1
|
Liu S, Zhou Y, Feng Y, Peng Q, Li Y, He C, Fang Z, Xiao Y, Fang W. A cost-saving, safe, and highly efficient natural mediator for laccase application on aflatoxin detoxification. Food Chem 2024; 455:139862. [PMID: 38833866 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Laccase mediators possess advantage of oxidizing substrates with high redox potentials, such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). High costs of chemically synthesized mediators limit laccase industrial application. In this study, thin stillage extract (TSE), a byproduct of corn-based ethanol fermentation was investigated as the potential natural mediator of laccases. Ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and vanillic acid were identified as the predominant phenolic compounds of TSE. With the assistance of 0.05 mM TSE, AFB1 degradation activity of novel laccase Glac1 increased by 17 times. The promoting efficiency of TSE was similar to ferulic acid, but superior to vanillic acid and p-coumaric acid, with 1.2- and 1.3-fold increases, respectively. After Glac1-TSE treatment, two oxidation products were identified. Ames test showed AFB1 degradation products lost mutagenicity. Meanwhile, TSE also showed 1.3-3.0 times promoting effect on laccase degradation activity in cereal flours. Collectively, a safe and highly efficient natural mediator was obtained for aflatoxin detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural product Fine processing and resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yan Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Qixia Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yurong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Cheng He
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Wei Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bossa M, Monesterolo NE, Monge MDP, Rhein P, Chulze SN, Alaniz-Zanon MS, Chiotta ML. Fungal Laccases and Fumonisin Decontamination in Co-Products of Bioethanol from Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:350. [PMID: 39195760 PMCID: PMC11359460 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16080350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) may be infected by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, and consequently contaminated with fumonisins (FBs), as well as the co-products of bioethanol intended for animal feed. Laccase enzymes have a wide industrial application such as mycotoxin degradation. The aims were to isolate and identify fungal laccase-producing strains, to evaluate laccase production, to determine the enzymatic stability under fermentation conditions, and to analyse the effectiveness in vitro of enzymatic extracts (EEs) containing laccases in degrading FB1. Strains belonging to Funalia trogii, Phellinus tuberculosus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pycnoporus sanguineus and Trametes gallica species showed laccase activity. Different isoforms of laccases were detected depending on the evaluated species. For the FB1 decontamination assays, four enzymatic activities (5, 10, 15 and 20 U/mL) were tested, in the absence and presence of vanillic acid (VA) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) as redox mediators (1 and 10 mM). Trametes gallica B4-IMICO-RC EE was the most effective strain in buffer, achieving a 60% of FB1 reduction. Laccases included in EEs remained stable at different alcoholic degrees in maize steep liquor (MSL), but no significant FB1 reduction was observed under the conditions evaluated using MSL. This study demonstrate that although laccases could be good candidates for the development of a strategy to reduce FB1, further studies are necessary to optimise this process in MSL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Bossa
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.d.P.M.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Noelia Edith Monesterolo
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y de la Salud (INBIAS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina;
| | - María del Pilar Monge
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.d.P.M.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Paloma Rhein
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina;
| | - Sofía Noemí Chulze
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.d.P.M.); (S.N.C.)
| | - María Silvina Alaniz-Zanon
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.d.P.M.); (S.N.C.)
| | - María Laura Chiotta
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.d.P.M.); (S.N.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nazareth TDM, Soriano Pérez E, Luz C, Meca G, Quiles JM. Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A Dynamics: Emergence, Toxicological Impact, and Advanced Control Strategies. Foods 2024; 13:1920. [PMID: 38928866 PMCID: PMC11203094 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi exhibit remarkable adaptability to diverse substrates and can synthesize a plethora of secondary metabolites. These metabolites, produced in response to environmental stimuli, not only confer selective advantages but also encompass potentially deleterious mycotoxins. Mycotoxins, exemplified by those originating from Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species, represent challenging hazards to both human and animal health, thus warranting stringent regulatory control. Despite regulatory frameworks, mycotoxin contamination remains a pressing global challenge, particularly within cereal-based matrices and their derived by-products, integral components of animal diets. Strategies aimed at mitigating mycotoxin contamination encompass multifaceted approaches, including biological control modalities, detoxification procedures, and innovative interventions like essential oils. However, hurdles persist, underscoring the imperative for innovative interventions. This review elucidated the prevalence, health ramifications, regulatory paradigms, and evolving preventive strategies about two prominent mycotoxins, aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. Furthermore, it explored the emergence of new fungal species, and biocontrol methods using lactic acid bacteria and essential mustard oil, emphasizing their efficacy in mitigating fungal spoilage and mycotoxin production. Through an integrative examination of these facets, this review endeavored to furnish a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted challenges posed by mycotoxin contamination and the emergent strategies poised to ameliorate its impact on food and feed safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago de Melo Nazareth
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (E.S.P.); (C.L.); (G.M.); (J.M.Q.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zjalic S, Markov K, Loncar J, Jakopovic Z, Beccaccioli M, Reverberi M. Biocontrol of Occurrence Ochratoxin A in Wine: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:277. [PMID: 38922171 PMCID: PMC11209579 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Viticulture has been an important economic sector for centuries. In recent decades, global wine production has fluctuated between 250 and almost 300 million hectoliters, and in 2022, the value of wine exports reached EUR 37.6 billion. Climate change and the associated higher temperatures could favor the occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in wine. OTA is a mycotoxin produced by some species of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium and has nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, teratogenic, hepatotoxic, and carcinogenic effects on animals and humans. The presence of this toxin in wine is related to the type of wine-red wines are more frequently contaminated with OTA-and the geographical location of the vineyard. In Europe, the lower the latitude, the greater the risk of OTA contamination in wine. However, climate change could increase the risk of OTA contamination in wine in other regions. Due to their toxic effects, the development of effective and environmentally friendly methods to prevent, decontaminate, and degrade OTA is essential. This review summarises the available research on biological aspects of OTA prevention, removal, and degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Zjalic
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Trg kneza Viseslava 9, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
| | - Ksenija Markov
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.M.); (Z.J.)
| | - Jelena Loncar
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Trg kneza Viseslava 9, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
| | - Zeljko Jakopovic
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.M.); (Z.J.)
| | - Marzia Beccaccioli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ben Miri Y, Benabdallah A, Chentir I, Djenane D, Luvisi A, De Bellis L. Comprehensive Insights into Ochratoxin A: Occurrence, Analysis, and Control Strategies. Foods 2024; 13:1184. [PMID: 38672856 PMCID: PMC11049263 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic mycotoxin produced by some mold species from genera Penicillium and Aspergillus. OTA has been detected in cereals, cereal-derived products, dried fruits, wine, grape juice, beer, tea, coffee, cocoa, nuts, spices, licorice, processed meat, cheese, and other foods. OTA can induce a wide range of health effects attributable to its toxicological properties, including teratogenicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. OTA is not only toxic to humans but also harmful to livestock like cows, goats, and poultry. This is why the European Union and various countries regulate the maximum permitted levels of OTA in foods. This review intends to summarize all the main aspects concerning OTA, starting from the chemical structure and fungi that produce it, its presence in food, its toxicity, and methods of analysis, as well as control strategies, including both fungal development and methods of inactivation of the molecule. Finally, the review provides some ideas for future approaches aimed at reducing the OTA levels in foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamina Ben Miri
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed Boudiaf University, BP 166, M’sila 28000, Algeria;
| | - Amina Benabdallah
- Laboratory on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Pollution, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University Chadli Bendjedid, El-Tarf 36000, Algeria;
| | - Imene Chentir
- Laboratory of Food, Processing, Control and Agri-Resources Valorization, Higher School of Food Science and Agri-Food Industry, Algiers 16200, Algeria;
| | - Djamel Djenane
- Food Quality and Safety Research Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University, BP 17, Tizi-Ouzou 15000, Algeria;
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento Palazzina A—Centro Ecotekne via Prov, le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento Palazzina A—Centro Ecotekne via Prov, le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang J, Liang K, Ke H, Zhang Y, Meng Q, Gao L, Fan J, Li G, Zhou H, Xiao J, Lei X. Enzymatic Degradation of Deoxynivalenol with the Engineered Detoxification Enzyme Fhb7. JACS AU 2024; 4:619-634. [PMID: 38425922 PMCID: PMC10900206 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In the era of global climate change, the increasingly severe Fusarium head blight (FHB) and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination have caused economic losses and brought food and feed safety concerns. Recently, an FHB resistance gene Fhb7 coding a glutathione-S transferase (GST) to degrade DON by opening the critical toxic epoxide moiety was identified and opened a new window for wheat breeding and DON detoxification. However, the poor stability of Fhb7 and the elusiveness of the catalytic mechanism hinder its practical application. Herein, we report the first structure of Fhb7 at 2.41 Å and reveal a unique catalytic mechanism of epoxide opening transformation in GST family proteins. Furthermore, variants V29P and M10 showed that 5.5-fold and 266.7-fold longer half-life time than wild-type, respectively, were identified. These variants offer broad substrate scope, and the engineered biosafe Bacillus subtilis overexpressing the variants shows excellent DON degradation performance, exhibiting potential at bacterium engineering to achieve DON detoxification in the feed and biomedicine industry. This work provides a profound mechanistic insight into the enzymatic activities of Fhb7 and paves the way for further utilizing Fhb7-related enzymes in crop breeding and DON detoxification by synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy
for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kai Liang
- School
of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Han Ke
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuebin Zhang
