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Vaičiulienė G, Jovaišienė J, Falkauskas R, Paškevičius A, Sutkevičienė N, Rekešiūtė A, Sorkytė Š, Baliukonienė V. Exploring the Efficacy of Using Geotrichum fermentans, Rhodotorula rubra, Kluyveromyce marxiamus, Clay Minerals, and Walnut Nutshells for Mycotoxin Remediation. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:281. [PMID: 38922175 PMCID: PMC11209154 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nine different biological compounds to reduce mycotoxins concentrations. The hypothesis of this study was that a static in vitro gastrointestinal tract model, as an initial screening tool, can be used to simulate the efficacy of Geotrichum fermentans, Rhodotorula rubra, Kluyveromyce marxiamus yeast cell walls and their polysaccharides, red and white clay minerals, and walnuts nutshells claiming to detoxify AFB1, ZEA, DON, and T-2 toxin mycotoxins. Mycotoxin concentrations were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescent (FLD) and ultraviolet detectors (UV). The greatest effects on reducing mycotoxin concentrations were determined as follows: for AFB1, inserted G. fermentans cell wall polysaccharides and walnut nutshells; for ZEA, inserted R. rubra and G. fermentans cell walls and red clay minerals; for DON, R. rubra cell wall polysaccharides and red clay minerals; and for T-2 toxin, R. rubra cell walls, K. marxianus, and G. fermentans cell wall polysaccharides and walnut nutshells. The present study indicated that selected mycotoxin-detoxifying biological compounds can be used to decrease mycotoxin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gintarė Vaičiulienė
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (N.S.); (A.R.); (Š.S.)
| | - Jurgita Jovaišienė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.J.); (V.B.)
| | - Rimvydas Falkauskas
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, J. Kairiukscio Str. 10, LT-08411 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Algimantas Paškevičius
- Laboratory of Biodeterioration Research, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Neringa Sutkevičienė
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (N.S.); (A.R.); (Š.S.)
| | - Audronė Rekešiūtė
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (N.S.); (A.R.); (Š.S.)
| | - Šarūnė Sorkytė
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (N.S.); (A.R.); (Š.S.)
| | - Violeta Baliukonienė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.J.); (V.B.)
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Gačnikar J, Mrkun J, Babič J, Sterniša M, Zakošek Pipan M. Impact of Mycotoxin Metabolites Deepoxy-Deoxynivalenol and Beta-Zearalenol on Bovine Preimplantation Embryo Development in the Presence of Acetonitrile. Vet Sci 2024; 11:267. [PMID: 38922014 PMCID: PMC11209286 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The quality of animal feed is increasingly affected by weather conditions, high humidity, and damage to grains, which have led to various mycotoxin-producing moulds. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the combination of deepoxy-deoxynivalenol and beta-zearalenol on the development of preimplantation bovine embryos, the extent to which the presence of both mycotoxin metabolites affects the development of in vitro cultured bovine embryos, or whether the effect of both toxins enhances embryotoxicity. Ovaries were transported from the abattoir to the laboratory and, after maturation and fertilisation, zygotes were placed in an embryo culture medium (IVC) with different mycotoxin metabolite concentrations diluted in acetonitrile. It was found that the blastocyst rate of cleaved embryos was affected by 1 μL acetonitrile in 400 μL medium (0.25%) compared to the group without acetonitrile. For this reason, it was decided to use acetonitrile as a control group, and the desired mycotoxin metabolite concentrations were diluted in the lowest possible amount of acetonitrile (0.5 μL) that could be accurately added to the study groups. There was no statistical difference when the higher mycotoxin metabolite concentrations were added.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Gačnikar
- Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.M.); (M.Z.P.)
| | - J. Mrkun
- Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.M.); (M.Z.P.)
| | - J. Babič
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - M. Sterniša
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - M. Zakošek Pipan
- Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.M.); (M.Z.P.)
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Cai P, Liu S, Tu Y, Shan T. Toxicity, biodegradation, and nutritional intervention mechanism of zearalenone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168648. [PMID: 37992844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a global mycotoxin commonly found in a variety of grain products and animal feed, causes damage to the gastrointestinal tract, immune organs, liver and reproductive system. Many treatments, including physical, chemical and biological methods, have been reported for the degradation of ZEA. Each degradation method has different degradation efficacies and distinct mechanisms. In this article, the global pollution status, hazard and toxicity of ZEA are summarized. We also review the biological detoxification methods and nutritional regulation strategies for alleviating the toxicity of ZEA. Moreover, we discuss the molecular detoxification mechanism of ZEA to help explore more efficient detoxification methods to better reduce the global pollution and hazard of ZEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Cai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuang Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Kłosowski G, Koim-Puchowska B, Dróżdż-Afelt J, Mikulski D. The Reaction of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Contamination of the Medium with Aflatoxins B 2 and G 1, Ochratoxin A and Zearalenone in Aerobic Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16401. [PMID: 38003590 PMCID: PMC10671187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which yeast cells respond to environmental stress include the production of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and the reduction of oxidative stress. The response of yeast exposed to aflatoxins B2+G1 (AFB2+G1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) in aerobic conditions was studied. After 72 h of yeast cultivation in media contaminated with mycotoxins, the growth of yeast biomass, the level of malondialdehyde, and the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase were examined; the expression profile of the following heat shock proteins was also determined: HSP31, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP104. It was demonstrated that at the tested concentrations, both AFB2+G1 and ZEA inhibited yeast biomass growth. OTA at a concentration of 8.4 [µg/L] raised the MDA level. Intensified lipoperoxidation and increased activity of SOD and GPx were observed, regardless of the level of contamination with ZEA (300 µg/L or 900 µg/L). Increased contamination with AFB2+G1 and OTA caused an increase in the production of most HSPs tested (HSP31, HSP40, HSP70, HSP104). ZEA contamination in the used concentration ranges reduced the production of HSP31. The response of yeast cells to the presence of mycotoxin as a stressor resulted in the expression of certain HSPs, but the response was not systematic, which was manifested in different profiles of protein expression depending on the mycotoxin used. The tested mycotoxins influenced the induction of oxidative stress in yeast cells to varying degrees, which resulted in the activation of mainly SOD without GST mobilization or with a small involvement of GPx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kłosowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, ul. K. J. Poniatowskiego 12, 85-671 Bydgoszcz, Poland (J.D.-A.); (D.M.)
