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Xu J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang S, Su N, Chang X, Ren W, Zou Y, Liu S, Li L, Li J, Bao J, Wang Z. Establishment of a RAA-CRISPR Cas12a based diagnostic method for peste des petits ruminants virus N gene and M gene. J Virol Methods 2024; 329:114971. [PMID: 38876255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Peste des petis ruminants (PPR) is an acute, highly contagious fatal disease affecting both domestic and wild small ruminants, caused by Morbillivirus caprinae (also known as peste des petis ruminants virus (PPRV)). Herein, a rapid method based on recombinase aided amplification-clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas12a (RAA-CRISPR Cas12a) to detect PPRV was developed. CRISPR RNAs and RAA primers for PPRV-N (nucleocapsid) and PPRV-M (matrix) fragments were designed. The reaction system was constructed following screening and optimization. Detection could be completed within in 50 minutes at 37°C. Detection of gradient dilutions of plasmids carrying of PPRV N and M gene fragments indicated a minimum limit of detection of 10 copies/μL. There were no cross-reactions with related viruses and all tested lineages of PPRV were detected successfully. The method also showed good repeatability. The detection of clinical samples (previously detected using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)) indicated good consistency between the RAA-CRISPR Cas12a method and RT-PCR. Thus, the RAA-CRISPR Cas12a method for rapid PPRV diagnosis has strong specificity, high sensitivity, and stable repeatability. Moreover, the results can be observed visually under blue or UV light or using lateral flow strips without complex instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Shujuan Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Su
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xing Chang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Weijie Ren
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanli Zou
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinming Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingyue Bao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China.
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Muritala I, Bemji MN, Ozoje MO, Ajayi OL, Oluwayinka EB, Sonibare AO, James IJ, Ibeagha-Awemu EM. Comparative study of HA and HNB staining RT-LAMP assays for peste des petits ruminants virus detection in West African Dwarf goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:356. [PMID: 37821730 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) cause severe economic losses to many countries of the world where the disease is endemic. It has been targeted for global eradication by 2030 following the successful eradication of rinderpest in 2011. The proposed eradication program would benefit from efficient and relatively reliable diagnostic tools for early PPR virus (PPRV) detection. A total of 33 eight to 12 months old West African Dwarf (WAD) goats were used. Nineteen goats infected by commingling with two PPR virus-positive animals formed the infected group (PPRV-infected goats) while 14 non-infected goats formed the control group (CTG). The suitability of hydroxyl naphthol blue (HNB) staining of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and haemagglutination (HA) assays was compared for their sensitivity to detect the PPRV in PPRV-infected goats and non-infected CTG. PPR disease severity in WAD goats at different days post infection (dpi) was evaluated by clinical scoring and haemagglutination titre (HAT). HNB staining RT-LAMP reaction and HA showed sensitivities of 100% and 73.68%, respectively, for PPRV detection. Expression of PPR clinical signs began from 3 dpi, attained peak at 5 dpi, thereafter showed irregular patterns till 24 dpi. Evaluation of HAT in PPRV-infected goats at 12 dpi ranged from 2 to 64 haemagglutination units (HAU), while CTG goats had 0 HAU. In conclusion, HA could be a good tool for rapid diagnosis of PPRV in a developing country setting. However, HNB staining RT-LAMP assay demonstrated high sensitivity for accurate diagnoses of PPRV and as an important diagnostic tool when precise phenotyping is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaila Muritala
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Martha N Bemji
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Michael O Ozoje
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola L Ajayi
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Eniope B Oluwayinka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Adekayode O Sonibare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu J James
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Ayaz Kök S, Üstün S, Taşkent Sezgin H. Diagnosis of Ruminant Viral Diseases with Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:1228-1241. [PMID: 36719638 PMCID: PMC9888337 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases in livestock industry are major problems for animal health, food safety, and the economy. Zoonotic diseases from farm animals are significant threat to human population as well. These are notifiable diseases listed by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Rapid diagnostic methods can help keep infectious diseases under control in herds. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a simple and rapid nucleic acid amplification method that is studied widely for detection of many infectious diseases in the field. LAMP allows biosensing of target DNA or RNA under isothermal conditions with high specificity in a short period of time. An untrained user can analyze results based on color change or turbidity. Here we review LAMP assays to diagnose OIE notifiable ruminant viral diseases in literature highlighting properties of LAMP method considering what is expected from an efficient, field usable diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanem Ayaz Kök
- Biotechnology Interdisciplinary Program, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe, Urla, İzmir, Turkey, 35430
- New Era Biotechnology, Teknopark İzmir, Gülbahçe, Urla, İzmir, Turkey, 35430
| | - Selcen Üstün
- Bioengineering Department, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe, Urla, İzmir, Turkey, 35430
| | - Hümeyra Taşkent Sezgin
- Biotechnology Interdisciplinary Program, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe, Urla, İzmir, Turkey, 35430.
