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Cui J, Li X, Kang Y, Li P, Guo X, Zhao W, Yang L, Yang Q, Li R, Liu X, Sun Z. Integrating network pharmacology with pharmacological research to elucidate the mechanism of modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction in treating porcine epidemic diarrhea. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18929. [PMID: 39147857 PMCID: PMC11327325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) poses a significant threat to neonatal piglets, particularly due to the limited efficacy of existing vaccines and the scarcity of efficacious therapeutic drugs. Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD) has been employed for over two millennia in treating infectious diarrhea. Nonetheless, further scrutiny is required to improve the drug's efficacy and elucidate its underlying mechanisms of action. In this study, a modified GQD (MGQD) was developed and demonstrated its capacity to inhibit the replication of PEDV. Animal trials indicated that MGQD effectively alleviated pathological damage in immune tissues and modulated T-lymphocyte subsets. The integration of network analysis with UHPLC-MS/MS facilitated the identification of active ingredients within MGQD and elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects against PEDV infections. In vitro studies revealed that MGQD significantly impeded PEDV proliferation in IPEC-J2 cells, promoting cellular growth via virucidal activity, inhibition of viral attachment, and disruption of viral biosynthesis. Furthermore, MGQD treatment led to increased expression levels of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-λ3, while concurrently decreasing the expression of TNF-α, thereby enhancing resistance to PEDV infection in IPEC-J2 cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest that MGQD holds promise as a novel antiviral agent for the treatment of PEDV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Mingxian South Road 1, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
- School of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xuehua Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Xinxiang University, Jinsui Road 191, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yu Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Mingxian South Road 1, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Xinxiang University, Jinsui Road 191, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xinling Guo
- School of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Qinxin Yang
- School of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Ru Li
- School of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xingyou Liu
- School of Biological Engineering, Xinxiang University, Jinsui Road 191, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Zilong Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Mingxian South Road 1, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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Yuan C, Lin Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Yuan H, Li T, Song Q. Effects of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection on CD21 + B cells activation. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110087. [PMID: 38663176 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a devastating pathogen of acute- gastrointestinal infectious diseases, which can cause vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration and high morbidity and mortality among neonatal piglets. Humoral immunity plays a vital role in the host anti-PEDV infection process, but the mechanism of PEDV-induced B-cell immune response remains unknown. In this study, the effects of PEDV infection on CD21+ B cell activation were systematically analyzed through animal experiments. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) revealed that low levels of serum-specific IgA, IgM, or IgG were detected in piglets after PEDV infection, respectively. Serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels increased significantly at 4 d after infection, and the levels of IL-4, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), interferon (IFN)-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and IL-10 decreased at 7 d after infection. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) showed that expression levels of CD21, MHC Ⅱ, CD40, and CD38 on B cell surfaces were significantly higher. In contrast, the proportions of CD21+IgM+ B cells were decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the infected piglets. No differences were found in the percentage of CD21+CD80+ and CD21+CD27+ B cells in PBMCs from the infected piglets. In addition, the number of CD21+B cells in PBMCs stimulated with PEDV in vitro was significantly lower. No significant change in the mRNA expression of BCR molecules was found while the expression levels of paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PIR-B), B cell adaptor molecule of 32 kDa (Bam32) and BAFF were decreased. In conclusion, our research demonstrates that virulent strains of PEDV profoundly impact B cell activation, leading to alterations in phenotypic expression and BCR signaling molecules. Furthermore, this dysregulation results in compromised specific antibody secretion and perturbed cytokine production, highlighting the intricate immunological dysfunctions induced by PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yidan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Hongxing Yuan
- Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Guantao County, Handan, Hebei Province 057750, China
| | - Tanqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Qinye Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China.
