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Biradar S, Agarwal Y, Das A, Shu ST, Samal J, Ho S, Kelly N, Mahesh D, Teredesai S, Castronova I, Mussina L, Mailliard RB, Smithgall TE, Bility MT. Nef defect attenuates HIV viremia and immune dysregulation in the bone marrow-liver-thymus-spleen (BLTS) humanized mouse model. Virology 2024; 598:110192. [PMID: 39106585 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
In vitro studies have shown that deletion of nef and deleterious mutation in the Nef dimerization interface attenuates HIV replication and associated pathogenesis. Humanized rodents with human immune cells and lymphoid tissues are robust in vivo models for investigating the interactions between HIV and the human immune system. Here, we demonstrate that nef deletion impairs HIV replication and HIV-induced immune dysregulation in the blood and human secondary lymphoid tissue (human spleen) in bone marrow-liver-thymus-spleen (BLTS) humanized mice. Furthermore, we also show that nef defects (via deleterious mutations in the dimerization interface) impair HIV replication and HIV-induced immune dysregulation in the blood and human spleen in BLTS-humanized mice. We demonstrate that the reduced replication of nef-deleted and nef-defective HIV is associated with robust antiviral innate immune response, and T helper 1 response. Our results support the proposition that Nef may be a therapeutic target for adjuvants in HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivkumar Biradar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Antu Das
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sherry T Shu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jasmine Samal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sara Ho
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nickolas Kelly
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Deepika Mahesh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shreya Teredesai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Isabella Castronova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - London Mussina
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas E Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Moses T Bility
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Ikeogu N, Ajibola O, Zayats R, Murooka TT. Identifying physiological tissue niches that support the HIV reservoir in T cells. mBio 2023; 14:e0205323. [PMID: 37747190 PMCID: PMC10653859 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02053-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) can efficiently suppress Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) replication to undetectable levels, but rare populations of infected memory CD4+ T cells continue to persist, complicating viral eradication efforts. Memory T cells utilize distinct homing and adhesion molecules to enter, exit, or establish residence at diverse tissue sites, integrating cellular and environmental cues that maintain homeostasis and life-long protection against pathogens. Critical roles for T cell receptor and cytokine signals driving clonal expansion and memory generation during immunity generation are well established, but whether HIV-infected T cells can utilize similar mechanisms for their own long-term survival is unclear. How infected, but transcriptionally silent T cells maintain their recirculation potential through blood and peripheral tissues, or whether they acquire new capabilities to establish unique peripheral tissue niches, is also not well understood. In this review, we will discuss the cellular and molecular cues that are important for memory T cell homeostasis and highlight opportunities for HIV to hijack normal immunological processes to establish long-term viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnamdi Ikeogu
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Oluwaseun Ajibola
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Romaniya Zayats
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Thomas T. Murooka
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Guo T, Deng Q, Qiu Z, Rong L. HIV infection dynamics and viral rebound: Modeling results from humanized mice. J Theor Biol 2023; 567:111490. [PMID: 37054969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV persists in infected individuals. The virus also rebounds after the cessation of cART. The sources contributing to viral persistence and rebound are not fully understood. When viral rebound occurs, what affects the time to rebound and how to delay the rebound remain unclear. In this paper, we started with the data fitting of an HIV infection model to the viral load data in treated and untreated humanized myeloid-only mice (MoM) in which macrophages serve as the target of HIV infection. By fixing the parameter values for macrophages from the MoM fitting, we fit a mathematical model including the infection of two target cell populations to the viral load data from humanized bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) mice, in which both CD4+ T cells and macrophages are the target of HIV infection. Data fitting suggests that the viral load decay in BLT mice under treatment has three phases. The loss of infected CD4+ T cells and macrophages is a major contributor to the first two phases of viral decay, and the last phase may be due to the latent infection of CD4+ T cells. Numerical simulations using parameter estimates from the data fitting show that the pre-ART viral load and the latent reservoir size at treatment cessation can affect viral growth rate and predict the time to viral rebound. Model simulations further reveal that early and prolonged cART can delay the viral rebound after cessation of treatment, which may have implications in the search for functional control of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- Aliyun School of Big Data, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Qi Deng
