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Hamlin RE, Blish CA. Challenges and opportunities in long COVID research. Immunity 2024; 57:1195-1214. [PMID: 38865966 PMCID: PMC11210969 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Long COVID (LC) is a condition in which patients do not fully recover from the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection but rather have persistent or new symptoms for months to years following the infection. Ongoing research efforts are investigating the pathophysiologic mechanisms of LC and exploring preventative and therapeutic treatment approaches for patients. As a burgeoning area of investigation, LC research can be structured to be more inclusive, innovative, and effective. In this perspective, we highlight opportunities for patient engagement and diverse research expertise, as well as the challenges of developing definitions and reproducible studies. Our intention is to provide a foundation for collaboration and progress in understanding the biomarkers and mechanisms driving LC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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Miller MR, Braun E, Ip HS, Tyson GH. Domestic and wild animal samples and diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-11. [PMID: 37779468 PMCID: PMC10614713 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2263864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
From the first cases in 2019, COVID-19 infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have resulted in over 6 million human deaths in a worldwide pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is commonly spread from human to human through close contact and is capable of infecting both humans and animals. Worldwide, there have been over 675 animal outbreaks reported that resulted in over 2000 animal infections including domestic and wild animals. As the role of animal infections in the transmission, pathogenesis, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is still unfolding, accurate and reliable animal diagnostic tests are critical to aid in managing both human and animal health. This review highlights key animal samples and the three main diagnostic approaches used for animal testing: PCR, serology, and Next Generation Sequencing. Diagnostic results help inform (often difficult) clinical decision-making, but also possible ways to mitigate spread among pets, food supplies, or wildlife. A One Health approach has been key to monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, as consistent human-animal interactions can lead to novel variants. Having multiple animal diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 available is critical to ensure human, animal, and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Miller
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Elias Braun
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hon S. Ip
- National Wildlife Health Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gregory H. Tyson
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
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3
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Usai C, Mateu L, Brander C, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J. Animal models to study the neurological manifestations of the post-COVID-19 condition. Lab Anim (NY) 2023; 52:202-210. [PMID: 37620562 PMCID: PMC10462483 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-023-01231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
More than 40% of individuals infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have experienced persistent or relapsing multi-systemic symptoms months after the onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) has debilitating effects on the daily life of patients and encompasses a broad spectrum of neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms including olfactory and gustative impairment, difficulty with concentration and short-term memory, sleep disorders and depression. Animal models have been instrumental to understand acute COVID-19 and validate prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Similarly, studies post-viral clearance in hamsters, mice and nonhuman primates inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 have been useful to unveil some of the aspects of PCC. Transcriptomic alterations in the central nervous system, persistent activation of immune cells and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis seem to have a critical role in the neurological manifestations observed in animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, the proinflammatory transcriptomic profile observed in the central nervous system of SARS-CoV-2-inoculated mice partially overlaps with the pathological changes that affect microglia in humans during Alzheimer's disease and aging, suggesting shared mechanisms between these conditions. None of the currently available animal models fully replicates PCC in humans; therefore, multiple models, together with the fine-tuning of experimental conditions, will probably be needed to understand the mechanisms of PCC neurological symptoms. Moreover, given that the intrinsic characteristics of the new variants of concern and the immunological status of individuals might influence PCC manifestations, more studies are needed to explore the role of these factors and their combinations in PCC, adding further complexity to the design of experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Usai
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateu
- Infectious Disease Service, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute and Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.
- Department de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
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4
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Nieuwland JM, Nutma E, Philippens IHCHM, Böszörményi KP, Remarque EJ, Bakker J, Meijer L, Woerdman N, Fagrouch ZC, Verstrepen BE, Langermans JAM, Verschoor EJ, Windhorst AD, Bontrop RE, de Vries HE, Stammes MA, Middeldorp J. Longitudinal positron emission tomography and postmortem analysis reveals widespread neuroinflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infected rhesus macaques. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:179. [PMID: 37516868 PMCID: PMC10387202 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients initially develop respiratory symptoms, but they may also suffer from neurological symptoms. People with long-lasting effects after acute infections with severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), i.e., post-COVID syndrome or long COVID, may experience a variety of neurological manifestations. Although we do not fully understand how SARS-CoV-2 affects the brain, neuroinflammation likely plays a role. METHODS To investigate neuroinflammatory processes longitudinally after SARS-CoV-2 infection, four experimentally SARS-CoV-2 infected rhesus macaques were monitored for 7 weeks with 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]DPA714, together with computed tomography (CT). The baseline scan was compared to weekly PET-CTs obtained post-infection (pi). Brain tissue was collected following euthanasia (50 days pi) to correlate the PET signal with TSPO expression, and glial and endothelial cell markers. Expression of these markers was compared to brain tissue from uninfected animals of comparable age, allowing the examination of the contribution of these cells to the neuroinflammatory response following SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS TSPO PET revealed an increased tracer uptake throughout the brain of all infected animals already from the first scan obtained post-infection (day 2), which increased to approximately twofold until day 30 pi. Postmortem immunohistochemical analysis of the hippocampus and pons showed TSPO expression in cells expressing ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and collagen IV. In the hippocampus of SARS-CoV-2 infected animals the TSPO+ area and number of TSPO+ cells were significantly increased compared to control animals. This increase was not cell type specific, since both the number of IBA1+TSPO+ and GFAP+TSPO+ cells was increased, as well as the TSPO+ area within collagen IV+ blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS This study manifests [18F]DPA714 as a powerful radiotracer to visualize SARS-CoV-2 induced neuroinflammation. The increased uptake of [18F]DPA714 over time implies an active neuroinflammatory response following SARS-CoV-2 infection. This inflammatory signal coincides with an increased number of TSPO expressing cells, including glial and endothelial cells, suggesting neuroinflammation and vascular dysregulation. These results demonstrate the long-term neuroinflammatory response following a mild SARS-CoV-2 infection, which potentially precedes long-lasting neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Nieuwland
- Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Nutma
- Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid H C H M Philippens
- Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Kinga P Böszörményi
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Edmond J Remarque
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Meijer
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Noor Woerdman
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Zahra C Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Babs E Verstrepen
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Langermans
- Department of Animal Sciences, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Department Population Health Sciences, Unit Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam (TCA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald E Bontrop
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke A Stammes
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Tang MHE, Ng KL, Edslev SM, Ellegaard K, Stegger M, Alexandersen S. Comparative subgenomic mRNA profiles of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Delta and Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 sub-lineages using Danish COVID-19 genomic surveillance data. EBioMedicine 2023; 93:104669. [PMID: 37348163 PMCID: PMC10281627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread worldwide in the population since it was first detected in late 2019. The transcription and replication of coronaviruses, although not fully understood, is characterised by the production of genomic length RNA and shorter subgenomic RNAs to make viral proteins and ultimately progeny virions. Observed levels of subgenomic RNAs differ between sub-lineages and open reading frames but their biological significance is presently unclear. METHODS Using a large and diverse panel of virus sequencing data produced as part of the Danish COVID-19 routine surveillance together with information in electronic health registries, we assessed the association of subgenomic RNA levels with demographic and clinical variables of the infected individuals. FINDINGS Our findings suggest no significant statistical relationship between levels of subgenomic RNAs and host-related factors. INTERPRETATION Differences between lineages and subgenomic ORFs may be related to differences in target cell tropism, early virus replication/transcription kinetics or sequence features. FUNDING The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Hung Eric Tang
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Lee Ng
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie Marie Edslev
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Ellegaard
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Soren Alexandersen
- Division of Diagnostic Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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6
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Islam MS, Wang Z, Abdel-Mohsen M, Chen X, Montaner LJ. Tissue injury and leukocyte changes in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: review of 2833 post-acute patient outcomes per immune dysregulation and microbial translocation in long COVID. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:236-254. [PMID: 36807444 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant number of persons with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) experience persistent, recurrent, or new symptoms several months after the acute stage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This phenomenon, termed post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) or long COVID, is associated with high viral titers during acute infection, a persistently hyperactivated immune system, tissue injury by NETosis-induced micro-thrombofibrosis (NETinjury), microbial translocation, complement deposition, fibrotic macrophages, the presence of autoantibodies, and lymphopenic immune environments. Here, we review the current literature on the immunological imbalances that occur during PASC. Specifically, we focus on data supporting common immunopathogenesis and tissue injury mechanisms shared across this highly heterogenous disorder, including NETosis, coagulopathy, and fibrosis. Mechanisms include changes in leukocyte subsets/functions, fibroblast activation, cytokine imbalances, lower cortisol, autoantibodies, co-pathogen reactivation, and residual immune activation driven by persistent viral antigens and/or microbial translocation. Taken together, we develop the premise that SARS-CoV-2 infection results in PASC as a consequence of acute and/or persistent single or multiple organ injury mediated by PASC determinants to include the degree of host responses (inflammation, NETinjury), residual viral antigen (persistent antigen), and exogenous factors (microbial translocation). Determinants of PASC may be amplified by comorbidities, age, and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahidul Islam
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa 999078, University of Macau, Macau S.A.R., China
| | - Zhaoxiong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa 999078, University of Macau, Macau S.A.R., China
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa 999078, University of Macau, Macau S.A.R., China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa 999078, Macau S.A.R., China.,MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa 999078, Macau S.A.R., China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Research Building N22, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa 999078, Macau S.A.R., China
| | - Luis J Montaner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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7
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Topographical Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey ( Macaca mulatta)-Part I: Thoracic Limb. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020164. [PMID: 36851468 PMCID: PMC9963418 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) is genetically closely related to man, it is generally accepted that its anatomy and physiology are largely similar to that of humans. Consequently, this non-human primate is most commonly used as a model in biomedical research. Not only the validation of the obtained research data, but also the welfare of the captive rhesus monkeys are subject to thorough anatomical knowledge of this species. Unfortunately, anatomical literature on the rhesus monkey is scarce, outdated, and hardly available at present. Furthermore, its anatomy is only illustrated by means of line drawings or black-and-white photographs. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy of the thoracic limb of the rhesus monkey topographically, studying the various anatomical structures in relation to each other. In this manuscript, the anatomy of the thoracic limb is described per region. The structures that are visible on the different layers, from the superficial to the deepest layer, are described both in text and in numerous color images. As expected, the anatomy of the rhesus monkey is almost identical to human anatomy. However, some striking differences have been identified. This supports the necessity for an extensive publication on the anatomy of the rhesus monkey.