- New Era Biotechnology, Teknopark İzmir, Gülbahçe, Urla, İzmir, Turkey, 35430.
- Bioengineering Department, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe, Urla, İzmir, Turkey, 35430.
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Tang J, Du H, Tang A, Jia N, Zhu J, Li C, Meng C, Liu G. Simultaneous detection and identification of Peste des petits ruminants Virus Lineages II and IV by MCA-Based real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay within single reaction. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:11. [PMID: 36647038 PMCID: PMC9841696 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) disease is a cross-species infectious disease that severely affects small ruminants and causes great losses to livestock industries in various countries. Distinguishing vaccine-immunized animals from naturally infected animals is an important prerequisite for the eradication of PPR. At present PPRV are classified into lineages I through IV, and only one vaccination strain, Nigeria/75/1, belongs to lineage II, but all of the epidemic strains in China at present are from lineage IV. RESULTS To achieve this goal, we developed an SYBR Green I real-time qRT-PCR method for rapid detection and identification of PPRV lineages II and IV by analyzing different melting curve analyses. The negative amplification of other commonly circulating viruses such as orf virus, goat poxvirus, and foot-and-mouth disease virus demonstrated that primers targeting the L gene of PPRV were extremely specific. The sensitivity of the assay was assessed based on plasmid DNA and the detection limit achieved was 100 copies of PPRV lineages II and IV. CONCLUSION Since the method has high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, it will be effectively differentiated PPRV lineages II from PPRV lineages IV in PPRV infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Tang
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hanyu Du
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Aoxing Tang
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Nannan Jia
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jie Zhu
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chuanfeng Li
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chunchun Meng
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guangqing Liu
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
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Udahemuka JC, Aboge G, Obiero G, Ingabire A, Beeton N, Uwibambe E, Lebea P. Investigation of foot and mouth disease virus and other animal pathogens in cattle, buffaloes and goats at the interface with Akagera National Park 2017 - 2020. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:349. [PMID: 36114497 PMCID: PMC9479285 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is a positive-sense RNA virus of the family of the picornaviridæ that is responsible for one of the livestock diseases with the highest economic impact, the Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). FMD is endemic in Rwanda but there are gaps in knowing its seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology. This study reports the FMD seroprevalence and molecular characterization of FMDV in Eastern Rwanda. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence of FMD in the study area is at 9.36% in cattle and 2.65% in goats. We detected FMDV using molecular diagnostic tools such as RT-PCR and RT-LAMP and the phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences revealed the presence of FMDV serotype SAT 2, lineage II. Sequencing of the oropharyngeal fluid samples collected from African buffaloes revealed the presence of Prevotela ruminicola, Spathidium amphoriforme, Moraxella bovoculi Onchocerca flexuosa, Eudiplodinium moggii, Metadinium medium and Verrucomicrobia bacterium among other pathogens but no FMDV was detected in African buffaloes. CONCLUSIONS We recommend further studies to focus on sampling more African buffaloes since the number sampled was statistically insignificant to conclusively exclude the presence or absence of FMDV in Eastern Rwanda buffaloes. The use of RT-PCR alongside RT-LAMP demonstrates that the latter can be adopted in endemic areas such as Rwanda to fill in the gaps in terms of molecular diagnostics. The identification of lineage II of SAT 2 in Rwanda for the first time shows that the categorised FMDV pools as previously established are not static over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Claude Udahemuka
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Gabriel Aboge
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Obiero
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Angélique Ingabire
- Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Board, P.O. Box 5016, Huye, Rwanda
| | | | - Evodie Uwibambe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda
