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Laredo-Tiscareño SV, Garza-Hernandez JA, Tangudu CS, Dankaona W, Rodríguez-Alarcón CA, Adame-Gallegos JR, De Luna Santillana EJ, Huerta H, Gonzalez-Peña R, Rivera-Martínez A, Rubio-Tabares E, Beristain-Ruiz DM, Blitvich BJ. Discovery of Novel Viruses in Culicoides Biting Midges in Chihuahua, Mexico. Viruses 2024; 16:1160. [PMID: 39066322 PMCID: PMC11281482 DOI: 10.3390/v16071160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biting midges (Culicoides) are vectors of many pathogens of medical and veterinary importance, but their viromes are poorly characterized compared to certain other hematophagous arthropods, e.g., mosquitoes and ticks. The goal of this study was to use metagenomics to identify viruses in Culicoides from Mexico. A total of 457 adult midges were collected in Chihuahua, northern Mexico, in 2020 and 2021, and all were identified as female Culicoides reevesi. The midges were sorted into five pools and homogenized. An aliquot of each homogenate was subjected to polyethylene glycol precipitation to enrich for virions, then total RNA was extracted and analyzed by unbiased high-throughput sequencing. We identified six novel viruses that are characteristic of viruses from five families (Nodaviridae, Partitiviridae, Solemoviridae, Tombusviridae, and Totiviridae) and one novel virus that is too divergent from all classified viruses to be assigned to an established family. The newly discovered viruses are phylogenetically distinct from their closest known relatives, and their minimal infection rates in female C. reevesi range from 0.22 to 1.09. No previously known viruses were detected, presumably because viral metagenomics had never before been used to study Culicoides from the Western Hemisphere. To conclude, we discovered multiple novel viruses in C. reevesi from Mexico, expanding our knowledge of arthropod viral diversity and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Viridiana Laredo-Tiscareño
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (S.V.L.-T.); (C.S.T.); (W.D.)
- Laboratorio Entomología Médica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico; (J.A.G.-H.)
| | - Javier A. Garza-Hernandez
- Laboratorio Entomología Médica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico; (J.A.G.-H.)
| | - Chandra S. Tangudu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (S.V.L.-T.); (C.S.T.); (W.D.)
| | - Wichan Dankaona
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (S.V.L.-T.); (C.S.T.); (W.D.)
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Carlos A. Rodríguez-Alarcón
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (C.A.R.-A.); (D.M.B.-R.)
| | | | - Erick J. De Luna Santillana
- Laboratorio Medicina de la Conservación, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas 88700, México;
| | - Herón Huerta
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Ciudad de México 01480, Mexico;
| | - Rodolfo Gonzalez-Peña
- Laboratorio Entomología Médica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico; (J.A.G.-H.)
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatan 97225, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Rivera-Martínez
- Laboratorio Entomología Médica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico; (J.A.G.-H.)
| | - Ezequiel Rubio-Tabares
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (C.A.R.-A.); (D.M.B.-R.)
| | - Diana M. Beristain-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (C.A.R.-A.); (D.M.B.-R.)
| | - Bradley J. Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (S.V.L.-T.); (C.S.T.); (W.D.)
