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Yu J, Wen Z, Hu W, Chen M, Zhang Y, Liu S, Wang G, Wang Z, Wang D, Zhai SL, Wei WK, Li T, Liao M. Influenza D virus infection in China, 2022-2023. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2343907. [PMID: 38738553 PMCID: PMC11097708 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2343907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) plays an important role in the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. Its potential for the zoonotic transmission is of particular concern. In China, IDV has previously been identified in agricultural animals by molecular surveys with no live virus isolates reported. In this study, live IDVs were successfully isolated from cattle in China, which prompted us to further investigate the national prevalence, antigenic property, and infection biology of the virus. IDV RNA was detected in 11.1% (51/460) of cattle throughout the country in 2022-2023. Moreover, we conducted the first IDV serosurveillance in China, revealing a high seroprevalence (91.4%, 393/430) of IDV in cattle during the 2022-2023 winter season. Notably, all the 16 provinces from which cattle originated possessed seropositive animals, and 3 of them displayed the 100% IDV-seropositivity rate. In contrast, a very low seroprevalence of IDV was observed in pigs (3%, 3/100) and goats (1%, 1/100) during the same period of investigation. Furthermore, besides D/Yama2019 lineage-like IDVs, we discovered the D/660 lineage-like IDV in Chinese cattle, which has not been detected to date in Asia. Finally, the Chinese IDVs replicated robustly in diverse cell lines but less efficiently in the swine cell line. Considering the nationwide distribution, high seroprevalence, and appreciably genetic diversity, further studies are required to fully evaluate the risk of Chinese IDVs for both animal and human health in China, which can be evidently facilitated by IDV isolates reported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Wen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanke Hu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingwang Chen
- Zhongshan Animal Disease Control Center, Zhongshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanlong Zhang
- Guangdong Animal Disease Control Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shasha Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wang
- School of Laboratory Animal & Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Shao-lun Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-kang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Zhongshan Animal Disease Control Center, Zhongshan, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Lanave G, Camero M, Coppola C, Marchi S, Cascone G, Salina F, Coltraro M, Odigie AE, Montomoli E, Chiapponi C, Cicirelli V, Martella V, Trombetta CM. Serological Evidence for Circulation of Influenza D Virus in the Ovine Population in Italy. Pathogens 2024; 13:162. [PMID: 38392900 PMCID: PMC10892703 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel orthomyxovirus initially isolated from pigs exhibiting influenza-like disease in the USA. Since then, IDV has been detected worldwide in several host species, including livestock animals, whilst specific antibodies have been identified in humans, raising concerns about interspecies transmission and zoonotic risks. Few data regarding the seroprevalence of IDV in small ruminants have been available to date. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of antibodies against IDV in ovine serum samples in Sicily, Southern Italy. Six hundred serum samples, collected from dairy sheep herds located in Sicily in 2022, were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) assays using reference strains, D/660 and D/OK, representative of two distinct IDV lineages circulating in Italy. Out of 600 tested samples, 168 (28.0%) tested positive to either IDV strain D/660 or D/OK or to both by HI whilst 378 (63.0%) tested positive to either IDV strain D/660 or D/OK or to both by VN. Overall, our findings demonstrate that IDV circulates in ovine dairy herds in Sicily. Since IDV seems to have a broad host range and it has zoonotic potential, it is important to collect epidemiological information on susceptible species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (A.E.O.); (V.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (A.E.O.); (V.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Chiara Coppola
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.C.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.C.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Giuseppe Cascone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (F.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Felice Salina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (F.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Miriana Coltraro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (F.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Amienwanlen E. Odigie
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (A.E.O.); (V.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.C.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (C.M.T.)
- VisMederi S.r.l., 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Sede Territoriale di Parma, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Cicirelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (A.E.O.); (V.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (A.E.O.); (V.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Claudia M. Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.C.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (C.M.T.)
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3
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Kwasnik M, Rola J, Rozek W. Influenza D in Domestic and Wild Animals. Viruses 2023; 15:2433. [PMID: 38140674 PMCID: PMC10748149 DOI: 10.3390/v15122433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) infections have been observed in animals worldwide, confirmed through both serological and molecular tests, as well as virus isolation. IDV possesses unique properties that distinguish it from other influenza viruses, primarily attributed to the hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) surface glycoprotein, which determines the virus' tropism and wide host range. Cattle are postulated to be the reservoir of IDV, and the virus is identified as one of the causative agents of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) syndrome. Animals associated with humans and susceptible to IDV infection include camels, pigs, small ruminants, and horses. Notably, high seroprevalence towards IDV, apart from cattle, is also observed in camels, potentially constituting a reservoir of the virus. Among wild and captive animals, IDV infections have been confirmed in feral pigs, wild boars, deer, hedgehogs, giraffes, wildebeests, kangaroos, wallabies, and llamas. The transmission potential and host range of IDV may contribute to future viral differentiation. It has been confirmed that influenza D may pose a threat to humans as a zoonosis, with seroprevalence noted in people with professional contact with cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wojciech Rozek
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.K.); (J.R.)
