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Hu C, Zhang N, Hong Y, Tie R, Fan D, Lin A, Chen Y, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Single-cell RNA sequencing unveils the hidden powers of zebrafish kidney for generating both hematopoiesis and adaptive antiviral immunity. eLife 2024; 13:RP92424. [PMID: 38497789 PMCID: PMC10948150 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate kidneys play two evolutionary conserved roles in waste excretion and osmoregulation. Besides, the kidney of fish is considered as a functional ortholog of mammalian bone marrow that serves as a hematopoietic hub for generating blood cell lineages and immunological responses. However, knowledge about the properties of kidney hematopoietic cells, and the functionality of the kidney in fish immune systems remains to be elucidated. To this end, our present study generated a comprehensive atlas with 59 hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) and immune-cells types from zebrafish kidneys via single-cell transcriptome profiling analysis. These populations included almost all known cells associated with innate and adaptive immunity, and displayed differential responses to viral infection, indicating their diverse functional roles in antiviral immunity. Remarkably, HSPCs were found to have extensive reactivities to viral infection, and the trained immunity can be effectively induced in certain HSPCs. In addition, the antigen-stimulated adaptive immunity can be fully generated in the kidney, suggesting the kidney acts as a secondary lymphoid organ. These results indicated that the fish kidney is a dual-functional entity with functionalities of both primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Our findings illustrated the unique features of fish immune systems, and highlighted the multifaced biology of kidneys in ancient vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongbin Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yun Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ruxiu Tie
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Dongdong Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Aifu Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ye Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Disease, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Li-xin Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jian-zhong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
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2
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Gong C, Zhu P, Ye J, Lou J, Zhang L, Liu X, Kong W. Application and development of a TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of snakehead vesiculovirus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2024; 371:fnae018. [PMID: 38460951 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Snakehead vesiculovirus (SHVV) is one of the primary pathogens responsible for viral diseases in the snakehead fish. A TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay was established for the rapid detection and quantification of SHVV in this study. Specific primers and fluorescent probes were designed for phosphoprotein (P) gene, and after optimizing the reaction conditions, the results indicated that the detection limit of this method could reach 37.1 copies, representing a 100-fold increase in detection sensitivity compared to RT-PCR. The specificity testing results revealed that this method exhibited no cross-reactivity with ISKNV, LMBV, RSIV, RGNNV, GCRV, and CyHV-2. Repetition experiments demonstrated that both intra-batch and inter-batch coefficients of variation were not higher than 1.66%. Through in vitro infection experiments monitoring the quantitative changes of SHVV in different tissues, the results indicated that the liver and spleen exhibited the highest viral load at 3 poi. The TaqMan-based real-time PCR method established in this study exhibits high sensitivity, excellent specificity, and strong reproducibility. It can be employed for rapid detection and viral load monitoring of SHVV, thus providing a robust tool for the clinical diagnosis and pathogen research of SHVV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Gong
- Huzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huzhou Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Panpan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiaxin Ye
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianfeng Lou
- Huzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huzhou Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weiguang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Meng XY, Jiang QQ, Yu XD, Zhang QY, Ke F. Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) inhibits Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) infection through two distinct mechanisms. J Virol 2023; 97:e0122623. [PMID: 37861337 PMCID: PMC10688370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01226-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although a virus can regulate many cellular responses to facilitate its replication by interacting with host proteins, the host can also restrict virus infection through these interactions. In the present study, we showed that the host eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A), an essential protein in the translation machinery, interacted with two proteins of a fish rhabdovirus, Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV), and inhibited virus infection via two different mechanisms: (i) inhibiting the formation of crucial viral protein complexes required for virus transcription and replication and (ii) promoting the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of viral protein. We also revealed the functional regions of eEF1A that are involved in the two processes. Such a host protein inhibiting a rhabdovirus infection in two ways is rarely reported. These findings provided new information for the interactions between host and fish rhabdovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yu Meng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Qi Jiang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Dong Yu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ke
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Podgoreanu P, Petre A, Tănasă RI, Dinu S, Oprea M, Marandiuc IM, Vlase E. Sequencing and Partial Molecular Characterization of BAB-TMP, the Babeș Strain of the Fixed Rabies Virus Adapted for Multiplication in Cell Lines. Viruses 2023; 15:1851. [PMID: 37766258 PMCID: PMC10536377 DOI: 10.3390/v15091851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rabies virus is a major zoonosis that causes severe nervous disease in humans, leading to paralysis and death. The world's second anti-rabies center was established in 1888 by Victor Babeș, in Bucharest, where an eponymous strain of rabies was isolated and used to develop a method for immunization. The Babeș strain of the rabies virus was used for over 100 years in Romania to produce a rabies vaccine for human use, based on animal nerve tissue, thus having a proven history of prophylactic use. The present study aimed to sequence the whole genome of the Babeș strain and to explore its genetic relationships with other vaccine strains as well as to characterize its relevant molecular traits. After being adapted for multiplication in cell lines and designated BAB-TMP, 99% of the viral genome was sequenced. The overall organization of the genome is similar to that of other rabies vaccine strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the BAB-TMP strain is closely related to the Russian RV-97 vaccine strain, and both seem to have a common ancestor. The nucleoprotein gene of the investigated genome was the most conserved, and the glycoprotein showed several unique amino acid substitutions within the major antigenic sites and linear epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Radu Iulian Tănasă
- Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (P.P.); (A.P.)