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Damiano S, Longobardi C, Ferrara G, Piscopo N, Riccio L, Russo V, Meucci V, De Marchi L, Esposito L, Florio S, Ciarcia R. Oxidative Status and Histological Evaluation of Wild Boars' Tissues Positive for Zearalenone Contamination in the Campania Region, Southern Italy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1748. [PMID: 37760051 PMCID: PMC10525666 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by fungi belonging to the genera Fusarium spp. and commonly found in feed and food. It is frequently related to reproductive disorders in farm animals and, occasionally, to hyperestrogenic syndromes in humans. Nowadays, knowledge about ZEN effects on wild boars (Sus scrofa) is extremely scarce, despite the fact that they represent one of the most hunted game species in Italy. The aim of this study was to investigate how ZEN affects the liver, kidney, and muscle oxidative status and morphology of wild boars hunted in various locations throughout the province of Avellino, Campania Region, Southern Italy, during the 2021-2022 hunting season. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, were assessed by colorimetric assays; tissue morphology was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's stains. Our data showed that ZEN contamination might result in oxidative stress (OS) and some histopathological alterations in wild boars' livers and kidneys rather than in muscles, emphasizing the importance of developing a wildlife monitoring and management strategy for dealing not only with the problem of ZEN but the surveillance of mycotoxins in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Damiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Consiglia Longobardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Nadia Piscopo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Riccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Valeria Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Luigi Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Salvatore Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
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Gari J, Abdella R. Degradation of zearalenone by microorganisms and enzymes. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15808. [PMID: 37601268 PMCID: PMC10434127 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungi that may cause serious health problems in humans and animals. Zearalenone is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium, widely exists in animal feed and human food. One concern with the use of microbial strains and their enzyme derivatives for zearalenone degradation is the potential variability in the effectiveness of the degradation process. The efficiency of degradation may depend on various factors such as the type and concentration of zearalenone, the properties of the microbial strains and enzymes, and the environmental conditions. Therefore, it is important to carefully evaluate the efficacy of these methods under different conditions and ensure their reproducibility. Another important consideration is the safety and potential side effects of using microbial strains and enzymes for zearalenone degradation. It is necessary to evaluate the potential risks associated with the use of genetically modified microorganisms or recombinant enzymes, including their potential impact on the environment and non-target organisms. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the degradation products are indeed harmless and do not pose any health risks to humans or animals. Furthermore, while the use of microbial strains and enzymes may offer an environmentally friendly and cost-effective solution for zearalenone degradation, it is important to explore other methods such as physical or chemical treatments as well. These methods may offer complementary approaches for zearalenone detoxification, and their combination with microbial or enzyme-based methods may improve overall efficacy. Overall, the research on the biodegradation of zearalenone using microorganisms and enzyme derivatives is promising, but there are important considerations that need to be addressed to ensure the safety and effectiveness of these methods. Development of recombinant enzymes improves enzymatic detoxification of zearalenone to a non-toxic product without damaging the nutritional content. This review summarizes biodegradation of zearalenone using microorganisms and enzyme derivatives to nontoxic products. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the potential of these methods for mitigating the impact of mycotoxins in food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiregna Gari
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Rahma Abdella
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Li K, Jia J, Xu Q, Wu N. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenomic analyses of a novel zearalenone-degrading Bacillus subtilis B72. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:103. [PMID: 36866327 PMCID: PMC9971418 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus strain B72 was previously isolated as a novel zearalenone (ZEN) degradation strain from the oil field soil in Xinjiang, China. The genome of B72 was sequenced with a 400 bp paired-end using the Illumina HiSeq X Ten platform. De novo genome assembly was performed using SOAPdenovo2 assemblers. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that B72 is closely related to the novel Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) strain DSM 10. A phylogenetic tree based on 31 housekeeping genes, constructed with 19 strains closest at the species level, showed that B72 was closely related to B. subtilis 168, B. licheniformis PT-9, and B. tequilensis KCTC 13622. Detailed phylogenomic analysis using average nucleotide identity (ANI) and genome-to-genome distance calculator (GGDC) demonstrated that B72 might be classified as a novel B. subtilis strain. Our study demonstrated that B72 could degrade 100% of ZEN in minimal medium after 8 h of incubation, which makes it the fastest degrading strain to date. Moreover, we confirmed that ZEN degradation by B72 might involve degrading enzymes produced during the initial period of bacterial growth. Subsequently, functional genome annotation revealed that the laccase-encoding genes yfiH (gene 1743) and cotA (gene 2671) might be related to ZEN degradation in B72. The genome sequence of B. subtilis B72 reported here will provide a reference for genomic research on ZEN degradation in the field of food and feed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03517-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Jianyao Jia
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Na Wu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046 China
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Akkam Y, Omari D, Alhmoud H, Alajmi M, Akkam N, Aljarrah I. Assessment of Xenoestrogens in Jordanian Water System: Activity and Identification. TOXICS 2023; 11:63. [PMID: 36668789 PMCID: PMC9866086 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormone disruptors (xenoestrogens) are a global concern due to their potential toxicity. However, to date, there has been no study to investigate the presence of xenoestrogen pollutants in the Jordanian water system. Samples in triplicates were collected from six locations in Jordan, including dams, surface water, tap or faucet water, and filtered water (drinking water-local company). Xenoestrogens were then extracted and evaluated with a yeast estrogen screen utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Later, possible pollutants were mined using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with a Bruker impact II Q-TOF-MS. Possible hits were identified using MetaboScape software (4000 compounds), which includes pesticide, pharmaceutical pollutant, veterinary drug, and toxic compound databases and a special library of 75 possible xenoestrogens. The presence of xenoestrogens in vegetable samples collected from two different locations was also investigated. The total estrogen equivalents according to the YES system were 2.9 ± 1.2, 9.5 ± 5, 2.5 ± 1.5, 1.4 ± 0.9 ng/L for King Talal Dam, As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant, King Abdullah Canal, and tap water, respectively. In Almujeb Dam and drinking water, the estrogenic activity was below the detection limit. Numbers of identified xenoestrogens were: As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant 27 pollutants, King Talal Dam 20 pollutants, Almujeb Dam 10 pollutants, King Abdullah Canal 16 pollutants, Irbid tap water 32 pollutants, Amman tap water 30 pollutants, drinking water 3 pollutants, and vegetables 7 pollutants. However, a large number of compounds remained unknown. Xenoestrogen pollutants were detected in all tested samples, but the total estrogenic capacities were within the acceptable range. The major source of xenoestrogen pollutants was agricultural resources. Risk evaluations for low xenoestrogen activity should be taken into account, and thorough pesticide monitoring systems and regular inspections should also be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Akkam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Derar Omari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Hassan Alhmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jerash University, Irbid 26110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Alajmi
- Department of Law and Science Department, Kuwait International Law School, Doha 93151, Kuwait
| | - Nosaibah Akkam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universität des Saarlandes, 66424 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Islam Aljarrah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
