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Graaf-Rau A, Schmies K, Breithaupt A, Ciminski K, Zimmer G, Summerfield A, Sehl-Ewert J, Lillie-Jaschniski K, Helmer C, Bielenberg W, Grosse Beilage E, Schwemmle M, Beer M, Harder T. Reassortment incompetent live attenuated and replicon influenza vaccines provide improved protection against influenza in piglets. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:127. [PMID: 39003272 PMCID: PMC11246437 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza A viruses (swIAV) cause an economically important respiratory disease in modern pig production. Continuous virus transmission and antigenic drift are difficult to control in enzootically infected pig herds. Here, antibody-positive piglets from a herd enzootically infected with swIAV H1N2 (clade 1 A.3.3.2) were immunized using a homologous prime-boost vaccination strategy with novel live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) based on a reassortment-incompetent bat influenza-swIAV chimera or a vesicular stomatitis virus-based replicon vaccine. Challenge infection of vaccinated piglets by exposure to H1N2 swIAV-infected unvaccinated seeder pigs showed that both LAIV and replicon vaccine markedly reduced virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract, respectively, compared to piglets immunized with commercial heterologous or autologous adjuvanted whole-inactivated virus vaccines. Our novel vaccines may aid in interrupting continuous IAV transmission chains in large enzootically infected pig herds, improve the health status of the animals, and reduce the risk of zoonotic swIAV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Graaf-Rau
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Schmies
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler- Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhaeusern, Switzerland, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhaeusern, Switzerland, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler- Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Carina Helmer
- SAN Group Biotech Germany GmbH, Hoeltinghausen, Germany
| | | | - Elisabeth Grosse Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
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Pliasas VC, Neasham PJ, Naskou MC, Neto R, Strate PG, North JF, Pedroza S, Chastain SD, Padykula I, Tompkins SM, Kyriakis CS. Heterologous prime-boost H1N1 vaccination exacerbates disease following challenge with a mismatched H1N2 influenza virus in the swine model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1253626. [PMID: 37928521 PMCID: PMC10623127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a significant threat to both human and animal health. Developing IAV vaccine strategies able to elicit broad heterologous protection against antigenically diverse IAV strains is pivotal in effectively controlling the disease. The goal of this study was to examine the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of diverse H1N1 influenza vaccine strategies including monovalent, bivalent, and heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimens, against a mismatched H1N2 swine influenza virus. Five groups were homologous prime-boost vaccinated with either an oil-adjuvanted whole-inactivated virus (WIV) monovalent A/swine/Georgia/27480/2019 (GA19) H1N2 vaccine, a WIV monovalent A/sw/Minnesota/A02636116/2021 (MN21) H1N1 vaccine, a WIV monovalent A/California/07/2009 (CA09) H1N1, a WIV bivalent vaccine composed of CA09 and MN21, or adjuvant only (mock-vaccinated group). A sixth group was prime-vaccinated with CA09 WIV and boosted with MN21 WIV (heterologous prime-boost group). Four weeks post-boost pigs were intranasally and intratracheally challenged with A/swine/Georgia/27480/2019, an H1N2 swine IAV field isolate. Vaccine-induced protection was evaluated based on five critical parameters: (i) hemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibody responses, (ii) clinical scores, (iii) virus titers in nasal swabs and respiratory tissue homogenates, (iv) BALf cytology, and (v) pulmonary pathology. While all vaccination regimens induced seroprotective titers against homologous viruses, heterologous prime-boost vaccination failed to enhance HAI responses against the homologous vaccine strains compared to monovalent vaccine regimens and did not expand the scope of cross-reactive antibody responses against antigenically distinct swine and human IAVs. Mismatched vaccination regimens not only failed to confer clinical and virological protection post-challenge but also exacerbated disease and pathology. In particular, heterologous-boosted pigs showed prolonged clinical disease and increased pulmonary pathology compared to mock-vaccinated pigs. Our results demonstrated that H1-specific heterologous prime-boost vaccination, rather than enhancing cross-protection, worsened the clinical outcome and pathology after challenge with the antigenically distant A/swine/Georgia/27480/2019 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis C. Pliasas
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Peter J. Neasham
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Maria C. Naskou
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Rachel Neto
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Philip G. Strate
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - J. Fletcher North
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephen Pedroza
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Strickland D. Chastain
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ian Padykula
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States
| | - S. Mark Tompkins
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States
| | - Constantinos S. Kyriakis
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States
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Ospina-Jimenez AF, Gomez AP, Rincon-Monroy MA, Ortiz L, Perez DR, Peña M, Ramirez-Nieto G. Sequence-Based Antigenic Analyses of H1 Swine Influenza A Viruses from Colombia (2008-2021) Reveals Temporal and Geographical Antigenic Variations. Viruses 2023; 15:2030. [PMID: 37896808 PMCID: PMC10612065 DOI: 10.3390/v15102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza is a respiratory disease that affects the pork industry and is a public health threat. It is caused by type A influenza virus (FLUAV), which continuously undergoes genetic and antigenic variations. A large amount of information regarding FLUAV in pigs is available worldwide, but it is limited in Latin America. The HA sequences of H1 subtype FLUAV-positive samples obtained from pigs in Colombia between 2008-2021 were analyzed using sequence-based antigenic cartography and N-Glycosylation analyses. Of the 12 predicted global antigenic groups, Colombia contained five: four corresponding to pandemic strains and one to the classical swine H1N1 clade. Circulation of these clusters was observed in some regions during specific years. Ca2 was the immunodominant epitope among Colombian viruses. The counts of N-Glycosylation motifs were associated with the antigenic cluster ranging from three to five. The results show for the first time the existence of antigenic diversity of FLUAV in Colombia and highlight the impact of spatial and temporal factors on this diversity. This study provides information about FLUAV variability in pigs under natural conditions in the absence of vaccination and emphasizes the need for surveillance of its phylogenetic and antigenic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres F. Ospina-Jimenez
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (A.F.O.-J.); (A.P.G.); (M.A.R.-M.)