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular
Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qian Meng
- Analytical
Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules, State Key Laboratory
of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of
Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junping Fan
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular
Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Analytical
Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules, State Key Laboratory
of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of
Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junyu Xiao
- School
of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy
for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy
for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute
for Cancer Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo C, Fan L, Yang Q, Ning M, Zhang B, Ren X. Characterization and mechanism of simultaneous degradation of aflatoxin B 1 and zearalenone by an edible fungus of Agrocybe cylindracea GC-Ac2. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1292824. [PMID: 38414775 PMCID: PMC10897045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1292824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Contamination with multiple mycotoxins is a major issue for global food safety and trade. This study focused on the degradation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) by 8 types of edible fungi belonging to 6 species, inclulding Agaricus bisporus, Agrocybe cylindracea, Cyclocybe cylindracea, Cyclocybe aegerita, Hypsizygus marmoreus and Lentinula edodes. Among these fungi, Agrocybe cylindracea strain GC-Ac2 was shown to be the most efficient in the degradation of AFB1 and ZEN. Under optimal degradation conditions (pH 6.0 and 37.4°C for 37.9 h), the degradation rate of both AFB1 and ZEN reached over 96%. Through the analysis of functional detoxification components, it was found that the removal of AFB1 and ZEN was primarily degraded by the culture supernatant of the fungus. The culture supernatant exhibited a maximum manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity of 2.37 U/mL. Interestingly, Agrocybe cylindracea strain GC-Ac2 also showed the capability to degrade other mycotoxins in laboratory-scale mushroom substrates, including 15A-deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, B2, B3, T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A, and sterigmatocystin. The mechanism of degradation of these mycotoxins was speculated to be catalyzed by a complex enzyme system, which include MnP and other ligninolytic enzymes. It is worth noting that Agrocybe cylindracea can degrade multiple mycotoxins and produce MnP, which is a novel and significant discovery. These results suggest that this candidate strain and its enzyme system are expected to become valuable biomaterials for the simultaneous degradation of multiple mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changying Guo
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Lixia Fan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Mingxiao Ning
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Bingchun Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Xianfeng Ren
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Putra RP, Astuti D, Respati AN, Ningsih N, Triswanto, Yano AA, Gading BMWT, Jayanegara A, Sholikin MM, Hassim HA, Azmi AFM, Adli DN, Irawan A. Protective effects of feed additives on broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxins-contaminated feed: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:225-244. [PMID: 37644237 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination in feed is a common problem in broiler chickens. The present systematic review and meta-analysis examined the impact of aflatoxin-contaminated feed and the efficacy of various feed additives on the production performance of broiler chickens fed aflatoxin-contaminated feed (AF-feed). A total of 35 studies comprising 53 AF-feed experiments were selected following PRISMA guidelines. Feed additives included in the analyses were toxins binder (TB), mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), organic acid (OA), probiotics (PRO), protein supplementation (PROT), phytobiotics (PHY), and additive mixture (MIX). Random effects model and a frequentist network meta-analysis (NMA) were performed to rank the efficacy of feed additives, reported as standardized means difference (SMD) at 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Overall, broiler chickens fed AF-feed had significantly lower final body weight (BW) (SMD = 198; 95% CI = 198 to 238) and higher feed conversion ratio (SMD = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.13 to 0.21) than control. Treatments with TB, MOS, and PHY improved the BW of birds fed AF-feed (P < 0.05) to be comparable with non-contaminated feed or control. Predictions on final BW from the broiler-fed aflatoxin-contaminated diet were 15% lower than the control diet. Including feed additives in the aflatoxins diet could ameliorate the depressive effect. Remarkably, our network meta-analysis highlighted that TB was the highest-performing additive (P-score = 0.797) to remedy aflatoxicosis. Altogether, several additives, especially TB, are promising to ameliorate aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens, although the efficacy was low regarding the severity of the aflatoxicosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Pratama Putra
- Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, Province of Jambi, Jambi, 36122, Indonesia
- Animal Health Vocational Program, Jambi University, Muaro Jambi, 36361, Indonesia
| | - Dian Astuti
- Agrotechnology Innovation Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, 55573, Indonesia
| | - Adib Norma Respati
- Department of Animal Science, Politeknik Negeri Jember, Jember, 68101, Indonesia
| | - Niati Ningsih
- Department of Animal Science, Politeknik Negeri Jember, Jember, 68101, Indonesia
| | - Triswanto
- Department of Feed Technology, PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia, Jakarta Utara, 14350, Indonesia
| | - Aan Andri Yano
- Vocational School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia
| | | | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Miftakhus Sholikin
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
- Meta-Analysis in Plant Science (MAPS) Research Group, Bandung, 40621, Indonesia
- Center For Tropical Animal Studies (CENTRAS), The Institute of Research and Community Empowerment of IPB (LPPM IPB), Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Hasliza Abu Hassim
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Amirul Faiz Mohd Azmi
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 16100, Malaysia
| | - Danung Nur Adli
- Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Agung Irawan
- Vocational School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia.
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mangini V, Rosini E, Caliandro R, Mangiatordi GF, Delre P, Sciancalepore AG, Pollegioni L, Haidukowski M, Mazzorana M, Sumarah MW, Renaud JB, Flaig R, Mulè G, Belviso BD, Loi M. DypB peroxidase for aflatoxin removal: New insights into the toxin degradation process. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140826. [PMID: 38040262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most potent carcinogens and a widespread food and feed contaminant. As for other toxins, many efforts are devoted to find efficient and environmentally-friendly methods to degrade AFB1, such as enzymatic treatments, thus improving the safety of food and feed products. In this regard, the dye decolorizing peroxidase of type B (DypB) can efficiently degrade AFB1. The molecular mechanism, which is required to drive protein optimization in view of the usage of DypB as a mycotoxin reduction agent in large scale application, is unknown. Here, we focused on the role of four DypB residues in the degradation of AFB1 by alanine-scanning (residues 156, 215, 239 and 246), which were identified from biochemical assays to be kinetically relevant for the degradation. As a result of DypB degradation, AFB1 is converted into four products. Interestingly, the relative abundancy of these products depends on the replaced residues. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the role of these residues in the binding step between protein and manganese, a metal ion which is expected to be involved in the degradation process. We found that the size of the haem pocket as well as conformational changes in the protein structure could play a role in determining the kinetics of AFB1 removal and, consequently, guide the process towards specific degradation products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Mangini
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - E Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - R Caliandro
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - G F Mangiatordi
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - P Delre
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - A G Sciancalepore
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - L Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - M Haidukowski
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - M Mazzorana
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - M W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street London, Ontario, Canada, N5V4T3
| | - J B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street London, Ontario, Canada, N5V4T3
| | - R Flaig
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - G Mulè
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy.
| | - B D Belviso
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy.
| | - M Loi
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bossa M, Alaniz-Zanon MS, Monesterolo NE, Monge MDP, Coria YM, Chulze SN, Chiotta ML. Aflatoxin Decontamination in Maize Steep Liquor Obtained from Bioethanol Production Using Laccases from Species within the Basidiomycota Phylum. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:27. [PMID: 38251243 PMCID: PMC10819231 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important crop in Argentina. Aspergillus section Flavi can infect this crop at the pre-harvest stage, and the harvested grains can be contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs). During the production of bioethanol from maize, AF levels can increase up to three times in the final co-products, known as, dry and wet distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS and WDGS), intended for animal feed. Fungal enzymes like laccases can be a useful tool for reducing AF contamination in the co-products obtained from this process. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of laccase enzymes included in enzymatic extracts (EE) produced by different species in the Basidiomycota phylum to reduce AF (AFB1 and AFB2) accumulation under the conditions of in vitro assays. Four laccase activities (5, 10, 15, and 20 U/mL) exerted by nine isolates were evaluated in the absence and presence of vanillic acid (VA), serving as a laccase redox mediator for the degradation of total AFs. The enzymatic stability in maize steep liquor (MSL) was confirmed after a 60 h incubation period. The most effective EE in terms of reducing AF content in the buffer was selected for an additional assay carried out under the same conditions using maize steep liquor obtained after the saccharification stage during the bioethanol production process. The highest degradation percentages were observed at 20 U/mL of laccase enzymatic activity and 1 mM of VA, corresponding to 26% for AFB1 and 26.6% for AFB2. The present study provides valuable data for the development of an efficient tool based on fungal laccases for preventing AF accumulation in the co-products of bioethanol produced from maize used for animal feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Bossa
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.S.A.-Z.); (M.d.P.M.); (Y.M.C.); (S.N.C.)
| | - María Silvina Alaniz-Zanon
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.S.A.-Z.); (M.d.P.M.); (Y.M.C.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Noelia Edith Monesterolo
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y de la Salud (INBIAS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina;
| | - María del Pilar Monge
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.S.A.-Z.); (M.d.P.M.); (Y.M.C.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Yamila Milagros Coria
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.S.A.-Z.); (M.d.P.M.); (Y.M.C.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Sofía Noemí Chulze
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.S.A.-Z.); (M.d.P.M.); (Y.M.C.); (S.N.C.)