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Geng J, Ren N, Yang C, Wang F, Huang D, Rodriguez S, Yuan Z, Xia H. Favipiravir Treatment Prolongs Survival in a Lethal BALB/c Mouse Model of Ebinur Lake Virus Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:631. [PMID: 38675972 PMCID: PMC11054260 DOI: 10.3390/v16040631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthobunyavirus is the largest and most diverse genus in the family Peribunyaviridae. Orthobunyaviruses are widely distributed globally and pose threats to human and animal health. Ebinur Lake virus (EBIV) is a newly classified Orthobunyavirus detected in China, Russia, and Kenya. This study explored the antiviral effects of two broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, favipiravir and ribavirin, in a BALB/c mouse model. Favipiravir significantly improved the clinical symptoms of infected mice, reduced viral titer and RNA copies in serum, and extended overall survival. The median survival times of mice in the vehicle- and favipiravir-treated groups were 5 and 7 days, respectively. Favipiravir significantly reduced virus titers 10- to 100-fold in sera at all three time points compared to vehicle-treated mice. And favipiravir treatment effectively reduced the virus copies by approximately 10-fold across the three time points, relative to vehicle-treated mice. The findings expand the antiviral spectrum of favipiravir for orthobunyaviruses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingke Geng
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430200, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Nanjie Ren
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430200, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Cihan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430200, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Doudou Huang
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Sergio Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77551, USA
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430200, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430200, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan 430207, China
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3
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Calado AM, Seixas F, Dos Anjos Pires M. Virus as Teratogenic Agents. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2753:105-142. [PMID: 38285335 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases are important causes of reproductive disorders, as abortion, fetal mummification, embryonic mortality, stillbirth, and congenital abnormalities in animals and in humans. In this chapter, we provide an overview of some virus, as important agents in teratology.We begin by describing the Zika virus, whose infection in humans had a very significant impact in recent years and has been associated with major health problems worldwide. This virus is a teratogenic agent in humans and has been classified as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).Then, some viruses associated with reproductive abnormalities on animals, which have a significant economic impact on livestock, are described, as bovine herpesvirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Schmallenberg virus, Akabane virus, and Aino virus.For all viruses mentioned in this chapter, the teratogenic effects and the congenital malformations associated with fetus and newborn are described, according to the most recent scientific publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Calado
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4Animals), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4Animals), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Dos Anjos Pires
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4Animals), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
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4
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Hochstrasser AL, Mathis A, Verhulst NO. Thermal preference of Culicoides biting midges in laboratory and semi-field settings. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103783. [PMID: 38244238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are hematophagous insects, and some species can transmit a plethora of pathogens, e.g., bluetongue virus and African horse sickness virus, that mainly affect animals. The transmission of vector-borne pathogens is strongly temperature dependent, and recent studies pointed to the importance of including microclimatic data when modelling disease spread. However, little is known about the preferred temperature of biting midges. The present study addressed the thermal selection of field-caught Culicoides with two experiments. In a laboratory setup, sugar-fed or blood-fed midges were video tracked for 15 min while moving inside a 60 × 30 × 4 cm setup with a 15-25 °C temperature gradient. Culicoides spent over double the time in the coldest zone of the setup compared to the warmest one. This cold selection was significantly stronger for sugar-fed individuals. Calculated preferred temperatures were 18.3 °C and 18.9 °C for sugar-fed and blood-fed Culicoides, respectively. The effect of temperature on walking speed was significant but weak, indicating that their skewed distribution results from preference and not cold trapping. A second experiment consisted of a two-way-choice-setup, performed in a 90 × 45 × 45 cm net cage, placed outdoors in a sheltered environment. Two UV LED CDC traps were placed inside the setup, and a mean temperature difference of 2.2 °C was created between the two traps. Hundred-fifty Culicoides were released per experiment. Recapture rates were negatively correlated with ambient temperature and were on average three times higher in the cooled trap. The higher prevalence of biting midges in cooler environments influences fitness and ability to transmit pathogens and should be considered in models that predict Culicoides disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec L Hochstrasser
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathis
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niels O Verhulst
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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5