| | - Arlen P. Gomez
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (A.F.O.-J.); (A.P.G.); (M.A.R.-M.)
| | - Maria A. Rincon-Monroy
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (A.F.O.-J.); (A.P.G.); (M.A.R.-M.)
- National Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratory, Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA), Bogotá 110931, Colombia
| | - Lucia Ortiz
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (L.O.); (D.R.P.)
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (L.O.); (D.R.P.)
| | - Mario Peña
- Asociación Colombiana de Porcicultores Porkcolombia—FNP, Bogotá 111311, Colombia;
| | - Gloria Ramirez-Nieto
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (A.F.O.-J.); (A.P.G.); (M.A.R.-M.)
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Graaf A, Hennig C, Jaschniski KL, Koechling M, Stadler J, Boehmer J, Ripp U, Pohlmann A, Schwarz BA, Beer M, Harder T. Emergenceof swine influenza A virus, porcine respirovirus 1 and swine orthopneumovirus in porcine respiratory disease in Germany. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023:2239938. [PMID: 37470510 PMCID: PMC10402848 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2239938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory disease is a significant economic issue in pig farming, with a complex aetiology that includes swine influenza A viruses (swIAV), which are common in European domestic pig populations. The most recent human influenza pandemic in 2009 showed swIAV's zoonotic potential. Monitoring pathogens and disease control are critical from a preventive standpoint, and are based on quick, sensitive, and specific diagnostic assays capable of detecting and distinguishing currently circulating swIAV in clinical samples. For passive surveillance, a set of multiplex quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCRs (mRT-qPCR) and MinION-directed sequencing was updated and deployed. Several lineages and genotypes of swIAV were shown to be dynamically developing, including novel reassortants between human pandemic H1N1 and the avian-derived H1 lineage of swIAV. Despite this, nearly 70% (842/1216) of individual samples from pigs with respiratory symptoms were swIAV-negative, hinting to different aetiologies. The complex and synergistic interactions of swIAV infections with other viral and bacterial infectious agents contribute to the aggravation of pig respiratory diseases. Using a newly developed mRT-qPCR for the combined detection of swIAV and the recently described porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1) and swine orthopneumovirus (SOV) widespread co-circulation of PRV1 (19.6%, 238/1216 samples) and SOV (14.2%, 173/1216 samples) was evident. Because of the high incidence of PRV1 and SOV infections in pigs with respiratory disease, these viruses may emerge as new allies in the porcine respiratory disease syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christin Hennig
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Jan Boehmer
- IVD Society for Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics mbH, Seelze-Letter, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ripp
- Vaxxinova diagnostics GmbH, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Rodrick TC, Siu Y, Carlock MA, Ross TM, Jones DR. Urine Metabolome Dynamics Discriminate Influenza Vaccination Response. Viruses 2023; 15:242. [PMID: 36680282 PMCID: PMC9861122 DOI: 10.3390/v15010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza represents a major and ongoing public health hazard. Current collaborative efforts are aimed toward creating a universal flu vaccine with the goals of both improving responses to vaccination and increasing the breadth of protection against multiple strains and clades from a single vaccine. As an intermediate step toward these goals, the current work is focused on evaluating the systemic host response to vaccination in both normal and high-risk populations, such as the obese and geriatric populations, which have been linked to poor responses to vaccination. We therefore employed a metabolomics approach using a time-course (n = 5 time points) of the response to human vaccination against influenza from the time before vaccination (pre) to 90 days following vaccination. We analyzed the urinary profiles of a cohort of subjects (n = 179) designed to evenly sample across age, sex, BMI, and other demographic factors, stratifying their responses to vaccination as “High”, “Low”, or “None” based on the seroconversion measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) from plasma samples at day 28 post-vaccination. Overall, we putatively identified 15,903 distinct, named, small-molecule structures (4473 at 10% FDR) among the 895 samples analyzed, with the aim of identifying metabolite correlates of the vaccine response, as well as prognostic and diagnostic markers from the periods before and after vaccination, respectively. Notably, we found that the metabolic profiles could unbiasedly separate the high-risk High-responders from the high-risk None-responders (obese/geriatric) within 3 days post-vaccination. The purine metabolites Guanine and Hypoxanthine were negatively associated with high seroconversion (p = 0.0032, p < 0.0001, respectively), while Acetyl-Leucine and 5-Aminovaleric acid were positively associated. Further changes in Cystine, Glutamic acid, Kynurenine and other metabolites implicated early oxidative stress (3 days) after vaccination as a hallmark of the High-responders. Ongoing efforts are aimed toward validating these putative markers using a ferret model of influenza infection, as well as an independent cohort of human seasonal vaccination and human challenge studies with live virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori C. Rodrick
