugs due to the presence of latently infected cells that are not eliminated with current therapies and persist in the blood and organs of infected patients. New compounds to activate these latent reservoirs have been evaluated so that, along with HAART, they can be used to activate latent virus and eliminate the latently infected cells resulting in eradication of viral infection. Here we describe three novel diterpenes isolated from the sap of Euphorbia tirucalli, a tropical shrub. These molecules, identified as ingenols, were modified at carbon 3 and termed ingenol synthetic derivatives (ISD). They activated the HIV-LTR in reporter cell lines and human PBMCs with latent virus in concentrations as low as 10 nM. ISDs were also able to inhibit the replication of HIV-1 subtype B and C in MT-4 cells and human PBMCs at concentrations of EC50 0.02 and 0.09 µM respectively, which are comparable to the EC50 of some antiretroviral currently used in AIDS treatment. Control of viral replication may be caused by downregulation of surface CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4 observed after ISD treatment in vitro. These compounds appear to be less cytotoxic than other diterpenes such as PMA and prostratin, with effective dose versus toxic dose TI>400. Although the mechanisms of action of the three ISDs are primarily attributed to the PKC pathway, downregulation of surface receptors and stimulation of the viral LTR might be differentially modulated by different PKC isoforms.
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Collier NJ, Ali FR, Lear JT. Ingenol mebutate: a novel treatment for actinic keratosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/cpr.14.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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McKerrall SJ, Jørgensen L, Kuttruff CA, Ungeheuer F, Baran PS. Development of a Concise Synthesis of (+)-Ingenol. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5799-810. [DOI: 10.1021/ja501881p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. McKerrall
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lars Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Christian A. Kuttruff
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Felix Ungeheuer
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Mansuy M, Nikkels-Tassoudji N, Arrese JE, Rorive A, Nikkels AF. Recurrent in situ melanoma successfully treated with ingenol mebutate. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2014; 4:131-5. [PMID: 24691652 PMCID: PMC4065276 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-014-0051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment options for melanoma in situ (MIS) include imiquimod, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, excisional and Mohs surgery. Ingenol mebutate is a new topical treatment option recognized for actinic keratosis. Although in vitro effectiveness has been demonstrated on melanoma cell lines, its therapeutic potential for in vivo melanomas is unknown. Case Report In 2011, a 91-year-old woman presented a thick melanoma of her cheek. The lateral sections revealed persisting in situ melanoma, which were again excised. She presented for follow-up and a recurrent MIS was evidenced centered on the previous scar. She refused further surgery and ingenol mebutate (0.015% gel) was administered on three consecutive days. One month later, a complete clinical resolution was observed. Histology and immunohistology revealed no residual MIS. Conclusion In this patient, ingenol mebutate was successful and well-tolerated as a topical, alternative therapy for MIS after failure of other treatment options. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13555-014-0051-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Mansuy
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Cancer Centre, CHU du Sart Tilman, University de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Nazli Nikkels-Tassoudji
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Cancer Centre, CHU du Sart Tilman, University de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jorge E. Arrese
- Department of Pathology, Skin Cancer Centre, CHU du Sart Tilman, University de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Andree Rorive
- Department of Oncology, Skin Cancer Centre, CHU du Sart Tilman, University de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Arjen F. Nikkels
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Cancer Centre, CHU du Sart Tilman, University de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Injury-induced HDAC5 nuclear export is essential for axon regeneration. Cell 2014; 155:894-908. [PMID: 24209626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of a silent transcriptional program is a critical step in successful axon regeneration following injury. Yet how such a program is unlocked after injury remains largely unexplored. We found that axon injury in peripheral sensory neurons elicits a back-propagating calcium wave that invades the soma and causes nuclear export of HDAC5 in a PKCμ-dependent manner. Injury-induced HDAC5 nuclear export enhances histone acetylation to activate a proregenerative gene-expression program. HDAC5 nuclear export is required for axon regeneration, as expression of a nuclear-trapped HDAC5 mutant prevents axon regeneration, whereas enhancing HDAC5 nuclear export promotes axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Components of this HDAC5 pathway failed to be activated in a model of central nervous system injury. These studies reveal a signaling mechanism from the axon injury site to the soma that controls neuronal growth competence and suggest a role for HDAC5 as a transcriptional switch controlling axon regeneration.