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Dumenil T, Le TT, Rawle DJ, Yan K, Tang B, Nguyen W, Bishop C, Suhrbier A. Warmer ambient air temperatures reduce nasal turbinate and brain infection, but increase lung inflammation in the K18-hACE2 mouse model of COVID-19. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160163. [PMID: 36395835 PMCID: PMC9659553 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Warmer climatic conditions have been associated with fewer COVID-19 cases. Herein we infected K18-hACE2 mice housed at the standard animal house temperature of ∼22 °C, or at ∼31 °C, which is considered to be thermoneutral for mice. On day 2 post infection, RNA-Seq analyses showed no significant differential gene expression lung in lungs of mice housed at the two temperatures, with almost identical viral loads and type I interferon responses. There was also no significant difference in viral loads in lungs on day 5, but RNA-Seq and histology analyses showed clearly elevated inflammatory signatures and infiltrates. Thermoneutrality thus promoted lung inflammation. On day 2 post infection mice housed at 31 °C showed reduced viral loads in nasal turbinates, consistent with increased mucociliary clearance at the warmer ambient temperature. These mice also had reduced virus levels in the brain, and an ensuing amelioration of weight loss and a delay in mortality. Warmer air temperatures may thus reduce infection of the upper respiratory track and the olfactory epithelium, resulting in reduced brain infection. Potential relevance for anosmia and neurological sequelae in COVID-19 patients is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Dumenil
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Thuy T Le
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Daniel J Rawle
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Kexin Yan
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Bing Tang
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Wilson Nguyen
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Cameron Bishop
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia; Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, 4072, Australia.
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9
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Dillard JA, Martinez SA, Dearing JJ, Montgomery SA, Baxter AK. Animal Models for the Study of SARS-CoV-2-Induced Respiratory Disease and Pathology. Comp Med 2023; 73:72-90. [PMID: 36229170 PMCID: PMC9948904 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a historic pandemic, with millions of deaths worldwide. An unprecedented effort has been made by the medical, scientific, and public health communities to rapidly develop and implement vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and reduce hospitalizations and deaths. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to disease in many organ systems, the respiratory system is its main target, with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome as the hallmark features of severe disease. The large number of patients who have contracted COVID-19 infections since 2019 has permitted a detailed characterization of the clinical and pathologic features of the disease in humans. However, continued progress in the development of effective preventatives and therapies requires a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of infection. Studies using animal models are necessary to complement in vitro findings and human clinical data. Multiple animal species have been evaluated as potential models for studying the respiratory disease caused by SARSCoV-2 infection. Knowing the similarities and differences between animal and human responses to infection is critical for effective translation of animal data into human medicine. This review provides a detailed summary of the respiratory disease and associated pathology induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and compares them with the disease that develops in 3 commonly used models: NHP, hamsters, and mice. The effective use of animals to study SARS-CoV-2-induced respiratory disease will enhance our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, allow the development of novel preventatives and therapeutics, and aid in the preparation for the next emerging virus with pandemic potential.
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Key Words
- ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- agm, african green monkey
- ali, acute lung injury
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- balf, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- cards, covid-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome
- dad, diffuse alveolar damage
- dpi, days postinfection
- ggo, ground glass opacities
- s, spike glycoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Dillard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sabian A Martinez
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Justin J Dearing
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Office of Graduate Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andvictoria K Baxter
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;,
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10
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Gabrielson K, Myers S, Yi J, Gabrielson E, Jimenez IA. Comparison of Cardiovascular Pathology In Animal Models of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Recommendations Regarding Standardization of Research Methods. Comp Med 2023; 73:58-71. [PMID: 36731878 PMCID: PMC9948900 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as the viral pathogen that led to the global COVID-19 pandemic that began in late 2019. Because SARS-CoV-2 primarily causes a respiratory disease, much research conducted to date has focused on the respiratory system. However, SARS-CoV-2 infection also affects other organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. In this critical analysis of published data, we evaluate the evidence of cardiovascular pathology in human patients and animals. Overall, we find that the presence or absence of cardiovascular pathology is reported infrequently in both human autopsy studies and animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, in those studies that have reported cardiovascular pathology, we identified issues in their design and execution that reduce confidence in the conclusions regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection as a cause of significant cardiovascular pathology. Throughout this overview, we expand on these limitations and provide recommendations to ensure a high level of scientific rigor and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephanie Myers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas; and
| | - Jena Yi
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Isabel A Jimenez
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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11