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Kampen H, Werner D. Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as Vectors of Viruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2706. [PMID: 38004718 PMCID: PMC10673010 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides occur almost globally and can regionally and seasonally reach high abundances. Most species are hematophagous, feeding on all groups of vertebrates, including humans. In addition to being nuisance pests, they are able to transmit disease agents, with some viruses causing high morbidity and/or mortality in ruminants, horses and humans. Despite their impact on animal husbandry, public health and tourism, knowledge on the biology and ecology of culicoid biting midges and their interactions with ingested pathogens or symbiotic microorganisms is limited. Research is challenging due to unknown larval habitats, the insects' tiny size, the inability to establish and breed most species in the laboratory and the laborious maintenance of colonies of the few species that can be reared in the laboratory. Consequently, the natural transmission of pathogens has experimentally been demonstrated for few species while, for others, only indirect evidence of vector potential exists. Most experimental data are available for Culicoides sonorensis and C. nubeculosus, the only species kept in western-world insectaries. This contribution gives an overview on important biting midge vectors, transmitted viruses, culicoid-borne viral diseases and their epidemiologies and summarizes the little knowledge on interactions between biting midges, their microflora and culicoid-borne arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Doreen Werner
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany;
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Hopkins FR, Álvarez-Rodríguez B, Heath GR, Panayi K, Hover S, Edwards TA, Barr JN, Fontana J. The Native Orthobunyavirus Ribonucleoprotein Possesses a Helical Architecture. mBio 2022; 13:e0140522. [PMID: 35762594 PMCID: PMC9426602 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01405-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order is the largest group of negative-sense RNA viruses, containing many lethal human pathogens for which approved anti-infective measures are not available. The bunyavirus genome consists of multiple negative-sense RNA segments enwrapped by the virus-encoded nucleocapsid protein (NP), which together with the viral polymerase form ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). RNPs represent substrates for RNA synthesis and virion assembly, which require inherent flexibility, consistent with the appearance of RNPs spilled from virions. These observations have resulted in conflicting models describing the overall RNP architecture. Here, we purified RNPs from Bunyamwera virus (BUNV), the prototypical orthobunyavirus. The lengths of purified RNPs imaged by negative staining resulted in 3 populations of RNPs, suggesting that RNPs possess a consistent method of condensation. Employing microscopy approaches, we conclusively show that the NP portion of BUNV RNPs is helical. Furthermore, we present a pseudo-atomic model for this portion based on a cryo-electron microscopy average at 13 Å resolution, which allowed us to fit the BUNV NP crystal structure by molecular dynamics. This model was confirmed by NP mutagenesis using a mini-genome system. The model shows that adjacent NP monomers in the RNP chain interact laterally through flexible N- and C-terminal arms only, with no longitudinal helix-stabilizing interactions, thus providing a potential model for the molecular basis for RNP flexibility. Excessive RNase treatment disrupts native RNPs, suggesting that RNA was key in maintaining the RNP structure. Overall, this work will inform studies on bunyaviral RNP assembly, packaging, and RNA replication, and aid in future antiviral strategies. IMPORTANCE Bunyaviruses are emerging RNA viruses that cause significant disease and economic burden and for which vaccines or therapies approved for humans are not available. The bunyavirus genome is wrapped up by the nucleoprotein (NP) and interacts with the viral polymerase, forming a ribonucleoprotein (RNP). This is the only form of the genome active for viral replication and assembly. However, until now how NPs are organized within an RNP was not known for any orthobunyavirus. Here, we purified RNPs from the prototypical orthobunyavirus, Bunyamwera virus, and employed microscopy approaches to show that the NP portion of the RNP was helical. We then combined our helical average with the known structure of an NP monomer, generating a pseudo-atomic model of this region. This arrangement allowed the RNPs to be highly flexible, which was critical for several stages of the viral replication cycle, such as segment circularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis R. Hopkins
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Álvarez-Rodríguez
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - George R. Heath
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriakoulla Panayi
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Hover
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Edwards
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - John N. Barr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Fontana
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leedsgrid.9909.9, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Vector-Borne Viral Diseases as a Current Threat for Human and Animal Health—One Health Perspective. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113026. [PMID: 35683413 PMCID: PMC9181581 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, an increase in the emergence or re-emergence of arthropod-borne viruses has been observed in many regions. Viruses such as dengue, yellow fever, or zika are a threat for millions of people on different continents. On the other hand, some arboviruses are still described as endemic, however, they could become more important in the near future. Additionally, there is a group of arboviruses that, although important for animal breeding, are not a direct threat for human health. Those include, e.g., Schmallenberg, bluetongue, or African swine fever viruses. This review focuses on arboviruses and their major vectors: mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges, and sandflies. We discuss the current knowledge on arbovirus transmission, ecology, and methods of prevention. As arboviruses are a challenge to both human and animal health, successful prevention and control are therefore only possible through a One Health perspective.
