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André A, Hecht K, Mischler S, Stäheli L, Kerhanaj F, Buller R, Kinner M, Freimüller Leischtfeld S, Chetschik I, Miescher Schwenninger S, Müller N. A new physical and biological strategy to reduce the content of zearalenone in infected wheat kernels: the effect of cold needle perforation, microorganisms, and purified enzyme. Food Res Int 2024; 186:114364. [PMID: 38729726 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
With the aim of reintroducing wheat grains naturally contaminated with mycotoxins into the food value chain, a decontamination strategy was developed in this study. For this purpose, in a first step, the whole wheat kernels were pre-treated using cold needle perforation. The pore size was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and the accessibility of enzymes and microorganisms determined using fluorescent markers in the size range of enzymes (5 nm) and microorganisms (10 μm), and fluorescent microscopy. The perforated wheat grains, as well as non-perforated grains as controls, were then incubated with selected microorganisms (Bacillus megaterium Myk145 and B. licheniformis MA572) or with the enzyme ZHD518. The two bacilli strains were not able to significantly reduce the amount of zearalenone (ZEA), neither in the perforated nor in the non-perforated wheat kernels in comparison with the controls. In contrast, the enzyme ZHD518 significantly reduced the initial concentration of ZEA in the perforated and non-perforated wheat kernels in comparison with controls. Moreover, in vitro incubation of ZHD518 with ZEA showed the presence of two non-estrogenic degradation products of ZEA: hydrolysed zearalenone (HZEA) and decarboxylated hydrolysed ZEA (DHZEA). In addition, the physical pre-treatment led to a reduction in detectable mycotoxin contents in a subset of samples. Overall, this study emphasizes the promising potential of combining physical pre-treatment approaches with biological decontamination solutions in order to address the associated problem of mycotoxin contamination and food waste reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine André
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Department for Life Sciences und Facility Management, Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Einsiedlerstrasse 35, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Katrin Hecht
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Department for Life Sciences und Facility Management, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Mischler
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Department for Life Sciences und Facility Management, Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Einsiedlerstrasse 35, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Luca Stäheli
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Department for Life Sciences und Facility Management, Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Einsiedlerstrasse 35, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Fllanza Kerhanaj
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Department for Life Sciences und Facility Management, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Buller
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Department for Life Sciences und Facility Management, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Kinner
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Department for Life Sciences und Facility Management, Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Einsiedlerstrasse 35, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Susette Freimüller Leischtfeld
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Department for Life Sciences und Facility Management, Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Einsiedlerstrasse 35, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Irene Chetschik
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Department for Life Sciences und Facility Management, Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Einsiedlerstrasse 35, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Miescher Schwenninger
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Department for Life Sciences und Facility Management, Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Einsiedlerstrasse 35, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Nadina Müller
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Department for Life Sciences und Facility Management, Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Einsiedlerstrasse 35, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
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Haghani I, Hedayati MT, Shokohi T, Kermani F, Ghazanfari M, Javidnia J, Khojasteh S, Roohi B, Badali H, Fathi M, Amirizad K, Yahyazadeh Z, Abastabar M, Al-Hatmi AMS. Onychomycosis due to Fusarium species in different continents, literature review on diagnosis and treatment. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13652. [PMID: 37605217 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium species are an emerging cause of onychomycosis, and the number of cases has dramatically increased in recent decades worldwide. This review presents an overview of the onychomycosis cases caused by Fusarium species and diagnosis and treatment that have been reported in the literature. The most common causative agent of onychomycosis is F. solani species complex, which accounts for 11.68% of the cases of Fusarium onychomycosis, followed by the F. oxysporum species complex (164 out of 1669), which is accounted for 9.83% of the total. F. fujikuroi species complex (42 out of 1669) and F. dimerum species complex (7 out of 1669) are responsible for 2.52% and 0.42 cases, respectively. Fusarium nail infections were reported in patients aged range 1-98, accounting for 5.55% (1669 out of 30082) of all cases. Asia has the highest species diversity of Fusarium onychomycosis (31.51%). South America accounts for 21.09%, and the most common causative agent is F. solani (19.32%), followed by F. oxysporum species complex (15.63%). Europe accounts for 4.90% of cases caused by F. oxysporum, followed by F. solani. Africa accounts for 23.87% of the cases due to the F. solani species complex, followed by F. oxysporum and F. fujikuroi. Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis was the most common clinical symptom accounting for 58.7% (135 out of 230) of the cases. Data analysis relieved that terbinafine and itraconazole are active treatments for Fusarium onychomycosis. For a definitive diagnosis, combining of direct examination, culture and sequencing of the elongation factor of translation 1α are recommended. Accurate identification of the causative agents of onychomycosis due to Fusarium species and antifungal susceptibility testing is essential in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Haghani
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Hedayati
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Tahereh Shokohi
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Firoozeh Kermani
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mona Ghazanfari
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Javad Javidnia
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Khojasteh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Behrad Roohi
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Badali
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Fungus Testing Laboratory & Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Maryam Fathi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Amirizad
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Yahyazadeh