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Nawaz M, Ashraf MA, Ali MA, Shabbir MZ, Shabbir MAB, Altaf I, Raza S, Rafique S, Hassan S, Sardar N, Mehmood A, Aziz MW, Fazal S, Khan MT, Atique HMM, Asif A, Ullah Z, Iqbal M, Imtiaz T, Anwar M, Mukhtar N, Yaqub T. Renessans Helps in Early Clearance of SARS-CoV-2: In-Vivo Activity of the Iodine Complex in Rhesus macaque. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1424. [PMID: 36143459 PMCID: PMC9571793 DOI: 10.3390/life12091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Iodine complexes have known antimicrobial properties along with reported in-vitro antiviral activity for several viruses. Renessans is one such product with iodine complexes and ascorbic acid. The present study was designed to determine its efficacy for SARS-CoV-2 in Rhesus macaque. Rhesus macaque were assigned to: A) prophylactic group (n = 3), (B) treatment group (n = 3), (C) infection control group (n = 4), and (D) negative control group (n = 4). Groups A, B, and C were challenged with 2 × 106 TCID of SARS-CoV-2. The prophylactic group (A) was administered Renessans from 5 days before infection till 8 days postinfection (DPI). The treatment group (B) was administered Renessans from 3 till 8 DPI. Group C was administered water-insoluble fractions only. Nasal swabs from all monkeys of groups A, B, and C remained positive for SARS-CoV-2 till 2 and 7 DPI, while the swabs became negative for groups A and B at 14 DPI. Likewise, fecal matter of monkeys in group A returned negative results during the experiment, while that of group B had significantly decreased viral load (101.5 genome copies/mL) compared to group C (103 genome copies/mL). Hence, it is concluded that Renessans has in-vivo SARS-CoV-2 activity and may result in early clearance of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nawaz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Ashraf
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asad Ali
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Imran Altaf
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Raza
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Saira Rafique
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Hassan
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Nageen Sardar
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Mehmood
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar Aziz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sehar Fazal
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir Khan
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Ali Asif
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ullah
- Pet Centre, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Iqbal
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Talha Imtiaz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Anwar
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Mukhtar
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Yaqub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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12
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Jansen EB, Orvold SN, Swan CL, Yourkowski A, Thivierge BM, Francis ME, Ge A, Rioux M, Darbellay J, Howland JG, Kelvin AA. After the virus has cleared-Can preclinical models be employed for Long COVID research? PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010741. [PMID: 36070309 PMCID: PMC9451097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can cause the life-threatening acute respiratory disease called COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) as well as debilitating multiorgan dysfunction that persists after the initial viral phase has resolved. Long COVID or Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is manifested by a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, dyspnea, arthralgia, myalgia, heart palpitations, and memory issues sometimes affecting between 30% and 75% of recovering COVID-19 patients. However, little is known about the mechanisms causing Long COVID and there are no widely accepted treatments or therapeutics. After introducing the clinical aspects of acute COVID-19 and Long COVID in humans, we summarize the work in animals (mice, Syrian hamsters, ferrets, and nonhuman primates (NHPs)) to model human COVID-19. The virology, pathology, immune responses, and multiorgan involvement are explored. Additionally, any studies investigating time points longer than 14 days post infection (pi) are highlighted for insight into possible long-term disease characteristics. Finally, we discuss how the models can be leveraged for treatment evaluation, including pharmacological agents that are currently in human clinical trials for treating Long COVID. The establishment of a recognized Long COVID preclinical model representing the human condition would allow the identification of mechanisms causing disease as well as serve as a vehicle for evaluating potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan B. Jansen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Spencer N. Orvold
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Cynthia L. Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anthony Yourkowski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Brittany M. Thivierge
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Magen E. Francis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anni Ge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Melissa Rioux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Joseph Darbellay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John G. Howland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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13
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de Groot NG, de Groot N, de Vos-Rouweler AJM, Louwerse A, Bruijnesteijn J, Bontrop RE. Dynamic evolution of Mhc haplotypes in cynomolgus macaques of different geographic origins. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:409-429. [PMID: 35084546 PMCID: PMC8792142 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a key role in immune defense, and the Mhc genes of cynomolgus macaque display a high degree of polymorphism. Based on their geographic distribution, different populations of cynomolgus macaques are recognized. Here we present the characterization of the Mhc class I and II repertoire of a large pedigreed group of cynomolgus macaques originating from the mainland north of the isthmus of Kra (N = 42). Segregation analyses resulted in the definition of 81 unreported Mafa-A/B/DRB/DQ/DP haplotypes, which include 32 previously unknown DRB regions. In addition, we report 13 newly defined Mafa-A/B/DRB/DQ/DP haplotypes in a group of cynomolgus macaques originating from the mainland south of the isthmus of Kra/Maritime Southeast Asia (N = 16). A relatively high level of sharing of Mafa-A (51%) and Mafa-B (40%) lineage groups is observed between the populations native to the north and the south of isthmus of Kra. At the allelic level, however, the Mafa-A/B haplotypes seem to be characteristic of a population. An overall comparison of all currently known data revealed that each geographic population has its own specific combinations of Mhc class I and II haplotypes. This illustrates the dynamic evolution of the cynomolgus macaque Mhc region, which was most likely generated by recombination and maintained by selection due to the differential pathogenic pressures encountered in different geographic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja G de Groot
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Nanine de Groot
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Annet Louwerse
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse Bruijnesteijn
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald E Bontrop