| | - María Laura Chiotta
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.S.A.-Z.); (M.d.P.M.); (Y.M.C.); (S.N.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ouyang B, Zhang W, Guang C, Xu W, Mu W. Identification and Modification of Enzymatic Substrate Specificity through Residue Alteration in the Cap Domain: A Thermostable Zearalenone Lactonase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18943-18952. [PMID: 37990968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and its derivatives are prevalent contaminants in cereal crops. This study investigated a novel thermostable ZEN lactonase (ZENM) from Monosporascus sp. GIB2. ZENM demonstrated its highest activity at 60 °C, maintaining over 90% relative activity from 50 to 60 °C. Notably, efficient hydrolysis of ZEN and its two derivatives was achieved using ZENM, with specific activities of 333 U/mg for ZEN, 316 U/mg for α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), and 300 U/mg for α-zearalanol (α-ZAL). The activity of ZENM toward α-ZOL is noteworthy as most ZEN lactonases rarely achieve such a high degradation rate of α-ZOL. Based on the sequence-structure analysis, five residues (L123, G163, E171, S199, and S202) conserved in other ZEN lactonases were substituted in ZENM. Of interest was the G163S mutant in the cap domain that displayed enhanced activity toward α-ZOL compared to the wild-type enzyme. Notably, the mutant G163S exhibited higher catalytic activity toward α-ZOL (kcat/Km 0.223 min-1 μM-1) than ZEN (kcat/Km 0.191 min-1 μM-1), preferring α-ZOL as its optimum substrate. In conclusion, a thermostable ZEN lactonase has been reported, and the alteration of residue G163 in the cap domain has been shown to modify the substrate specificity of ZEN lactonase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hao WB, Gu X, Yu X, Zhao Y, Li C, Jia M, Du XD. Laccase Lac-W detoxifies aflatoxin B 1 and degrades five other major mycotoxins in the absence of redox mediators. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122581. [PMID: 37748638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
A multicopper oxidase Lac-W from Weizmannia coagulans 36D1 was identified and characterized as a laccase (Lac-W) with a robust enzymatic activity, which was used in various mycotoxins degradation. We demonstrated that Lac-W could directly degrade six major mycotoxins in the absence of redox mediators in pH 9.0, 24h static incubation at room temperature, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, 88%), zearalenone (60%), deoxynivalenol (34%), T-2 toxin (19%), fumonisin B1 (18%), and ochratoxin A (12%). The optimal condition for Lac-W to degrade AFB1 was 30 °C, pH 9.0, enzyme-substrate ratio 3U/μg in 24h static condition. Furthermore, we characterized aflatoxin Q1 as a Lac-W-mediated degradation product of AFB1 using UHPLC-MS/MS. Interestingly, degradation products of AFB1 failed to generate cell death and apoptosis of intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Finally, our molecular docking simulation results revealed that the substrate-binding pocket of Lac-W was large enough to allow the entry of six mycotoxins with different structures, and their degradation rates were positively correlated to their interacting affinity with Lac-W. In summary, the unique properties of the Lac-W make it a great candidate for detoxifying multiple mycotoxins contaminated food and feed cost-effectively and eco-friendly. Our study provides new insights into development of versatile enzymes which could simultaneously degrade multiple mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaohu Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Youbao Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Mengshuang Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiang-Dang Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fernandes C, Casadevall A, Gonçalves T. Mechanisms of Alternaria pathogenesis in animals and plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad061. [PMID: 37884396 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria species are cosmopolitan fungi darkly pigmented by melanin that infect numerous plant species causing economically important agricultural spoilage of various food crops. Alternaria spp. also infect animals, being described as entomopathogenic fungi but also infecting warm-blooded animals, including humans. Their clinical importance in human health, as infection agents, lay in the growing number of immunocompromised patients. Moreover, Alternaria spp. are considered some of the most abundant and potent sources of airborne sensitizer allergens causing allergic respiratory diseases, as severe asthma. Among the numerous strategies deployed by Alternaria spp. to attack their hosts, the production of toxins, carrying critical concerns to public health as food contaminant, and the production of hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases, can be highlighted. Alternaria proteases also trigger allergic symptoms in individuals with fungal sensitization, acting as allergens and facilitating antigen access to the host subepithelium. Here, we review the current knowledge about the mechanisms of Alternaria pathogenesis in plants and animals, the strategies used by Alternaria to cope with the host defenses, and the involvement Alternaria allergens and mechanisms of sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Fernandes
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Wolfe Street, Room E5132, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- FMUC - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shen WH, Zhou LL, Li XP, Cong RP, Huang QY, Zheng LP, Wang JW. Bamboo polysaccharides elicit hypocrellin A biosynthesis of a bambusicolous fungus Shiraia sp. S9. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:341. [PMID: 37828354 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Hypocrellin A (HA), a fungal perylenequinone from bambusicolous Shiraia species, is a newly developed photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy in cancer and other infectious diseases. The lower yield of HA is an important bottleneck for its biomedical application. This study is the first report of the enhancement of HA production in mycelium culture of Shiraia sp. S9 by the polysaccharides from its host bamboo which serve as a strong elicitor. A purified bamboo polysaccharide (BPSE) with an average molecular weight of 34.2 kDa was found to be the most effective elicitor to enhance fungal HA production and characterized as a polysaccharide fraction mainly composed of arabinose and galactose (53.7: 36.9). When BPSE was added to the culture at 10 mg/L on day 3, the highest HA production of 422.8 mg/L was achieved on day 8, which was about 4.0-fold of the control. BPSE changed the gene expressions mainly responsible for central carbon metabolism and the cellular oxidative stress. The induced generation of H2O2 and nitric oxide was found to be involved in both the permeabilization of cell membrane and HA biosynthesis, leading to enhancements in both intra- and extracellular HA production. Our results indicated the roles of plant polysaccharides in host-fungal interactions and provided a new elicitation technique to improve fungal perylenequinone production in mycelium cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hao Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lu Lu Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xin Ping Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Rui Peng Cong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qun Yan Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Li Ping Zheng
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nogueira WV, Aznar-García MJ, Martínez-Antequera FP, de Las Heras AMB, Tesser MB, Garda-Buffon J, Moyano FJ. Evaluation of Interactions of Added Soybean Peroxidase with Other Nutrients Present in Fish Feeds Using an In Vitro Digestive Simulation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3046. [PMID: 37835652 PMCID: PMC10572071 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxidase (PO) has been applied in different areas of industrial biotechnology, including the control of contaminants like aflatoxin B1 in fish feeds. However, its potential negative interactions with the macro and micro components of feeds have not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of PO's addition to a feed on compounds like fatty acids and polyphenols using an in vitro simulation of the digestive tract of the tilapia. The influence on fatty acids was determined by changes in the peroxide index, with the feed including PO presenting values four times higher than those of the control feed. On the other hand, the in vitro digestive simulation also evidenced an effect of PO on the bioaccessibility of polyphenols significantly influenced by the total digestion time and temperature. The bioaccessibility of polyphenol ranged from 2.09 to 16.23 μmol of the total Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity for the combinations evaluated in the study. The greatest bioaccessibility was observed at the central point under the following conditions of digestive hydrolysis: pH of 7, 30 °C, 4.5 h of digestive hydrolysis and an absence of PO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesclen Vilar Nogueira
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - María Jesús Aznar-García
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (M.J.A.-G.); (F.P.M.-A.); (A.M.B.d.L.H.)
| | | | - Antonia M. Barros de Las Heras
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (M.J.A.-G.); (F.P.M.-A.); (A.M.B.d.L.H.)