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abdullah M S Al-Hatmi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Senatore MT, Prodi A, Tini F, Balmas V, Infantino A, Onofri A, Cappelletti E, Oufensou S, Sulyok M, Covarelli L, Beccari G. Different diagnostic approaches for the characterization of the fungal community and Fusarium species complex composition of Italian durum wheat grain and correlation with secondary metabolite accumulation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4503-4521. [PMID: 36828788 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of the fungal communities associated with durum wheat was assessed using different diagnostic approaches. Durum wheat grain samples were collected in three different Italian cultivation macro-areas (north, center and south). Fungal isolation was realized by potato dextrose agar (PDA) and by deep-freezing blotter (DFB). Identification of Fusarium isolates obtained from PDA was achieved by partial tef1α sequencing (PDA + tef1α), while those obtained from DFB were identified from their morphological characteristics (DFB + mc). The fungal biomass of eight Fusarium species was quantified in grains by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Fungal secondary metabolites were analyzed in grains by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Correlations between Fusarium detection techniques (PDA + tef1α; DFB + mc and qPCR) and mycotoxins in grains were assessed. RESULTS Alternaria and Fusarium showed the highest incidence among the fungal genera developed from grains. Within the Fusarium community, PDA + tef1α highlighted that F. avenaceum and F. graminearum were the most represented members, while, DFB + mc detected a high presence of F. proliferatum. Alternaria and Fusarium mycotoxins, principally enniatins, were particularly present in the grain harvested in central Italy. Deoxynivalenol was mainly detected in northern-central Italy. CONCLUSIONS The adoption of the different diagnostic techniques of Fusarium detection highlighted that, for some species, qPCR was the best method of predicting their mycotoxin contamination in grains. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Senatore
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Prodi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Infantino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cappelletti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bionalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Infantino A, Belocchi A, Quaranta F, Reverberi M, Beccaccioli M, Lombardi D, Vitale M. Effects of climate change on the distribution of Fusarium spp. in Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163640. [PMID: 37087011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work studies the incidence of Fusarium spp. on wheat kernels about current and future climatic conditions in Italy. Epidemiological analyses were performed from 2007 to 2013 and the resulting dataset was used to find correlations between the disease incidence of five important Fusarium species monitored in Italy (Fusarium graminearum, F. langsethiae, F. sporotrichioides, F. poae and F. avenaceum) and climatic and geographical parameters. Probabilistic-based modelling of the actual distribution of Fusarium spp. was achieved by using the Zero-inflated Poisson regression. The probabilistic geographical distribution of the Fusarium species was assessed by applying future climatic scenarios (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). The shift from current to future climatic scenarios highlighted changes on a national and regional scale. The tightening of environmental conditions from the RCP4.5 to 8.5 scenarios resulted in a sporadic presence of F. avenaceum only in the northern region of Italy. Fusarium graminearum was plentifully present in the current climate, but the tightening of minimum and maximum temperatures and the decrease of precipitation between May-June in the RCP8.5 no longer represents the optimum conditions for it. Fusarium langsethiae was currently distributed in all of Italy, showing an increase in the probability of detecting it by moving from high to low latitudes and from low to high longitudes in the RCP8.5. Fusarium poae, unlike other Fusarium species, grows and develops in arid climatic conditions. High values of F. poae were recorded at low latitudes and longitudes. Under the RCP scenarios, it showed high incidence probabilities in the southeast and northeast areas of Italy. Fusarium sporotrichioides is scarcely present in Italy, found at high latitudes and in the central areas. Climate change altered this distribution, and the chances of discovering it increased significantly moving to southern Italy. Overall, the study shows that climate change conditions are likely to lead to an increase in the incidence of Fusarium species on wheat kernels in Italy, highlighting the importance of developing strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change on wheat production, quality, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Infantino
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics-CREA, Italy
| | - Andreina Belocchi
- Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics-CREA, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Quaranta
- Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics-CREA, Italy
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Danilo Lombardi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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Gab-Allah MA, Choi K, Kim B. Type B Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains and Their Products: Recent Advances on Occurrence, Toxicology, Analysis and Post-Harvest Decontamination Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:85. [PMID: 36828399 PMCID: PMC9963506 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol) and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G) are secondary toxic metabolites produced mainly by mycotoxigenic Fusarium fungi and have been recognized as natural contaminants in cereals and cereal-based foods. The latest studies have proven the various negative effects of type B trichothecenes on human health. Due to the widespread occurrence of Fusarium species, contamination by these mycotoxins has become an important aspect for public health and agro-food systems worldwide. Hence, their monitoring and surveillance in various foods have received a significant deal of attention in recent years. In this review, an up-to-date overview of the occurrence profile of major type B trichothecenes and DON-3G in cereal grains and their toxicological implications are outlined. Furthermore, current trends in analytical methodologies for their determination are overviewed. This review also covers the factors affecting the production of these mycotoxins, as well as the management strategies currently employed to mitigate their contamination in foods. Information presented in this review provides good insight into the progress that has been achieved in the last years for monitoring type B trichothecenes and DON-3G, and also would help the researchers in their further investigations on metabolic pathway analysis and toxicological studies of these Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Gab-Allah
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Reference Materials Lab, National Institute of Standards, P.O. Box 136, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Deoxynivalenol: An Overview on Occurrence, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Health Effects and Its Detection, Management, and Control Strategies in Food and Feed. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungi-produced secondary metabolites that can contaminate many foods eaten by humans and animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON), which is formed by Fusarium, is one of the most common occurring predominantly in cereal grains and thus poses a significant health risk. When DON is ingested, it can cause both acute and chronic toxicity. Acute signs include abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, increased salivation, vomiting, and malaise. The most common effects of chronic DON exposure include changes in dietary efficacy, weight loss, and anorexia. This review provides a succinct overview of various sources, biosynthetic mechanisms, and genes governing DON production, along with its consequences on human and animal health. It also covers the effect of environmental factors on its production with potential detection, management, and control strategies.