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Fears AC, Beddingfield BJ, Chirichella NR, Slisarenko N, Killeen SZ, Redmann RK, Goff K, Spencer S, Picou B, Golden N, Midkiff CC, Bush DJ, Branco LM, Boisen ML, Gao H, Montefiori DC, Blair RV, Doyle-Meyers LA, Russell-Lodrigue K, Maness NJ, Roy CJ. Exposure modality influences viral kinetics but not respiratory outcome of COVID-19 in multiple nonhuman primate species. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010618. [PMID: 35789343 PMCID: PMC9286241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019, rapidly reached pandemic status, and has maintained global ubiquity through the emergence of variants of concern. Efforts to develop animal models have mostly fallen short of recapitulating severe disease, diminishing their utility for research focusing on severe disease pathogenesis and life-saving medical countermeasures. We tested whether route of experimental infection substantially changes COVID-19 disease characteristics in two species of nonhuman primates (Macaca mulatta; rhesus macaques; RM, Chlorocebus atheiops; African green monkeys; AGM). Species-specific cohorts were experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2 by either direct mucosal (intratracheal + intranasal) instillation or small particle aerosol in route-discrete subcohorts. Both species demonstrated analogous viral loads in all compartments by either exposure route although the magnitude and duration of viral loading was marginally greater in AGMs than RMs. Clinical onset was nearly immediate (+1dpi) in the mucosal exposure cohort whereas clinical signs and cytokine responses in aerosol exposure animals began +7dpi. Pathologies conserved in both species and both exposure modalities include pulmonary myeloid cell influx, development of pleuritis, and extended lack of regenerative capacity in the pulmonary compartment. Demonstration of conserved pulmonary pathology regardless of species and exposure route expands our understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to ARDS and/or functional lung damage and demonstrates the near clinical response of the nonhuman primate model for anti-fibrotic therapeutic evaluation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C. Fears
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Biomedical Science Training Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Nicole R. Chirichella
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nadia Slisarenko
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Z. Killeen
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rachel K. Redmann
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kelly Goff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Skye Spencer
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Breanna Picou
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nadia Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Cecily C. Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Duane J. Bush
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luis M. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Hongmei Gao
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert V. Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lara A. Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kasi Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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15
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Tiwari S, Goel G, Kumar A. Natural and genetically-modified animal models to investigate pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 43:13-32. [PMID: 35757923 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2089666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), a pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a primarily respiratory tract disease. Suitable animal models for COVID-19 are required to study various aspects of pathogenesis, drug discovery, effective and safe vaccine development. Several laboratory animals including, non-human primates, hamsters, ferrets, transgenic mice, and zebrafish, have been used and proven their significance experimentally. Currently available animal models of SARS-CoV-2 can be broadly classified into two categories 1) natural animal models 2) genetically-modified that exhibit different degrees of susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2, tissue damage in respiratory and other organ systems. Not all the available animal models mimic COVID-19-like phenotype completely. Therefore, understanding various aspects of COVID-19 requires different animal models. In this review article, we provide an update on the immune response and clinical manifestations observed in naturally occurring and genetically-modified animals of COVID-19. We then review the transmission, viral replication, lung pathology, immunological aspects, and extrapulmonary phenotypes observed in various animal models. In the end, we put forth our perspective on the anticipated uses, disadvantages, and limitations of each type of animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Garima Goel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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16
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Meijer L, Böszörményi KP, Bakker J, Koopman G, Mooij P, Verel D, Fagrouch Z, Verstrepen BE, Funke U, Mooijer MPJ, Langermans JAM, Verschoor EJ, Windhorst AD, Stammes MA. Novel application of [ 18F]DPA714 for visualizing the pulmonary inflammation process of SARS-CoV-2-infection in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Nucl Med Biol 2022; 112-113:1-8. [PMID: 35660200 PMCID: PMC9148436 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rationale The aim of this study was to investigate the application of [18F]DPA714 to visualize the inflammation process in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus monkeys, focusing on the presence of pulmonary lesions, activation of mediastinal lymph nodes and surrounded lung tissue. Methods Four experimentally SARS-CoV-2 infected rhesus monkeys were followed for seven weeks post infection (pi) with a weekly PET-CT using [18F]DPA714. Two PET images, 10 min each, of a single field-of-view covering the chest area, were obtained 10 and 30 min after injection. To determine the infection process swabs, blood and bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) were obtained. Results All animals were positive for SARS-CoV-2 in both the swabs and BALs on multiple timepoints pi. The initial development of pulmonary lesions was already detected at the first scan, performed 2-days pi. PET revealed an increased tracer uptake in the pulmonary lesions and mediastinal lymph nodes of all animals from the first scan obtained after infection and onwards. However, also an increased uptake was detected in the lung tissue surrounding the lesions, which persisted until day 30 and then subsided by day 37–44 pi. In parallel, a similar pattern of increased expression of activation markers was observed on dendritic cells in blood. Principal conclusions This study illustrates that [18F]DPA714 is a valuable radiotracer to visualize SARS-CoV-2-associated pulmonary inflammation, which coincided with activation of dendritic cells in blood. [18F]DPA714 thus has the potential to be of added value as diagnostic tracer for other viral respiratory infections. [18F]DPA714 PET can visualize alterations in the lungs after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. The PET signal increases in unaffected lung tissue till day 30 post infection. Dendritic cell activation in blood is increased till day 30/37 post infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Meijer