| | - Marcelo Borges Tesser
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Jaqueline Garda-Buffon
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Francisco Javier Moyano
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (M.J.A.-G.); (F.P.M.-A.); (A.M.B.d.L.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Santos J, Castro T, Venâncio A, Silva C. Degradation of ochratoxins A and B by lipases: A kinetic study unraveled by molecular modeling. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19921. [PMID: 37809625 PMCID: PMC10559330 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by fungi and, frequently, different mycotoxins cooccur in food commodities. Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Ochratoxin B (OTB) may co-occur in a variety of foods, like red wines and wheat, presenting a significant risk of population exposure. In this study, we investigated the potential of five lipases (Candida rugosa Lipase, Candida antarctica B Lipase, Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase, Amano Lipase A from Aspergillus niger (ANL) and Porcine Pancreas Lipase (PPL)) to hydrolyze OTA and OTB into non-hazardous products. Only ANL and PPL degraded both substrates, however, with varying degrees of efficiency. PPL completely degraded OTB (9 h), but only 43% of OTA (25 h). Molecular simulations indicated a high binding energy of OTA to PPL, that can be explained by the impact of the chlorine group, impairing hydrolysis. ANL was able to completely degrade both mycotoxins, OTA in 3 h and OTB in 10 h. The ANL enzyme showed also high specificity to OTA, however, the activity of this enzyme is not affected by chlorine and hydrolyzes OTA faster than OTB. These two enzymes were found to be able to detoxify co-occurring ochratoxins A and B, making isolated enzymes an alternative to the direct use of microorganisms for mycotoxin mitigation in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Santos
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Tarsila Castro
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Armando Venâncio
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carla Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gari J, Abdella R. Degradation of zearalenone by microorganisms and enzymes. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15808. [PMID: 37601268 PMCID: PMC10434127 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungi that may cause serious health problems in humans and animals. Zearalenone is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium, widely exists in animal feed and human food. One concern with the use of microbial strains and their enzyme derivatives for zearalenone degradation is the potential variability in the effectiveness of the degradation process. The efficiency of degradation may depend on various factors such as the type and concentration of zearalenone, the properties of the microbial strains and enzymes, and the environmental conditions. Therefore, it is important to carefully evaluate the efficacy of these methods under different conditions and ensure their reproducibility. Another important consideration is the safety and potential side effects of using microbial strains and enzymes for zearalenone degradation. It is necessary to evaluate the potential risks associated with the use of genetically modified microorganisms or recombinant enzymes, including their potential impact on the environment and non-target organisms. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the degradation products are indeed harmless and do not pose any health risks to humans or animals. Furthermore, while the use of microbial strains and enzymes may offer an environmentally friendly and cost-effective solution for zearalenone degradation, it is important to explore other methods such as physical or chemical treatments as well. These methods may offer complementary approaches for zearalenone detoxification, and their combination with microbial or enzyme-based methods may improve overall efficacy. Overall, the research on the biodegradation of zearalenone using microorganisms and enzyme derivatives is promising, but there are important considerations that need to be addressed to ensure the safety and effectiveness of these methods. Development of recombinant enzymes improves enzymatic detoxification of zearalenone to a non-toxic product without damaging the nutritional content. This review summarizes biodegradation of zearalenone using microorganisms and enzyme derivatives to nontoxic products. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the potential of these methods for mitigating the impact of mycotoxins in food and feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiregna Gari
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Rahma Abdella
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Qiu Y, Xu H, Ji Q, Xu R, Zhu M, Dang Y, Shi X, Zhang L, Xia Y. Mutation, food-grade expression, and characterization of a lactonase for zearalenone degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12638-6. [PMID: 37401996 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin that causes serious threats to human health. People are exposed to ZEN contamination externally and internally through many ways, while environmental-friendly strategies for efficient elimination of ZEN are urgently needed worldwide. Previous studies revealed that the lactonase Zhd101 from Clonostachys rosea can hydrolyze ZEN to low toxicity compounds. In this work, the enzyme Zhd101 was conducted with combinational mutations to enhance its application properties. The optimal mutant (V153H-V158F), named Zhd101.1, was selected and introduced into the food-grade recombinant yeast strain Kluyveromyces lactis GG799(pKLAC1-Zhd101.1), followed by induced expression and secretion into the supernatant. The enzymatic properties of this mutant were extensively examined, revealing a 1.1-fold increase in specific activity, as well as improved thermostability and pH stability, compared to the wild-type enzyme. The ZEN degradation tests and the reaction parameters optimization were carried out in both solutions and the ZEN-contaminated corns, using the fermentation supernatants of the food-grade yeast strain. Results showed that the degradation rates for ZEN by fermentation supernatants reached 96.9% under optimal reaction conditions and 74.6% in corn samples, respectively. These new results are a useful reference to zearalenone biodegradation technologies and indicated that the mutant enzyme Zhd101.1 has potential to be used in food and feed industries. KEY POINTS: • Mutated lactonase showed 1.1-fold activity, better pH stability than the wild type. • The strain K. lactis GG799(pKLAC1-Zhd101.1) and the mutant Zhd101.1 are food-grade. • ZEN degradation rates by supernatants reached 96.9% in solution and 74.6% in corns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Huidong Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qinyi Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Rongrong Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Shandong Freda Bioeng Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Mulan Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yali Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xizhi Shi
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang C, Jiang J, Li J, Zhang J, Zhang X, Wang H. Long transportation duration affects nutrient composition, mycotoxins and microbial community in whole-plant corn silage. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1189358. [PMID: 37275604 PMCID: PMC10234506 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1189358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Potential nutrient losses and mycotoxin accumulation caused by abnormal fermentation during transportation from cropland to dairy farms leads to the diseases incidence and threatens the health of dairy cows, then further causes financial losses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different transportation times on the nutritional composition, mycotoxins, and microbial communities in whole-plant corn silage (WPCS). Methods Three groups were subjected to different transport times: DY, short (<200 min); ZY, medium time (300-500 min); and CY, long transport time (>600 min). WPCS were collected from the same field, and nutrient composition and microbial composition before and after transportation were analyzed. Results and discussion Our results showed that the temperature of WPCS was higher in the ZY and CY groups than in the DY group (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE) and starch contents after different transportation times (P > 0.05), whereas the starch and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) contents in the CY group was significantly decreased after transport (P < 0.05). Similarly, the concentration of vomitoxin in the DY and CY groups declined markedly (P < 0.05) and the zearalenone content in the DY group also significantly decreased after transportation (P < 0.05). Regarding the analysis of microorganisms in WPCS, UniFrac-distance matrices and Shannon indices showed differences in the ZY group (P < 0.05), but fungal diversities were not influenced by the transport time (P > 0.05). In the ZY group, the relative abundance of Lactiplantibacillus decreased significantly after transportation (P > 0.05), but the relative abundances of unidentified_Chloroplast, Pantoea, Gluconobacter, unidentified Acetobacter and Acinetobacter increased markedly (P < 0.05). In addition, the relative abundances of Acetobacter and Gluconobacter in the CY group increased after transport (P < 0.05). Among fungal communities, a total of three, nine, and ten different fungal flora were observed in the DY, ZY, and CY groups, respectively, although no difference was found in fungal diversity. In conclusion, increased temperature, loss of starch, and mycotoxin variation were found with increased transport time. This might be the result of competition between bacteria and fungi, and novel technologies will need to be utilized for further exploration of the mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, China
| | - Hairong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pinto LDA, Machado FP, Esteves R, Farias VM, Köptcke FBN, Ricci-Junior E, Rocha L, Keller LAM. Characterization and Inhibitory Effects of Essential Oil and Nanoemulsion from Ocotea indecora (Shott) Mez in Aspergillus Species. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083437. [PMID: 37110671 PMCID: PMC10142328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aspergillus genus, the etiological agent of aspergillosis, is an important food contaminant and mycotoxin producer. Plant extracts and essential oils are a source of bioactive substances with antimicrobial potential that can be used instead of synthetic food preservatives. Species from the Lauraceae family and the Ocotea genus have been used as traditional medicinal herbs. Their essential oils can be nanoemulsified to enhance their stability and bioavailability and increase their use. Therefore, this study sought to prepare and characterize both nanoemulsion and essential oil from the Ocotea indecora's leaves, a native and endemic species from the Mata Atlântica forest in Brazil, and evaluate the activity against Aspergillus flavus RC 2054, Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999, and Aspergillus westerdjikiae NRRL 3174. The products were added to Sabouraud Dextrose Agar at concentrations of 256, 512, 1024, 2048, and 4096 µg/mL. The strains were inoculated and incubated for up to 96 h with two daily measurements. The results did not show fungicidal activity under these conditions. A fungistatic effect, however, was observed. The nanoemulsion decreased the fungistatic concentration of the essential oil more than ten times, mainly in A. westerdjikiae. There were no significant changes in aflatoxin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo de Assunção Pinto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal e Bioprocessos, Centro de Ciências em Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Francisco Paiva Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal e Bioprocessos, Centro de Ciências em Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Esteves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal e Bioprocessos, Centro de Ciências em Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Victor Moebus Farias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Higiene Veterinária e Processamento Tecnológico de Produtos de Origem Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP 24220-000, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- Departamento de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Leandro Rocha
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP 24241-000, Brazil
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP 24241-002, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Moura Keller
- Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Agrosustentável, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP 24220-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria Reducing the Content of Harmful Fungi and Mycotoxins on the Quality of Mixed Fermented Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030226. [PMID: 36977117 PMCID: PMC10056090 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The contamination of fermented feeds and foods with fungi and mycotoxins is a major food safety issue worldwide. Certain lactic acid bacteria (LAB), generally recognized as safe (GRAS) fermentation probiotics, are able to reduce microbial and mycotoxins contamination. In this study, Lactiplantibacillus (L.) plantarum Q1-2 and L. salivarius Q27-2 with antifungal properties were screened as inoculants for mixed fermenting feed, and the fermentation and nutritional qualities, microbial community, and mycotoxins of mixed fermented feed were analyzed at different fermentation periods (1, 3, 7, 15, and 30 days, respectively). The findings indicated that the utilization of Q1-2 and Q27-2 strains in fermenting feed led to a decrease in pH and an increase in lactic acid concentration and the proportion of Lactiplantibacillus, while effectively restraining the proliferation of undesirable microorganisms. In particular, Q1-2 reduced the relative abundance of fungi including Fusarium and Aspergillus. Compared to the control group, the Q1-2 and Q27-2 groups reduced aflatoxin B1 by 34.17% and 16.57%, and deoxynivalenol by up to 90.61% and 51.03%. In short, these two LAB inoculants could reduce the contents of aflatoxin B1 and deoxynivalenol to the limited content levels stipulated by the Chinese National Standard GB 13078-2017. These findings suggest that the LAB strains of Q1-2 and Q27-2 have potential applications in the feed industry for the mitigation of mycotoxin pollution, thereby enhancing the quality of animal feed.