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Gagiu V, Mateescu E, Belc N, Oprea OA, Pîrvu GP. Assessment of Fusarium-Damaged Kernels in Common Wheat in Romania in the Years 2015 and 2016 with Extreme Weather Events. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:326. [PMID: 35622573 PMCID: PMC9145446 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This article assesses the occurrence of Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDKs) in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) under the influence of environmental factors and extreme weather events in Romania (exceptionally high air temperatures and extreme pedological drought produced by a dipole block in summer 2015, and extreme precipitation and floods produced by an omega block in spring 2016). Wheat samples (N = 272) were analyzed for FDKs via visual estimation and manual weighing according to ISO 7970 and are statistically evaluated using SPSS. The dipole block in 2015 reduced the effects of environmental factors to non-significant correlations with FDKs, while the omega block in 2016 was non-significantly to very significantly correlated with FDKs in the northwestern and western regions. The occurrence of FDKs was favored for wheat cultivation in acidic soils and inhibited in alkaline soils. Wheat samples with FDKs ≥ 1% were sampled from crops grown in river meadows with high and very high risks of flooding. Knowing the contaminants' geographical and spatial distributions under the influence of regular and extreme weather events is important for establishing measures to mitigate the effects of climate change and to ensure human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gagiu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (N.B.); (G.-P.P.)
| | - Elena Mateescu
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.-A.O.)
| | - Nastasia Belc
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (N.B.); (G.-P.P.)
| | - Oana-Alexandra Oprea
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.-A.O.)
| | - Gina-Pușa Pîrvu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (N.B.); (G.-P.P.)
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Kenngott KGJ, Albert J, Meyer-Wolfarth F, Schaumann GE, Muñoz K. Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize Field Soils: Method Validation and Implications for Sampling Strategy. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:130. [PMID: 35202157 PMCID: PMC8875666 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While mycotoxins are generally regarded as food contamination issues, there is growing interest in mycotoxins as environmental pollutants. The main sources of trichothecene and zearalenone mycotoxins in the environment are mainly attributed to Fusarium infested fields, where mycotoxins can wash off in infested plants or harvest residues. Subsequently, mycotoxins inevitably enter the soil. In this context, investigations into the effects, fate, and transport are still needed. However, there is a lack of analytical methods used to determine Fusarium toxins in soil matrices. We aimed to validate an analytical method capable of determining the toxins nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), and zearalenone (ZEN), at environmentally relevant concentrations, in five contrasting agricultural soils. Soils were spiked at three levels (3, 9 and 15 ng g-1), extracted by solid-liquid extraction assisted with ultrasonication, using a generic solvent composition of acetonitrile:water 84:16 (v:v) and measured by LC-HRMS. Method validation was successful for NIV, DON, and 15-AcDON with mean recoveries > 93% and RSDr < 10%. ZEN failed the validation criteria. The validated method was applied to eight conventionally managed maize field soils during harvest season, to provide a first insight into DON, NIV, and 15-AcDON levels. Mycotoxins were present in two out of eight sampled maize fields. Soil mycotoxin concentrations ranged from 0.53 to 19.4 ng g-1 and 0.8 to 2.2 ng g-1 for DON and NIV, respectively. Additionally, we found indication that "hot-spot" concentrations were restricted to small scales (<5 cm) with implications for field scale soil monitoring strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian G. J. Kenngott
- Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Sciences (iES) Landau, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; (K.G.J.K.); (J.A.); (G.E.S.)
| | - Julius Albert
- Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Sciences (iES) Landau, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; (K.G.J.K.); (J.A.); (G.E.S.)
| | - Friederike Meyer-Wolfarth
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Gabriele E. Schaumann
- Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Sciences (iES) Landau, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; (K.G.J.K.); (J.A.); (G.E.S.)
| | - Katherine Muñoz
- Group of Organic and Ecological Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Sciences (iES) Landau, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
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Okorski A, Milewska A, Pszczółkowska A, Karpiesiuk K, Kozera W, Dąbrowska JA, Radwińska J. Prevalence of Fusarium fungi and Deoxynivalenol Levels in Winter Wheat Grain in Different Climatic Regions of Poland. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:102. [PMID: 35202130 PMCID: PMC8877411 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium is one of the most dangerous crop diseases, which has a wide geographic distribution and causes severe economic losses in the production of major cereal species. The infection leads to the accumulation of mycotoxins in grains, which compromises its suitability for human and animal consumption. The study demonstrated that grain samples from warmer regions of Poland, including Sulejów and Tomaszów Bolesławicki (results differed across years of the study), were colonized mainly by F. graminearum and were most highly contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON). Samples from Northeastern Poland, i.e., Ruska Wieś, which is located in a cooler region, were characterized by a predominance of Fusarium species typical of the cold climate, i.e., Fusarium poae and Penicillium verrucosum. A Spearman's rank correlation analysis revealed that the severity of grain infection with F. avenaceum/F. tricinctum was affected by the mean daily temperature and high humidity in May, and the corresponding values of the correlation coefficient were determined at R = 0.54 and R = 0.50. Competitive interactions were observed between the F. avenaceum/F. tricinctum genotype and DON-producing F. culmorum and F. graminearum, because the severity of grain infections caused by these pathogens was bound by a negative correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Okorski
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 5, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.M.); (A.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Alina Milewska
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 5, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.M.); (A.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Agnieszka Pszczółkowska
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 5, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.M.); (A.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Krzysztof Karpiesiuk
- Department of Pig Breeding, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.K.); (W.K.)