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5
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Yi S, Wu Y, Gu X, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Yuan Z, Xie H, Qian S, Huang M, Fei H, Yang S. Infection dynamic of Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus and response analysis of largemouth bass after immersion infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:108922. [PMID: 37393061 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is an important economic freshwater aquaculture fish originating from North America. However, the frequent outbreaks of Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) have seriously limited the healthy development of Micropterus salmoides farming industry. In the present study, a strain of MSRV was isolated and identified from infected largemouth bass by PCR, transmission electron micrograph observation and genome sequences analysis, and tentatively named MSRV-HZ01 strain. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the MSRV-HZ01 presented the highest similarity to MSRV-2021, followed by MSRV-FJ985 and MSRV-YH01. The various tissues of juvenile largemouth bass exhibited significant pathological damage following MSRV-HZ01 immersion infection, and the mortality reached 90%. We also found that intestine was the key organ for MSRV to enter the fish body initially by dynamic analysis of viral infection, and the head kidney was the susceptible tissue of virus. Moreover, the MSRV was also transferred to the external mucosal tissue in later stage of viral infection to achieve horizontal transmission. In addition, the genes of IFN γ and IFN I-C were significantly up-regulated after MSRV infection to exert antiviral functions. The genes of cGAS and Sting might play an important role in the regulation of interferon expression. In conclusion, we investigated the virus infection dynamics and fish response following MSRV immersion infection, which would promote our understanding of the interaction between MSRV and largemouth bass under natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunfa Yi
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018, China
| | - Youjun Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018, China
| | - Xie Gu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018, China
| | - Zesheng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yuan
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018, China
| | - Hongbao Xie
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018, China
| | - Shichao Qian
- Huzhou Baijiayu Biotech Co., Ltd., 313000, Huzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hui Fei
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Shun Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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6
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Modrego A, Carlero D, Arranz R, Martín-Benito J. CryoEM of Viral Ribonucleoproteins and Nucleocapsids of Single-Stranded RNA Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030653. [PMID: 36992363 PMCID: PMC10053253 DOI: 10.3390/v15030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded RNA viruses (ssRNAv) are characterized by their biological diversity and great adaptability to different hosts; traits which make them a major threat to human health due to their potential to cause zoonotic outbreaks. A detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved in viral proliferation is essential to address the challenges posed by these pathogens. Key to these processes are ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), the genome-containing RNA-protein complexes whose function is to carry out viral transcription and replication. Structural determination of RNPs can provide crucial information on the molecular mechanisms of these processes, paving the way for the development of new, more effective strategies to control and prevent the spread of ssRNAv diseases. In this scenario, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM), relying on the technical and methodological revolution it has undergone in recent years, can provide invaluable help in elucidating how these macromolecular complexes are organized, packaged within the virion, or the functional implications of these structures. In this review, we summarize some of the most prominent achievements by cryoEM in the study of RNP and nucleocapsid structures in lipid-enveloped ssRNAv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Modrego
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Carlero
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Arranz
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (J.M.-B.)
| | - Jaime Martín-Benito
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (J.M.-B.)