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Esonu D, Armson B, Babashani M, Alafiatayo R, Ekiri AB, Cook AJC. Epidemiology of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Nigeria: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:898485. [PMID: 35873688 PMCID: PMC9298765 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.898485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a major constraint to the productivity of small ruminants in Nigeria. Understanding of the current epidemiological status of PPR is crucial to its effective control. A review of the epidemiology of PPR in Nigeria was performed and research gaps were identified. Thirty-seven eligible articles were reviewed: these presented information from 30 of the 36 states of Nigeria. Most studies focused on goats and/or sheep (n = 33) but camels (n = 4), cattle (n = 1) and wild ruminants (n = 2) were also considered. Fourteen (37.8%) of the articles reported seroprevalence in small ruminants, which varied from 0.0% to 77.5% where more than 10 animals were sampled. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis were performed in 6 studies, with lineages II and IV, detected in sheep and goats. In one study in small ruminants, sequences clustering into lineage I showed a similarity to the vaccine strain, Nigeria 75/1, based on phylogenetic analysis of F gene sequences. However, if the preferred method of sequencing the N gene had been performed, this isolate would have been grouped into lineage II. According to N gene phylogenetic analysis in the other studies, sequences were identified that clustered with clade II-NigA, II-NigB (closely related to the Nigeria 75/1 vaccine strain), and others which were well separated, suggesting a high diversity of PPRV in Nigeria. Five articles reported the detection of lineage IV in 22/36 states, with IV-NigA and IV-NigB detected, highlighting its widespread distribution in Nigeria. Risk factors for PPRV seropositivity were reported in 10/37 (27.0%) articles, with a higher seroprevalence observed in female animals, although differing results were observed when considering species and age separately. There were inconsistencies in study design and data reporting between studies which precluded conduct of a meta-analysis. Nevertheless, several research gaps were identified including the need to investigate the low uptake of PPRV vaccine, and the economic benefits of PPR control measures to small ruminant farmers. Such data will inform PPR control strategies in Nigeria and subsequently contribute to the global 2030 PPR eradication strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Esonu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Bryony Armson
- vHive, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Babashani
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ruth Alafiatayo
- vHive, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Abel B. Ekiri
- vHive, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair J. C. Cook
- vHive, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Edge D, Mahapatra M, Strachan S, Turton J, Waters R, Benfield C, Nazareth N, Njeumi F, Nazareth N, Parida S. Development and Evaluation of Molecular Pen-Side Assays without Prior RNA Extraction for Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) and Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). Viruses 2022; 14:835. [PMID: 35458564 PMCID: PMC9026347 DOI: 10.3390/v14040835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal diseases such as peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and foot and mouth disease (FMD) cause significant economic losses in endemic countries and fast, accurate in-field diagnostics would assist with surveillance and outbreak control. The detection of these pathogens is usually performed at reference laboratories, tested using assays that are recommended by The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), leading to delays in pathogen detection. This study seeks to demonstrate a proof-of-concept approach for a molecular diagnostic assay that is compatible with material direct from nasal swab sampling, without the need for a prior nucleic acid extraction step, that could potentially be applied at pen-side for both PPR and FMD. The use of such a rapid, low-cost assay without the need for a cold chain could permit testing capacity to be established in remote, resource limited areas and support the surveillance activities necessary to meet the goal of eradication of PPR by 2030. Two individual assays were developed that detect > 99% of PPR and FMD sequences available in GenBank, demonstrating pan-serotype FMD and pan-lineage PPR assays. The ability for the BioGene XF reagent that was used in this study to lyse FMD and PPR viruses and amplify their nucleic acids in the presence of unprocessed nasal swab eluate was evaluated. The reagent was shown to be capable of detecting the viral RNA present in nasal swabs collected from naïve and infected target animals. A study was performed comparing the relative specificity and sensitivity of the new assays to the reference assays. The study used nasal swabs collected from animals before and after infection (12 cattle infected with FMDV and 5 goats infected with PPRV) and both PPR and FMD viral RNA were successfully detected two to four days post-infection in all animals using either the XF or reference assay reagents. These data suggest that the assays are at least as sensitive as the reference assays and support the need for further studies in a field setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Edge
- BioGene Limited, 6 The Business Centre, Harvard Way, Kimbolton PE28 0NJ, UK; (D.E.); (J.T.); (N.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK; (M.M.); (S.S.); (R.W.)