| | - Wojciech Kozera
- Department of Pig Breeding, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.K.); (W.K.)
| | - Joanna Agnieszka Dąbrowska
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 5, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.M.); (A.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Justyna Radwińska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland;
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10
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Berzina Z, Pavlenko R, Jansons M, Bartkiene E, Neilands R, Pugajeva I, Bartkevics V. Application of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for Tracking Human Exposure to Deoxynivalenol and Enniatins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:91. [PMID: 35202119 PMCID: PMC8878170 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a promising biomonitoring approach with the potential to provide direct information on human intake and exposure to food contaminants and environmental chemicals. The aim of this study was to apply WBE while employing the normalization method for exploring human exposure to selected mycotoxins according to population biomarker 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). This type of normalization technique has been previously used to detect various other compounds. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study tracking human exposure to mycotoxins. A sensitive analytical methodology was developed to achieve reliable quantification of deoxynivalenol, enniatins, and beauvericin in wastewater (WW) samples. The applicability of the method was evaluated by testing 29 WW samples collected at WW treatment plants in Latvia. With frequency of detection greater than 86%, enniatins B, B1, A, and A1 were revealed in WW samples. The estimated total daily intake for enniatins was in the range of 1.8-27.6 µg/day per person. Free deoxynivalenol (DON) was determined in all analysed WW samples. Based on the average 5-HIAA excretion level and the determined 5-HIAA content in the samples, the intake of DON by the human population of Riga was estimated at 325 ng/kg b.w. day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Berzina
- Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Institute of Food Safety, Lejupes 3, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (M.J.); (I.P.); (V.B.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Romans Pavlenko
- Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Institute of Food Safety, Lejupes 3, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (M.J.); (I.P.); (V.B.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Martins Jansons
- Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Institute of Food Safety, Lejupes 3, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (M.J.); (I.P.); (V.B.)
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Romans Neilands
- Department of Water Engineering and Technology, Riga Technical University, Kalku 1, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Iveta Pugajeva
- Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Institute of Food Safety, Lejupes 3, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (M.J.); (I.P.); (V.B.)
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Institute of Food Safety, Lejupes 3, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (M.J.); (I.P.); (V.B.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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11
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Gagiu V, Mateescu E, Dobre AA, Smeu I, Cucu ME, Oprea OA, Alexandru D, Iorga E, Belc N. Deoxynivalenol Occurrence in Triticale Crops in Romania during the 2012-2014 Period with Extreme Weather Events. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070456. [PMID: 34210066 PMCID: PMC8310060 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This article aims to evaluate deoxynivalenol occurrence in triticale crops in Romania in years with extreme weather events (2012: Siberian anticyclone with cold waves and heavy snowfall; 2013 and 2014: “Vb” cyclones with heavy precipitation and floods in spring). The deoxynivalenol level in triticale samples (N = 236) was quantified by ELISA. In Romania, the extreme weather events favoured deoxynivalenol occurrence in triticale in Transylvania and the Southern Hilly Area (44–47° N, 22–25° E) with a humid/balanced-humid temperate continental climate, luvisols and high/very high risk of floods. Maximum deoxynivalenol contamination was lower in the other regions, although heavy precipitation in May–July 2014 was higher, with chernozems having higher aridity. Multivariate analysis of the factors influencing deoxynivalenol occurrence in triticale showed at least a significant correlation for all components of variation source (agricultural year, agricultural region, average of deoxynivalenol, average air temperature, cumulative precipitation, soil moisture reserve, aridity indices) (p-value < 0.05). The spatial and geographic distribution of deoxynivalenol in cereals in the countries affected by the 2012–2014 extreme weather events revealed a higher contamination in Central Europe compared to southeastern and eastern Europe. Deoxynivalenol occurrence in cereals was favoured by local and regional agroclimatic factors and was amplified by extreme weather events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gagiu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Mateescu
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 97 Bucuresti-Ploiesti Street, 1st District, 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.A.O.); (D.A.)
| | - Alina Alexandra Dobre
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
| | - Irina Smeu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
| | - Mirela Elena Cucu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
| | - Oana Alexandra Oprea
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 97 Bucuresti-Ploiesti Street, 1st District, 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.A.O.); (D.A.)
| | - Daniel Alexandru
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 97 Bucuresti-Ploiesti Street, 1st District, 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.A.O.); (D.A.)