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Jaco Bakker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Petra Mooij
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Verel
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Uta Funke
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam (TCA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martien P J Mooijer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam (TCA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Langermans
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands; Population Health Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Utrect University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam (TCA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Littlefield KM, Watson RO, Schneider JM, Neff CP, Yamada E, Zhang M, Campbell TB, Falta MT, Jolley SE, Fontenot AP, Palmer BE. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associate with inflammation and reduced lung function in pulmonary post-acute sequalae of SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010359. [PMID: 35617421 PMCID: PMC9176759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As of January 2022, at least 60 million individuals are estimated to develop post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While elevated levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells have been observed in non-specific PASC, little is known about their impact on pulmonary function which is compromised in the majority of these individuals. This study compares frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells and inflammatory markers with lung function in participants with pulmonary PASC and resolved COVID-19 (RC). Compared to RC, participants with respiratory PASC had between 6- and 105-fold higher frequencies of IFN-γ- and TNF-α-producing SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood, and elevated levels of plasma CRP and IL-6. Importantly, in PASC participants the frequency of TNF-α-producing SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which exhibited the highest levels of Ki67 indicating they were activity dividing, correlated positively with plasma IL-6 and negatively with measures of lung function, including forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), while increased frequencies of IFN-γ-producing SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associated with prolonged dyspnea. Statistical analyses stratified by age, number of comorbidities and hospitalization status demonstrated that none of these factors affect differences in the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 T cells and plasma IL-6 levels measured between PASC and RC cohorts. Taken together, these findings demonstrate elevated frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in individuals with pulmonary PASC are associated with increased systemic inflammation and decreased lung function, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells contribute to lingering pulmonary symptoms. These findings also provide mechanistic insight on the pathophysiology of PASC that can inform development of potential treatments to reduce symptom burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Littlefield
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Renée O. Watson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Charles P. Neff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eiko Yamada
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Falta
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Jolley
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Fontenot
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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18
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Philippens IHCHM, Böszörményi KP, Wubben JAM, Fagrouch ZC, van Driel N, Mayenburg AQ, Lozovagia D, Roos E, Schurink B, Bugiani M, Bontrop RE, Middeldorp J, Bogers WM, de Geus-Oei LF, Langermans JAM, Verschoor EJ, Stammes MA, Verstrepen BE. Brain Inflammation and Intracellular α-Synuclein Aggregates in Macaques after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:776. [PMID: 35458506 PMCID: PMC9025893 DOI: 10.3390/v14040776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 causes acute respiratory disease, but many patients also experience neurological complications. Neuropathological changes with pronounced neuroinflammation have been described in individuals after lethal COVID-19, as well as in the CSF of hospitalized patients with neurological complications. To assess whether neuropathological changes can occur after a SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to mild-to-moderate disease, we investigated the brains of four rhesus and four cynomolgus macaques after pulmonary disease and without overt clinical symptoms. Postmortem analysis demonstrated the infiltration of T-cells and activated microglia in the parenchyma of all infected animals, even in the absence of viral antigen or RNA. Moreover, intracellular α-synuclein aggregates were found in the brains of both macaque species. The heterogeneity of these manifestations in the brains indicates the virus' neuropathological potential and should be considered a warning for long-term health risks, following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid H. C. H. M. Philippens
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (I.H.C.H.M.P.); (K.P.B.); (J.A.M.W.); (Z.C.F.); (N.v.D.); (A.Q.M.); (D.L.); (R.E.B.); (J.M.); (W.M.B.); (J.A.M.L.); (M.A.S.); (B.E.V.)
| | - Kinga P. Böszörményi
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (I.H.C.H.M.P.); (K.P.B.); (J.A.M.W.); (Z.C.F.); (N.v.D.); (A.Q.M.); (D.L.); (R.E.B.); (J.M.); (W.M.B.); (J.A.M.L.); (M.A.S.); (B.E.V.)
| | - Jacqueline A. M. Wubben
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (I.H.C.H.M.P.); (K.P.B.); (J.A.M.W.); (Z.C.F.); (N.v.D.); (A.Q.M.); (D.L.); (R.E.B.); (J.M.); (W.M.B.); (J.A.M.L.); (M.A.S.); (B.E.V.)
| | - Zahra C. Fagrouch
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (I.H.C.H.M.P.); (K.P.B.); (J.A.M.W.); (Z.C.F.); (N.v.D.); (A.Q.M.); (D.L.); (R.E.B.); (J.M.); (W.M.B.); (J.A.M.L.); (M.A.S.); (B.E.V.)
| | - Nikki van Driel
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (I.H.C.H.M.P.); (K.P.B.); (J.A.M.W.); (Z.C.F.); (N.v.D.); (A.Q.M.); (D.L.); (R.E.B.); (J.M.); (W.M.B.); (J.A.M.L.); (M.A.S.); (B.E.V.)
| | - Amber Q. Mayenburg
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (I.H.C.H.M.P.); (K.P.B.); (J.A.M.W.); (Z.C.F.); (N.v.D.); (A.Q.M.); (D.L.); (R.E.B.); (J.M.); (W.M.B.); (J.A.M.L.); (M.A.S.); (B.E.V.)
| | - Diana Lozovagia
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (I.H.C.H.M.P.); (K.P.B.); (J.A.M.W.); (Z.C.F.); (N.v.D.); (A.Q.M.); (D.L.); (R.E.B.); (J.M.); (W.M.B.); (J.A.M.L.); (M.A.S.); (B.E.V.)
| | - Eva Roos
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.R.); (B.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Bernadette Schurink
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.R.); (B.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.R.); (B.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Ronald E. Bontrop
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (I.H.C.H.M.P.); (K.P.B.); (J.A.M.W.); (Z.C.F.); (N.v.D.); (A.Q.M.); (D.L.); (R.E.B.); (J.M.); (W.M.B.); (J.A.M.L.); (M.A.S.); (B.E.V.)