| | - Shona Strachan
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK; (M.M.); (S.S.); (R.W.)
| | - James Turton
- BioGene Limited, 6 The Business Centre, Harvard Way, Kimbolton PE28 0NJ, UK; (D.E.); (J.T.); (N.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Ryan Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK; (M.M.); (S.S.); (R.W.)
| | - Camilla Benfield
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mimms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nathan Nazareth
- BioGene Limited, 6 The Business Centre, Harvard Way, Kimbolton PE28 0NJ, UK; (D.E.); (J.T.); (N.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nelson Nazareth
- BioGene Limited, 6 The Business Centre, Harvard Way, Kimbolton PE28 0NJ, UK; (D.E.); (J.T.); (N.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK; (M.M.); (S.S.); (R.W.)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
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Oz ME, Torlak E. A high-resolution melting assay to differentiate a peste des petits ruminants virus vaccine strain from field isolates in Turkey. Arch Virol 2022; 167:941-946. [PMID: 35147805 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) mostly affects small ruminants. Vaccination with attenuated vaccines derived from PPR virus (PPRV) provides successful protection against the disease. However, current molecular methods are unable to distinguish vaccine strains from field strains. In this study, we used an EvaGreen-based high-resolution melting (HRM) assay to differentiate a PPRV vaccine strain (Nigeria 75/1) from Turkish field isolates of lineage IV based on melting peaks and melting profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Emin Oz
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Veterinary Control Institute, 42090, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Emrah Torlak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090, Konya, Turkey
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Point of care diagnostics and non-invasive sampling strategy: a review on major advances in veterinary diagnostics. ACTA VET BRNO 2022. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202291010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of point of care diagnostics (POCD) in animal diseases has steadily increased over the years since its introduction. Its potential application to diagnose infectious diseases in remote and resource limited settings have made it an ideal diagnostic in animal disease diagnosis and surveillance. The rapid increase in incidence of emerging infectious diseases requires urgent attention where POCD could be indispensable tools for immediate detection and early warning of a potential pathogen. The advantages of being rapid, easily affordable and the ability to diagnose an infectious disease on spot has driven an intense effort to refine and build on the existing technologies to generate advanced POCD with incremental improvements in analytical performance to diagnose a broad spectrum of animal diseases. The rural communities in developing countries are invariably affected by the burden of infectious animal diseases due to limited access to diagnostics and animal health personnel. Besides, the alarming trend of emerging and transboundary diseases with pathogen spill-overs at livestock-wildlife interfaces has been identified as a threat to the domestic population and wildlife conservation. Under such circumstances, POCD coupled with non-invasive sampling techniques could be successfully deployed at field level without the use of sophisticated laboratory infrastructures. This review illustrates the current and prospective POCD for existing and emerging animal diseases, the status of non-invasive sampling strategies for animal diseases, and the tremendous potential of POCD to uplift the status of global animal health care.