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu Y, Zhao R, Liu C. Degradation of Aflatoxin B1 in Moldy Maize by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Safety Evaluation of the Degradation Products. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061217. [PMID: 36981146 PMCID: PMC10048033 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most harmful mycotoxin commonly found in food and feed. Pollution from AFB1 causes serious economic and health issues worldwide because it causes strong mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in humans and animals. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to degrade AFB1 in moldy maize, and the safety of this biological method was investigated using genotoxicity and cytotoxicity tests. Using response surface methodology, we established the optimal conditions for degrading AFB1 by the fermentation supernatant of P. aeruginosa. Under these conditions, the degradation rate of AFB1 reached 99.67%. Furthermore, the Ames mutagenicity test showed that AFB1 treated with P. aeruginosa fermentation supernatant for 72 h was not mutagenic. CCK-8 cell assay showed that AFB1 cytotoxicity was significantly reduced after degradation. Overall, our findings show that the fermentation supernatant of P. aeruginosa may be a good candidate for biodegradation of AFB1.
Collapse
|
23
|
Yadavalli R, Valluru P, Raj R, Reddy CN, Mishra B. Biological detoxification of mycotoxins: Emphasizing the role of algae. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
|
24
|
Thermophilic Carboxylesterases from Hydrothermal Vents of the Volcanic Island of Ischia Active on Synthetic and Biobased Polymers and Mycotoxins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0170422. [PMID: 36719236 PMCID: PMC9972953 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01704-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal vents are geographically widespread and host microorganisms with robust enzymes useful in various industrial applications. We examined microbial communities and carboxylesterases of two terrestrial hydrothermal vents of the volcanic island of Ischia (Italy) predominantly composed of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidota. High-temperature enrichment cultures with the polyester plastics polyhydroxybutyrate and polylactic acid (PLA) resulted in an increase of Thermus and Geobacillus species and to some extent Fontimonas and Schleiferia species. The screening at 37 to 70°C of metagenomic fosmid libraries from above enrichment cultures identified three hydrolases (IS10, IS11, and IS12), all derived from yet-uncultured Chloroflexota and showing low sequence identity (33 to 56%) to characterized enzymes. Enzymes expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited maximal esterase activity at 70 to 90°C, with IS11 showing the highest thermostability (90% activity after 20-min incubation at 80°C). IS10 and IS12 were highly substrate promiscuous and hydrolyzed all 51 monoester substrates tested. Enzymes were active with PLA, polyethylene terephthalate model substrate, and mycotoxin T-2 (IS12). IS10 and IS12 had a classical α/β-hydrolase core domain with a serine hydrolase catalytic triad (Ser155, His280, and Asp250) in their hydrophobic active sites. The crystal structure of IS11 resolved at 2.92 Å revealed the presence of a N-terminal β-lactamase-like domain and C-terminal lipocalin domain. The catalytic cleft of IS11 included catalytic Ser68, Lys71, Tyr160, and Asn162, whereas the lipocalin domain enclosed the catalytic cleft like a lid and contributed to substrate binding. Our study identified novel thermotolerant carboxylesterases with a broad substrate range, including polyesters and mycotoxins, for potential applications in biotechnology. IMPORTANCE High-temperature-active microbial enzymes are important biocatalysts for many industrial applications, including recycling of synthetic and biobased polyesters increasingly used in textiles, fibers, coatings and adhesives. Here, we identified three novel thermotolerant carboxylesterases (IS10, IS11, and IS12) from high-temperature enrichment cultures from Ischia hydrothermal vents and incubated with biobased polymers. The identified metagenomic enzymes originated from uncultured Chloroflexota and showed low sequence similarity to known carboxylesterases. Active sites of IS10 and IS12 had the largest effective volumes among the characterized prokaryotic carboxylesterases and exhibited high substrate promiscuity, including hydrolysis of polyesters and mycotoxin T-2 (IS12). Though less promiscuous than IS10 and IS12, IS11 had a higher thermostability with a high temperature optimum (80 to 90°C) for activity and hydrolyzed polyesters, and its crystal structure revealed an unusual lipocalin domain likely involved in substrate binding. The polyesterase activity of these enzymes makes them attractive candidates for further optimization and potential application in plastics recycling.
Collapse
|
25
|
Orozco-Cortés PC, Flores-Ortíz CM, Hernández-Portilla LB, Vázquez Medrano J, Rodríguez-Peña ON. Molecular Docking and In Vitro Studies of Ochratoxin A (OTA) Biodetoxification Testing Three Endopeptidases. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052019. [PMID: 36903263 PMCID: PMC10003963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is considered one of the main mycotoxins responsible for health problems and considerable economic losses in the feed industry. The aim was to study OTA's detoxifying potential of commercial protease enzymes: (i) Ananas comosus bromelain cysteine-protease, (ii) bovine trypsin serine-protease and (iii) Bacillus subtilis neutral metalloendopeptidase. In silico studies were performed with reference ligands and T-2 toxin as control, and in vitro experiments. In silico study results showed that tested toxins interacted near the catalytic triad, similar to how the reference ligands behave in all tested proteases. Likewise, based on the proximity of the amino acids in the most stable poses, the chemical reaction mechanisms for the transformation of OTA were proposed. In vitro experiments showed that while bromelain reduced OTA's concentration in 7.64% at pH 4.6; trypsin at 10.69% and the neutral metalloendopeptidase in 8.2%, 14.44%, 45.26% at pH 4.6, 5 and 7, respectively (p < 0.05). The less harmful α-ochratoxin was confirmed with trypsin and the metalloendopeptidase. This study is the first attempt to demonstrate that: (i) bromelain and trypsin can hydrolyse OTA in acidic pH conditions with low efficiency and (ii) the metalloendopeptidase was an effective OTA bio-detoxifier. This study confirmed α-ochratoxin as a final product of the enzymatic reactions in real-time practical information on OTA degradation rate, since in vitro experiments simulated the time that food spends in poultry intestines, as well as their natural pH and temperature conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo César Orozco-Cortés
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Cesar Mateo Flores-Ortíz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Correspondence: (C.M.F.-O.); (O.N.R.-P.); Tel.: +52-555-623-1131 (O.N.R.P.)