| | - Enuța Iorga
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
| | - Nastasia Belc
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
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12
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Polišenská I, Jirsa O, Salava J, Sedláčková I, Frydrych J. Fusarium mycotoxin content and Fusarium species presence in Czech organic and conventional wheat. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone content and the presence of Fusarium species in organically and conventionally grown wheat harvested in the Czech Republic during 2015-2017 were studied. Mycotoxin contamination was compared using two approaches. The first was based on samples taken from randomly selected farms in individual regions of the Czech Republic, both organic (154 samples) and conventional (330 samples). In the second approach, a sample set of conventional wheat compatible with organic one was formed, with samples paired according to the preceding crop and region of harvest. Using the first approach, mycotoxins were shown to be higher in conventional wheat; however, there was no difference in mycotoxin contamination between organic and conventional wheat using the second approach. Eight wheat samples with mycotoxin content above the EU limits were found, seven for deoxynivalenol (2.1%) and one for zearalenone (0.3%), all of them originated from conventional farming system. Six of them had maize as the preceding crop. The presence of five Fusarium species (Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium poae and Fusarium sporotrichioides) was compared for the compatible wheat sample sets (second approach). The predominant species were found to be F. poae and F. graminearum in both the organic and conventional wheat. Harvest year significantly influenced both the occurrence of the main Fusarium species and the level of mycotoxin contamination. The study confirmed that (a) organic farming system was able to keep mycotoxin contamination of wheat at a low level, (b) in studies on the significance of organic/conventional agricultural practice on mycotoxin levels in cereals, it is important to pay attention to common production and environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Polišenská
- Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., Havlíčkova 2787, 767 01 Kroměříž, Czech Republic
| | - O. Jirsa
- Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., Havlíčkova 2787, 767 01 Kroměříž, Czech Republic
| | - J. Salava
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 161 06 Praha-Ruzyně, Czech Republic
| | - I. Sedláčková
- Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., Havlíčkova 2787, 767 01 Kroměříž, Czech Republic
| | - J. Frydrych
- OSEVA Development and Research, Ltd., Hamerská 698, 756 54 Zubří, Czech Republic
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Eagles EJ, Benstead R, MacDonald S, Handy RD, Hutchinson TH. Environmental risks to freshwater organisms from the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone using Species Sensitivity Distributions. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:129279. [PMID: 33352371 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, laboratory experiments have addressed the acute toxicity of two common mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON), in a range of freshwater organisms (including rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus, insects Chironomus riparius (larvae), crustaceans Daphnia pulex and Thamnocephalus platyurus, cnidarians Hydra vulgaris, molluscs Lymnaea stagnalis (embryos) and Protozoa Tetrahymena thermophila). Acute EC50 values highlight crustaceans as the most sensitive organisms to DON, with T. platyurus having a 24 h EC50 of 0.14 and D. magna having a 48 h EC50 of 0.13 mg DON/L. During exposures to ZON, H. vulgaris and L. stagnalis embryos showed the highest sensitivity; mortality EC50 values were 1.1 (96 h) and 0.42 mg ZON/L (7 d), respectively. Combining these novel invertebrate toxicity results, along with recent published data for freshwater plant and fish toxicity for analysis of Species Sensitivity Distributions, provides freshwater HC5 values of 5.2 μg DON/L and 43 μg ZON/L, respectively. Using highest reported environmental concentrations and following REACH guidelines, risk ratios calculated here show the risk of ZON to freshwater organisms is low. In contrast, DON may periodically because for concern in streams subject to high agricultural run-off, likely during certain times of year where cereal crops are susceptible to higher fungal infections rates and may pose increased risks due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Eagles
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Rachel Benstead
- FERA Science Ltd., York Biotech Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Susan MacDonald
- FERA Science Ltd., York Biotech Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Richard D Handy
- School of Biological & Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Thomas H Hutchinson
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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14
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Karlsson I, Persson P, Friberg H. Fusarium Head Blight From a Microbiome Perspective. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628373. [PMID: 33732223 PMCID: PMC7956947 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal genus Fusarium causes several diseases in cereals, including Fusarium head blight (FHB). A number of Fusarium species are involved in disease development and mycotoxin contamination. Lately, the importance of interactions between plant pathogens and the plant microbiome has been increasingly recognized. In this review, we address the significance of the cereal microbiome for the development of Fusarium-related diseases. Fusarium fungi may interact with the host microbiome at multiple stages during their life cycles and in different plant organs including roots, stems, leaves, heads, and crop residues. There are interactions between Fusarium and other fungi and bacteria as well as among Fusarium species. Recent studies have provided a map of the cereal microbiome and revealed how different biotic and abiotic factors drive microbiome assembly. This review synthesizes the current understanding of the cereal microbiome and the implications for Fusarium infection, FHB development, disease control, and mycotoxin contamination. Although annual and regional variations in predominant species are significant, much research has focused on Fusarium graminearum. Surveying the total Fusarium community in environmental samples is now facilitated with novel metabarcoding methods. Further, infection with multiple Fusarium species has been shown to affect disease severity and mycotoxin contamination. A better mechanistic understanding of such multiple infections is necessary to be able to predict the outcome in terms of disease development and mycotoxin production. The knowledge on the composition of the cereal microbiome under different environmental and agricultural conditions is growing. Future studies are needed to clearly link microbiome structure to Fusarium suppression in order to develop novel disease management strategies for example based on conservation biological control approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Karlsson
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paula Persson