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Khoran FP, Candlan EP, Hassan AA, Isihak FA, Abdulmawjood A, Khan IUH. Pheno- and genotypic characterization and identification of novel subtypes of Peste des Petits Ruminants virus in domestic and captive wild goats in Northern Iraq. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:334. [PMID: 34876012 PMCID: PMC8650381 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is an acute or peracute contagious transboundary viral disease that mainly affects caprine and ovine and causes significant economic impact in developing countries. After two PPR virus outbreaks in 2011 and 2014, an investigation, from August 2015 to September 2016, was carried out in Northern Iraq when an increased morbidity and mortality rates were reported in the domestic and captive wild goats. In the present study, ten domestic goat farms and seven captive wild goat herds located in seven geographical areas of Northern Iraq were clinically, pathologically, serologically and genotypically characterized to determine the prevalence and potential cause of PPR virus outbreak. RESULTS The outbreak occurred with rate of morbidity (26.1%) and mortality (11.1%) in domestic goat farms as compared to captive wild goat herds where relatively high mortality (42.9%) and low morbidity (10.9%) rates were recorded. Based on the clinical symptoms (mucopurulent nasal discharges, ulceration and erosion of oral mucosa, profuse watery diarrhea) and necropsy (hemorrhage and congestion on mucous membranes of the colon and rectum with zebra stripes lesions) results, overall, the serological test findings revealed a high frequency (47.9%) of positive samples for anti-PPRV nucleoprotein antibodies. Furthermore, the nucleoprotein (N) gene was detected in 63.2 and 89.1% of samples using conventional and reverse transcription real-time quantitative PCR assays. A phylogenetic analysis of N gene amino acid sequences clustered with the reference strain revealed lineage IV similar to the strains isolated in 2011 and 2014, respectively. However, two sub-types of lineage IV (I and II), significantly distinct from the previous strains, were also observed. CONCLUSION The phylogenetic analysis suggests that movements of goats are possible cause and one of the important factors responsible for the spread of virus across the region. The study results would help in improving farm management practices by establishing a PPR virus eradication program using regular monitoring and vaccination program to control and mitigate the risk of re-emergence of PPR virus infection in domestic and captive wild goats in Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Polis Khoran
- Directorate of Central Veterinary Laboratory (DCVL), Erbil, Kurdistan Region Iraq
| | - Elham Potros Candlan
- Directorate of Central Veterinary Laboratory (DCVL), Erbil, Kurdistan Region Iraq
| | - Abdulwahed Ahmed Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health (DVPH), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Fanar A. Isihak
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Izhar U. H. Khan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
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Mahapatra M, Neto MM, Khunti A, Njeumi F, Parida S. Development and Evaluation of a Nested PCR for Improved Diagnosis and Genetic Analysis of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) for Future Use in Nascent PPR Eradication Programme. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3170. [PMID: 34827902 PMCID: PMC8614562 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants caused by PPR virus (PPRV). PPR is endemic in Asia, the Middle East and across large areas of Africa and is currently targeted for global eradication by 2030. The virus exists as four different lineages that are usually limited to specific geographical areas. However, recent reports of spread of PPRV, in particular of lineage IV viruses to infection-free countries and previously PPR endemic areas are noteworthy. A rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis and reports on its epidemiological linkage for virus spread play a major role in the effective control and eradication of the disease. Currently, molecular assays, including conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) are usually used for diagnosis of PPR while the sequencing of part of the nucleocapsid gene is usually carried out for the viral lineage identification. However, it is difficult to diagnose and sequence the genetic material if the animal excreted a low level of virus at the initial stage of infection or if the PPRV is degraded during the long-distance transportation of samples to the reference laboratories. This study describes the development of a novel nested RT-PCR assay for the detection of the PPRV nucleic acid by targeting the N-protein gene, compares the performance of the assay with the existing conventional RT-PCR and also provides good-quality DNA suitable for sequencing in order to identify circulating lineages. The assay was evaluated using cell culture propagated PPRVs, field samples from clinically infected animals and samples from experimentally infected animals encompassing all four lineages (I-IV) of PPRV. This assay provides a solution with an easy, accurate, rapid and cost-effective PPR diagnostic and partial genome sequencing for use in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Martin Mayora Neto
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Asha Khunti
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.N.); (A.K.)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
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12