| | - Luis Barbo Hernández-Portilla
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Josefina Vázquez Medrano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Olga Nelly Rodríguez-Peña
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Correspondence: (C.M.F.-O.); (O.N.R.-P.); Tel.: +52-555-623-1131 (O.N.R.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nathan VB, Lu H, Horn NL, Drolia R, Bhunia AK. Sequestration of zearalenone using microorganisms blend in vitro. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:ovad020. [PMID: 36737424 PMCID: PMC9990169 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by the Fusarium species and induces severe reproductive disorders in animals thus a major concern in the livestock industry. Probiotic bacteria treatments have been shown to inactivate mycotoxins, therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of two commercial probiotic feed additives on the sequestration of ZEN. Commercial probiotic blends containing clay-based binder with Aspergillus niger, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus subtilis at various proportions from BioMatrix International were incubated with ZEN in a time-dependent manner and then analyzed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to quantify unbound ZEN. Sequestration of ZEN was further verified by using MCF-7 cell-based cytotoxicity and/or cell proliferation assays. ZEN, or probiotic mix, was nontoxic to MCF-7 cells. Probiotic blends decreased ZEN concentration by 45% (∼100 μg L-1) and prevented ZEN from inducing MCF-7 cell proliferation (20%-28% reduction). The probiotic feed supplements tested show a potential utility in ZEN neutralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh B Nathan
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hang Lu
- Research and Development, United Animal Health, Sheridan, IN 46069, USA
| | - Nathan L Horn
- Research and Development, United Animal Health, Sheridan, IN 46069, USA
| | - Rishi Drolia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Science, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dong CD, Tiwari A, Anisha GS, Chen CW, Singh A, Haldar D, Patel AK, Singhania RR. Laccase: A potential biocatalyst for pollutant degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:120999. [PMID: 36608728 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.120999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the continual march to a predominantly urbanized civilization, anthropogenic activities have increased scrupulously, industrialization have occurred, economic growth has increased, and natural resources are being exploited, causing huge waste management problems, disposal issues, and the evolution of several pollutants. In order to have a sustainable environment, these pollutants need to be removed and degraded. Bioremediation employing microorganisms or enzymes can be used to treat the pollutants by degrading and/or transforming the pollutants into different form which is less or non-toxic to the environment. Laccase is a diverse enzyme/biocatalyst belonging to the oxidoreductase group of enzymes produced by microorganisms. Due to its low substrate specificity and monoelectronic oxidation of substrates in a wide range of complexes, it is most commonly used to degrade chemical pollutants. For degradation of emerging pollutants, laccase can be efficiently employed; however, large-scale application needs reusability, thermostability, and operational stability which necessitated strategies like immobilization and engineering of robust laccase possessing desirable properties. Immobilization of laccase for bioremediation, and treatment of wastewater for degrading emerging pollutants have been focussed for sustainable development. Challenges of employing biocatalysts for these applications as well as engineering robust laccase have been highlighted in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Di Dong
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Grace Sathyanesan Anisha
- Post-graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Anusuiya Singh
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Dibyajyoti Haldar
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641114, India
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bora PK, Borah G, Kalita D, Saikia SP, Haldar S. Mushroom-Mediated Reductive Bioconversion of Aldehyde-Rich Essential Oils for Aroma Alteration: A Rose-like Floral Bioflavor from Citronella Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1690-1700. [PMID: 36637129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The bioflavors are of high demand in food and beverage industries. The current study identified reductive processes mediated by mushroom species to alter the aroma of aldehyde-rich essential oils in the submerged culture. Neofomitella polyzonata, a polypore mushroom, reduced citronellal and citral in the citronella oil into corresponding alcohols that altered the oil aroma, creating a new bioflavor. The screening with 43 aldehydes showed its broad substrate scope within aromatic and linear aldehydes, yet influenced by the electronic and steric factors. Under an optimized condition, it efficiently converted up to 1.5 g/L citrusy and sharp citronella oil into a terpene alcohol-rich (citronellol and geraniol) floral, sweet, fresh, and rosy oily product within 12 h. The preparative-scale fermentation in the shake flask followed by distillation, an organic solvent-free downstream process, furnished the product in 87.2% w/w yield. Detailed sensory analyses and volatile chemo-profiling established the uniqueness in the product aroma and identified citronellol and geraniol as the key odorants. The chemometric analysis found best compositional similarity of this product with Damask or Turkish rose oils. The preference test for the water flavored with the fermented product (0.001-0.005% v/v) indicated its potential as a rosy bioflavor for the beverages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranjit Kumar Bora
- Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST), Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
- AcSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Gitasree Borah
- Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST), Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
- AcSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Dhanmoni Kalita
- Engineering Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST), Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
| | - Siddhartha Proteem Saikia
- Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST), Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
- AcSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Saikat Haldar
- Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST), Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
- AcSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang Y, Sun J, Zhang M, Pan K, Liu T, Zhang T, Luo X, Zhao J, Li Z. Detoxification of Fumonisins by Three Novel Transaminases with Diverse Enzymatic Characteristics Coupled with Carboxylesterase. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020416. [PMID: 36673508 PMCID: PMC9858248 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin (FB) is one of the most common mycotoxins contaminating feed and food, causing severe public health threat to human and animals worldwide. Until now, only several transaminases were found to reduce FB toxicity, thus, more fumonisin detoxification transaminases with excellent catalytic properties required urgent exploration for complex application conditions. Herein, through gene mining and enzymatic characterization, three novel fumonisin detoxification transaminases-FumTSTA, FumUPTA, FumPHTA-were identified, sharing only 61-74% sequence identity with reported fumonisin detoxification transaminases. Moreover, the recombinant proteins shared diverse pH reaction ranges, good pH stability and thermostability, and the recombinant protein yields were also improved by condition optimum. Furthermore, the final products were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This study provides ideal candidates for fumonisin detoxification and meets diverse required demands in food and feed industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Junhao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kungang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tianhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Junqi Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhongyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mwabulili F, Xie Y, Li Q, Sun S, Yang Y, Ma W. Research progress of ochratoxin a bio-detoxification. Toxicon 2023; 222:107005. [PMID: 36539080 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.107005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxins (OTs) is an extremely toxic mycotoxin in which Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most toxic and prevalent in the ochratoxin family. OTA is among the five most critical mycotoxins that are subject to legal regulations. Animals and humans may be exposed to OTA through dietary intake, inhalation, and dermal contact. OTA is considered nephrotoxic, genotoxic, cytotoxic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, immunotoxic, and myelotoxic. So, intake of OTA contaminated foods and feeds can impact the productivity of animals and health of people. According to this review, several studies have reported on the approaches that have been established for OTA removal. This review focused on the control approaches to mitigate OTA contamination, OTA bio-detoxification materials and their applicable techniques, recombinant strains for OTA bio-detoxification, and their detoxification effects, recombinant OTA-degrading enzymes and their sources, recombinant fusion enzymes for OTA, ZEN and AFB1 mycotoxins detoxification, as well as the current application and commercialized OTA bio-detoxification products. However, there is no single technique that has been approved to detoxify OTA by 100% to date. Some preferred current strategies for OTA bio-detoxification have been recombinant degrading enzymes and genetic engineering technology due to their efficiency and safety. Therefore, prospective studies should focus on standardizing pure enzymes from genetically engineered microbial strains that have great potential for OTA detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Mwabulili
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Department of Applied Sciences, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 131, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Yanli Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
| | - Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Shumin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Weibin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Adegoke TV, Yang B, Xing F, Tian X, Wang G, Tai B, Si P, Hussain S, Jahan I. Microbial Enzymes Involved in the Biotransformation of Major Mycotoxins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:35-51. [PMID: 36573671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, the most researched biological toxins, can contaminate food and feed, resulting in severe health implications for humans and animals. Physical, chemical, and biological techniques are used to mitigate mycotoxin contamination. The biotransformation method using whole microbial cells or isolated enzymes is the best choice to mitigate mycotoxins. Using specific enzymes may avoid the disadvantages of utilizing a full microbe, such as accidental harm to the product's organoleptic characteristics and hazardous safety features. Moreover, the degradation rates of the isolated enzymes are higher than those of the whole-cell reactions, and they are substrate-specific. Their specificity is comprehensive and is shown at the positional and/or chiral center in many circumstances. Currently, only a few enzymes of microbial origin are commercially available. Therefore, there is a need to identify more novel enzymes of microbial origin that can mitigate mycotoxins. In this review, we conducted an in-depth summary of the microbial enzymes involved in the biotransformation of mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tosin Victor Adegoke
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bolei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bowen Tai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peidong Si
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sarfaraz Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Israt Jahan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Loi M, Logrieco AF, Pusztahelyi T, Leiter É, Hornok L, Pócsi I. Advanced mycotoxin control and decontamination techniques in view of an increased aflatoxin risk in Europe due to climate change. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1085891. [PMID: 36762096 PMCID: PMC9907446 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1085891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus spp. found in staple food and feed commodities worldwide. Aflatoxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic, and pose a serious threat to the health of both humans and animals. The global economy and trade are significantly affected as well. Various models and datasets related to aflatoxins in maize have been developed and used but have not yet been linked. The prevention of crop loss due to aflatoxin contamination is complex and challenging. Hence, the set-up of advanced decontamination is crucial to cope with the challenge of climate change, growing population, unstable political scenarios, and food security problems also in European countries. After harvest, decontamination methods can be applied during transport, storage, or processing, but their application for aflatoxin reduction is still limited. Therefore, this review aims to investigate the effects of environmental factors on aflatoxin production because of climate change and to critically discuss the present-day and novel decontamination techniques to unravel gaps and limitations to propose them as a tool to tackle an increased aflatoxin risk in Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Loi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy,*Correspondence: Martina Loi, ✉
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Leiter
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,ELRN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Hornok
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,ELRN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Enzymatic Degradation of Zearalenone in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pigs, Chickens, and Rainbow Trout. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15010048. [PMID: 36668868 PMCID: PMC9865282 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is a common contaminant of animal feed. Effective strategies for the inactivation of ZEN in feed are required. The ZEN-degrading enzyme zearalenone hydrolase ZenA (EC 3.1.1.-, commercial name ZENzyme®, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria) converts ZEN to hydrolyzed ZEN (HZEN), thereby enabling a strong reduction in estrogenicity. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of ZenA added to feed to degrade ZEN in the gastrointestinal tract of three monogastric animal species, i.e., pigs, chickens, and rainbow trout. For each species, groups of animals received (i) feed contaminated with ZEN (chickens: 400 µg/kg, pigs: 200 µg/kg, rainbow trout: 2000 µg/kg), (ii) feed contaminated with ZEN and supplemented with ZenA, or (iii) uncontaminated feed. To investigate the fate of dietary ZEN in the gastrointestinal tract in the presence and absence of ZenA, concentrations of ZEN and ZEN metabolites were analyzed in digesta of chickens and rainbow trout and in feces of pigs. Upon ZenA administration, concentrations of ZEN were significantly decreased and concentrations of the degradation product HZEN were significantly increased in digesta/feces of each investigated animal species, indicating degradation of ZEN by ZenA in the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, upon addition of ZenA to the diet, the concentration of the highly estrogenic ZEN metabolite α-ZEL was significantly reduced in feces of pigs. In conclusion, ZenA was effective in degrading ZEN to HZEN in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens, pigs, and rainbow trout, and counteracted formation of α-ZEL in pigs. Therefore, ZenA could find application as a ZEN-degrading feed additive for these animal species.