- Metabolomics Core Resource Laboratory, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yik Siu
- Metabolomics Core Resource Laboratory, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael A. Carlock
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Drew R. Jones
- Metabolomics Core Resource Laboratory, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Tang P, Cui EH, Chang WC, Yu C, Wang H, Du EQ, Wang JY. Nanoparticle-Based Bivalent Swine Influenza Virus Vaccine Induces Enhanced Immunity and Effective Protection against Drifted H1N1 and H3N2 Viruses in Mice. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112443. [PMID: 36366541 PMCID: PMC9693272 DOI: 10.3390/v14112443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza virus (SIV) circulates worldwide, posing substantial economic loss and disease burden to humans and animals. Vaccination remains the most effective way to prevent SIV infection and transmission. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a recombinant, baculovirus-insect cell system-expressed bivalent nanoparticle SIV vaccine in mice challenged with drifted swine influenza H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. After a prime-boost immunization, the bivalent nanoparticle vaccine (BNV) induced high levels of hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies, virus-neutralization (VN) antibodies, and antigen-specific IgG antibodies in mice, as well as more efficient cytokine levels. The MF59 and CPG1 adjuvant could significantly promote both humoral and cellular immunity of BNV. The MF59 adjuvant showed a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response, and the CPG1 adjuvant tended to show a Th1-favored response. The BALB/c challenge test showed that BNV could significantly reduce lung viral loads and feces viral shedding, and showed fewer lung pathological lesions than those in PBS and inactivated vaccine groups. These results suggest that this novel bivalent nanoparticle swine influenza vaccine can be used as an efficacious vaccine candidate to induce robust immunity and provide broad protection against drifted subtypes in mice. Immune efficacy in pigs needs to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - En-hui Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Wen-chi Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Yangling Carey Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Yangling Carey Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - En-qi Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Yangling Carey Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (E.-q.D.); (J.-y.W.)
| | - Jing-yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (E.-q.D.); (J.-y.W.)
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Anti-influenza A virus activity by Agrimonia pilosa and Galla rhois extract mixture. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Graaf A, Petric PP, Sehl-Ewert J, Henritzi D, Breithaupt A, King J, Pohlmann A, Deutskens F, Beer M, Schwemmle M, Harder T. Cold-passaged isolates and bat-swine influenza a chimeric viruses as modified live-attenuated vaccines against influenza a viruses in pigs. Vaccine 2022; 40:6255-6270. [PMID: 36137904 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Swine influenza A virus (swIAV) infections in pig populations cause considerable morbidity and economic losses. Frequent reverse zoonotic incursions of human IAV boost reassortment opportunities with authentic porcine and avian-like IAV in swine herds potentially enhancing zoonotic and even pre-pandemic potential. Vaccination using adjuvanted inactivated full virus vaccines is frequently used in attempting control of swIAV infections. Accelerated antigenic drift of swIAV in large swine holdings and interference of maternal antibodies with vaccine in piglets can compromise these efforts. Potentially more efficacious modified live-attenuated vaccines (MLVs) bear the risk of reversion of MLV to virulence. Here we evaluated new MLV candidates based on cold-passaged swIAV or on reassortment-incompetent bat-IAV-swIAV chimeric viruses. Serial cold-passaging of various swIAV subtypes did not yield unambiguously temperature-sensitive mutants although safety studies in mice and pigs suggested some degree of attenuation. Chimeric bat-swIAV expressing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of an avian-like H1N1, in contrast, proved to be safe in mice and pigs, and a single nasal inoculation induced protective immunity against homologous challenge in pigs. Reassortant-incompetent chimeric bat-swIAV vaccines could aid in reducing the amount of swIAV circulating in pig populations, thereby increasing animal welfare, limiting economic losses and lowering the risk of zoonotic swIAV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Philipp P Petric
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dinah Henritzi
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jacqueline King