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Lebwohl M, Sohn A. Ingenol mebutate (ingenol 3-angelate, PEP005): focus on its uses in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.12.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and SAR of 3-benzoates of ingenol for treatment of actinic keratosis and non-melanoma skin cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Edwards SKE, Moore CR, Liu Y, Grewal S, Covey LR, Xie P. N-benzyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD 198) exhibits potent anti-tumor activity on TRAF3-deficient mouse B lymphoma and human multiple myeloma. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:481. [PMID: 24131623 PMCID: PMC3853153 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TRAF3, a new tumor suppressor identified in human non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM), induces PKCδ nuclear translocation in B cells. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of two PKCδ activators, N-Benzyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD 198) and ingenol-3-angelate (PEP005), on NHL and MM. Methods In vitro anti-tumor activities of AD 198 and PEP005 were determined using TRAF3-/- mouse B lymphoma and human patient-derived MM cell lines as model systems. In vivo therapeutic effects of AD 198 were assessed using NOD SCID mice transplanted with TRAF3-/- mouse B lymphoma cells. Biochemical studies were performed to investigate signaling mechanisms induced by AD 198 or PEP005, including subcellular translocation of PKCδ. Results We found that AD 198 exhibited potent in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity on TRAF3-/- tumor B cells, while PEP005 displayed contradictory anti- or pro-tumor activities on different cell lines. Detailed mechanistic investigation revealed that AD 198 did not affect PKCδ nuclear translocation, but strikingly suppressed c-Myc expression and inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK in TRAF3-/- tumor B cells. In contrast, PEP005 activated multiple signaling pathways in these cells, including PKCδ, PKCα, PKCϵ, NF-κB1, ERK, JNK, and Akt. Additionally, AD198 also potently inhibited the proliferation/survival and suppressed c-Myc expression in TRAF3-sufficient mouse and human B lymphoma cell lines. Furthermore, we found that reconstitution of c-Myc expression conferred partial resistance to the anti-proliferative/apoptosis-inducing effects of AD198 in human MM cells. Conclusions AD 198 and PEP005 have differential effects on malignant B cells through distinct biochemical mechanisms. Our findings uncovered a novel, PKCδ-independent mechanism of the anti-tumor effects of AD 198, and suggest that AD 198 has therapeutic potential for the treatment of NHL and MM involving TRAF3 inactivation or c-Myc up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Nelson Labs Room B336, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Abstract
The global incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer is rising. Significant morbidity leading to unacceptable cosmetic outcomes and/or functional impairment is a major concern. Search for non-surgical, non-invasive and tissue-sparing treatment modalities has led to development of new therapeutic agents. Actinic keratoses (AK) are one part of a continuous spectrum of benign sun damage to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Although it is not possible to predict which AK might progress to SCC, the presence of AK is a biomarker of risk for patients and must be treated to avoid possible morbidity and mortality. Ingenol mebutate is a novel topical drug from the latex sap of a plant-Euphorbia peplus that acts by chemoablative and immunostimulatory properties. Clinical studies have proven it to be safe and efficacious, leading to FDA approval of this chemotherapeutic agent for field therapy of AK in 2012. Current topical agents for field therapy of AK must be applied for weeks, whereas ingenol needs to be applied for three days. Ingenol offers a new therapeutic option that is convenient, safe, effective, acceptable and well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suruchi Aditya
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences, Sector 25, Chandigarh, India
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Liang X, Grue-Sørensen G, Månsson K, Vedsø P, Soor A, Stahlhut M, Bertelsen M, Engell KM, Högberg T. Syntheses, biological evaluation and SAR of ingenol mebutate analogues for treatment of actinic keratosis and non-melanoma skin cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5624-9. [PMID: 23993332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ingenol mebutate is the active ingredient in Picato® a new drug for the treatment of actinic keratosis. A number of derivatives related to ingenol mebutate were prepared by chemical synthesis from ingenol with the purpose of investigating the SAR and potency in assays relating to pro-inflammatory effects (induction of PMN oxidative burst and keratinocyte cytokine release), the potential of cell death induction, as well as the chemical stability. By modifications of the ingenol scaffold several prerequisites for activity were identified. The chemical stability of the compounds could be linked to an acyl migration mechanism. We were able to find analogues of ingenol mebutate with comparable in vitro properties. Some key features for potent and more stable ingenol derivatives have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifu Liang
- Chemical Research, LEO Pharma A/S, 55 Industripaken, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