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7
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Negative Regulatory Role of the Spring Viremia of Carp Virus Matrix Protein in the Host Interferon Response by Targeting the MAVS/TRAF3 Signaling Axis. J Virol 2022; 96:e0079122. [PMID: 35913215 PMCID: PMC9400495 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00791-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a severe infectious pathogen that causes high rates of mortality in cyprinids and other fish species. Despite numerous investigations of SVCV infection, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that the SVCV matrix protein (SVCV-M) played an inhibitory role in the host interferon (IFN) response by targeting the MAVS/TRAF3 signaling axis, thereby uncovering a previously unrecognized mechanism of SVCV escape from host innate antiviral immunity. Mechanistically, SVCV-M was located at the mitochondria independent of MAVS, which allowed SVCV-M to build an arena for competition with the MAVS platform. A microscale thermophoresis assay showed that SVCV-M had a high affinity for TRAF3, as indicated by a lower equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) value than that of MAVS with TRAF3. Therefore, the association of MAVS with TRAF3 was competitively impaired by SVCV-M in a dose-dependent manner. Accordingly, SVCV-M showed a potent ability to inhibit the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3. This inhibition was accompanied by the impairment of the IFN response, as shown by the marked decline in IFN-φ1-promoter (pro) luciferase reporter activity. By constructing truncated TRAF3 and SVCV-M proteins, the RING finger, zinc finger, and coiled-coil domains of TRAF3 and the hydrophobic-pocket-like structure formed by the α2-, α3-, and α4-helices of SVCV-M may be the major target and antagonistic modules responsible for the protein-protein interaction between the TRAF3 and SVCV-M proteins. These findings highlighted the intervention of SVCV-M in host innate immunity, thereby providing new insights into the extensive participation of viral matrix proteins in multiple biological activities. IMPORTANCE The matrix protein of SVCV (SVCV-M) is an indispensable structural element for nucleocapsid condensation and virion formation during viral morphogenesis, and it connects the core nucleocapsid particle to the outer membrane within the mature virus. Previous studies have emphasized the architectural role of SVCV-M in viral construction; however, the potential nonstructural functions of SVCV-M in viral replication and virus-host interactions remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified the inhibitory role of the SVCV-M protein in host IFN production by competitively recruiting TRAF3 from the MAVS signaling complex and impairing TRAF3 activation via inhibition of K63-linked polyubiquitination. This finding provided new insights into the regulatory role of SVCV-M in host innate immunity, which highlighted the broader functionality of rhabdovirus matrix protein apart from being a structural protein. This study also revealed a previously unrecognized mechanism underlying SVCV immune evasion by inhibiting the IFN response by targeting the MAVS/TRAF3 signaling axis.
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8
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Jenni S, Horwitz JA, Bloyet LM, Whelan SPJ, Harrison SC. Visualizing molecular interactions that determine assembly of a bullet-shaped vesicular stomatitis virus particle. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4802. [PMID: 35970826 PMCID: PMC9378655 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a negative-strand RNA virus with a non-segmented genome, closely related to rabies virus. Both have characteristic bullet-like shapes. We report the structure of intact, infectious VSV particles determined by cryogenic electron microscopy. By compensating for polymorphism among viral particles with computational classification, we obtained a reconstruction of the shaft ("trunk") at 3.5 Å resolution, with lower resolution for the rounded tip. The ribonucleoprotein (RNP), genomic RNA complexed with nucleoprotein (N), curls into a dome-like structure with about eight gradually expanding turns before transitioning into the regular helical trunk. Two layers of matrix (M) protein link the RNP with the membrane. Radial inter-layer subunit contacts are fixed within single RNA-N-M1-M2 modules, but flexible lateral and axial interactions allow assembly of polymorphic virions. Together with published structures of recombinant N in various states, our results suggest a mechanism for membrane-coupled self-assembly of VSV and its relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jenni
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Joshua A Horwitz
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology and Virology Group, PureTech Health LLC, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Louis-Marie Bloyet
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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9
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Faye M, Faye O, Paola ND, Ndione MHD, Diagne MM, Diagne CT, Bob NS, Fall G, Heraud J, Sall AA, Faye O. Rabies surveillance in Senegal 2001 to 2015 uncovers first infection of a honey‐badger. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1350-e1364. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Faye
- Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36 Avenue Pasteur Dakar 220 Senegal
| | - Oumar Faye
- Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36 Avenue Pasteur Dakar 220 Senegal
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- Center for Genome Sciences United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick Frederick Maryland 21702 USA
| | | | - Moussa Moise Diagne
- Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36 Avenue Pasteur Dakar 220 Senegal
| | | | - Ndeye Sakha Bob
- Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36 Avenue Pasteur Dakar 220 Senegal
| | - Gamou Fall
- Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36 Avenue Pasteur Dakar 220 Senegal