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Hennig C, Graaf A, Petric PP, Graf L, Schwemmle M, Beer M, Harder T. Are pigs overestimated as a source of zoonotic influenza viruses? Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:30. [PMID: 35773676 PMCID: PMC9244577 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Swine influenza caused by influenza A viruses (IAV) directly affects respiratory health and indirectly impairs reproduction rates in pigs causing production losses. In Europe, and elsewhere, production systems have intensified featuring fewer holdings but, in turn, increased breeding herd and litter sizes. This seems to foster swine IAV (swIAV) infections with respect to the entrenchment within and spread between holdings. Disease management of swine influenza is difficult and relies on biosecurity and vaccination measures. Recently discovered and widely proliferating forms of self-sustaining modes of swIAV infections in large swine holdings challenge these preventive concepts by generating vaccine-escape mutants in rolling circles of infection. Main body The most recent human IAV pandemic of 2009 rooted at least partly in IAV of porcine origin highlighting the zoonotic potential of swIAV. Pigs constitute a mixing vessel of IAV from different species including avian and human hosts. However, other host species such as turkey and quail but also humans themselves may also act in this way; thus, pigs are not essentially required for the generation of IAV reassortants with a multispecies origin. Since 1918, all human pandemic influenza viruses except the H2N2 virus of 1958 have been transmitted in a reverse zoonotic mode from human into swine populations. Swine populations act as long-term reservoirs of these viruses. Human-derived IAV constitute a major driver of swIAV epidemiology in pigs. Swine-to-human IAV transmissions occurred rarely and mainly sporadically as compared to avian-to-human spill-over events of avian IAV. Yet, new swIAV variants that harbor zoonotic components continue to be detected. This increases the risk that such components might eventually reassort into viruses with pandemic potential. Conclusions Domestic pig populations should not be globally stigmatized as the only or most important reservoir of potentially zoonotic IAV. The likely emergence from swine of the most recent human IAV pandemic in 2009, however, emphasized the principal risks of swine populations in which IAV circulate unimpededly. Implementation of regular and close-meshed IAV surveillance of domestic swine populations to follow the dynamics of swIAV evolution is clearly demanded. Improved algorithms for directly inferring zoonotic potential from whole IAV genome sequences as well as improved vaccines are still being sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Hennig
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Philipp P Petric
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Graf
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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10
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Carascal MB, Pavon RDN, Rivera WL. Recent Progress in Recombinant Influenza Vaccine Development Toward Heterosubtypic Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878943. [PMID: 35663997 PMCID: PMC9162156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flu, a viral infection caused by the influenza virus, is still a global public health concern with potential to cause seasonal epidemics and pandemics. Vaccination is considered the most effective protective strategy against the infection. However, given the high plasticity of the virus and the suboptimal immunogenicity of existing influenza vaccines, scientists are moving toward the development of universal vaccines. An important property of universal vaccines is their ability to induce heterosubtypic immunity, i.e., a wide immune response coverage toward different influenza subtypes. With the increasing number of studies and mounting evidence on the safety and efficacy of recombinant influenza vaccines (RIVs), they have been proposed as promising platforms for the development of universal vaccines. This review highlights the current progress and advances in the development of RIVs in the context of heterosubtypic immunity induction toward universal vaccine production. In particular, this review discussed existing knowledge on influenza and vaccine development, current hemagglutinin-based RIVs in the market and in the pipeline, other potential vaccine targets for RIVs (neuraminidase, matrix 1 and 2, nucleoprotein, polymerase acidic, and basic 1 and 2 antigens), and deantigenization process. This review also provided discussion points and future perspectives in looking at RIVs as potential universal vaccine candidates for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Carascal
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.,Clinical and Translational Research Institute, The Medical City, Pasig City, Philippines
| | - Rance Derrick N Pavon
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Windell L Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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11
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Ryt-Hansen P, Nielsen HG, Sørensen SS, Larsen I, Kristensen CS, Larsen LE. The role of gilts in transmission dynamics of swine influenza virus and impacts of vaccination strategies and quarantine management. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:19. [PMID: 35513878 PMCID: PMC9069814 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Along with an expanding global swine production, the commercial housing and management of swine herds, provide an optimal environment for constant circulation of swine influenza virus (swIAV), thereby challenging farmers and veterinarian in determining optimal control measures. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of gilts in the swIAV transmission dynamics, and to evaluate the impact of different control measures such as quarantine and gilt vaccination. METHODS The study was conducted as a cross-sectional study in ten Danish sow herds, including five swIAV vaccinated and five unvaccinated herds. Blood- and nasal swab samples of gilts, first parity sows and their piglets were collected at different stages in the production system (quarantine in/out, mating, gestation and farrowing) and analyzed for the presence of swIAV and swIAV antibodies. Associations between the detection of swIAV, seroprevalence, antibody levels, sow and gilt vaccination strategy and quarantine biosecurity were thereafter investigated to identify possible risk factors for swIAV introductions and persistence within the herds. RESULTS Nine of the ten herds of the study had swIAV circulation and swIAV was detected in the quarantine, mating- and farrowing unit. The prevalence of seropositive gilts and first parity sows was significantly higher in the vaccinated herds, but swIAV was still present in nasal swabs from both gilts, first parity sows and piglets in these herds. Quarantine gilt vaccination and all-in/all-out management resulted in a significant reduction of swIAV positive gilts at the end of the quarantine period. CONCLUSION The results underline that herd vaccination and/or quarantine facilities are crucial to avoid swIAV introductions into sow herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Ryt-Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henriette Guldberg Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Simon Smed Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inge Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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12
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Chauhan RP, Gordon ML. Review of genome sequencing technologies in molecular characterization of influenza A viruses in swine. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:177-189. [PMID: 35037523 PMCID: PMC8921814 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211068023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly evolving antigenic diversity of influenza A virus (IAV) genomes in swine makes it imperative to detect emerging novel strains and track their circulation. We analyzed in our review the sequencing technologies used for subtyping and characterizing swine IAV genomes. Google Scholar, PubMed, and International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) database searches identified 216 studies that have utilized Sanger, second-, and third-generation sequencing techniques to subtype and characterize swine IAV genomes up to 31 March 2021. Sanger dideoxy sequencing was by far the most widely used sequencing technique for generating either full-length (43.0%) or partial (31.0%) IAV genomes in swine globally; however, in the last decade, other sequencing platforms such as Illumina have emerged as serious competitors for the generation of whole-genome sequences of swine IAVs. Although partial HA and NA gene sequences were sufficient to determine swine IAV subtypes, whole-genome sequences were critical for determining reassortments and identifying unusual or less frequently occurring IAV subtypes. The combination of Sanger and second-generation sequencing technologies also greatly improved swine IAV characterization. In addition, the rapidly evolving third-generation sequencing platform, MinION, appears promising for on-site, real-time sequencing of complete swine IAV genomes. With a higher raw read accuracy, the use of the MinION could enhance the scalability of swine IAV testing in the field and strengthen the swine IAV disease outbreak response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle L. Gordon
- Michelle L. Gordon, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Rd, Durban 4001, South Africa.
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13
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Jungić A, Savić V, Madić J, Barbić L, Roić B, Brnić D, Prpić J, Jemeršić L, Novosel D. Improving Current Knowledge on Seroprevalence and Genetic Characterization of Swine Influenza Virus in Croatian Pig Farms: A Retrospective Study. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111527. [PMID: 34832682 PMCID: PMC8623915 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a total of 1536 blood serum samples analysed by ELISA, antibodies for IAV nucleoprotein (NP) were detected in 30.3%. Results from HI show that the most common subtype of swIAV in the Croatian pig population was H1N1 (44.6%), followed by H3N2 (42.7%) and H1N2 (26.3%). Antibodies to at least one subtype were detected in 62.19% of blood serum samples. Detection of swIAV antigen was performed by IHC and detected in 8 of 28 lung samples collected post-mortem. The matrix (M) gene was detected in nine of one hundred and forty-two lung tissue samples and in seven of twenty-nine nasopharyngeal swabs. Phylogenetic analysis of amplified HA and NA gene fragments in Croatian isolates suggests the presence of swIAV H1avN1av.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Jungić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.R.); (D.B.); (J.P.); (L.J.)
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (D.N.); Tel.: +385-16-123648 (A.J.); +385-91-5179431 (D.N.)
| | - Vladimir Savić
- Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Josip Madić
- Deparment of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Ljubo Barbić
- Deparment of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Besi Roić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.R.); (D.B.); (J.P.); (L.J.)
| | - Dragan Brnić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.R.); (D.B.); (J.P.); (L.J.)
| | - Jelena Prpić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.R.); (D.B.); (J.P.); (L.J.)
| | - Lorena Jemeršić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.R.); (D.B.); (J.P.); (L.J.)
| | - Dinko Novosel
- Department of Pathology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (D.N.); Tel.: +385-16-123648 (A.J.); +385-91-5179431 (D.N.)