- Department of Biology, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (I.H.C.H.M.P.); (K.P.B.); (J.A.M.W.); (Z.C.F.); (N.v.D.); (A.Q.M.); (D.L.); (R.E.B.); (J.M.); (W.M.B.); (J.A.M.L.); (M.A.S.); (B.E.V.)
| | - Willy M. Bogers
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (I.H.C.H.M.P.); (K.P.B.); (J.A.M.W.); (Z.C.F.); (N.v.D.); (A.Q.M.); (D.L.); (R.E.B.); (J.M.); (W.M.B.); (J.A.M.L.); (M.A.S.); (B.E.V.)
| | - Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, 7522 ND Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. M. Langermans
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (I.H.C.H.M.P.); (K.P.B.); (J.A.M.W.); (Z.C.F.); (N.v.D.); (A.Q.M.); (D.L.); (R.E.B.); (J.M.); (W.M.B.); (J.A.M.L.); (M.A.S.); (B.E.V.)
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. Verschoor
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (I.H.C.H.M.P.); (K.P.B.); (J.A.M.W.); (Z.C.F.); (N.v.D.); (A.Q.M.); (D.L.); (R.E.B.); (J.M.); (W.M.B.); (J.A.M.L.); (M.A.S.); (B.E.V.)
| | - Marieke A. Stammes
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (I.H.C.H.M.P.); (K.P.B.); (J.A.M.W.); (Z.C.F.); (N.v.D.); (A.Q.M.); (D.L.); (R.E.B.); (J.M.); (W.M.B.); (J.A.M.L.); (M.A.S.); (B.E.V.)
| | - Babs E. Verstrepen
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (I.H.C.H.M.P.); (K.P.B.); (J.A.M.W.); (Z.C.F.); (N.v.D.); (A.Q.M.); (D.L.); (R.E.B.); (J.M.); (W.M.B.); (J.A.M.L.); (M.A.S.); (B.E.V.)
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19
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Mooij P, García-Arriaza J, Pérez P, Lázaro-Frías A, Verstrepen BE, Böszörményi KP, Mortier D, Fagrouch Z, Kiemenyi-Kayere G, Niphuis H, Acar RF, Meijer L, Stammes MA, Kondova I, Verschoor EJ, GeurtsvanKessel CH, de Bruin E, Sikkema RS, Luczkowiak J, Delgado R, Montenegro D, Puentes E, Rodríguez E, Bogers WMJM, Koopman G, Esteban M. Poxvirus MVA Expressing SARS-CoV-2 S Protein Induces Robust Immunity and Protects Rhesus Macaques From SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:845887. [PMID: 35371043 PMCID: PMC8966779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.845887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel safe, immunogenic, and effective vaccines are needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2. Here, we describe the safety, robust immunogenicity, and potent efficacy elicited in rhesus macaques by a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector expressing a full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein (MVA-S). MVA-S vaccination was well tolerated and induced S and receptor-binding domain (RBD)-binding IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and several variants of concern. S-specific IFNγ, but not IL-4, -producing cells were also elicited. After SARS-CoV-2 challenge, vaccinated animals showed a significant strong reduction of virus loads in bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) and decreased levels in throat and nasal mucosa. Remarkably, MVA-S also protected macaques from fever and infection-induced cytokine storm. Computed tomography and histological examination of the lungs showed reduced lung pathology in MVA-S-vaccinated animals. These findings favor the use of MVA-S as a potential vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian Lázaro-Frías
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Babs E. Verstrepen
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Kinga P. Böszörményi
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Daniella Mortier
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Henk Niphuis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Roja Fidel Acar
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Lisette Meijer
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Marieke A. Stammes
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Erwin de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reina S. Sikkema
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joanna Luczkowiak
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Delgado
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Willy M. J. M. Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Phadphon P, Kanthaswamy S, Oldt RF, Hamada Y, Malaivijitnond S. Population Structure of Macaca fascicularis aurea, and their Genetic Relationships with M. f. fascicularis and M. mulatta Determined by 868 RADseq-Derived Autosomal SNPs-A consideration for biomedical research. J Med Primatol 2022; 51:33-44. [PMID: 34825374 PMCID: PMC8849537 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the population structure of Macaca fascicularis aurea and their genetic relationships with M. f. fascicularis and M. mulatta. METHODS The study analyzed 868 RADseq-derived SNPs from samples representing the entire distribution range of M. f. aurea, including their inter- and intraspecific hybrid zones. RESULTS The study supports a M. mulatta/Indochinese M. f. fascicularis, Sundaic M. f. fascicularis, and M. f. aurea trichotomy; M. f. aurea was genetically distinct from both forms of M. f. fascicularis and M. mulatta. Hybridization between M. f. aurea and M. f. fascicularis occurred in two directions: south-north (8°25' to 15°56') and west-east (98°28' to 99°02'). Low levels of M. mulatta introgression were also detected in M. f. aurea. CONCLUSION This study showcases a complicated scenario of genetic relationships between the M. fascicularis subspecies and between M. fascicularis and M. mulatta and underscores the importance of these taxa's population structure and genetic relationships for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poompat Phadphon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sree Kanthaswamy
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, USA,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Correspondence to: Suchinda Malaivijitnond, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. Tel./Fax: +66-2-2185275; ; Sree Kanthaswamy, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, USA. Tel.: (602) 543-3405;
| | - Robert F. Oldt
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, USA,Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yuzuru Hamada
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi 18110, Thailand
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand,National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi 18110, Thailand,Correspondence to: Suchinda Malaivijitnond, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. Tel./Fax: +66-2-2185275; ; Sree Kanthaswamy, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, USA. Tel.: (602) 543-3405;
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21