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4
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Lim EH, Lim SI, Kim MJ, Kwon M, Kim MJ, Lee KB, Choe S, An DJ, Hyun BH, Park JY, Bae YC, Jeoung HY, Lee KK, Lee YH. First Detection of Influenza D Virus Infection in Cattle and Pigs in the Republic of Korea. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1751. [PMID: 37512923 PMCID: PMC10386134 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, which also include the influenza A, B and C virus genera. IDV was first detected and isolated in 2011 in the United States from pigs with respiratory illness. IDV circulates in mammals, including pigs, cattle, camelids, horses and small ruminants. Despite the broad host range, cattle are thought to be the natural reservoir of IDV. This virus plays a role as a causative agent of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). IDV has been identified in North America, Europe, Asia and Africa. However, there has been no information on the presence of IDV in the Republic of Korea (ROK). In this study, we investigated the presence of viral RNA and seroprevalence to IDV among cattle and pigs in the ROK in 2022. Viral RNA was surveyed by the collection and testing of 999 cattle and 2391 pig nasal swabs and lung tissues using a real-time RT-PCR assay. IDV seroprevalence was investigated by testing 742 cattle and 1627 pig sera using a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The viral RNA positive rate was 1.4% in cattle, but no viral RNA was detected in pigs. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) gene was further conducted for a selection of samples. All sequences belonged to the D/Yamagata/2019 lineage. The seropositivity rates were 54.7% in cattle and 1.4% in pigs. The geometric mean of the antibody titer (GMT) was 68.3 in cattle and 48.5 in pigs. This is the first report on the detection of viral RNA and antibodies to IDV in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Hyeon Lim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-In Lim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - MiJung Kwon
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Bok Lee
- Chungnam Veterinary Research Institute, 37 Gulpo-gil, Taean 32138, Republic of Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Yong Park
- Import Risk Assessment Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Chan Bae
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Jeoung
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Lee
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
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5
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Alvarez I, Hägglund S, Näslund K, Eriksson A, Ahlgren E, Ohlson A, Ducatez MF, Meyer G, Valarcher JF, Zohari S. Detection of Influenza D-Specific Antibodies in Bulk Tank Milk from Swedish Dairy Farms. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040829. [PMID: 37112809 PMCID: PMC10141034 DOI: 10.3390/v15040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) has been detected in bovine respiratory disease (BRD) outbreaks, and experimental studies demonstrated this virus's capacity to cause lesions in the respiratory tract. In addition, IDV-specific antibodies were detected in human sera, which indicated that this virus plays a potential zoonotic role. The present study aimed to extend our knowledge about the epidemiologic situation of IDV in Swedish dairy farms, using bulk tank milk (BTM) samples for the detection of IDV antibodies. A total of 461 and 338 BTM samples collected during 2019 and 2020, respectively, were analyzed with an in-house indirect ELISA. In total, 147 (32%) and 135 (40%) samples were IDV-antibody-positive in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Overall, 2/125 (2%), 11/157 (7%) and 269/517 (52%) of the samples were IDV-antibody-positive in the northern, middle and southern regions of Sweden. The highest proportion of positive samples was repeatedly detected in the south, in the county of Halland, which is one of the counties with the highest cattle density in the country. In order to understand the epidemiology of IDV, further research in different cattle populations and in humans is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Alvarez
- Division of Ruminant Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, 8 Almas Allé, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Hägglund
- Division of Ruminant Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, 8 Almas Allé, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Näslund
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Ulls väg 2B, 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Axel Eriksson
- Division of Ruminant Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, 8 Almas Allé, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Evelina Ahlgren
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Ulls väg 2B, 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Ohlson
- Växa Sverige AB, Uppsala, Ulls Väg 29A, 75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Francois Valarcher
- Division of Ruminant Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, 8 Almas Allé, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Ulls väg 2B, 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Martín-Valls GE, Li Y, Díaz I, Cano E, Sosa-Portugal S, Mateu E. Diversity of respiratory viruses present in nasal swabs under influenza suspicion in respiratory disease cases of weaned pigs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1014475. [PMID: 36337208 PMCID: PMC9627340 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1014475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases in weaned pigs are a common problem, with a complex etiology involving both viruses and bacteria. In the present study, we investigated the presence of eleven viruses in nasal swabs, collected from nurseries (55 cases) under the suspicion of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) and submitted by swine veterinarians for diagnosis. The other ten viruses included in the study were influenza B (IBV) and D (IDV), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), 3 (PCV3) and 4 (PCV), Porcine parainfluenza 1 (PPIV1) and Swine orthopneumovirus (SOV). Twenty-six swIAV-positive cases and twenty-nine cases of swIAV-negative respiratory disease were primarily established. While IBV, IDV, PCV4 and PPIV1 were not found in any of the cases, PRCV, SOV, and PCMV were more likely to be found in swIAV-positive nurseries with respiratory disease (p < 0.05). Overall, PCV3, PRRSV, and PCMV were the most frequently detected agents at herd level. Taken individually, virus prevalence was: swIAV, 48.6%; PRCV, 48.0%; PRRSV, 31.6%; SOV, 33.8%; PCMV, 48.3%, PCV2, 36.0%; and PCV3, 33.0%. Moreover, low Ct values (<30) were common for all agents, except PCV2 and PCV3. When the correlation between pathogens was individually examined, the presence of PRRSV was negatively correlated with swIAV and PRCV, while was positively associated to PCMV (p < 0.05). Also, PRCV and SOV were positively correlated between them and negatively with PCMV. Besides, the analysis of suckling pig samples, collected in subclinically infected farrowing units under an influenza monitoring program, showed that circulation of PRCV, PCMV, SOV, and PCV3 started during the early weeks of life. Interestingly, in those subclinically infected units, none of the pathogens was found to be correlated to any other. Overall, our data may contribute to a better understanding of the complex etiology and epidemiology of respiratory diseases in weaners. This is the first report of SOV in Spain and shows, for the first time, the dynamics of this pathogen in swine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard E. Martín-Valls
- Department de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Faculty of Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- *Correspondence: Gerard E. Martín-Valls
| | - Yanli Li
- Department de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Faculty of Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ivan Díaz
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esmeralda Cano
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvana Sosa-Portugal
- Department de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Faculty of Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Department de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Faculty of Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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Gaudino M, Chiapponi C, Moreno A, Zohari S, O’Donovan T, Quinless E, Sausy A, Oliva J, Salem E, Fusade-Boyer M, Meyer G, Hübschen JM, Saegerman C, Ducatez MF, Snoeck CJ. Evolutionary and temporal dynamics of emerging influenza D virus in Europe (2009-22). Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac081. [PMID: 36533151 PMCID: PMC9752663 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is an emerging influenza virus that was isolated for the first time in 2011 in the USA from swine with respiratory illness. Since then, IDV has been detected worldwide in different animal species, and it was also reported in humans. Molecular epidemiological studies revealed the circulation of two major clades, named D/OK and D/660. Additional divergent clades have been described but have been limited to specific geographic areas (i.e. Japan and California). In Europe, IDV was detected for the first time in France in 2012 and subsequently also in Italy, Luxembourg, Ireland, the UK, Switzerland, and Denmark. To understand the time of introduction and the evolutionary dynamics of IDV on the continent, molecular screening of bovine and swine clinical samples was carried out in different European countries, and phylogenetic analyses were performed on all available and newly generated sequences. Until recently, D/OK was the only clade detected in this area. Starting from 2019, an increase in D/660 clade detections was observed, accompanied by an increase in the overall viral genetic diversity and genetic reassortments. The time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of all existing IDV sequences was estimated as 1995-16 years before its discovery, indicating that the virus could have started its global spread in this time frame. Despite the D/OK and D/660 clades having a similar mean tMRCA (2007), the mean tMRCA for European D/OK sequences was estimated as January 2013 compared to July 2014 for European D/660 sequences. This indicated that the two clades were likely introduced on the European continent at different time points, as confirmed by virological screening findings. The mean nucleotide substitution rate of the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) glycoprotein segment was estimated as 1.403 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year, which is significantly higher than the one of the HEF of human influenza C virus (P < 0.0001). IDV genetic drift, the introduction of new clades on the continent, and multiple reassortment patterns shape the increasing viral diversity observed in the last years. Its elevated substitution rate, diffusion in various animal species, and the growing evidence pointing towards zoonotic potential justify continuous surveillance of this emerging influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaudino
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala SE-751 89, Sweden
| | - Tom O’Donovan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Emma Quinless
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Aurélie Sausy
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
| | - Justine Oliva
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Elias Salem
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
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8
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Molini U, Curini V, Jacobs E, Tongo E, Berjaoui S, Hemberger MY, Puglia I, Jago M, Khaiseb S, Cattoli G, Dundon WG, Lorusso A, Di Giallonardo F. First influenza D virus full-genome sequence retrieved from livestock in Namibia, Africa. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106482. [PMID: 35537488 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) was first isolated in 2011 in the USA and has since been shown to circulate in cattle, pigs, sheep, wild boar, and camels. In Africa, there is limited data on the epidemiology of IDV and, so, we investigated the presence of IDV among domestic ruminants and wild animals in Namibia by screening nasal swabs using an IDV-specific molecular assay. IDV RNA was detected in bovines (n=2), giraffes (n=2) and wildebeest (n=1). The hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) gene from one of the bovine and the wildebeest samples was successfully sequenced as well as the full genome for the second bovine sample. Phylogenetic analysis of the HEF gene positioned the African virus variants within the D/OK lineage but with a long branch. The African variant had an amino acid diversity of 2.41% and most likely represents a distinct genotype within the lineage. Notably, the polymerase acidic protein gene (PA) was more closely related to a different lineage (D/660), indicative of potential reassortment. This is the first genetic characterization of IDV in Africa and it adds important data to our understanding of the global IDV distribution.