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Ndiaye S, Zhang M, Fall M, Ayessou NM, Zhang Q, Li P. Current Review of Mycotoxin Biodegradation and Bioadsorption: Microorganisms, Mechanisms, and Main Important Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:729. [PMID: 36355979 PMCID: PMC9694041 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. Food/feed contamination by mycotoxins is a great threat to food safety. The contamination can occur along the food chain and can cause many diseases in humans and animals, and it also can cause economic losses. Many detoxification methods, including physical, chemical, and biological techniques, have been established to eliminate mycotoxins in food/feed. The biological method, with mycotoxin detoxification by microorganisms, is reliable, efficient, less costly, and easy to use compared with physical and chemical ones. However, it is important to discover the metabolite's toxicity resulting from mycotoxin biodegradation. These compounds can be less or more toxic than the parent. On the other hand, mechanisms involved in a mycotoxin's biological control remain still unclear. Mostly, there is little information about the method used by microorganisms to control mycotoxins. Therefore, this article presents an overview of the most toxic mycotoxins and the different microorganisms that have a mycotoxin detoxification ability. At the same time, different screening methods for degradation compound elucidation are given. In addition, the review summarizes mechanisms of mycotoxin biodegradation and gives some applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyni Ndiaye
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratoire D’Analyses et D’Essai, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Fann-Dakar 5085, Senegal
| | - Minhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Mouhamed Fall
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nicolas M. Ayessou
- Laboratoire D’Analyses et D’Essai, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Fann-Dakar 5085, Senegal
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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Ji J, Yu J, Ye Y, Sheng L, Fang J, Yang Y, Sun X. Biodegradation methods and product analysis of zearalenone and its future development trend: A review. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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11
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Rudolph TE, Roach CM, Baumgard LH, Ross JW, Keating AF, Selsby JT. The impact of Zearalenone on heat-stressed skeletal muscle in pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6652325. [PMID: 35908787 PMCID: PMC9339304 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) and Zearalenone (ZEN) exposure affect growth, production efficiency, and animal welfare; and, under extreme situations, both can be lethal. Given that both HS and ZEN independently cause oxidative stress, we hypothesized that simultaneous exposure to HS and ZEN would cause greater oxidative stress in porcine skeletal muscle than either condition, alone. To address this hypothesis, crossbred, prepubertal gilts were treated with either vehicle control (cookie dough) or ZEN (40 μg/kg) and exposed to either thermoneutral (TN; 21.0 °C) or 12-h diurnal HS conditions (night: 32.2 °C; day: 35.0 °C) for 7 d. Pigs were euthanized immediately following the environmental challenge and the glycolytic (STW) and oxidative (STR) portions of the semitendinosus muscle were collected for analysis. In STR, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, a marker of oxidative stress, tended to increase following ZEN exposure (P = 0.08). HS increased CAT (P = 0.019) and SOD1 (P = 0.049) protein abundance, while ZEN decreased GPX1 protein abundance (P = 0.064) and activity (P = 0.036). In STR, HS did not alter protein expression of HSP27, HSP70, or HSP90. Conversely, in STW, MDA-modified proteins remained similar between all groups. Consistent with STR, ZEN decreased GPX1 (P = 0.046) protein abundance in STW. In STW, ZEN decreased protein abundance of HSP27 (P = 0.032) and pHSP27 (P = 0.0068), while HS increased protein expression of HSP70 (P = 0.04) and HSP90 (P = 0.041). These data suggest a muscle fiber type-specific response to HS or ZEN exposure, potentially rendering STR more susceptible to HS- and/or ZEN-induced oxidative stress, however, the combination of HS and ZEN did not augment oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori E Rudolph
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Crystal M Roach
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Aileen F Keating
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Josh T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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12
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Massoud R, Zoghi A. Potential probiotic strains with heavy metals and mycotoxins bioremoval capacity for application in foodstuffs. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1288-1307. [PMID: 35751476 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals and mycotoxins in foodstuffs are one of the major concerns of our world nowadays. Food decontamination with the help of microbial biomass is a cheap, easy, efficient, and green method known as bioremoval. Probiotics are able to reduce the availability of heavy metals and toxins in food products. The purpose of this review is to summarize the probiotics and potential probiotics' interesting role in food bio-decontamination. After a brief glance at the definition of potential probiotic strains with bioremoval ability, LABs (lactic acid bacteria) are described as they are the most important groups of probiotics. After that, the role of the main probiotic and potential probiotic strains (Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Pediococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for heavy metals and mycotoxins bioremoval are described. Additionally, the bioremoval mechanism and the effect of some factors in bioremoval efficiency are explained. Finally, the investigations about probiotic and contaminant stability are mentioned. It is worth mentioning that this review article can be exerted in different food and beverage industries to eliminate the heavy metals and mycotoxins in foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Massoud
- Department of Food and Technology, Standard Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alaleh Zoghi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Murtaza B, Li X, Dong L, Javed MT, Xu L, Saleemi MK, Li G, Jin B, Cui H, Ali A, Wang L, Xu Y. Microbial and enzymatic battle with food contaminant zearalenone (ZEN). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4353-4365. [PMID: 35705747 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) contamination of various foods and feeds is an important global problem. In some animals and humans, ZEN causes significant health issues in addition to massive economic losses, annually. Therefore, removal or degradation of the ZEN in foods and feeds is required to be done. The conventional physical and chemical methods have some serious issues including poor efficiency, decrease in nutritional value, palatability of feed, and use of costly equipment. Research examined microbes from diverse media for their ability to degrade zearalenone and other toxins, and the findings of several investigations revealed that enzymes produced from microbes play a significant role in the degradation of mycotoxins. In established bacterial hosts, genetically engineered technique was used to enhance heterologously produced degrading enzymes. Then, the bio-degradation of ZEN by the use of micro-organisms or their enzymes is much more advantageous and is close to nature and ecofriendly. Furthermore, an effort is made to put forward the work done by different scientists on the biodegradation of ZEN by the use of fungi, yeast, bacteria, and/or their enzymes to degrade the ZEN to non-toxic products. KEY POINTS: •Evolved microbial strains degraded ZEA more quickly •Different degrading properties were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Murtaza
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Liming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | | | - Le Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | | | - Gen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bowen Jin
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Huijing Cui
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ashiq Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China. .,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China.
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Pascari X, Marin S, Ramos AJ, Sanchis V. Relevant Fusarium Mycotoxins in Malt and Beer. Foods 2022; 11:246. [PMID: 35053978 PMCID: PMC8774397 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites of high concern in the food and feed industry. Their presence in many cereal-based products has been numerously reported. Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage worldwide, and Fusarium mycotoxins originating from the malted and unmalted cereals might reach the final product. This review aims to describe the possible Fusarium fungi that could infect the cereals used in beer production, the transfer of mycotoxins throughout malting and brewing as well as an insight into the incidence of mycotoxins in the craft beer segment of the industry. Studies show that germination is the malting step that can lead to a significant increase in the level of all Fusarium mycotoxins. The first step of mashing (45 °C) has been proved to possess the most significant impact in the transfer of hydrophilic toxins from the grist into the wort. However, during fermentation, a slight reduction of deoxynivalenol, and especially of zearalenone, is achieved. This review also highlights the limited research available on craft beer and the occurrence of mycotoxins in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vicente Sanchis
- AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (X.P.); (S.M.); (A.J.R.)