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Stammes MA, Lee JH, Meijer L, Naninck T, Doyle-Meyers LA, White AG, Borish HJ, Hartman AL, Alvarez X, Ganatra S, Kaushal D, Bohm RP, le Grand R, Scanga CA, Langermans JAM, Bontrop RE, Finch CL, Flynn JL, Calcagno C, Crozier I, Kuhn JH. Medical imaging of pulmonary disease in SARS-CoV-2-exposed non-human primates. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:123-142. [PMID: 34955425 PMCID: PMC8648672 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chest X-ray (CXR), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) are noninvasive imaging techniques widely used in human and veterinary pulmonary research and medicine. These techniques have recently been applied in studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-exposed non-human primates (NHPs) to complement virological assessments with meaningful translational readouts of lung disease. Our review of the literature indicates that medical imaging of SARS-CoV-2-exposed NHPs enables high-resolution qualitative and quantitative characterization of disease otherwise clinically invisible and potentially provides user-independent and unbiased evaluation of medical countermeasures (MCMs). However, we also found high variability in image acquisition and analysis protocols among studies. These findings uncover an urgent need to improve standardization and ensure direct comparability across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke A Stammes
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lisette Meijer
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Thibaut Naninck
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Alexander G White
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - H Jacob Borish
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amy L Hartman
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pitt Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | | | - Deepak Kaushal
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Roger le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Charles A Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jan A M Langermans
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands; Department Population Health Sciences, Division of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald E Bontrop
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands; Department of Biology, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Courtney L Finch
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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22
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Bi Z, Hong W, Yang J, Lu S, Peng X. Animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathology. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:548-568. [PMID: 34909757 PMCID: PMC8662225 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Current variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda increase the capacity of infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which might disable the in-used therapies and vaccines. The COVID-19 has now put an enormous strain on health care system all over the world. Therefore, the development of animal models that can capture characteristics and immune responses observed in COVID-19 patients is urgently needed. Appropriate models could accelerate the testing of therapeutic drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we aim to summarize the current animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection, including mice, hamsters, nonhuman primates, and ferrets, and discuss the details of transmission, pathology, and immunology induced by SARS-CoV-2 in these animal models. We hope this could throw light to the increased usefulness in fundamental studies of COVID-19 and the preclinical analysis of vaccines and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Bi
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High‐level Biosafety Primate Research CenterInstitute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeYunnanChina
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High‐level Biosafety Primate Research CenterInstitute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeYunnanChina
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23
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Schilp CM, Meijer L, Stocker M, Langermans JAM, Bakker J, Stammes MA. A Comparative Study of Chest CT With Lung Ultrasound After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Assessment of Pulmonary Lesions in Rhesus Monkeys ( Macaca Mulatta). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:748635. [PMID: 34778433 PMCID: PMC8585853 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.748635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a fast and non-invasive modality for the diagnosis of several diseases. In humans, LUS is nowadays of additional value for bedside screening of hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. However, the diagnostic value of LUS in SARS-CoV-2 infected rhesus monkeys, with mild-to-moderate disease, is unknown. The aim of this observational study was to explore correlations of the LUS appearance of abnormalities with COVID-19-related lesions detected on computed tomography (CT). There were 28 adult female rhesus monkeys infected with SARS-CoV-2 included in this study. Chest CT and LUS were obtained pre-infection and 2-, 7-, and 14-days post infection. Twenty-five animals were sub-genomic PCR positive in their nose/throat swab for at least 1 day. CT images were scored based on the degree of involvement for lung lobe. LUS was scored based on the aeration and abnormalities for each part of the lungs, blinded to CT findings. Most common lesions observed on CT were ground glass opacities (GGOs) and crazy paving patterns. With LUS, confluent or multiple B-lines with or without pleural abnormalities were observed which is corresponding with GGOs on CT. The agreement between the two modalities was similar over the examination days. Pleural line abnormalities were clearly observed with LUS, but could be easily missed on CT. Nevertheless, due to the air interface LUS was not able to examine the complete volume of the lung. The sensitivity of LUS was high though the diagnostic efficacy for mild-to-moderate disease, as seen in macaques, was relatively low. This leaves CT the imaging modality of choice for diagnosis, monitoring, and longitudinal assessment of a SARS-CoV-2 infection in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisette Meijer
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Martina Stocker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Jan A. M. Langermans
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Unit Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
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