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Konstantinidis K, Bampali M, de Courcy Williams M, Dovrolis N, Gatzidou E, Papazilakis P, Nearchou A, Veletza S, Karakasiliotis I. Dissecting the Species-Specific Virome in Culicoides of Thrace. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:802577. [PMID: 35330767 PMCID: PMC8940260 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.802577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biting midges (Culicoides) are vectors of arboviruses of both veterinary and medical importance. The surge of emerging and reemerging vector-borne diseases and their expansion in geographical areas affected by climate change has increased the importance of understanding their capacity to contribute to novel and emerging infectious diseases. The study of Culicoides virome is the first step in the assessment of this potential. In this study, we analyzed the RNA virome of 10 Culicoides species within the geographical area of Thrace in the southeastern part of Europe, a crossing point between Asia and Europe and important path of various arboviruses, utilizing the Ion Torrent next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform and a custom bioinformatics pipeline based on TRINITY assembler and alignment algorithms. The analysis of the RNA virome of 10 Culicoides species resulted in the identification of the genomic signatures of 14 novel RNA viruses, including three fully assembled viruses and four segmented viruses with at least one segment fully assembled, most of which were significantly divergent from previously identified related viruses from the Solemoviridae, Phasmaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Reoviridae, Chuviridae, Partitiviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Flaviviridae families. Each Culicoides species carried a species-specific set of viruses, some of which are related to viruses from other insect vectors in the same area, contributing to the idea of a virus-carrier web within the ecosystem. The identified viruses not only expand our current knowledge on the virome of Culicoides but also set the basis of the genetic diversity of such viruses in the area of southeastern Europe. Furthermore, our study highlights that such metagenomic approaches should include as many species as possible of the local virus-carrier web that interact and share the virome of a geographical area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Bampali
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Nikolas Dovrolis
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Elisavet Gatzidou
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | | | - Stavroula Veletza
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Karakasiliotis
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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9
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Development of Freeze-dried Reagents based Multiplex PCR Assay for the Detection of Common and Emerging Abortion-causing Pathogens. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.3.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine abortion is economically one of the most devastating problems faced by dairy farmers. Apart from non-infectious causes, several infectious pathogens are responsible for abortions, which sometimes manifests as abortion storms. Vaccine against several pathogens is available, in spite of that, abortions cause huge economic losses for the dairy sector. Timely and accurate identification of the etiological agent helps in adopting the mitigation steps to control the damage caused. In addition to the common abortion-causing pathogens such as Brucella abortus, Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), several emerging viral causes are being investigated for their possible role in abortion, either exclusively or as co-infection. Molecular methods are widely accepted for the identification of the involved pathogens. However, these assays require individual screening against each pathogen which is time-consuming and uneconomical, hence the multiplex format of PCR assays has been adopted by several laboratories. Multiplexing in real-time PCR is a sensitive and reliable technique, but it requires trained manpower and sophisticated equipment which is largely unavailable in regional disease diagnostic laboratories in India. Hence, in this study, a user-friendly, ready-to-use, gel-based RT-PCR multiplex assay was developed for simultaneous detection of three common pathogens (B. abortus, BHV-1, and BVDV) and two emerging pathogens; bluetongue virus (BTV) as a cause of abortions in bovine and Schmallenberg virus (SBV). After the standardization of the assay, a panel of 211 samples was screened. A high degree of concordance was observed which indicates the developed multiplex PCR assay is reliable and has the potential for screening at regional diagnostic laboratories.
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10
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Orthobunyaviruses: From Virus Binding to Penetration into Mammalian Host Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050872. [PMID: 34068494 PMCID: PMC8151349 DOI: 10.3390/v13050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
With over 80 members worldwide, Orthobunyavirus is the largest genus in the Peribunyaviridae family. Orthobunyaviruses (OBVs) are arthropod-borne viruses that are structurally simple, with a trisegmented, negative-sense RNA genome and only four structural proteins. OBVs are potential agents of emerging and re-emerging diseases and overall represent a global threat to both public and veterinary health. The focus of this review is on the very first steps of OBV infection in mammalian hosts, from virus binding to penetration and release of the viral genome into the cytosol. Here, we address the most current knowledge and advances regarding OBV receptors, endocytosis, and fusion.