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15
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Pan Y, Liu C, Yang J, Tang Y. Conversion of Zearalenone to β-Zearalenol and Zearalenone-14,16-diglucoside by Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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16
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Zhang J, Zheng Y, Tao H, Liu J, Zhao P, Yang F, Lv Z, Wang J. Effects of Bacillus subtilis ZJ-2019-1 on Zearalenone Toxicosis in Female Gilts. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110788. [PMID: 34822572 PMCID: PMC8617607 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the toxicity of zearalenone (ZEN) on the growth performance, genital organs, serum hormones, biomarkers, and histopathological changes of female gilts and to evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis ZJ-2019-1 in alleviating ZEN toxicosis in gilts. Twenty-four female gilts were randomly allocated to four groups with six replicates per group and one gilt per replicate, fed on four feeds prepared previously, which were basic diet (control group, C group), ZEN diet (Z group), Zlb diet (Zlb group) containing B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 in liquid form, and Zdb diet (Zdb group) containing B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 in dehydrated form. The results showed that the vulva size and relative weight of reproductive organs had no significant difference in the control group, Zlb group, and Zdb group, but were significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05); the relative weight of the liver was lower in the C group, Zlb group, and Zbd group than in the Z group (0.05 < p < 0.1). The concentration of serum glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) was lower, but follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was higher in the Z group, Zlb group, and Zdb group than in the Z group (0.05 < p < 0.1). Additionally, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration had no significant difference in the C group, Zlb group, and Zdb group but was significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05); estradiol (E2) was significantly lower in the Zlb group and Zdb group than that in C group, but significantly higher than that in Z group (p < 0.05); PRL was significantly higher in the Zlb group and Zdb group than in the C group, but was significantly lower than in Z group (p < 0.05). ZEN and its reduced metabolites were measured in biological samples after enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated forms. The concentration of serum ZEN and its metabolite, α-zeralenol (α-ZOL), had no significant difference in Zlb, Zdb, and control groups but was significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05); urine ZEN and its metabolites, α-ZOL and β-zeralenol (β-ZOL), had no significant difference in Zlb, Zdb, and control groups but was significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05). Cell damages were observed in the liver, uterus, and ovary of gilts in the Z group and alleviated in Zlb and Zdb groups, but the loss of oocytes was irreversible in the ovary. The ZEN-contaminated diet caused serious changes in female hormones and brought harm to the livers and reproductive organs, but B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 could naturally remove the ZEN significantly, which ameliorated the reproductive impairment in gilts caused by ZEN. The addition of B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 to ZEN-contaminated feeds could ameliorate the toxic effects effectively, regardless of liquid or dry culture. Therefore, the B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 strain has great potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (F.Y.)
| | - Yunduo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (F.Y.)
| | - Hui Tao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (F.Y.)
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (F.Y.)
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (F.Y.)
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (F.Y.)
| | - Zonghao Lv
- Animal Husbandry Department, Agricultural Science Research Institute, Huaihua 418000, China;
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (F.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-8210-6070
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17
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Cha M, Wang E, Hao Y, Ji S, Huang S, Zhao L, Wang W, Shao W, Wang Y, Li S. Adsorbents Reduce Aflatoxin M 1 Residue in Milk of Healthy Dairy Cow Exposed to Moderate Level Aflatoxin B 1 in Diet and Its Exposure Risk for Humans. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090665. [PMID: 34564669 PMCID: PMC8470591 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of moderate risk level (8 µg/kg) AFB1 in diet supplemented with or without adsorbents on lactation performance, serum parameters, milk AFM1 content of healthy lactating cows and the AFM1 residue exposure risk in different human age groups. Forty late healthy lactating Holstein cows (270 ± 22 d in milk; daily milk yield 21 ± 3.1 kg/d) were randomly assigned to four treatments: control diet without AFB1 and adsorbents (CON), CON with 8 μg/kg AFB1 (dry matter basis, AF), AF + 15 g/d adsorbent 1 (AD1), AF + 15 g/d adsorbent 2 (AD2). The experiment lasted for 19 days, including an AFB1-challenge phase (day 1 to 14) and an AFB1-withdraw phase (day 15 to 19). Results showed that both AFB1 and adsorbents treatments had no significant effects on the DMI, milk yield, 3.5% FCM yield, milk components and serum parameters. Compared with the AF, AD1 and AD2 had significantly lower milk AFM1 concentrations (93 ng/L vs. 46 ng/L vs. 51 ng/L) and transfer rates of dietary AFB1 into milk AFM1 (1.16% vs. 0.57% vs. 0.63%) (p < 0.05). Children aged 2–4 years old had the highest exposure risk to AFM1 in milk in AF, with an EDI of 1.02 ng/kg bw/day and a HI of 5.11 (HI > 1 indicates a potential risk for liver cancer). Both AD1 and AD2 had obviously reductions in EDI and HI for all population groups, whereas, the EDI (≥0.25 ng/kg bw/day) and HI (≥1.23) of children aged 2–11 years old were still higher than the suggested tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.20 ng/kg bw/day and 1.00 (HI). In conclusion, moderate risk level AFB1 in the diet of healthy lactating cows could cause a public health hazard and adding adsorbents in the dairy diet is an effective measure to remit AFM1 residue in milk and its exposure risk for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqian Cha
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (M.C.); (W.S.)
| | - Erdan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yangyi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shoukun Ji
- College of Animal Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China;
| | - Shuai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Wei Shao
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (M.C.); (W.S.)
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shengli Li
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (M.C.); (W.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6273-1254
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18
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Rocchetti G, Ghilardelli F, Masoero F, Gallo A. Screening of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Bulk Milk Samples by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092025. [PMID: 34574135 PMCID: PMC8466985 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a retrospective screening based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) based on Orbitrap-Q-Exactive Focus™ was used to check the occurrence of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in bulk milk samples. Milk samples were collected from dairy farms in which corn silage was the main ingredient of the feeding system. The 45 bulk milk samples were previously analyzed for a detailed untargeted metabolomic profiling and classified into five clusters according to the corn silage contamination profile, namely: (1) low levels of Aspergillus- and Penicillium-mycotoxins; (2) low levels of fumonisins and other Fusarium-mycotoxins; (3) high levels of Aspergillus-mycotoxins; (4) high levels of non-regulated Fusarium-mycotoxins; (5) high levels of fumonisins and their metabolites. Multivariate statistics based on both unsupervised and supervised analyses were used to evaluate the significant fold-change variations of the main groups of mycotoxins detected when comparing milk samples from clusters 3, 4, and 5 (high contamination levels of the corn silages) with cluster 1 and 2 (low contamination levels of the corn silages). Overall, 14 compounds showed a significant prediction ability, with antibiotic Y (VIP score = 2.579), bikaverin (VIP score = 1.975) and fumonisin B2 (VIP score = 1.846) being the best markers. The k-means clustering combined with supervised statistics showed two discriminant groups of milk samples, thus revealing a hierarchically higher impact of the whole feeding system (rather than the only corn silages) together with other factors of variability on the final mycotoxin contamination profile. Among the discriminant metabolites we found some Fusarium mycotoxins, together with the tetrapeptide tentoxin (an Alternaria toxin), the α-zearalenol (a catabolite of zearalenone), mycophenolic acid and apicidin. These preliminary findings provide new insights into the potential role of UHPLC-HRMS to evaluate the contamination profile and the safety of raw milk to produce hard cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (F.G.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Ghilardelli
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (F.G.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Francesco Masoero
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (F.G.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (F.G.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
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Vanhoutte I, De Tender C, Demeyere K, Abdallah MF, Ommeslag S, Vermeir P, Saeger SD, Debode J, Meyer E, Croubels S, Audenaert K, De Gelder L. Bacterial Enrichment Cultures Biotransform the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol into a Novel Metabolite Toxic to Plant and Porcine Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080552. [PMID: 34437423 PMCID: PMC8402469 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), produced in wheat, barley and maize by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, is threatening the health of humans and animals. With its worldwide high incidence in food and feed, mitigation strategies are needed to detoxify DON, maintaining the nutritional value and palatability of decontaminated commodities. A promising technique is biological degradation, where microorganisms are used to biotransform mycotoxins into less toxic metabolites. In this study, bacterial enrichment cultures were screened for their DON detoxification potential, where DON and its potential derivatives were monitored. The residual phytotoxicity was determined through a bioassay using the aquatic plant Lemna minor L. Two bacterial enrichment cultures were found to biotransform DON into a still highly toxic metabolite for plants. Furthermore, a cytotoxic effect was observed on the cellular viability of intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Through liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, an unknown compound was detected, and tentatively characterized with a molecular weight of 30.0 Da (i.e., CH2O) higher than DON. Metabarcoding of the subsequently enriched bacterial communities revealed a shift towards the genera Sphingopyxis, Pseudoxanthomonas, Ochrobactrum and Pseudarthrobacter. This work describes the discovery of a novel bacterial DON-derived metabolite, toxic to plant and porcine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Vanhoutte
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Caroline De Tender
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.D.T.); (S.O.); (J.D.)