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14
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Kessler S, Harder TC, Schwemmle M, Ciminski K. Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events-Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs? Viruses 2021; 13:v13112250. [PMID: 34835056 PMCID: PMC8624301 DOI: 10.3390/v13112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic infections of humans with influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animal reservoirs can result in severe disease in individuals and, in rare cases, lead to pandemic outbreaks; this is exemplified by numerous cases of human infection with avian IAVs (AIVs) and the 2009 swine influenza pandemic. In fact, zoonotic transmissions are strongly facilitated by manmade reservoirs that were created through the intensification and industrialization of livestock farming. This can be witnessed by the repeated introduction of IAVs from natural reservoirs of aquatic wild bird metapopulations into swine and poultry, and the accompanied emergence of partially- or fully-adapted human pathogenic viruses. On the other side, human adapted IAV have been (and still are) introduced into livestock by reverse zoonotic transmission. This link to manmade reservoirs was also observed before the 20th century, when horses seemed to have been an important reservoir for IAVs but lost relevance when the populations declined due to increasing industrialization. Therefore, to reduce zoonotic events, it is important to control the spread of IAV within these animal reservoirs, for example with efficient vaccination strategies, but also to critically surveil the different manmade reservoirs to evaluate the emergence of new IAV strains with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kessler
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.K.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timm C. Harder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Diagnostic Virology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.K.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.K.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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15
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Ryt-Hansen P, Krog JS, Breum SØ, Hjulsager CK, Pedersen AG, Trebbien R, Larsen LE. Co-circulation of multiple influenza A reassortants in swine harboring genes from seasonal human and swine influenza viruses. eLife 2021; 10:60940. [PMID: 34313225 PMCID: PMC8397370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the influenza pandemic in 2009, there has been an increased focus on swine influenza A virus (swIAV) surveillance. This paper describes the results of the surveillance of swIAV in Danish swine from 2011 to 2018. In total, 3800 submissions were received with a steady increase in swIAV-positive submissions, reaching 56% in 2018. Full-genome sequences were obtained from 129 swIAV-positive samples. Altogether, 17 different circulating genotypes were identified including six novel reassortants harboring human seasonal IAV gene segments. The phylogenetic analysis revealed substantial genetic drift and also evidence of positive selection occurring mainly in antigenic sites of the hemagglutinin protein and confirmed the presence of a swine divergent cluster among the H1pdm09Nx (clade 1A.3.3.2) viruses. The results provide essential data for the control of swIAV in pigs and emphasize the importance of contemporary surveillance for discovering novel swIAV strains posing a potential threat to the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Ryt-Hansen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.,University of Copenhagen, Department of Health Sciences, Institute for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Anders Gorm Pedersen
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.,University of Copenhagen, Department of Health Sciences, Institute for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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16
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Vaccines That Reduce Viral Shedding Do Not Prevent Transmission of H1N1 Pandemic 2009 Swine Influenza A Virus Infection to Unvaccinated Pigs. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01787-20. [PMID: 33268518 PMCID: PMC7851569 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01787-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza A virus (swIAV) infection causes substantial economic loss and disease burden in humans and animals. The 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza A virus is now endemic in both populations. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of different vaccines in reducing nasal shedding in pigs following pH1N1 virus challenge. We also assessed transmission from immunized and challenged pigs to naive, directly in-contact pigs. Pigs were immunized with either adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines or virus-vectored (ChAdOx1 and MVA) vaccines expressing either the homologous or heterologous influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein, as well as an influenza virus pseudotype (S-FLU) vaccine expressing heterologous HA. Only two vaccines containing homologous HA, which also induced high hemagglutination inhibitory antibody titers, significantly reduced virus shedding in challenged animals. Nevertheless, virus transmission from challenged to naive, in-contact animals occurred in all groups, although it was delayed in groups of vaccinated animals with reduced virus shedding.IMPORTANCE This study was designed to determine whether vaccination of pigs with conventional WIV or virus-vectored vaccines reduces pH1N1 swine influenza A virus shedding following challenge and can prevent transmission to naive in-contact animals. Even when viral shedding was significantly reduced following challenge, infection was transmissible to susceptible cohoused recipients. This knowledge is important to inform disease surveillance and control strategies and to determine the vaccine coverage required in a population, thereby defining disease moderation or herd protection. WIV or virus-vectored vaccines homologous to the challenge strain significantly reduced virus shedding from directly infected pigs, but vaccination did not completely prevent transmission to cohoused naive pigs.
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17
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A universal RT-qPCR assay for "One Health" detection of influenza A viruses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244669. [PMID: 33471840 PMCID: PMC7817021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutual dependence of human and animal health is central to the One Health initiative as an integrated strategy for infectious disease control and management. A crucial element of the One Health includes preparation and response to influenza A virus (IAV) threats at the human-animal interface. The IAVs are characterized by extensive genetic variability, they circulate among different hosts and can establish host-specific lineages. The four main hosts are: avian, swine, human and equine, with occasional transmission to other mammalian species. The host diversity is mirrored in the range of the RT-qPCR assays for IAV detection. Different assays are recommended by the responsible health authorities for generic IAV detection in birds, swine or humans. In order to unify IAV monitoring in different hosts and apply the One Health approach, we developed a single RT-qPCR assay for universal detection of all IAVs of all subtypes, species origin and global distribution. The assay design was centred on a highly conserved region of the IAV matrix protein (MP)-segment identified by a comprehensive analysis of 99,353 sequences. The reaction parameters were effectively optimised with efficiency of 93–97% and LOD95% of approximately ten IAV templates per reaction. The assay showed high repeatability, reproducibility and robustness. The extensive in silico evaluation demonstrated high inclusivity, i.e. perfect sequence match in the primers and probe binding regions, established as 94.6% for swine, 98.2% for avian and 100% for human H3N2, pandemic H1N1, as well as other IAV strains, resulting in an overall predicted detection rate of 99% on the analysed dataset. The theoretical predictions were confirmed and extensively validated by collaboration between six veterinary or human diagnostic laboratories on a total of 1970 specimens, of which 1455 were clinical and included a diverse panel of IAV strains.