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Xing S, Siliciano RF. Targeting HIV latency: pharmacologic strategies toward eradication. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:541-51. [PMID: 23270785 PMCID: PMC3672351 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4(+) T cells remains a major barrier to HIV-1 eradication, even though highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can successfully reduce plasma HIV-1 levels to below the detection limit of clinical assays and reverse disease progression. Proposed eradication strategies involve reactivation of this latent reservoir. Multiple mechanisms are believed to be involved in maintaining HIV-1 latency, mostly through suppression of transcription. These include cytoplasmic sequestration of host transcription factors and epigenetic modifications such as histone deacetylation, histone methylation and DNA methylation. Therefore, strategies targeting these mechanisms have been explored for reactivation of the latent reservoir. In this review, we discuss current pharmacological approaches toward eradication, focusing on small molecule latency-reversing agents, their mechanisms, advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifei Xing
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
Ingenol mebutate is the main active constituent of sap from the plant Euphorbia peplus, which has traditionally been used as a home remedy for various skin conditions. Ingenol mebutate gel is approved in the US, EU, Australia and Brazil for the topical treatment of actinic keratosis. A short course of field-directed therapy with topical ingenol mebutate gel was effective in the treatment of actinic keratoses on the face or scalp (ingenol mebutate gel 0.015% once daily for 3 consecutive days) and on the trunk or extremities (ingenol mebutate gel 0.05% once daily for 2 consecutive days), according to the results of four randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, multicentre studies. Significantly higher complete clearance rates (primary endpoint) and partial clearance rates were seen at day 57 in patients receiving ingenol mebutate gel than in those receiving vehicle gel. Treatment with ingenol mebutate gel was generally associated with sustained clearance of actinic keratoses in the longer term. Topical ingenol mebutate gel was generally well tolerated in the treatment of patients with actinic keratoses on the face or scalp and on the trunk or extremities. Application-site conditions were the most commonly occurring adverse events.
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Gupta AK, Paquet M. Ingenol Mebutate: A Promising Treatment for Actinic Keratoses and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers. J Cutan Med Surg 2013; 17:173-9. [DOI: 10.2310/7750.2012.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: A new treatment for actinic keratoses, ingenol mebutate, was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Objective: To review the mechanisms of action, efficacy and safety data, and practical recommendations for ingenol mebutate. Methods: The PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov databases were searched in March/April 2012 using the terms PEP005, ingenol mebutate, and ingenol 3-angelate. The abstracts from the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Australian College of Dermatologists (2009–2011) and the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology (2009–2012) were also searched. Results: Due to its multiple mechanisms of action, ingenol mebutate treatment resulted in short- and long-term efficacy similar to other topical treatments for actinic keratoses in a shorter period of 2 or 3 days. This short therapy would reduce the duration of adverse events. Premarketing trials for treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancers also showed promising results for ingenol mebutate. Conclusion: Ingenol mebutate is a convenient, safe, and effective intervention for precancerous and cancerous skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K. Gupta
- From the Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Toronto, ON, and Mediprobe Research Inc., London, ON
| | - Maryse Paquet
- From the Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Toronto, ON, and Mediprobe Research Inc., London, ON
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Vasas A, Rédei D, Csupor D, Molnár J, Hohmann J. Diterpenes from European Euphorbia Species Serving as Prototypes for Natural-Product-Based Drug Discovery. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mishra BB, Tiwari VK. Natural products: An evolving role in future drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4769-807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bruserud Ø, Reikvam H. Therapeutic targeting of NF-κB in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukaemia - the biological heterogeneity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 14:1139-42. [PMID: 20942744 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.525021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB usually has antiapotptic effects and is involved in regulation of cell proliferation and intercellular communication. This is also true for the malignant cells in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), including the malignant stem cells. However, both AML and MDS patients are heterogeneous with regard to the effect of pharmacological NF-κB inhibition, and the final effect will probably also depend on the pharmacological agent used for the inhibition, e.g. proteasomal inhibitiors versus specific inhibitors. Even though initial studies suggest that NF-κB inhibitors have antileukemic effects, their future clinical use will also depend on their toxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Bruserud
- University of Bergen, Institute of Internal Medicine, Bergen, Norway.
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