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11
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Wyżewski Z, Świtlik W, Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP. The Role of Bcl-xL Protein in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041956. [PMID: 33669408 PMCID: PMC7920434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcl-xL represents a family of proteins responsible for the regulation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Due to its anti-apoptotic activity, Bcl-xL co-determines the viability of various virally infected cells. Their survival may determine the effectiveness of viral replication and spread, dynamics of systemic infection, and viral pathogenesis. In this paper, we have reviewed the role of Bcl-xL in the context of host infection by eight different RNA and DNA viruses: hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza A virus (IAV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), Maraba virus (MRBV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV) and coronavirus (CoV). We have described an influence of viral infection on the intracellular level of Bcl-xL and discussed the impact of Bcl-xL-dependent cell survival control on infection-accompanying pathogenic events such as tissue damage or oncogenesis. We have also presented anti-viral treatment strategies based on the pharmacological regulation of Bcl-xL expression or activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48 728-208-338
| | - Weronika Świtlik
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.M.); (K.P.G.-Z.)
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Hironaka K, Imai S, Kashimura A, Matsumoto H, Inenaga T, Moritomo Y. Tethered spinal cord related to caudal spinal dysraphism in a tailless Holstein calf. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1816-1820. [PMID: 33191387 PMCID: PMC7804041 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A rare dysraphic caudal spinal anomaly, or caudal agenesis, comprising a tethered spinal cord, was found in a tailless Holstein calf that presented ataxia and
paresis with analgesia of the hind limbs. The gently and slimly tapered conus medullaris was poorly formed between S2 and S3 which indicated that it was lying
more caudally. The caudal end of the filum terminale adhered to the inner periosteum of the vertebral arch at S4, which is compatible with tethering of the
spinal cord. The dysraphic changes from the secondary neurulation error and the longitudinal deranged cord morphology that may have been caused by the caudad
traction due to tethering were confirmed. This represents the first bovine case with definitive morphological confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hironaka
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Higashiku, Toroku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Saki Imai
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Higashiku, Toroku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kashimura
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Higashiku, Toroku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Matsumoto
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Higashiku, Toroku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Inenaga
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Higashiku, Toroku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Yasuo Moritomo
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Higashiku, Toroku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
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Caballero-Gómez J, García-Bocanegra I, Navarro N, Guerra R, Martínez-Nevado E, Soriano P, Cano-Terriza D. Zoo animals as sentinels for Schmallenberg virus monitoring in Spain. Vet Microbiol 2020; 252:108927. [PMID: 33243564 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a newly emerged vector-borne pathogen that affects many domestic and wild animal species. A serosurvey was carried out to assess SBV exposure in zoo animals in Spain and to determine the dynamics of seropositivity in longitudinally sampled individuals. Between 2002 and 2019, sera from 278 animals belonging to 73 different species were collected from five zoos (A-E). Thirty-one of these animals were longitudinally sampled at three of these zoo parks during the study period. Seropositivity was detected in 28 (10.1 %) of 278 animals analyzed by blocking ELISA. Specific anti-SBV antibodies were confirmed in 20 (7.2 %; 95 %CI: 4.2-10.3) animals of six different species using virus neutralization test (VNT). The multiple logistic regression model showed that "order" (Artiodactyla) and "zoo provenance" (zoo B; southern Spain) were risk factors potentially associated with SBV exposure. Two (8.7 %) of the 31 longitudinally-sampled individuals showed specific antibodies against SBV at all samplings whereas seroconversion was detected in one mouflon (Ovis aries musimon) and one Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in 2016 and 2019, respectively. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first surveillance conducted on SBV in zoos in Spain. The results confirm SBV exposure in zoo animals in this country and indicate circulation of the virus before the first Schmallenberg disease outbreak was reported in Spain. Surveillance in zoological parks could be a complementary approach to monitoring SBV activity. Further studies are warranted to assess the impact of this virus on the health status of susceptible zoo animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Caballero-Gómez
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14014 Córdoba, Spain; Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - I García-Bocanegra