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Robinson E, Schulein C, Jacobson BT, Jones K, Sago J, Huber V, Jutila M, Bimczok D, Rynda-Apple A. Pathophysiology of Influenza D Virus Infection in Specific-Pathogen-Free Lambs with or without Prior Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Exposure. Viruses 2022; 14:1422. [PMID: 35891403 PMCID: PMC9321583 DOI: 10.3390/v14071422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial pneumonias occur frequently in cattle, swine, and sheep, resulting in major economic losses. Individual pathogens comprising these complex infections may be mild on their own but can instead exhibit synergism or increase host susceptibility. Two examples of such pathogens, Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) and influenza D viruses (IDVs), naturally infect domestic sheep. In sheep, the role of M. ovipneumoniae in chronic nonprogressive pneumonia is well-established, but the pathogenesis of IDV infection has not previously been studied. We utilized a specific-pathogen-free sheep flock to study the clinical response to IDV infection in naïve vs. M. ovipneumoniae-exposed lambs. Lambs were inoculated intranasally with M. ovipneumoniae or mock infection, followed after four weeks by infection with IDV. Pathogen shedding was tracked, and immunological responses were evaluated by measuring acute phase response and IDV-neutralizing antibody titers. While lamb health statuses remained subclinical, M. ovipneumoniae-exposed lambs had significantly elevated body temperatures during IDV infection compared to M. ovipneumoniae-naïve, IDV-infected lambs. Moreover, we found a positive correlation between prior M. ovipneumoniae burden, early-infection IDV shedding, and IDV-neutralizing antibody response. Our findings suggest that IDV infection may not induce clinical symptoms in domestic sheep, but previous M. ovipneumoniae exposure may promote mild IDV-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Clyde Schulein
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - B. Tegner Jacobson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Kerri Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Jonathon Sago
- Montana State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1911 West Lincoln Street, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA;
| | - Victor Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA;
| | - Mark Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Agnieszka Rynda-Apple
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
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Sreenivasan CC, Sheng Z, Wang D, Li F. Host Range, Biology, and Species Specificity of Seven-Segmented Influenza Viruses-A Comparative Review on Influenza C and D. Pathogens 2021; 10:1583. [PMID: 34959538 PMCID: PMC8704295 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Other than genome structure, influenza C (ICV), and D (IDV) viruses with seven-segmented genomes are biologically different from the eight-segmented influenza A (IAV), and B (IBV) viruses concerning the presence of hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein, which combines the function of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase responsible for receptor-binding, fusion, and receptor-destroying enzymatic activities, respectively. Whereas ICV with humans as primary hosts emerged nearly 74 years ago, IDV, a distant relative of ICV, was isolated in 2011, with bovines as the primary host. Despite its initial emergence in swine, IDV has turned out to be a transboundary bovine pathogen and a broader host range, similar to influenza A viruses (IAV). The receptor specificities of ICV and IDV determine the host range and the species specificity. The recent findings of the presence of the IDV genome in the human respiratory sample, and high traffic human environments indicate its public health significance. Conversely, the presence of ICV in pigs and cattle also raises the possibility of gene segment interactions/virus reassortment between ICV and IDV where these viruses co-exist. This review is a holistic approach to discuss the ecology of seven-segmented influenza viruses by focusing on what is known so far on the host range, seroepidemiology, biology, receptor, phylodynamics, species specificity, and cross-species transmission of the ICV and IDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra C. Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
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