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Clemmons EA, Alfson KJ, Dutton JW. Transboundary Animal Diseases, an Overview of 17 Diseases with Potential for Global Spread and Serious Consequences. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2039. [PMID: 34359167 PMCID: PMC8300273 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals provide food and other critical resources to most of the global population. As such, diseases of animals can cause dire consequences, especially disease with high rates of morbidity or mortality. Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious or transmissible, epidemic diseases, with the potential to spread rapidly across the globe and the potential to cause substantial socioeconomic and public health consequences. Transboundary animal diseases can threaten the global food supply, reduce the availability of non-food animal products, or cause the loss of human productivity or life. Further, TADs result in socioeconomic consequences from costs of control or preventative measures, and from trade restrictions. A greater understanding of the transmission, spread, and pathogenesis of these diseases is required. Further work is also needed to improve the efficacy and cost of both diagnostics and vaccines. This review aims to give a broad overview of 17 TADs, providing researchers and veterinarians with a current, succinct resource of salient details regarding these significant diseases. For each disease, we provide a synopsis of the disease and its status, species and geographic areas affected, a summary of in vitro or in vivo research models, and when available, information regarding prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Clemmons
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Kendra J. Alfson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - John W. Dutton
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
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13
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Chukwudi IC, Ogbu KI, Luka PD, Malesa RP, Heath LE, Ugochukwu EI, Chah KF. Comparison of colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification kit and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in Southeast Nigeria. Vet World 2020; 13:2358-2363. [PMID: 33363327 PMCID: PMC7750212 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2358-2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, extremely contagious transboundary viral disease of small ruminants with severe economic consequences, caused by PPR virus. Cost-effective and rapid diagnosis of the disease is essential for prompt management and control. This study aimed to compare the application of a commercial colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (cLAMP) kit and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the diagnosis of PPR in sheep and goats in Southeast Nigeria. Materials and Methods Nasal swab samples were collected from West African Dwarf sheep and goats showing clinical signs suggestive of PPR (n=80) and those without any clinical signs (n=140) of the disease. The diagnosis was achieved through detection of PPR viral genome in the samples using a cLAMP kit and RT-PCR. cLAMP assay was done directly on nasal swab samples without ribosomal nucleic acid extraction. A set of six primers targeting the matrix gene protein was used for the cLAMP assay. Results PPR viral genome was detected by both cLAMP and RT-PCR in 51 (63.8%) of the 80 samples from sheep and goats with signs suggestive of PPR while 14 (10%) of those without signs tested positive for PPR by both assay methods. There was a 100% agreement in the cLAMP and RT-PCR results. However, cLAMP was a faster, easier, and less expensive method compared to RT-PCR. Conclusion The cLAMP assay demonstrates the potential for a point of care diagnosis in the field and a valuable diagnostic tool in areas with poor electricity supply as well as in a less equipped diagnostic laboratory. Since the reagents are affordable, cLAMP can be a diagnostic tool of choice in the detection and surveillance of PPR virus in countries with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth Ikejiofor Ogbu
- Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Pam Dachung Luka
- Biotechnology Centre, National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Plateau State Nigeria
| | - Refiloe Petunia Malesa
- Transboundary Animal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Livio Edward Heath
- Transboundary Animal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | | | - Kennedy Foinkfu Chah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State Nigeria
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"FastCheck FLI PPR-like"-A Molecular Tool for the Fast Genome Detection of PPRV and Differential Diagnostic Pathogens. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111227. [PMID: 33138260 PMCID: PMC7694148 DOI: 10.3390/v12111227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To assist the global eradication of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), a molecular test for the rapid and reliable detection of PPRV was developed which additionally enables the detection of pathogens relevant for differential diagnostics. For this purpose, the necessary time frame of a magnetic bead-based nucleic acid extraction protocol was markedly shortened to 7 min and 13 s. The optimized extraction was run on a BioSprint 15 platform. Furthermore, a high-speed multi-well RT-qPCR for the genome detection of PPRV and additional important pathogens such as Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Parapoxvirus ovis, Goatpox virus, and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was established and combined with suitable internal control assays. The here-described qPCR is based on a lyophilized master mix and takes only around 30 to 40 min. Several qPCR cyclers were evaluated regarding their suitability for fast-cycling approaches and for their diagnostic performance in a high-speed RT-qPCR. The final evaluation was conducted on the BioRad CFX96 and also on a portable Liberty16 qPCR cycler. The new molecular test designated as "FastCheckFLI PPR-like", which is based on rapid nucleic acid extraction and high-speed RT-qPCR, delivered reliable results in less than one hour, allowing its use also in a pen-side scenario.