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Friberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Polak-Śliwińska M, Paszczyk B. Trichothecenes in Food and Feed, Relevance to Human and Animal Health and Methods of Detection: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2021; 26:454. [PMID: 33467103 PMCID: PMC7830705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins are sesquiterpenoid compounds primarily produced by fungi in taxonomical genera such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys, Trichothecium, and others, under specific climatic conditions on a worldwide basis. Fusarium mold is a major plant pathogen and produces a number of trichothecene mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (or vomitoxin), nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin. Monogastrics are sensitive to vomitoxin, while poultry and ruminants appear to be less sensitive to some trichothecenes through microbial metabolism of trichothecenes in the gastrointestinal tract. Trichothecene mycotoxins occur worldwide however both total concentrations and the particular mix of toxins present vary with environmental conditions. Proper agricultural practices such as avoiding late harvests, removing overwintered stubble from fields, and avoiding a corn/wheat rotation that favors Fusarium growth in residue can reduce trichothecene contamination of grains. Due to the vague nature of toxic effects attributed to low concentrations of trichothecenes, a solid link between low level exposure and a specific trichothecene is difficult to establish. Multiple factors, such as nutrition, management, and environmental conditions impact animal health and need to be evaluated with the knowledge of the mycotoxin and concentrations known to cause adverse health effects. Future research evaluating the impact of low-level exposure on livestock may clarify the potential impact on immunity. Trichothecenes are rapidly excreted from animals, and residues in edible tissues, milk, or eggs are likely negligible. In chronic exposures to trichothecenes, once the contaminated feed is removed and exposure stopped, animals generally have an excellent prognosis for recovery. This review shows the occurrence of trichothecenes in food and feed in 2011-2020 and their toxic effects and provides a summary of the discussions on the potential public health concerns specifically related to trichothecenes residues in foods associated with the exposure of farm animals to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds and impact to human health. Moreover, the article discusses the methods of their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Polak-Śliwińska
- Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland;
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16
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Dalla Lana F, Madden LV, Paul PA. Natural Occurrence of Maize Gibberella Ear Rot and Contamination of Grain with Mycotoxins in Association with Weather Variables. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:114-126. [PMID: 33197383 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-20-0952-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gibberella ear rot (GER) severity (percent area of the ear diseased) and associated grain contamination with mycotoxins were quantified in plots of 15 to 16 maize hybrids planted at 10 Ohio locations from 2015 to 2018. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was quantified in grain samples in all 4 years, whereas nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15ADON) were quantified only in the last 2 years. Only DON and 15ADON were detected. The highest levels of GER and DON contamination were observed for 2018, followed by 2016 and 2017. No GER symptoms or DON were detected in 2015. Approximately 41% of the samples from asymptomatic ears had detectable levels of DON, and 7% of these samples from 2016 had DON > 5 ppm. Associations between DON contamination and 43 variables representing summaries of temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), rainfall (R), surface wetness, and T-RH combinations for different window lengths and positions relative to R1 growth stage were quantified with Spearman correlation coefficients (r). Fifteen-day window lengths tended to show the highest correlations. Most of the variables based on T, R, RH, and T-RH were significantly correlated with DON for the 15-day window, as well as other windows. For moisture-related variables, there generally was a negative correlation before R1, changing to a positive correlation after R1. Results showed that GER and DON can be frequently found in Ohio maize fields, with the risk of DON being associated with multiple weather variables, particularly those representing combinations of T between 15 and 30°C and RH > 80 summarized during the 3 weeks after R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dalla Lana
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - L V Madden
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - P A Paul
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
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17
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Beccari G, Prodi A, Senatore MT, Balmas V, Tini F, Onofri A, Pedini L, Sulyok M, Brocca L, Covarelli L. Cultivation Area Affects the Presence of Fungal Communities and Secondary Metabolites in Italian Durum Wheat Grains. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E97. [PMID: 32028570 PMCID: PMC7076967 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, durum wheat kernels harvested in three climatically different Italian cultivation areas (Emilia Romagna, Umbria and Sardinia) in 2015, were analyzed with a combination of different isolation methods to determine their fungal communities, with a focus on Fusarium head blight (FHB) complex composition, and to detect fungal secondary metabolites in the grains. The genus Alternaria was the main component of durum wheat mycobiota in all investigated regions, with the Central Italian cultivation area showing the highest incidence of this fungal genus and of its secondary metabolites. Fusarium was the second most prevalent genus of the fungal community in all cultivation environments, even if regional differences in species composition were detected. In particular, Northern areas showed the highest Fusarium incidence, followed by Central and then Southern cultivation areas. Focusing on the FHB complex, a predominance of Fusariumpoae, in particular in Northern and Central cultivation areas, was found. Fusariumgraminearum, in the analyzed year, was mainly detected in Emilia Romagna. Because of the highest Fusarium incidence, durum wheat harvested in the Northern cultivation area showed the highest presence of Fusarium secondary metabolites. These results show that durum wheat cultivated in Northern Italy may be subject to a higher FHB infection risk and to Fusarium mycotoxins accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (F.T.); (A.O.); (L.P.); or
| | - Antonio Prodi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Senatore
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (F.T.); (A.O.); (L.P.); or
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (F.T.); (A.O.); (L.P.); or
| | - Luca Pedini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (F.T.); (A.O.); (L.P.); or
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse, 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Luca Brocca
- Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection, National Research Council, Via della Madonna Alta, 126, 06128 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (F.T.); (A.O.); (L.P.); or
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18
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Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Varzakas T. Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods. Foods 2020; 9:E137. [PMID: 32012820 PMCID: PMC7074356 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can infect many foods with carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects. Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs causes diseases worldwide. The major classes of mycotoxins that are of the greatest agroeconomic importance are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, emerging Fusarium mycotoxins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, and patulin. Thus, in order to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of foods, many control approaches are used. Prevention, detoxification, and decontamination of mycotoxins can contribute in this purpose in the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Therefore, the purpose of the review is to elaborate on the recent advances regarding the occurrence of main mycotoxins in many types of important agricultural products, as well as the methods of inactivation and detoxification of foods from mycotoxins in order to reduce or fully eliminate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (E.S.); (T.V.)