| | - Jean‐Michel Heraud
- Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36 Avenue Pasteur Dakar 220 Senegal
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36 Avenue Pasteur Dakar 220 Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36 Avenue Pasteur Dakar 220 Senegal
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10
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Abstract
Viruses have evolved precise mechanisms for using the cellular physiological pathways for their perpetuation. These virus-driven biochemical events must be separated in space and time from those of the host cell. In recent years, granular structures, known for over a century for rabies virus, were shown to host viral gene function and were named using terms such as viroplasms, replication sites, inclusion bodies, or viral factories (VFs). More recently, these VFs were shown to be liquid-like, sharing properties with membrane-less organelles driven by liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) in a process widely referred to as biomolecular condensation. Some of the best described examples of these structures come from negative stranded RNA viruses, where micrometer size VFs are formed toward the end of the infectious cycle. We here discuss some basic principles of LLPS in connection with several examples of VFs and propose a view, which integrates viral replication mechanisms with the biochemistry underlying liquid-like organelles. In this view, viral protein and RNA components gradually accumulate up to a critical point during infection where phase separation is triggered. This yields an increase in transcription that leads in turn to increased translation and a consequent growth of initially formed condensates. According to chemical principles behind phase separation, an increase in the concentration of components increases the size of the condensate. A positive feedback cycle would thus generate in which crucial components, in particular nucleoproteins and viral polymerases, reach their highest levels required for genome replication. Progress in understanding viral biomolecular condensation leads to exploration of novel therapeutics. Furthermore, it provides insights into the fundamentals of phase separation in the regulation of cellular gene function given that virus replication and transcription, in particular those requiring host polymerases, are governed by the same biochemical principles.
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11
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Glycoproteins of Predicted Amphibian and Reptile Lyssaviruses Can Mediate Infection of Mammalian and Reptile Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091726. [PMID: 34578307 PMCID: PMC8473393 DOI: 10.3390/v13091726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyssaviruses are neurotropic rhabdoviruses thought to be restricted to mammalian hosts, and to originate from bats. The identification of lyssavirus sequences from amphibians and reptiles by metatranscriptomics thus comes as a surprise and challenges the mammalian origin of lyssaviruses. The novel sequences of the proposed American tree frog lyssavirus (ATFLV) and anole lizard lyssavirus (ALLV) reveal substantial phylogenetic distances from each other and from bat lyssaviruses, with ATFLV being the most distant. As virus isolation has not been successful yet, we have here studied the functionality of the authentic ATFLV- and ALLV-encoded glycoproteins in the context of rabies virus pseudotype particles. Cryogenic electron microscopy uncovered the incorporation of the plasmid-encoded G proteins in viral envelopes. Infection experiments revealed the infectivity of ATFLV and ALLV G-coated RABV pp for a broad spectrum of cell lines from humans, bats, and reptiles, demonstrating membrane fusion activities. As presumed, ATFLV and ALLV G RABV pp escaped neutralization by human rabies immune sera. The present findings support the existence of contagious lyssaviruses in poikilothermic animals, and reveal a broad cell tropism in vitro, similar to that of the rabies virus.
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12
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Liu G, Cao W, Salawudeen A, Zhu W, Emeterio K, Safronetz D, Banadyga L. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: From Agricultural Pathogen to Vaccine Vector. Pathogens 2021; 10:1092. [PMID: 34578125 PMCID: PMC8470541 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which belongs to the Vesiculovirus genus of the family Rhabdoviridae, is a well studied livestock pathogen and prototypic non-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus. Although VSV is responsible for causing economically significant outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis in cattle, horses, and swine, the virus also represents a valuable research tool for molecular biologists and virologists. Indeed, the establishment of a reverse genetics system for the recovery of infectious VSV from cDNA transformed the utility of this virus and paved the way for its use as a vaccine vector. A highly effective VSV-based vaccine against Ebola virus recently received clinical approval, and many other VSV-based vaccines have been developed, particularly for high-consequence viruses. This review seeks to provide a holistic but concise overview of VSV, covering the virus's ascension from perennial agricultural scourge to promising medical countermeasure, with a particular focus on vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Wenguang Cao
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Abdjeleel Salawudeen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Karla Emeterio
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
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Bernacchi S. Special Issue "Function and Structure of Viral Ribonucleoproteins Complexes". Viruses 2020; 12:v12121355. [PMID: 33256140 PMCID: PMC7760632 DOI: 10.3390/v12121355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bernacchi
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN-CNRS UPR 9002, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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