- Computer Science and Statistics, Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (K.D.); (E.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Sarah Ommeslag
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.D.T.); (S.O.); (J.D.)
| | - Pieter Vermeir
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis (LCA), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Jane Debode
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.D.T.); (S.O.); (J.D.)
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (K.D.); (E.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (K.D.); (E.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Leen De Gelder
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-9-243-24-75
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In Vitro Detoxification of Aflatoxin B 1, Deoxynivalenol, Fumonisins, T-2 Toxin and Zearalenone by Probiotic Bacteria from Genus Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:289-301. [PMID: 30721525 PMCID: PMC7072052 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the following research was to determine the detoxification properties of probiotic Lactobacillus sp. bacteria (12 strains) and S. cerevisiae yeast (6 strains) towards mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, T-2 toxin and zearalenone, which pose as frequent feed contamination. The experiment involved analysing changes in concentration of mycotoxins in PBS solutions, after 6, 12 and 24 h of incubation with monocultures of tested microorganisms, measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We found that all strains detoxified the mycotoxins, with the highest reduction in concentration observed for the fumonisin B1 and B2 mixture, ranging between 62 and 77% for bacterial strains and 67–74% for yeast. By contrast, deoxynivalenol was the most resistant mycotoxin: its concentration was reduced by 19–39% by Lactobacillus sp. strains and 22–43% by yeast after 24 h of incubation. High detoxification rates for aflatoxin B1, T-2 toxin and zearalenone were also observed, with concentration reduced on average by 60%, 61% and 57% by Lactobacillus, respectively, and 65%, 69% and 52% by yeast, respectively. The greatest extent of reduction in the concentration for all mycotoxins was observed after 6 h of incubation; however, a decrease in concentration was noted even after 24 h of incubation. Thus, the tested microorganisms can potentially be used as additives to decrease the concentrations of toxins in animal feed.
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21
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Recent advances in detoxification strategies for zearalenone contamination in food and feed. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Guerre P. Mycotoxin and Gut Microbiota Interactions. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E769. [PMID: 33291716 PMCID: PMC7761905 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota were discovered early in animals and explained part of the differences in susceptibility to mycotoxins among species. Isolation of microbes present in the gut responsible for biotransformation of mycotoxins into less toxic metabolites and for binding mycotoxins led to the development of probiotics, enzymes, and cell extracts that are used to prevent mycotoxin toxicity in animals. More recently, bioactivation of mycotoxins into toxic compounds, notably through the hydrolysis of masked mycotoxins, revealed that the health benefits of the effect of the gut microbiota on mycotoxins can vary strongly depending on the mycotoxin and the microbe concerned. Interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota can also be observed through the effect of mycotoxins on the gut microbiota. Changes of gut microbiota secondary to mycotoxin exposure may be the consequence of the antimicrobial properties of mycotoxins or the toxic effect of mycotoxins on epithelial and immune cells in the gut, and liberation of antimicrobial peptides by these cells. Whatever the mechanism involved, exposure to mycotoxins leads to changes in the gut microbiota composition at the phylum, genus, and species level. These changes can lead to disruption of the gut barrier function and bacterial translocation. Changes in the gut microbiota composition can also modulate the toxicity of toxic compounds, such as bacterial toxins and of mycotoxins themselves. A last consequence for health of the change in the gut microbiota secondary to exposure to mycotoxins is suspected through variations observed in the amount and composition of the volatile fatty acids and sphingolipids that are normally present in the digesta, and that can contribute to the occurrence of chronic diseases in human. The purpose of this work is to review what is known about mycotoxin and gut microbiota interactions, the mechanisms involved in these interactions, and their practical application, and to identify knowledge gaps and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Guerre
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, F-31076 Toulouse, France
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Effect of Gamma-Radiation on Zearalenone-Degradation, Cytotoxicity and Estrogenicity. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111687. [PMID: 33218048 PMCID: PMC7698921 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is produced in cereals by different species of Fusarium, being a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin. Despite having a low acute toxicity, ZEA strongly interferes with estrogen receptors. Gamma-radiation has been investigated to eliminate mycotoxins from food and feed, showing promising results. The present study aims to investigate the gamma-radiation effect on ZEA at different moisture conditions and to evaluate the cytotoxicity and estrogenicity of the irradiated ZEA. Different concentrations of dehydrated ZEA and aqueous solutions of ZEA were exposed to gamma-radiation doses ranging from 0.4 to 8.6 kGy and the mycotoxin concentration determined after exposure by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Following this, the cytotoxicity of irradiated samples was assessed in HepG2 cells, by measuring alterations of metabolic activity, plasma membrane integrity and lysosomal function, and their estrogenicity by measuring luciferase activity in HeLa 9903 cells. Gamma-radiation was found to be effective in reducing ZEA, with significant increases in degradation with increased moisture content. Furthermore, a reduction of cytotoxicity with irradiation was observed. ZEA estrogenicity was also increasingly reduced with increasing radiation doses, but mainly in aqueous solutions. These results suggest reduction of ZEA levels and of its toxicity in food and feed commodities may be achieved by irradiation.