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18
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Deblanc C, Quéguiner S, Gorin S, Chastagner A, Hervé S, Paboeuf F, Simon G. Evaluation of the Pathogenicity and the Escape from Vaccine Protection of a New Antigenic Variant Derived from the European Human-Like Reassortant Swine H1N2 Influenza Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:E1155. [PMID: 33053905 PMCID: PMC7599989 DOI: 10.3390/v12101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The surveillance of swine influenza A viruses in France revealed the emergence of an antigenic variant following deletions and mutations that are fixed in the HA-encoding gene of the European human-like reassortant swine H1N2 lineage. In this study, we compared the outcomes of the parental (H1huN2) and variant (H1huN2Δ146-147) virus infections in experimentally-inoculated piglets. Moreover, we assessed and compared the protection that was conferred by an inactivated vaccine currently licensed in Europe. Three groups of five unvaccinated or vaccinated piglets were inoculated with H1huN2 or H1huN2Δ146-147 or mock-inoculated, respectively. In unvaccinated piglets, the variant strain induced greater clinical signs than the parental virus, in relation to a higher inflammatory response that involves TNF-α production and a huge afflux of granulocytes into the lung. However, both infections led to similar levels of virus excretion and adaptive (humoral and cellular) immune responses in blood. The vaccinated animals were clinically protected from both infectious challenges and did not exhibit any inflammatory responses, regardless the inoculated virus. However, whereas vaccination prevented virus shedding in H1huN2-infected animals, it did not completely inhibit the multiplication of the variant strain, since live virus particles were detected in nasal secretions that were taken from H1huN2Δ146-147-inoculated vaccinated piglets. This difference in the level of vaccine protection was probably related to the poorer ability of the post-vaccine antibodies to neutralize the variant virus than the parental virus, even though post-vaccine cellular immunity appeared to be equally effective against both viruses. These results suggest that vaccine antigens would potentially need to be updated if this variant becomes established in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Deblanc
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (S.G.); (A.C.); (S.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Stéphane Quéguiner
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (S.G.); (A.C.); (S.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Stéphane Gorin
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (S.G.); (A.C.); (S.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Amélie Chastagner
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (S.G.); (A.C.); (S.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Séverine Hervé
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (S.G.); (A.C.); (S.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- SPF Pig Production and Experimentation, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France;
| | - Gaëlle Simon
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (S.G.); (A.C.); (S.H.); (G.S.)
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19
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Bhatta TR, Ryt-Hansen P, Nielsen JP, Larsen LE, Larsen I, Chamings A, Goecke NB, Alexandersen S. Infection Dynamics of Swine Influenza Virus in a Danish Pig Herd Reveals Recurrent Infections with Different Variants of the H1N2 Swine Influenza A Virus Subtype. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091013. [PMID: 32927910 PMCID: PMC7551734 DOI: 10.3390/v12091013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) in swine, so-called swine influenza A virus (swIAV), causes respiratory illness in pigs around the globe. In Danish pig herds, a H1N2 subtype named H1N2dk is one of the main circulating swIAV. In this cohort study, the infection dynamic of swIAV was evaluated in a Danish pig herd by sampling and PCR testing of pigs from two weeks of age until slaughter at 22 weeks of age. In addition, next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify and characterize the complete genome of swIAV circulating in the herd, and to examine the antigenic variability in the antigenic sites of the virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins. Overall, 76.6% of the pigs became PCR positive for swIAV during the study, with the highest prevalence at four weeks of age. Detailed analysis of the virus sequences obtained showed that the majority of mutations occurred at antigenic sites in the HA and NA proteins of the virus. At least two different H1N2 variants were found to be circulating in the herd; one H1N2 variant was circulating at the sow and nursery sites, while another H1N2 variant was circulating at the finisher site. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that individual pigs had recurrent swIAV infections with the two different H1N2 variants, but re-infection with the same H1N2 variant was also observed. Better understandings of the epidemiology, genetic and antigenic diversity of swIAV may help to design better health interventions for the prevention and control of swIAV infections in the herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarka Raj Bhatta
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
- Correspondence: (T.R.B.); (S.A.); Tel.: +61-0-452199095 (T.R.B.); +61-0-342159635 (S.A.)
| | - Pia Ryt-Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Inge Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Anthony Chamings
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Nicole B. Goecke
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Soren Alexandersen
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Correspondence: (T.R.B.); (S.A.); Tel.: +61-0-452199095 (T.R.B.); +61-0-342159635 (S.A.)