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15
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Manzoor S, Abubakar M, Zahur AB, Yunus AW, Ullah A, Afzal M. Genetic characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus (Pakistani isolates) and comparative appraisal of diagnostic assays. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2126-2132. [PMID: 32259396 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to characterize N gene sequences of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) isolates circulating in Pakistan and to evaluate the efficacy of available diagnostic assays on local isolates. During the study period, a total of sixty PPR outbreaks were investigated. A total of 20 selected samples from these outbreaks were sequenced for N gene. The result analysis and the phylogenetic trees indicated two different viral groups in N gene: one was closer to China and Tajikistan, while other group was similar to isolates from Iran and Saudi Arabia. Efficacy of three commercially available tests for the antigen detection of PPR, that is, peste test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was compared. Keeping PCR as gold standard, sensitivity was calculated as 85% and 57% and specificity was calculated as 83% and 79% for ELISA and peste test, respectively. Value of K for ELISA was 0.67 which indicates good agreement between ELISA and RT-PCR. Value of K for peste test was 0.33 which indicates fair agreement between peste test and RT-PCR. In conclusion, study provides premier information about the use of different diagnostic tests and molecular situation of PPRV in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Manzoor
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad, Pakistan
- PARC Institute of Advance Studies in Agriculture (PIASA), NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Progressive control of PPR in Pakistan (GCP/PAK/127/USA), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abubakar
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad, Pakistan
- PARC Institute of Advance Studies in Agriculture (PIASA), NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Bin Zahur
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad, Pakistan
- PARC Institute of Advance Studies in Agriculture (PIASA), NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Agha Waqar Yunus
- PARC Institute of Advance Studies in Agriculture (PIASA), NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Animal Science Institute, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah
- PARC Institute of Advance Studies in Agriculture (PIASA), NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Animal Science Institute, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Progressive control of PPR in Pakistan (GCP/PAK/127/USA), Islamabad, Pakistan
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16
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Halecker S, Joseph S, Mohammed R, Wernery U, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Comparative evaluation of different antigen detection methods for the detection of peste des petits ruminants virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2881-2891. [PMID: 32502324 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a fatal disease of small ruminants which has spread rapidly to previously PPR-free countries in recent decades, causing enormous economic losses in the affected regions. Here, two newly emerged PPR virus (PPRV) isolates from India and from the Middle East were tested in an animal trial to analyse their pathogenesis, and to evaluate serological and molecular detection methods. Animals infected with the two different PPRV isolates showed marked differences in clinical manifestation and scoring. The PPRV isolate from India was less virulent than the virus from the Middle East. Commercially available rapid detection methods for PPRV antigen (two Lateral Flow Devices (LFDs) and one antigen ELISA) were evaluated in comparison with a nucleic acid detection method. For this purpose, ocular and nasal swabs were used. Due to the easy non-invasive sampling, faecal samples were also analysed. For all rapid antigen detection methods, a high specificity of 100% was observed independent of the sample matrix and dilution buffers used. Both antigen ELISA and LFD tests showed highest sensitivities for nasal swabs. Here, the detection rate of the antigen ELISA, the LFD-PESTE-TEST and the LFD-ID Rapid-Test was 78%, 75% and 78%, respectively. Ocular swabs were less suitable for antigen detection of PPRV. These results reflect the increased viral load in nasal swabs of PPRV infected goats compared to ocular swabs. The faecal samples were the least suitable for antigen detection. In conclusion, nasal swab samples are the first choice for the antigen and genome detection of PPRV. Nevertheless, based on the excellent diagnostic specificity of the rapid tests, positive results generated with other sample matrices are solid. In contrast, negative test results can be caused on the reduced analytical sensitivity of the rapid antigen tests and must be treated with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Halecker
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sunitha Joseph
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rubeena Mohammed
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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17
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Eradicating the Scourge of Peste Des Petits Ruminants from the World. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030313. [PMID: 32183412 PMCID: PMC7150808 DOI: 10.3390/v12030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of both domestic (goats and sheep) and wild ruminants. Caused by a morbillivirus, that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. The disease is clinically and pathologically similar to rinderpest of cattle and human measles. PPR is one of the most economically devastating viral diseases of small ruminants. In April 2015, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) launched the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy (PPR GCES) with the vision for global eradication by 2030. There is a strong and lasting international consensus to eradicate the disease in order to protect the livelihoods of the world's poorest populations. As with any disease, eradication is feasible when, policy, scientific and technical challenges are addressed. Ten majors challenges are described in this paper namely: understanding small ruminant production, facilitating research to support eradication, refining laboratory testing, improving epidemiological understanding of the virus, defining infection of wildlife and other species, optimizing vaccine delivery and novel vaccines, developing better control of animal movement, heightening serological monitoring, understanding socio-economic impact, and garnering funding and political will.