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24
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Fate of the mycotoxins in the wort and yeast during ale and lager fermentation and their evaluation under different technological parameters. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Tran VN, Viktorová J, Ruml T. Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E628. [PMID: 33008111 PMCID: PMC7601793 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of mycotoxins content in food is not sufficient for the prediction of their potential in vivo cytotoxicity because it does not reflect their bioavailability and mutual interactions within complex matrices, which may significantly alter the toxic effects. Moreover, many mycotoxins undergo biotransformation and metabolization during the intestinal absorption process. Biotransformation is predominantly the conversion of mycotoxins meditated by cytochrome P450 and other enzymes. This should transform the toxins to nontoxic metabolites but it may possibly result in unexpectedly high toxicity. Therefore, the verification of biotransformation and bioavailability provides valuable information to correctly interpret occurrence data and biomonitoring results. Among all of the methods available, the in vitro models using monolayer formed by epithelial cells from the human colon (Caco-2 cell) have been extensively used for evaluating the permeability, bioavailability, intestinal transport, and metabolism of toxic and biologically active compounds. Here, the strengths and limitations of both in vivo and in vitro techniques used to determine bioavailability are reviewed, along with current detailed data about biotransformation of mycotoxins. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of mycotoxin effects is also discussed regarding the disorder of intestinal barrier integrity induced by mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.)
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Adebiyi JA, Kayitesi E, Njobeh PB. Mycotoxins reduction in dawadawa (an African fermented condiment) produced from Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea). Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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27
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Buszewska-Forajta M. Mycotoxins, invisible danger of feedstuff with toxic effect on animals. Toxicon 2020; 182:34-53. [PMID: 32423889 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are low-molecular weight compounds produced mainly by fungi, with Fusarium and Aspergillus origin. Secondary, metabolites, are mostly found on plants. However, the contamination of the feed and forage has been also reported. Because of their pharmacological activity, mycotoxins can be used as chemical warfare agents, drugs or growth promotants. Additionally, mycotoxins are found as one of the most dangerous genotoxic factors which cause the damage of DNA and lead to disease development. This review includes the knowledge of mycotoxins as both, an invisible danger of forage and as food additives. Special emphasis shall be given on mycotoxins with proven cancerogenic activity; including aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Factors such as species, mechanisms/modes of action, metabolism, and defense mechanisms were taken into account. The main concern was focused on zearalenone characterization, because of its estrogenic activity, caused by structural similarity to estrogens, naturally occurring in cells. By binding to estrogenic receptors, toxins are, accumulated in organisms and long-term exposure may cause the disturbances, especially in the reproductive system. The next part of this paper contains the description of main strategies of toxins determination. Finally, in the review, several potential methods for the dioxins neutralization were discussed.
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Effect of ensiling duration on the fate of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and their derivatives in maize silage. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 36:127-136. [PMID: 31705430 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins and their derivatives are frequently detected in freshly harvested forage maize. This study assessed the time course effects during ensiling of forage maize on the fate of Fusarium mycotoxins, using laboratory-scale silos and artificially contaminated raw material. A multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method was used to determine the levels of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and their derivatives DON-3-glucoside, 3-acetyl-DON, 15-acetyl-DON, deepoxy-DON, α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol. A significant increase of DON was observed during ensiling, whereas the levels of DON-3-glucoside and its acetylated forms proportionally decreased. In contrast, levels of ZEN, α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol were not affected by the ensiling process. Based on these findings, ensiling is not a practical method for reducing the total amount of Fusarium mycotoxins present at harvest.
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Rogowska A, Pomastowski P, Rafińska K, Railean-Plugaru V, Złoch M, Walczak J, Buszewski B. A study of zearalenone biosorption and metabolisation by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Toxicon 2019; 169:81-90. [PMID: 31493420 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A study of the mechanism responsible for the zearalenone (ZEA) neutralization by lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis 56 and L929 cell line was carried out by determination of the kinetics of the binding process. In the case of prokaryotic cells the biosorption process was non-linear and three steps were identified. The maximum efficiency of zearalenone binding to L. lactis was almost 30% and no metabolites were observed. In turn, for eukaryotic cells only two steps of the binding process were differentiated, and the efficiency of zearalenone binding was 53.99%. Furthermore, L929 cell line metabolizes zearalenone to α-ZOL and β-ZOL. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used for description of the structural changes at the protein and lipid level, while Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was applied to detect changes at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rogowska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7 St, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland; Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rafińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7 St, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland; Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Viorica Railean-Plugaru
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7 St, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland; Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Michał Złoch
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Justyna Walczak
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7 St, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland; Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7 St, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland; Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
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30
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Cameron A, McAllister TA. Could probiotics be the panacea alternative to the use of antimicrobials in livestock diets? Benef Microbes 2019; 10:773-799. [PMID: 31965849 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are most frequently derived from the natural microbiota of healthy animals. These bacteria and their metabolic products are viewed as nutritional tools for promoting animal health and productivity, disease prevention and therapy, and food safety in an era defined by increasingly widespread antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens. In contemporary livestock production, antimicrobial usage is indispensable for animal welfare, and employed to enhance growth and feed efficiency. Given the importance of antimicrobials in both human and veterinary medicine, their effective replacement with direct-fed microbials or probiotics could help reduce antimicrobial use, perhaps restoring or extending the usefulness of these precious drugs against serious infections. Thus, probiotic research in livestock is rapidly evolving, aspiring to produce local and systemic health benefits on par with antimicrobials. Although many studies have clearly demonstrated the potential of probiotics to positively affect animal health and inhibit pathogens, experimental evidence suggests that probiotics' successes are modest, conditional, strain-dependent, and transient. Here, we explore current understanding, trends, and emerging applications of probiotic research and usage in major livestock species, and highlight successes in animal health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cameron
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
| | - T A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
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31
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Rogowska A, Pomastowski P, Walczak J, Railean-Plugaru V, Rudnicka J, Buszewski B. Investigation of Zearalenone Adsorption and Biotransformation by Microorganisms Cultured under Cellular Stress Conditions. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080463. [PMID: 31394832 PMCID: PMC6723818 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The zearalenone binding and metabolization ability of probiotic microorganisms, such as lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactococcus lactis, and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, isolated from food products, were examined. Moreover, the influence of cellular stress (induced by silver nanoparticles) and lyophilization on the effectiveness of tested microorganisms was also investigated. The concentration of zearalenone after a certain time of incubation with microorganisms was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The maximum sorption effectiveness for L. paracasei, L. lactis, and S. cerevisiae cultured in non-stress conditions was 53.3, 41.0, and 36.5%, respectively. At the same time for the same microorganisms cultured at cellular stress conditions, the maximum sorption effectiveness was improved to 55.3, 47.4, and 57.0%, respectively. Also, the effect of culture conditions on the morphology of the cells and its metabolism was examined using microscopic technique and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rogowska