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - N Navarro
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Guerra
- Centro de conservación Zoo Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | | | - P Soriano
- Río Safari Elche, 03139 Alicante, Spain
| | - D Cano-Terriza
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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Blitvich BJ, Magalhaes T, Laredo-Tiscareño SV, Foy BD. Sexual Transmission of Arboviruses: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090933. [PMID: 32854298 PMCID: PMC7552039 DOI: 10.3390/v12090933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are primarily maintained in nature in transmission cycles between hematophagous arthropods and vertebrate hosts, but an increasing number of arboviruses have been isolated from or indirectly detected in the urogenital tract and sexual secretions of their vertebrate hosts, indicating that further investigation on the possibility of sexual transmission of these viruses is warranted. The most widely recognized sexually-transmitted arbovirus is Zika virus but other arboviruses, including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and dengue virus, might also be transmitted, albeit occasionally, by this route. This review summarizes our current understanding on the ability of arboviruses to be sexually transmitted. We discuss the sexual transmission of arboviruses between humans and between vertebrate animals, but not arthropod vectors. Every taxonomic group known to contain arboviruses (Asfarviridae, Bunyavirales, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Togaviridae) is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-515-294-9861; Fax: +1-515-294-8500
| | - Tereza Magalhaes
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.M.); (B.D.F.)
| | - S. Viridiana Laredo-Tiscareño
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Brian D. Foy
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.M.); (B.D.F.)
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15
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Reverse genetics approaches for the development of bunyavirus vaccines. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:16-25. [PMID: 32619950 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order is the largest group of RNA viruses, which includes important human and animal pathogens, that cause serious diseases. Licensed vaccines are often not available for many of these pathogens. The establishment of bunyavirus reverse genetics systems has facilitated the generation of recombinant infectious viruses, which have been employed as powerful tools for understanding bunyavirus biology and identifying important virulence factors. Technological advances in this area have enabled the development of novel strategies, including codon-deoptimization, viral genome rearrangement and single-cycle replicable viruses, for the generation of live-attenuated vaccine candidates. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge of the bunyavirus reverse genetics approaches for the generation of live-attenuated vaccine candidates and their evaluation in animal models.
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Yanase T, Murota K, Hayama Y. Endemic and Emerging Arboviruses in Domestic Ruminants in East Asia. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:168. [PMID: 32318588 PMCID: PMC7154088 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epizootic congenital abnormalities caused by Akabane, Aino, and Chuzan viruses have damaged the reproduction of domestic ruminants in East Asia for many years. In the past, large outbreaks of febrile illness related to bovine ephemeral fever and Ibaraki viruses severely affected the cattle industry in that region. In recent years, vaccines against these viruses have reduced the occurrence of diseases, although the viruses are still circulating and have occasionally caused sporadic and small-scaled epidemics. Over a long-term monitoring period, many arboviruses other than the above-mentioned viruses have been isolated from cattle and Culicoides biting midges in Japan. Several novel arboviruses that may infect ruminants (e.g., mosquito- and tick-borne arboviruses) were recently reported in mainland China based on extensive surveillance. It is noteworthy that some are suspected of being associated with cattle diseases. Malformed calves exposed to an intrauterine infection with orthobunyaviruses (e.g., Peaton and Shamonda viruses) have been observed. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 caused a sudden outbreak of hemorrhagic disease in cattle in Japan. Unfortunately, the pathogenicity of many other viruses in ruminants has been uncertain, although these viruses potentially affect livestock production. As global transportation grows, the risk of an accidental incursion of arboviruses is likely to increase in previously non-endemic areas. Global warming will also certainly affect the distribution and active period of vectors, and thus the range of virus spreads will expand to higher-latitude regions. To prevent anticipated damages to the livestock industry, the monitoring system for arboviral circulation and incursion should be strengthened; moreover, the sharing of information and preventive strategies will be essential in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yanase
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Katsunori Murota
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayama
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
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