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Rammlmair A, Mühlethaler K, Haneke E. Fusarium onychomycoses in Switzerland-A mycological and histopathological study. Mycoses 2019; 62:928-931. [PMID: 31271679 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Onychomycoses in temperate climates are most commonly due to dermatophytes, particularly Trichophyton rubrum. Non-dermatophyte nail infections are much less frequent, and their diagnosis requires a careful and repeated search for a potential dermatophyte that may have been overgrown in culture. A series of histological slides of suspected onychomycoses with uncommon fungal morphology prompted us to search for non-dermatophytic moulds causing dermatophytosis-like nail infections. Thirty cases were identified by culture as F solani, F oxysporum, F dimerum or F spp, and two more were only diagnosed histopathologically. None of these patients was immunocompromised. Treatment was mostly unsuccessful with terbinafine whereas itraconazole showed a moderately better treatment result; in all cases, a topical ciclopirox nail varnish in a hydroxychitosan base was added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rammlmair
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, University of Berne, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Mühlethaler
- Institut for Infectious Diseases, University of Berne, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eckart Haneke
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, University of Berne, Bern, Switzerland.,Dermatology Practice Dermaticum, Freiburg, Germany.,Centro de Dermatología, Instituto CUF, Matosinhos, Porto, Portugal.,Kliniek Huidziekten, University Hospitals, Gent, Belgium
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20
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Liu H, Zhang J, Ding K, Chen X, Han T. The development and characterisation of an immunoaffinity column used for the simultaneous selective extraction of Fusarium toxins from grain products. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2018.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.J. Liu
- Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control for Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China P.R
| | - J.N. Zhang
- Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control for Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China P.R
| | - K. Ding
- Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control for Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China P.R
| | - X.N. Chen
- Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control for Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China P.R
| | - T. Han
- Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control for Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China P.R
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21
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Stanciu O, Juan C, Berrada H, Miere D, Loghin F, Mañes J. Study on Trichothecene and Zearalenone Presence in Romanian Wheat Relative to Weather Conditions. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E163. [PMID: 30875933 PMCID: PMC6468749 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the influence of weather conditions on mycotoxin presence in wheat, deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15AcDON), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), nivalenol (NIV), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), neosolaniol (NEO) and zearalenone (ZEN) were evaluated in 102 Romanian wheat samples coming from five wheat growing areas during 2015. Only six mycotoxins were detected, while FUS-X, DAS, NEO and NIV were not present in the wheat samples. Mycotoxin concentrations were correlated with precipitation and temperature values during anthesis and the preharvest period. Overall, the highest frequency was registered for DON, while the lowest frequency was registered for NIV. In the North Muntenia, DON and ZEN registered high frequencies (68% and 16%, respectively). This region was characterized in June and July by medium to high values of rainfall (41⁻100 mm/month) and normal temperatures (mean of 20.0 °C in June and 24.0 °C in July), suggesting that precipitation levels influence fungi and mycotoxin development to a greater extent compared to the influence of temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Stanciu
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Houda Berrada
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Doina Miere
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
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22
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Mishra S, Srivastava S, Dewangan J, Divakar A, Kumar Rath S. Global occurrence of deoxynivalenol in food commodities and exposure risk assessment in humans in the last decade: a survey. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1346-1374. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1571479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Mishra
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jayant Dewangan
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aman Divakar
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Rath
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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23
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Bryła M, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Yoshinari T, Waśkiewicz A, Szymczyk K. Contamination of Wheat Cultivated in Various Regions of Poland during 2017 and 2018 Agricultural Seasons with Selected Trichothecenes and Their Modified Forms. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E88. [PMID: 30717289 PMCID: PMC6409988 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-interaction of antibodies within the immunoaffinity columns used in this study facilitated the simultaneous determination of nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), their glucoside derivatives (NIV-3G, DON-3G), and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-AcDON) in wheat grain harvested in various regions of Poland. In Poland, 2018 was a warm, dry agricultural season, and hence, was relatively less favourable for cereal cultivation than 2017. Data on the natural occurrence of NIV-3G in wheat grain are among the first published in the literature. DON was the most frequently found mycotoxin in the tested samples; the percentage occurrence of DON-positive samples was 92% in 2017 and 61% in 2018. Moreover, DON concentrations were generally higher in 2017 samples (5.2⁻1670.7 µg/kg) than those in 2018 samples (range 5.0⁻461.7 µg/kg). A similar pattern was found for DON-3G. However, no statistically significant differences between the samples from the two agricultural seasons were observed for the other three mycotoxins that were analysed, and their concentrations were generally considerably lower. DON was strongly correlated with DON-3G (correlation coefficient r = 0.9558), while NIV was strongly correlated with NIV-3G (r = 0.9442). The percentage occurrence of NIV-3G- and DON-3G-positive samples was 14% in 2017 and 49% in 2018. The NIV-3G/NIV ratio was 5.9⁻35.7%, while the DON-3G/DON ratio range was 3.2⁻53.6%. In 2018, wheat samples from Southern Poland exhibited statistically significantly higher levels of DON than those from Northern Poland. The dry and hot summer of 2018 not only reduced wheat yields, but also limited development of Fusarium spp. Therefore, grain harvested that year was generally contaminated with relatively low levels of mycotoxins. Lower levels of DON were also accompanied by lesser amounts of DON-derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomoya Yoshinari