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Justyna Walczak
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Viorica Railean-Plugaru
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Joanna Rudnicka
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
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32
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Wall-Martínez HA, Pascari X, Bigordà A, Ramos AJ, Marín S, Sanchis V. The fate of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol and zearalenone) through wort fermenting by Saccharomyces yeasts (S. cerevisiae and S. pastorianus). Food Res Int 2019; 126:108587. [PMID: 31732066 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 15 commercial yeasts in the mitigation of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) during the brewing process. Saccharomyces strains (10 strains of S. cerevisiae and 5 of S. pastorianus) were used to ferment DON and ZEN contaminated wort. Wort samples were taken every 24 h during fermentation, while mycotoxin analysis in yeast was performed at the end of fermentation (96 h); additionally, pH and ethanol content were measured daily. For mycotoxin analysis, after immunoaffinity purification of sample extracts, analysis was performed using an Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatograph coupled with a diode array or fluorescence detector (UHPLC-DAD/FLD). Mycotoxin presence had no significant effect on the ethanol production during brewing. At the end of fermentation, 10-17% of DON and 30-70% of ZEN had been removed, 6% of the initial concentration of DON and 31% of the ZEN being adsorbed by the yeast. Beermakers must pay careful attention to the raw material since a high percentage of DON could be present at the end of the beer fermentation process. Future studies should focus on the quantification of "masked" mycotoxins that are relevant to food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiram A Wall-Martínez
- Unit of Research and Food Development (UNIDA), Veracruz Institute of Technology, Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779, 91860 Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Xenia Pascari
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Aleix Bigordà
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio J Ramos
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Sonia Marín
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Vicente Sanchis
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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Bzducha-Wróbel A, Bryła M, Gientka I, Błażejak S, Janowicz M. Candida utilis ATCC 9950 Cell Walls and β(1,3)/(1,6)-Glucan Preparations Produced Using Agro-Waste as a Mycotoxins Trap. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E192. [PMID: 30935045 PMCID: PMC6521628 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are harmful contaminants of food and feed worldwide. Feed additives with the abilities to trap mycotoxins are considered substances which regulate toxin transfer from feed to tissue, reducing its absorption in animal digestive tract. Market analysis emphasizes growing interest of feed producers in mycotoxins binders obtained from yeast biomass. The aim of the study was to prescreen cell walls (CW) and β(1,3)/(1,6)-glucan (β-G) preparations isolated from Candida utilis ATCC 9950 cultivated on waste potato juice water with glycerol as adsorbents for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin (T-2) and fumonisin B1 (FB1). The adsorption was studied in single concentration tests at pH 3.0 and 6.0 in the presence of 1% of the adsorbent and 500 ng/mL of individual toxin. Evaluated CW and β-G preparations had the potential to bind ZEN, OTA and AFB1 rather than DON, NIV, T-2 toxin and FB1. The highest percentage of adsorption (about 83%), adsorption capacity (approx. 41 µg/ g preparation) and distribution coefficient (458.7mL/g) was found for zearalenone when CW preparation was used under acidic conditions. Higher protein content in CW and smaller particles sizes of the formulation could influence more efficient binding of ZEN, OTA, DON and T-2 toxin at appropriate pH compared to purified β-G. Obtained results show the possibility to transform the waste potato juice water into valuable Candida utilis ATCC 9950 preparation with mycotoxins adsorption properties. Further research is important to improve the binding capacity of studied preparations by increasing the active surface of adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Bryła
- Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Analysis, Rakowiecka Str. 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Iwona Gientka
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Błażejak
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Janowicz
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Rogowska A, Pomastowski P, Sagandykova G, Buszewski B. Zearalenone and its metabolites: Effect on human health, metabolism and neutralisation methods. Toxicon 2019; 162:46-56. [PMID: 30851274 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are natural compounds produced as secondary metabolites by mold fungi belonging mainly to the Fusarium family, commonly found on plants such as corn or small grains in the temperate climate zone. One of these mycotoxins is zearalenone, which is classified as a xenoestrogen, an exogenous compound which resembles the structure of naturally occurring estrogens with its chemical structure. This property of zearalenone determines its ability to bind to estrogen receptors of cell and its bioaccumulation. This leads to disorders of the hormonal balance of the body, which in consequence may lead to numerous diseases of reproductive system such as prostate, ovarian, cervical or breast cancers. High risk posed by long-term exposure to contaminated food forces the modern science to develop and implement effective methods of zearalenone neutralisation. This work is a review of current state of knowledge on toxic effects of zearalenone, its metabolism in biological systems and proposed methods of its neutralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rogowska
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Torun, Poland; Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - P Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - G Sagandykova
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - B Buszewski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Torun, Poland; Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Torun, Poland.
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35
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Ogunade IM, Martinez-Tuppia C, Queiroz OCM, Jiang Y, Drouin P, Wu F, Vyas D, Adesogan AT. Silage review: Mycotoxins in silage: Occurrence, effects, prevention, and mitigation. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4034-4059. [PMID: 29685276 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ensiled forage, particularly corn silage, is an important component of dairy cow diets worldwide. Forages can be contaminated with several mycotoxins in the field pre-harvest, during storage, or after ensiling during feed-out. Exposure to dietary mycotoxins adversely affects the performance and health of livestock and can compromise human health. Several studies and surveys indicate that ruminants are often exposed to mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, and many other fungal secondary metabolites, via the silage they ingest. Problems associated with mycotoxins in silage can be minimized by preventing fungal growth before and after ensiling. Proper silage management is essential to reduce mycotoxin contamination of dairy cow feeds, and certain mold-inhibiting chemical additives or microbial inoculants can also reduce the contamination levels. Several sequestering agents also can be added to diets to reduce mycotoxin levels, but their efficacy varies with the type and level of mycotoxin contamination. This article gives an overview of the types, prevalence, and levels of mycotoxin contamination in ensiled forages in different countries, and describes their adverse effects on health of ruminants, and effective prevention and mitigation strategies for dairy cow diets. Future research priorities discussed include research efforts to develop silage additives or rumen microbial innocula that degrade mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Ogunade
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - C Martinez-Tuppia
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, B.P. 59, F-31702 Blagnac, France
| | - O C M Queiroz
- Chr Hansen, Animal Health and Nutrition, Chr. Hansen, Buenos Aires 1107, Argentina
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - P Drouin
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, B.P. 59, F-31702 Blagnac, France
| | - F Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608.
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Expression, functional analysis and mutation of a novel neutral zearalenone-degrading enzyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1284-1292. [PMID: 29949749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The crops and grains were often contaminated by high level of mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN). In order to remove ZEN and keep food safe, ZEN-degrading or detoxifying enzymes are urgently needed. Here, a newly identified lactonohydrolase responsible for the detoxification of ZEN, annotated as Zhd518, was expressed and characterized. Zhd518 showed 65% amino acid identity with Zhd101, which was widely studied for its ZEN-degrading ability. A detailed activity measurement method of ZEN-degrading enzyme was provided. Biochemical analysis indicated that the purified recombinant Zhd518 from E. coli exhibited a high activity against ZEN (207.0 U/mg), with the optimal temperature and pH of 40 °C and 8.0, respectively. The Zhd518 can degrade ZEN derivatives, and the specific activities against α-Zearalenol, β-Zearalenol, α-Zearalanol and β-Zearalanol were 23.0 U/mg, 64.7 U/mg, 119.8 U/mg and 66.5 U/mg, respectively. The active sites of Zhd518 were predicted by structure modeling and determined by mutation analysis. A point mutant N156H exhibited 3.3-fold activity against α-Zearalenol comparing to Zhd518. Zhd518 is the first reported neutral and the second characterized ZEN-degrading enzyme, which provides a new and more excellent candidate for ZEN detoxifying in food and feed industry.