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18
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Rahman AU, Dhama K, Ali Q, Hussain I, Oneeb M, Chaudhary U, Wensman JJ, Shabbir MZ. Peste des petits ruminants in large ruminants, camels and unusual hosts. Vet Q 2020; 40:35-42. [PMID: 31917649 PMCID: PMC7034435 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1714096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first report in 1942, peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) has caused several epidemics in a wide range of susceptible hosts around the world. In the last 30 years, the evidence of natural and experimental infections and virus isolation were reported from novel but unusual hosts such as camel, cattle, buffalo, dogs, Asiatic lion and pigs. In addition, PPRV in a potential vector, biting midges (Culicoides imicola), has been reported. Either presented as clinical and/or subclinical infections, the presence of the virus in an extended range of susceptible hosts highlights the cross-species transmission and supports the hypothesis of an endemic circulation of PPRV among susceptible hosts. However, the potential role of large ruminants, camels and unusual hosts for PPRV epidemiology is still obscure. Therefore, there is a need for molecular and epidemiological investigations of the disease among usual and unusual hosts to achieve the goals of disease control and eradication programmes initiated by national and international organisations, such as the FAO and OIE. This review is the first to summarise the scattered data on PPR in large ruminants, camels and unusual hosts to obtain the global scientific communities' attention for further research on epidemiological aspects, not only in its native hosts, but also in large ruminants, camels and other unusual hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz-Ul- Rahman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, India
| | - Qasim Ali
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Hussain
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Oneeb
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umar Chaudhary
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonas Johansson Wensman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kinimi E, Odongo S, Muyldermans S, Kock R, Misinzo G. Paradigm shift in the diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants: scoping review. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:7. [PMID: 31996243 PMCID: PMC6988203 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-0505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus causes a highly contagious disease, which poses enormous economic losses in domestic animals and threatens the conservation of wild herbivores. Diagnosis remains a cornerstone to the Peste des petits ruminants Global Control and Eradication Strategy, an initiative of the World Organisation for Animal Health and the Food and Agriculture Organisation. The present review presents the peste des petits ruminants diagnostic landscape, including the practicality of commercially available diagnostic tools, prototype tests and opportunities for new technologies. The most common peste des petits ruminants diagnostic tools include; agar gel immunodiffusion, counter-immunoelectrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction either gel-based or real-time, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification, reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assays, immunochromatographic lateral flow devices, luciferase immunoprecipitation system and pseudotype-based assays. These tests vary in their technical demands, but all require a laboratory with exception of immunochromatographic lateral flow and possibly reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assays. Thus, we are proposing an efficient integration of diagnostic tests for rapid and correct identification of peste des petits ruminants in endemic zones and to rapidly confirm outbreaks. Deployment of pen-side tests will improve diagnostic capacity in extremely remote settings and susceptible wildlife ecosystems, where transportation of clinical samples in the optimum cold chain is unreliable.
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Rajko-Nenow P, Flannery J, Arnold H, Howson ELA, Darpel K, Stedman A, Corla A, Batten C. A rapid RT-LAMP assay for the detection of all four lineages of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus. J Virol Methods 2019; 274:113730. [PMID: 31513860 PMCID: PMC6859475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease of small ruminants that is caused by the PPR virus (PPRV) and is a significant burden on subsistence farmers across the developing world. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) provides cost-effective, rapid, specific and sensitive detection of nucleic acid and has been demonstrated to have field application for a range of viruses. We describe the development of a novel PPRV RT-LAMP assay utilising carefully-selected primers (targeting the N-gene) allowing for the detection of all known PPRV lineages in < 20 min. The assay was evaluated in comparison with a "gold standard" real-time RT-PCR assay using more than 200 samples, comprising samples from recent PPRV outbreaks, experimentally-infected goats, well-characterised cell culture isolates and samples collected from uninfected animals. The RT-LAMP assay demonstrated 100% diagnostic specificity and greater than 97% diagnostic sensitivity in comparison with the real-time RT-PCR assay. The limit of detection was between 0.3 and 0.8 log10 TCID50 ml-1 equating to a CT value of 31.52 to 33.48. In experimentally-infected animals, the RT-LAMP could detect PPRV as early as 4 days post infection (dpi) - before clinical signs were observed at 7 dpi. The RT-LAMP assay can support the global PPR eradication campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Hannah Arnold
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Emma L A Howson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Karin Darpel
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Anna Stedman
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Amanda Corla
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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