Collapse
|
34
|
Nogueira WV, Moyano FJ, Tesser MB, Garda-Buffon J. Mitigation of aflatoxin B 1 in fish feed by peroxidase from soybean meal. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:110-120. [PMID: 36395353 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2134932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Potential of the enzyme peroxidase (PO) from soybean meal to mitigate aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in fish feed was evaluated. Reaction parameters studied in the wet stage of the feed production process were enzyme activity (0.01-0.1 U/g), temperature (20-36 °C), time (0-8 h) and humidity content (40-70%). Feed was produced in conformity with the National Research Council and spiked with AFB1 at 10 ng/g. Any residual concentration of AFB1 in the diet was extracted by the QuEChERS method and quantified by a liquid chromatograph with a fluorescence detector. AFB1 mitigation of 90% was reached when feed production conditions were 0.035 U/g, 32 °C, 6 h and 70% humidity. Therefore, application of PO to the feed industry may be considered a promising tool for mitigation of AFB1, considering its toxicity and frequent occurrence. In addition, it guarantees safe food for consumers of fish farming products, as AFB1 can bioaccumulate in the food chain. It also provides an alternative use for soybean meal that would previously be discarded.
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhao C, Xie P, Jin J, Jin Q, Wang X. Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Mechanism of Enzymatic Degradation of Zearalenone in Degummed Corn Oil. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:19. [PMID: 36668839 PMCID: PMC9867155 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics and thermodynamics of the enzymatic degradation of zearalenone (ZEN) in degummed corn oil were investigated by analyzing the impacts of temperature, pH, ZEN hydrolase dosage and ZEN concentration on the initial reaction rate. The kinetic study found that the maximum reaction rate was 0.97 μmol × kg−1 min−1, the Michaelis constant (Km) was 11,476 μmol × kg−1 and the Michaelis equation was V = 0.97[S]/(11,476 + [S]). The thermodynamic study showed that the activation energy (Ea) was 70.37 kJ·mol−1, the activation enthalpy change of the reaction (ΔH) > 0, the free energy of activation (ΔG) > 0 and the activation entropy change (ΔS) < 0, indicating the reaction could not be spontaneous. The reaction mechanism of ZEN was studied by a hybrid quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometer. It was found that ZEN first generated the intermediate G/L/D/W-ZEN+H2O, followed by generating the intermediate W-ZEN-H2O under the action of a degrading enzyme. Then, the lactone bond was opened to produce C18H24O6, and finally the decarboxylation product C17H24O4 formed automatically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qingzhe Jin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Insight into the boosted ZEN degradation over defective Bi2WO6 ultrathin layers: ROS-mediated mechanism and application in corn oil. Food Chem 2022; 405:134895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
37
|
Tian F, Woo SY, Lee SY, Park SB, Im JH, Chun HS. Mycotoxins in soybean-based foods fermented with filamentous fungi: Occurrence and preventive strategies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:5131-5152. [PMID: 36084140 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fermented soybean products are widely consumed worldwide, and their popularity is increasing. Filamentous fungi, such as Actinomucor, Aspergillus, Monascus, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus, and Zymomonas, play critical roles in the fermentation processes of many soybean foods. However, besides producing essential enzymes for food fermentation, filamentous fungi can release undesirable or even toxic metabolites into the food. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi and may be detected during the food production process. Without effective prevention strategies, mycotoxin contamination in fermented soybean products poses a risk to human health. This review focused on the changes in mycotoxigenic fungal abundance and mycotoxin contamination at different stages during the production of soybean-based fermented foods, as well as effective strategies for preventing mycotoxin contamination in such products. Data from relevant studies demonstrated a tendency of change in the genera of mycotoxigenic fungi and types of mycotoxins (aflatoxins, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, rhizoxins, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone) present in the raw materials and the middle and final products. The applicability of traditional chemical and physical mitigation strategies and novel eco-friendly biocontrol approaches to prevent mycotoxin contamination in soybean-based fermented foods were discussed. The present review highlights the risks of mycotoxin contamination during the production of fermented soybean products and recommends promising strategies for eliminating mycotoxin contamination risk in soybean-based fermented foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tian
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Woo
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yoo Lee
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Been Park
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Im
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fang Y, Zhang Z, Xu W, Zhang W, Guang C, Mu W. Zearalenone lactonase: characteristics, modification, and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6877-6886. [PMID: 36173450 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and its derivatives are one of the most contaminated fungal toxins worldwide, posing a severe threat to food security and human life. Traditional physical and chemical detoxifying methods are unsatisfactory due to incomplete detoxification, nutrient loss, and secondary pollutants. In recent years, bioremediation for eliminating fungal toxins has been gradually investigated. ZEN lactone hydrolase (lactonase) has been widely studied because of its high activity, mild conditions, and non-toxic product property. This review comprehensively represents the gene mining, characterization, molecular modification, and application of microbial-derived ZEN lactonases. It is aimed to elucidate the advantages and challenges of ZEN lactonases in industrial application, which also provides perspectives on obtaining innovative and promising biocatalysts for ZEN degradation. KEY POINTS: • A timely and concise review related to enzymatic elimination towards ZEN is shown. • The catalytic conditions and mechanism of ZEN lactonase is presented. • The modification and application of ZEN lactonase are exhibited also.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhenxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zheng R, Qing H, Ma Q, Huo X, Huang S, Zhao L, Zhang J, Ji C. A Newly Isolated Alcaligenes faecalis ANSA176 with the Capability of Alleviating Immune Injury and Inflammation through Efficiently Degrading Ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080569. [PMID: 36006231 PMCID: PMC9415193 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins that threatens food and feed safety. Biodegradation of OTA has gained much attention. In this study, an Alcaligenes faecalis strain named ANSA176, with a strong OTA-detoxifying ability, was isolated from donkey intestinal chyme and characterized. The strain ANSA176 could degrade 97.43% of 1 mg/mL OTA into OTα within 12 h, at 37 °C. The optimal levels for bacterial growth were 22–37 °C and pH 6.0–9.0. The effects of ANSA176 on laying hens with an OTA-contaminated diet were further investigated. A total of 36 laying hens were assigned to three dietary treatments: control group, OTA (250 µg/kg) group, and OTA + ANSA176 (6.2 × 108 CFU/kg diet) group. The results showed that OTA decreased the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and egg weight (EW); meanwhile, it increased serum alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), immunoglobulin G (IgG), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and glutathione reductase (GR). However, the ANSA176 supplementation inhibited or attenuated the OTA-induced damages. Taken together, OTA-degrading strain A. faecalis ANSA176 was able to alleviate the immune injury and inflammation induced by OTA.
Collapse
|
40
|
Modification of Deoxynivalenol by a Fungal Laccase Paired with Redox Mediator TEMPO. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080548. [PMID: 36006210 PMCID: PMC9413383 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol introduce a health risk to the food supply and are costly to manage or avoid. Technologies for reducing or eliminating the toxicity of deoxynivalenol could be useful in a variety of processes, such as in preserving the value as animal feed of byproducts of ethanol production. We characterized transformation products of deoxynivalenol that were formed by the combination of a fungal laccase paired with the chemical mediator 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO), using chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Alcohol groups at the C3 and C15 positions of deoxynivalenol were oxidized to ketones, and the chemical mediator became covalently linked to the C4 position. Conditions experienced during gas chromatography led to the dissociation of TEMPO, forming 3,15-diketodeoxynivalenol. Understanding the range of possible modifications to deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes is a necessary step toward effective remediation of contaminated grain.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
This perspective examines four of the primary challenges that the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) presents to farmers, producers, and consumers. DON is one of the big five agriculturally important mycotoxins, resulting from Fusarium infection on grains, such as maize, barley, and wheat. In many countries, such as Canada, DON is the mycotoxin of principal concern because it can lead to major economic losses and stresses on food and feed security. The challenges discussed here include (1) understanding the different toxin profiles of Fusarium graminearum chemotypes/genotypes and the fate of these toxins upon interaction with the host crop, (2) the need for rapid analytical tests to measure DON and any masked or modified toxins in food and feed products, (3) DON exposure assessments in human populations to ensure health and safety, and (4) how contaminated food and feed products can be managed throughout the supply chain system. Despite decades of research, we are continuously learning new knowledge about DON and how best to manage it; however, there is still much work to be done. DON poses a very complex challenge that is being further exacerbated by climate change, evolving fungal populations, and the increased need for global food security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Isoenzyme N-Acyl-l-Amino Acid Amidohydrolase NA Increases Ochratoxin A Degradation Efficacy of Stenotrophomonas sp. CW117 by Enhancing Amidohydrolase ADH3 Stability. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0220522. [PMID: 35924842 PMCID: PMC9430628 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02205-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent mycotoxin mainly produced by toxicogenic strains of Aspergillus spp. and seriously contaminates foods and feedstuffs. OTA detoxification strategies are significant to food safety. A superefficient enzyme ADH3 to OTA hydrolysis was isolated from the difunctional strain Stenotrophomonas sp. CW117 in our previous study. Here, we identified a gene N-acyl-l-amino acid amidohydrolase NA, which is an isoenzyme of ADH3. However, it is not as efficient a hydrolase as ADH3. The kinetic constant showed that the catalytic efficiency of ADH3 (Kcat/Km = 30,3938 s-1 · mM-1) against OTA was 29,113 times higher than that of NA (Kcat/Km = 10.4 s-1 · mM-1), indicating that ADH3 was the overwhelming superior detoxifying gene in CW117. Intriguingly, when gene na was knocked out from the CW117 genome, degradation activity of the Δna mutant was significantly reduced at the first 6 h, suggesting that the two enzymes might have an interactive effect on OTA transformation. Gene expressions and Western blotting assay showed that the Δna mutant and wild-type CW117 showed similar adh3 expression levels, but na deficiency decreased ADH3 protein level in CW117. Collectively, isoenzyme NA was identified as a factor that improved the stability of ADH3 in CW117 but not as a dominant hydrolase for OTA transformation. IMPORTANCE Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent mycotoxin mainly produced by toxicogenic strains of Aspergillus spp. and seriously contaminates foods and feedstuffs. Previous OTA detoxification studies mainly focused on characterizations of degradation strains and detoxifying enzymes. Here, we identified a gene N-acyl-l-amino acid amidohydrolase NA from strain CW117, which is an isoenzyme of the efficient detoxifying enzyme ADH3. Isoenzyme NA was identified as a factor that improved the stability of ADH3 in CW117 and, thus, enhanced the degradation activity of the strain. This is the first study on an isoenzyme improving the stability of another efficient detoxifying enzyme in vivo.