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Yuan C, Zhao X, Feng Y, Chen L, Lin Y, Li T, Song Q. Comparison of B cells' immune response induced by PEDV virulent and attenuated strains. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1344344. [PMID: 38585694 PMCID: PMC10995339 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1344344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an acute, highly contagious enterovirus that infects pigs of all ages. The B cells are important for antigen presentation, antibody production, and cytokine secretion to resist infection. However, the role of B cells in PEDV infection remains unclear. In this study, the effects of PEDV virulent (QY2016) and attenuated strains (CV777) on B cells sorted from neonatal piglets, nursery piglets, and gilts were investigated. The results showed that PEDV-QY2016 and PEDV-CV777 could significantly increase the expression of CD54 and CD27 in B cells from neonatal piglets. The percentages of CD80, MHC II, and IgM expressed on neonatal piglet B cells infected with PEDV-QY2016 were significantly lower than those expressed on the B cells infected with PEDV-CV777. Both PEDV-QY2016 and PEDV-CV777 could stimulate IFN-α and GM-CSF secretions in neonatal piglet B cells; IL-1, IFN-α, and IL-4 secretion in nursery piglet B cells; and IL-1, TGF-β secretion, and GM-CSF in gilt B cells. Furthermore, both PEDV-QY2016 and PEDV-CV777 could induce the secretion of IgA, IgM, and IgG in nursery piglet B cells but could not induce the secretion of IgA, IgM, and IgG in neonatal piglet B cells. The secretion of IgA, IgM, and IgG was significantly higher by the PEDV-CV777 strains infected B cells than those by the PEDV-QY2016 strains infected gilt B cells. In conclusion, the surface molecule expression, cytokine secretion, and antibody production of B cells induced by PEDV are closely related to the ages of pigs and the virulence of the PEDV strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Yawen Feng
- Hebei Provincial Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ligong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Yidan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Tanqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Qinye Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
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Yu H, Chen G, Zhang T, Huang X, Lu Y, Li M, Li S, Wang C, Li B, Zhang Y, Liu G, Fu Y. PEDV promotes the differentiation of CD4 +T cells towards Th1, Tfh, and Treg cells via CD103 +DCs. Virology 2023; 587:109880. [PMID: 37696054 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) can infect all ages of pigs, particularly newborn piglets with a mortality almost reaching to 80-100%, causing significant economic losses to the global pig industry. The mucosal immune response is crucial for PEDV prevention, in which specific dendritic cells (DCs) and differentiated T cells play vital roles. In this study, CD103+DCs were differentiated successfully with retinoic acid (RA) treatment in vitro. PEDV could not replicate efficiently in differentiated CD103+DCs but could promote maturation of CD103+DCs by up-regulating the expression of SLA-DR, CD1a, CD86, and cytokines of IL-1β and IL-10. In addition, PEDV-infected CD103+DCs and CD4+T cells were co-cultured, and the results showed that the differentiation of CD4+T cells toward Th1, Tfh, and Treg, but not Th2. These results demonstrate that PEDV-infected CD103+DCs could promote the differentiation of CD4+T cells, which provided the basis for further study of mucosal response induced by PEDV via CD103+DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Guohui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - YaBin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Maolin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shuxian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Caiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Baoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yunhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuguang Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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CCR4-NOT Complex 2—A Cofactor in Host Cell for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091504. [PMID: 36140672 PMCID: PMC9498821 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has catastrophic impacts on the global pig industry. However, there is no consensus on the primary receptor associated with the PEDV invasion of host cells. An increasing number of studies have reported that PEDV invading host cells may require collaboration between multiple receptors and to better understand the virus-host interaction during PEDV entry, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays are performed to investigate relevant host factors interacting with PEDV spike-1 protein (S1) in Vero and IPEC-J2 cell membranes. Subsequently, the rabbit anti-PEDV S1 polyclonal antibody is used as bait to recognize the complexes of IPEC-J2 membrane proteins with or without PEDV infection, followed by detection using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Our results show that 13 and 10 proteins interacting between the S1 protein and plasma membrane protein of Vero or IPEC-J2 can be identified. More specifically, a total of 11 differentially expressed interacting proteins were identified in IPEC-J2 membrane proteins after PEDV infection, compared to the uninfected group. Furthermore, we found that the differentially interacting protein CCR4-NOT complex 2 (CNOT2), identified in PEDV S1 with plasma membrane proteins of Vero cells, is involved in viral infection. The results show that the knockout of CNOT2 significantly inhibits PEDV replication in vitro. These data provide novel insights into the entry mechanism of PEDV.
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