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Removal of Zearalenone and Zearalenols from Aqueous Solutions Using Insoluble Beta-Cyclodextrin Bead Polymer. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10060216. [PMID: 29799507 PMCID: PMC6024756 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a Fusarium-derived mycotoxin, exerting xenoestrogenic effects in animals and humans. ZEN and its derivatives commonly occur in cereals and cereal-based products. During the biotransformation of ZEN, its reduced metabolites, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), are formed; α-ZEL is even more toxic than the parent compound ZEN. Since previous studies demonstrated that ZEN and ZELs form stable complexes with β-cyclodextrins, it is reasonable to hypothesize that cyclodextrin polymers may be suitable for mycotoxin removal from aqueous solutions. In this study, the extraction of ZEN and ZELs from water, buffers, and corn beer was investigated, employing insoluble β-cyclodextrin bead polymer (BBP) as a mycotoxin-binder. Our results demonstrate that even relatively small amounts of BBP can strongly decrease the mycotoxin content of aqueous solutions (including beer). After the first application of BBP for mycotoxin binding, BBP could be completely reactivated through the elimination of ZEN from the cyclodextrin cavities by washing with a 50 v/v% ethanol-water mixture. Therefore, our study suggests that insoluble cyclodextrin polymers may be suitable tools in the future to deplete mycotoxins from contaminated drinks.
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Chilaka CA, De Boevre M, Atanda OO, De Saeger S. Stability of fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin during processing of traditional Nigerian beer and spices. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:229-239. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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The Mycotoxin Zearalenone Hinders Candida albicans Biofilm Formation and Hyphal Morphogenesis. Indian J Microbiol 2017; 58:19-27. [PMID: 29434393 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast-mold mycobiota inhabit several natural ecosystems, in which symbiotic relationships drive strategic pathoadaptation. Mycotoxins are metabolites produced by diverse mycotoxigenic fungi as a defense against yeasts, though at times yeasts secrete enzymes that degrade, detoxify, or bio-transform mycotoxins. The present study is focused on the in vitro inhibitory effects of zearalenone (ZEN), a F2 mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium and Gibberella species, on different microbial strains. ZEN exhibited no effect on the planktonic growth or biofilms of several Gram positive and negative bacteria at the tested concentrations. Remarkably, Candida albicans biofilm formation and hyphal morphogenesis were significantly inhibited when treated with 100 µg/mL of ZEN. Likewise, ZEN proficiently disrupted pre-formed C. albicans biofilms without disturbing planktonic cells. Furthermore, these inhibitions were confirmed by crystal violet staining and XTT reduction assays and by confocal and scanning electron microscopy. In an in vivo model, ZEN significantly suppressed C. albicans infection in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The study reports the in vitro antibiofilm efficacy of ZEN against C. albicans strains, and suggests mycotoxigenic fungi participate in asymmetric competitive interactions, such as, amensalism or antibiosis, rather than commensal interactions with C. albicans, whereby mycotoxins secreted by fungi destroy C. albicans biofilms.
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Król A, Pomastowski P, Rafińska K, Railean-Plugaru V, Walczak J, Buszewski B. Microbiology neutralization of zearalenone using Lactococcus lactis and Bifidobacterium sp. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:943-952. [PMID: 28852794 PMCID: PMC5775352 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to neutralize zearalenone by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) such as Lactococcus lactis and Bifidobacterium sp. and investigate the mechanism of zearalenone (ZEA) binding. Neutralization of ZEA by LAB was confirmed by identification of binding kinetics and spectroscopic studies such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The obtained results showed that the kinetic process of zearalenone binding to L. lactis is not homogeneous but is expressed with an initial rapid stage with about 90% of ZEA biosorption and with a much slower second step. In case of Bifidobacterium sp., the neutralization process is homogeneous; the main stage can be described with about 88% of ZEA biosorption. MALDI-TOF-MS measurements and FTIR analysis confirmed the uptake of zearalenone molecules by bacterial species. Moreover, the assessment of dead and live lactic acid bacteria cells after zearalenone treatment was performed using fluorescence microscopy. Graphical abstract Microbiology neutralization of zearalenone using Lactococcus lactis and Bifidobacterium sp. was confirmed by identification of binding kinetics and spectroscopic studies such as FT-IR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF-MS spectrometry. The mechanism of ZEA binding was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Król
- Faculty of Chemistry, Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - P Pomastowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - K Rafińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - V Railean-Plugaru
- Faculty of Chemistry, Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - J Walczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - B Buszewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str, 87-100, Torun, Poland.
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41
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Wang G, Yu M, Dong F, Shi J, Xu J. Esterase activity inspired selection and characterization of zearalenone degrading bacteria Bacillus pumilus ES-21. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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42
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Dagnac T, Latorre A, Fernández Lorenzo B, Llompart M. Validation and application of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based method for the assessment of the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in maize silages from dairy farms in NW Spain. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1850-1863. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1243806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Dagnac
- Department of Animal Production, INGACAL (Galician Institute for Food Quality) –CIAM (Agrarian and Agronomic Research Centre), Laboratory of Food/Feed Safety and Organic Contaminants, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alicia Latorre
- Department of Animal Production, INGACAL (Galician Institute for Food Quality) –CIAM (Agrarian and Agronomic Research Centre), Laboratory of Food/Feed Safety and Organic Contaminants, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Bruno Fernández Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Production, INGACAL (Galician Institute for Food Quality) –CIAM (Agrarian and Agronomic Research Centre), Laboratory of Food/Feed Safety and Organic Contaminants, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maria Llompart
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science. Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Vida. University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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43
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Xu Z, Liu W, Chen CC, Li Q, Huang JW, Ko TP, Liu G, Liu W, Peng W, Cheng YS, Chen Y, Jin J, Li H, Zheng Y, Guo RT. Enhanced α-Zearalenol Hydrolyzing Activity of a Mycoestrogen-Detoxifying Lactonase by Structure-Based Engineering. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Xu
- Industrial
Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial
Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- School
of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Industrial
Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial
Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- Industrial
Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial
Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qian Li
- Industrial
Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial
Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | | | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Guizhi Liu
- Industrial
Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial
Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- Industrial
Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial
Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Industrial
Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial
Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Ya-Shan Cheng
- Industrial
Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial
Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yun Chen
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Jin
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Huazhong Li
- School
of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- Industrial
Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial
Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- Industrial
Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial
Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
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44
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Ogunade I, Arriola K, Jiang Y, Driver J, Staples C, Adesogan A. Effects of 3 sequestering agents on milk aflatoxin M1 concentration and the performance and immune status of dairy cows fed diets artificially contaminated with aflatoxin B1. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6263-6273. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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