Collapse
|
43
|
Li N, Cui R, Zhang F, Meng X, Liu B. Current situation and future challenges of patulin reduction-a review. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
44
|
Aasa A, Fru F, Adelusi O, Oyeyinka S, Njobeh P. A review of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in feeds and food commodities in West Africa. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fungal contamination is a threat to food safety in West Africa with implications for food and feed due to their climate, which is characterised by high temperatures and high relative humidity, which are environmental favourable for fast fungal growth and mycotoxin production. This report gives perspective on studies on toxigenic fungi (Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium) and their toxins, mainly aflatoxins, fumonisins and ochratoxins commonly found in some West African countries, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Only four of these countries have mycotoxins regulations in place for feeds and food products (Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and Senegal). Food commodities that are widely consumed and were thoroughly investigated in this region include cereals, peanuts, cassava chips (flakes), cassava flour, chilies, peanuts, locust beans, melon, and yam products. In conclusion, authorities and scientists needed to consider research and approaches to monitor mycotoxins in foods and feeds produced and consumed in West Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A.O. Aasa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - F.F. Fru
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - O.A. Adelusi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - S.A. Oyeyinka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - P.B. Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fang Y, Huang Z, Xu W, Wang C, Sun Y, Zhang W, Guang C, Mu W. Efficient elimination of zearalenone at high processing temperatures by a robust mutant of Gliocladium roseum zearalenone lactonase. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
46
|
Dietary Exposure to Aflatoxins in Some Randomly Selected Foods and Cancer Risk Estimations of Cereals Consumed on a Ghanaian Market. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5770836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins have gained so much reputation among all mycotoxins due to their notoriety in causing countless adverse health effects on humans as well as animals. It continues to be a major concern in food safety globally. In this study, total and constitutive aflatoxins levels as well as the carcinogenic risks posed by 110 food and feed samples (55 cereals, 20 nuts and oils, 18 animal feed, and 18 fruits and vegetables) collected from the Ho Central market in the Volta region, Ghana, were assessed. Using high-performance liquid chromatography connected to a fluorescent detector (HPLC-FLD), levels of total aflatoxins (AFtotal) and aflatoxins constituents, namely, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, were analyzed. By using the model prescribed by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), the risks posed by the food and feed samples were determined. The degrees of toxicity were in the ranges of 0.78–234.73 μg/kg, 0.47–21.6 μg/kg, 1.01–13.75 μg/kg, and 0.66–5.51 μg/kg, respectively, for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2. Out of the samples analyzed for AFtotal, about 51 (46.4%) exceeded the limits of GSA and were in the range 10.63 ± 1.20–236.28 ± 4.2 μg/kg. While for EFSA, 71 (64.54%) exceeded and ranged between 4.72 ± 0.28 and 236.28 ± 4.2 μg/kg. Furthermore, estimated daily intake (EDI) of 27.10–283.70 ng/kg·bw/day, margin of exposure (MOE) of 1.409–14.76, average potency of 0–0.00396 ng aflatoxins/kg·bw/day, and cancer risks with a range of 0.107–1.122 cases/100,000 person/yr were observed. Taken together, it could be concluded that consuming cereals pose adverse effects on human health regardless of the age of the consumer.
Collapse
|
47
|
Murtaza B, Li X, Dong L, Javed MT, Xu L, Saleemi MK, Li G, Jin B, Cui H, Ali A, Wang L, Xu Y. Microbial and enzymatic battle with food contaminant zearalenone (ZEN). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4353-4365. [PMID: 35705747 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) contamination of various foods and feeds is an important global problem. In some animals and humans, ZEN causes significant health issues in addition to massive economic losses, annually. Therefore, removal or degradation of the ZEN in foods and feeds is required to be done. The conventional physical and chemical methods have some serious issues including poor efficiency, decrease in nutritional value, palatability of feed, and use of costly equipment. Research examined microbes from diverse media for their ability to degrade zearalenone and other toxins, and the findings of several investigations revealed that enzymes produced from microbes play a significant role in the degradation of mycotoxins. In established bacterial hosts, genetically engineered technique was used to enhance heterologously produced degrading enzymes. Then, the bio-degradation of ZEN by the use of micro-organisms or their enzymes is much more advantageous and is close to nature and ecofriendly. Furthermore, an effort is made to put forward the work done by different scientists on the biodegradation of ZEN by the use of fungi, yeast, bacteria, and/or their enzymes to degrade the ZEN to non-toxic products. KEY POINTS: •Evolved microbial strains degraded ZEA more quickly •Different degrading properties were studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Murtaza
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Liming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | | | - Le Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | | | - Gen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bowen Jin
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Huijing Cui
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ashiq Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China. .,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Xu R, Kiarie EG, Yiannikouris A, Sun L, Karrow NA. Nutritional impact of mycotoxins in food animal production and strategies for mitigation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:69. [PMID: 35672806 PMCID: PMC9175326 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that are commonly detected as natural contaminants in agricultural commodities worldwide. Mycotoxin exposure can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans when found in animal feeds and food products, and at lower concentrations can affect animal performance by disrupting nutrient digestion, absorption, metabolism, and animal physiology. Thus, mycotoxin contamination of animal feeds represents a significant issue to the livestock industry and is a health threat to food animals. Since prevention of mycotoxin formation is difficult to undertake to avoid contamination, mitigation strategies are needed. This review explores how the mycotoxins aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxin A impose nutritional and metabolic effects on food animals and summarizes mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of mycotoxicity.
Collapse
|
49
|
Xing M, Chen Y, Li B, Tian S. Highly efficient removal of patulin using immobilized enzymes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa TF-06 entrapped in calcium alginate beads. Food Chem 2022; 377:131973. [PMID: 34990945 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Patulin is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by several moulds, which contaminates fruits and their products posing serious threats to human health. Though several microorganisms and enzymes have been reported to effectively degrade patulin, separation of them from fruit juice challenges the commercial applications. Here, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain TF-06 was isolated, its patulin degradation mechanism and optimum conditions for enzyme immobilization were investigated. The results indicated that TF-06 could degrade patulin into non-cytotoxic E/Z-ascladiol mainly by the activity of intracellular enzymes. For easy separation of enzymes, calcium alginate was selected for immobilization of intracellular enzymes from TF-06. The immobilized enzyme beads were effective in detoxification of patulin in apple juice. The mitigation rate was reached 95%, while there was no negative effect on juice quality. The study provides a promising way to resolve the issue of enzyme separation during mycotoxin biological detoxification in fruit juice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Brito VD, Achimón F, Zunino MP, Zygadlo JA, Pizzolitto RP. Fungal diversity and mycotoxins detected in maize stored in silo-bags: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:2640-2650. [PMID: 35076089 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silo-bags are hermetic storage systems that inhibit fungal growth because of their atmosphere with low humidity, as well as low pH and O2 concentrations, and a high CO2 concentration. If a silo-bag with stored maize loses its hermetic nature, it favors the development of fungi and the production of mycotoxins. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review on the diversity of fungal species and mycotoxins that were reported in maize stored under the environmental conditions provided by silo-bags. The genera Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were found more frequently, whereas Acremonium spp., Alternaria sp., Candida sp., Cladosporium sp., Debaryomyces spp., Epiconum sp., Eupenicillium spp., Eurotium sp., Eurotium amstelodami, Hyphopichia spp., Hyphopichia burtonii, Moniliella sp., Wallemia sp. and genera within the orden Mucorales were reported less recurrently. Despite finding a great fungal diversity, all of the studies focused their investigations on a small group of toxins: fumonisins (FBs), aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), patulin (PAT), toxin T2 (T2) and ochratoxin (OT). Of the FBs, fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 presented higher incidence percentages, followed by fumonisin B3 . Of the AFs, the only one reported was aflatoxin B1. The mycotoxins DON, ZEA and OT were found with lower incidences, whereas PAT and T2 were not detected. Good management practices of the silo-bags are necessary to achieve a hermetically sealed environment, without exchange of gases and water with the external environment during the storage period. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Brito
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Achimón
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María P Zunino
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julio A Zygadlo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Romina P Pizzolitto
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|