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20
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Goecke NB, Kobberø M, Kusk TK, Hjulsager CK, Pedersen KS, Kristensen CS, Larsen LE. Objective pathogen monitoring in nursery and finisher pigs by monthly laboratory diagnostic testing. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:23. [PMID: 32922832 PMCID: PMC7476771 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious diseases are of great economic importance in commercial pig production, causing both clinical and subclinical disease, with influence on welfare, productivity, and antibiotic use. The causes of these diseases are often multifactorial and laboratory diagnostics are seldom routinely performed. The aim of the present study was to explore the benefits of monthly pathogen monitoring in nursery and finisher herds and to examine association between laboratory results and observed clinical signs, including coughing and diarrhoea. Three monthly samplings were conducted in three different age groups in six nursery and four finisher production units. For each unit, two pens were randomly selected in each age group and evaluated for coughing and diarrhoea events. Furthermore, faecal sock and oral fluid samples were collected in the selected pens and analysed for 18 respiratory and enteric viral and bacterial pathogens using the high-throughput real-time PCR BioMark HD platform (Fluidigm, South San Francisco, USA). Results In total, 174 pens were sampled in which eight coughing events and 77 diarrhoeic events were observed. The overall findings showed that swine influenza A virus, porcine circovirus 2, porcine cytomegalovirus, Brachyspira pilosicoli, Lawsonia intracellularis, Escherichia coli fimbria types F4 and F18 were found to be prevalent in several of the herds. Association between coughing events and the presence of swine influenza A virus, porcine cytomegalovirus (Cq ≤ 20) or a combination of these were found. Furthermore, an association between diarrhoeic events and the presence of L. intracellularis (Cq ≤ 24) or B. pilosicoli (Cq ≤ 26) was found. Conclusions The use of high-throughput real-time PCR analysis for continuous monitoring of pathogens and thereby dynamics of infections in a pig herd, provided the veterinarian and farmer with an objective knowledge on the distribution of pathogens in the herd. In addition, the use of a high-throughput method in combination with information about clinical signs, productivity, health status and antibiotic consumption, presents a new and innovative way of diagnosing and monitoring pig herds and even to a lower cost than the traditional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Goecke
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Present address: University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Maja Kobberø
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas K Kusk
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Present address: Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lars E Larsen
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Present address: University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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21
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Henritzi D, Petric PP, Lewis NS, Graaf A, Pessia A, Starick E, Breithaupt A, Strebelow G, Luttermann C, Parker LMK, Schröder C, Hammerschmidt B, Herrler G, Beilage EG, Stadlbauer D, Simon V, Krammer F, Wacheck S, Pesch S, Schwemmle M, Beer M, Harder TC. Surveillance of European Domestic Pig Populations Identifies an Emerging Reservoir of Potentially Zoonotic Swine Influenza A Viruses. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:614-627.e6. [PMID: 32721380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) can play a crucial role in the generation of new human pandemic viruses. In this study, in-depth passive surveillance comprising nearly 2,500 European swine holdings and more than 18,000 individual samples identified a year-round presence of up to four major swIAV lineages on more than 50% of farms surveilled. Phylogenetic analyses show that intensive reassortment with human pandemic A(H1N1)/2009 (H1pdm) virus produced an expanding and novel repertoire of at least 31 distinct swIAV genotypes and 12 distinct hemagglutinin/neuraminidase combinations with largely unknown consequences for virulence and host tropism. Several viral isolates were resistant to the human antiviral MxA protein, a prerequisite for zoonotic transmission and stable introduction into human populations. A pronounced antigenic variation was noted in swIAV, and several H1pdm lineages antigenically distinct from current seasonal human H1pdm co-circulate in swine. Thus, European swine populations represent reservoirs for emerging IAV strains with zoonotic and, possibly, pre-pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinah Henritzi
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Philipp Peter Petric
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Sarah Lewis
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for avian influenza, swine influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alberto Pessia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elke Starick
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Günter Strebelow
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christine Luttermann
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Larissa Mareike Kristin Parker
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schröder
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bärbel Hammerschmidt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Georg Herrler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Große Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büscheler Str. 9, 49456 Bakum, Germany
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Silke Wacheck
- Ceva Santé Animale (former IDT Biologika GmbH), 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Stefan Pesch
- Ceva Santé Animale (former IDT Biologika GmbH), 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Timm Clemens Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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22
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Chamba Pardo FO, W Allerson M, R Culhane M, B Morrison R, R Davies P, Perez A, Torremorell M. Effect of influenza A virus sow vaccination on infection in pigs at weaning: A prospective longitudinal study. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:183-193. [PMID: 32652870 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although vaccination is the main measure to control influenza A virus (IAV) in swine, there is limited information on the efficacy of sow vaccination on reducing IAV infections in pigs at weaning. We assessed the effect of sow vaccination on IAV infection in pigs at weaning in a cohort of 52 breeding herds studied prospectively. Herds were voluntarily enrolled according to their IAV history, sow vaccination protocol and monitored during six months (prospective longitudinal study). On each herd, nasal swabs were collected monthly from 30 pigs at weaning and tested for IAV by RT-PCR. IAV was detected in 25% (75/305) of sampling events. Of 9,150 nasal swab pools (3 individual nasal swabs/pool), 15% (458/3050) of pools tested IAV positive. IAV infections in pigs at weaning were lower in vaccinated herds compared to non-vaccinated ones. Moreover, no significant differences were seen between prefarrow and whole herd protocols, or the use of commercial versus autogenous IAV vaccines. Prefarrow and whole herd vaccination protocols reduced the odds of groups testing IAV positive at weaning in comparison with no vaccination. Our results are relevant when considering implementation of sow vaccination to control influenza infections in pigs at weaning and, hence, minimize transmission to growing pigs and other farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian O Chamba Pardo
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Marie R Culhane
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Robert B Morrison
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Peter R Davies
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Andres Perez
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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