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhipeng Qiu
- Center for Basic Teaching and Experiment, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214443, China
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Gillgrass A, Wessels JM, Yang JX, Kaushic C. Advances in Humanized Mouse Models to Improve Understanding of HIV-1 Pathogenesis and Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 11:617516. [PMID: 33746940 PMCID: PMC7973037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.617516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy has transformed human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) from a deadly infection into a chronic disease, it does not clear the viral reservoir, leaving HIV-1 as an uncurable infection. Currently, 1.2 million new HIV-1 infections occur globally each year, with little decrease over many years. Therefore, additional research is required to advance the current state of HIV management, find potential therapeutic strategies, and further understand the mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis and prevention strategies. Non-human primates (NHP) have been used extensively in HIV research and have provided critical advances within the field, but there are several issues that limit their use. Humanized mouse (Hu-mouse) models, or immunodeficient mice engrafted with human immune cells and/or tissues, provide a cost-effective and practical approach to create models for HIV research. Hu-mice closely parallel multiple aspects of human HIV infection and disease progression. Here, we highlight how innovations in Hu-mouse models have advanced HIV-1 research in the past decade. We discuss the effect of different background strains of mice, of modifications on the reconstitution of the immune cells, and the pros and cons of different human cells and/or tissue engraftment methods, on the ability to examine HIV-1 infection and immune response. Finally, we consider the newest advances in the Hu-mouse models and their potential to advance research in emerging areas of mucosal infections, understand the role of microbiota and the complex issues in HIV-TB co-infection. These innovations in Hu-mouse models hold the potential to significantly enhance mechanistic research to develop novel strategies for HIV prevention and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gillgrass
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jocelyn M. Wessels
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jack X. Yang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Stevens DM, Adiseshaiah P, Dasa SSK, Potter TM, Skoczen SL, Snapp KS, Cedrone E, Patel N, Busman-Sahay K, Rosen EP, Sykes C, Cottrell M, Dobrovolskaia MA, Estes JD, Kashuba ADM, Stern ST. Application of a Scavenger Receptor A1-Targeted Polymeric Prodrug Platform for Lymphatic Drug Delivery in HIV. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3794-3812. [PMID: 32841040 PMCID: PMC7861197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a macromolecular prodrug platform based on poly(l-lysine succinylated) (PLS) that targets scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1), a receptor expressed by myeloid and endothelial cells. We demonstrate the selective uptake of PLS by murine macrophage, RAW 264.7 cells, which was eliminated upon cotreatment with the SR-A inhibitor polyinosinic acid (poly I). Further, we observed no uptake of PLS in an SR-A1-deficient RAW 264.7 cell line, even after 24 h incubation. In mice, PLS distributed to lymphatic organs following i.v. injection, as observed by ex vivo fluorescent imaging, and accumulated in lymph nodes following both i.v. and i.d. administrations, based on immunohistochemical analysis with high-resolution microscopy. As a proof-of-concept, the HIV antiviral emtricitabine (FTC) was conjugated to the polymer's succinyl groups via ester bonds, with a drug loading of 14.2% (wt/wt). The prodrug (PLS-FTC) demonstrated controlled release properties in vitro with a release half-life of 15 h in human plasma and 29 h in esterase-inhibited plasma, indicating that drug release occurs through both enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms. Upon incubation of PLS-FTC with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the released drug was converted to the active metabolite FTC triphosphate. In a pharmacokinetic study in rats, the prodrug achieved ∼7-19-fold higher concentrations in lymphatic tissues compared to those in FTC control, supporting lymphatic-targeted drug delivery. We believe that the SR-A1-targeted macromolecular PLS prodrug platform has extraordinary potential for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Stevens
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Pavan Adiseshaiah
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Siva S K Dasa
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Tim M Potter
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Sarah L Skoczen
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Kelsie S Snapp
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Edward Cedrone
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Nimit Patel
- Small Animal Imaging Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Elias P Rosen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Craig Sykes
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mackenzie Cottrell
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stephan T Stern
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
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