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Szymczyk
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
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24
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Fluorometric lateral flow immunochromatographic zearalenone assay by exploiting a quencher system composed of carbon dots and silver nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:388. [PMID: 30046913 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It is found that the fluorescence of carbon dots (CD) with an emission peak at 459 nm is strongly quenched by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with their absorption peak at 430 nm. The finding was applied in a fluorescence quenchometric lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for detection of zearalenone (ZEN) with CDs conjugated to ovalbumin (OVA) as donor signal probe and AgNP-Ab as acceptor signal probe. The assay has an LOD of 0.1 μg·L-1 for ZEN. This is 10 times better than the respective "turn-off" AgNP-based LFIA. In case of cereal samples and their products, the LODs range from 1 to 2.5 μg·kg-1. Only minor cross reactivity is found for fusarium toxins, and no cross-sensitivity for aflatoxin B1, T-2 mycotoxin, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin B1. The assay represents a simple, sensitive, and rapid tool for determination of ZEN in cereal samples and their products. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of fluorescence quenching lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (FLFIA) based on carbon dots (CD) and silver nanoparticle (AgNP) fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system for the rapid high sensitive detection of zearalenone (ZEN) in cereal samples.
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25
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Kalagatur NK, Nirmal Ghosh OS, Sundararaj N, Mudili V. Antifungal Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles Encapsulated With Cymbopogon martinii Essential Oil on Plant Pathogenic Fungi Fusarium graminearum. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:610. [PMID: 29928233 PMCID: PMC5997812 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of synthetic fungicides in agricultural commodities has been restricted due to development of fungicide resistance fungi and deleterious impact on environment and health of farm animals and humans. Hence, there is an urge for development of mycobiocides, and the present study was undertaken to determine the antifungal activity of Cymbopogon martinii essential oil (CMEO) on post-harvest pathogen Fusarium graminearum. The CMEO was extracted by hydrodistillation and GC-MS chemical profile revealed the presence of 46 compounds and abundant was geraniol (19.06%). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of CMEO were determined as 421.7 ± 27.14 and 618.3 ± 79.35 ppm, respectively. The scanning electron microscopic observation of CMEO exposed macroconidia was exhibited a detrimental morphology with vesicles, craters, protuberance, and rough surfaces related to control fungi. The CMEO induced the death of fungi through elevating intracellular reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, and depleting ergosterol content. Regrettably, essential oils are highly volatile and become unstable and lose their biological features on exposure to light, heat, pH, moisture, and oxygen. To overcome these issues, chitosan encapsulated CMEO nanoparticles (Ce-CMEO-NPs) were prepared. The synthesized Ce-CMEO-NPs have spherical morphology with Zeta potential of 39.3-37.2 mV and their corresponding size was found in range of 455-480 nm. The Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed that bio-active constituents of CMEO were well stabilized due to chitosan conjugation and successfully formed Ce-CMEO-NPs. The in vitro release assay observed that the release of CMEO is stabilized due to the complex formation with chitosan and thereby, increases the lifetime antifungal activity of CMEO by gradual release of antifungal constituents of Ce-CMEO-NPs. In conclusion, antifungal and antimycotoxin activities of CMEO and Ce-CMEO-NPs against F. graminearum were assessed in maize grains under laboratory conditions over a storage period of 28 days. Interestingly, Ce-CMEO-NPs were presented efficient and enhanced antifungal and antimycotoxin activities related to CMEO, and it could be due to perseverance of antifungal activity by controlled release of antifungal constituents from Ce-CMEO-NPs. The study concluded that Ce-CMEO-NPs could be highly appropriate as mycobiocides in safeguarding the agricultural commodities during storage period in agricultural and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naveen Sundararaj
- Microbiology Department, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India
| | - Venkataramana Mudili
- Toxicology and Immunology Division, DRDO-BU Centre for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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26
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Beccari G, Senatore MT, Tini F, Sulyok M, Covarelli L. Fungal community, Fusarium head blight complex and secondary metabolites associated with malting barley grains harvested in Umbria, central Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 273:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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27
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Vogelgsang S, Musa T, Bänziger I, Kägi A, Bucheli TD, Wettstein FE, Pasquali M, Forrer HR. Correction: S. Vogelgsang et al. Fusarium Mycotoxins in Swiss Wheat: A Survey of Growers' Samples between 2007 and 2014 Shows Strong Year and Minor Geographic Effects. Toxins 2017, 9, 246. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9110377. [PMID: 29160856 PMCID: PMC5705992 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomke Musa
- Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Irene Bänziger
- Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Andreas Kägi
- Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | - Matias Pasquali
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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