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Dulay ANG, de Guzman JCC, Marquez ZYD, Santana ESD, Arce J, Orosco FL. The potential of Chlorella spp. as antiviral source against African swine fever virus through a virtual screening pipeline. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 132:108846. [PMID: 39151375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) causes high mortality in pigs and threatens global swine production. There is still a lack of therapeutics available, with two vaccines under scrutiny and no approved small-molecule drugs. Eleven (11) viral proteins were used to identify potential antivirals in in silico screening of secondary metabolites (127) from Chlorella spp. The metabolites were screened for affinity and binding selectivity. High-scoring compounds were assessed through in silico ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, Toxicity) predictions, compared to structurally similar drugs, and checked for off-target docking with prepared swine receptors. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations determined binding stability while binding energy was measured in Molecular Mechanics - Generalized Born Surface Area (MMGBSA) or Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MMPBSA). Only six (6) compounds passed until MD analyses, of which five (5) were stable after 100 ns of MD runs. Of these five compounds, only three had binding affinities that were comparable to or stronger than controls. Specifically, phytosterols 24,25-dihydrolanosterol and CID 4206521 that interact with the RNA capping enzyme (pNP868R), and ergosterol which bound to the Erv-like thioreductase (pB119L). The compounds identified in this study can be used as a theoretical basis for in vitro screening to develop potent antiviral drugs against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Neil G Dulay
- Virology and Vaccine Research Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig, 1632, Philippines
| | - John Christian C de Guzman
- Virology and Vaccine Research Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig, 1632, Philippines
| | - Zyra Ysha D Marquez
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines - Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines
| | - Elisha Sofia D Santana
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines - Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines
| | - Jessamine Arce
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines - Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines
| | - Fredmoore L Orosco
- Virology and Vaccine Research Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig, 1632, Philippines; Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines - Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines; S&T Fellows Program, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig, 1632, Philippines.
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2
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Dolata KM, Karger A. Insights into the Role of VPS39 and Its Interaction with CP204L and A137R in ASFV Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:1478. [PMID: 39339953 PMCID: PMC11437485 DOI: 10.3390/v16091478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large and complex DNA virus that causes a highly lethal disease in swine, for which no antiviral drugs or vaccines are currently available. Studying viral-host protein-protein interactions advances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying viral replication and pathogenesis and can facilitate the discovery of antiviral therapeutics. In this study, we employed affinity tagging and purification mass spectrometry to characterize the interactome of VPS39, an important cellular factor during the early phase of ASFV replication. The interaction network of VPS39 revealed associations with mitochondrial proteins involved in membrane contact sites formation and cellular respiration. We show that the ASFV proteins CP204L and A137R target VPS39 by interacting with its clathrin heavy-chain functional domain. Furthermore, we elaborate on the potential mechanisms by which VPS39 may contribute to ASFV replication and prioritize interactions for further investigation into mitochondrial protein function in the context of ASFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Magdalena Dolata
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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3
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Adnane M, de Almeida AM, Chapwanya A. Unveiling the power of proteomics in advancing tropical animal health and production. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:182. [PMID: 38825622 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Proteomics, the large-scale study of proteins in biological systems has emerged as a pivotal tool in the field of animal and veterinary sciences, mainly for investigating local and rustic breeds. Proteomics provides valuable insights into biological processes underlying animal growth, reproduction, health, and disease. In this review, we highlight the key proteomics technologies, methodologies, and their applications in domestic animals, particularly in the tropical context. We also discuss advances in proteomics research, including integration of multi-omics data, single-cell proteomics, and proteogenomics, all of which are promising for improving animal health, adaptation, welfare, and productivity. However, proteomics research in domestic animals faces challenges, such as sample preparation variation, data quality control, privacy and ethical considerations relating to animal welfare. We also provide recommendations for overcoming these challenges, emphasizing the importance of following best practices in sample preparation, data quality control, and ethical compliance. We therefore aim for this review to harness the full potential of proteomics in advancing our understanding of animal biology and ultimately improve animal health and productivity in local breeds of diverse animal species in a tropical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Adnane
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret, 14000, Algeria.
| | - André M de Almeida
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, 1349-017, Portugal
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, 00265, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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4
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Shi C, Wang Q, Liu Y, Wang S, Zhang Y, Liu C, Hu Y, Zheng D, Sun C, Song F, Yu X, Zhao Y, Bao J, Wang Z. Generation of High-Quality African Swine Fever Virus Complete Genome from Field Samples by Next-Generation Sequencing. Viruses 2024; 16:312. [PMID: 38400087 PMCID: PMC10891787 DOI: 10.3390/v16020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal contagious viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boars caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). The pandemic spread of ASF has caused severe effects on the global pig industry. Whole-genome sequencing provides crucial information for virus strain characterization, epidemiology analysis and vaccine development. Here, we evaluated the performance of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in generating ASFV genome sequences from clinical samples. Thirty-four ASFV-positive field samples including spleen, lymph node, lung, liver and blood with a range of Ct values from 14.73 to 25.95 were sequenced. For different tissue samples collected from the same sick pigs, the proportion of ASFV reads obtained from the spleen samples was 3.69-9.86 times higher than other tissues. For the high-viral-load spleen samples (Ct < 20), a minimum of a 99.8% breadth of ≥10× coverage was revealed for all the samples. For the spleen samples with Ct ≥ 20, 6/12 samples had a minimum of a 99.8% breadth of ≥10× coverage. A high average depth of sequencing coverage was also achieved from the blood samples. According to our results, high-quality ASFV whole-genome sequences could be obtained from the spleen or blood samples with Ct < 20. The high-quality ASFV genome sequence generated in this study was further used for the high-resolution phylogenetic analysis of the ASFV genomes in the early stage of the ASF epidemic in China. Our study demonstrates that NGS may act as a useful tool for efficient ASFV genome characterization, providing valuable information for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Shi
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 518083, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Yutian Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Shujuan Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Chunju Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Yongxin Hu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Dongxia Zheng
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Chengyou Sun
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Fangfang Song
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Xiaojing Yu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Yunling Zhao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Jingyue Bao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
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5
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Wu X, Ni Y, Li W, Yang B, Yang X, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Wu X, Shen Q, Liao Z, Yuan L, Chen Y, Du Q, Wang C, Liu P, Miao Y, Li N, Zhang S, Liao M, Hua J. Rapid conversion of porcine pluripotent stem cells into macrophages with chemically defined conditions. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105556. [PMID: 38097188 PMCID: PMC10825052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
A renewable source of porcine macrophages derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) would be a valuable alternative to primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in the research of host-pathogen interaction mechanisms. We developed an efficient and rapid protocol, within 11 days, to derive macrophages from porcine PSCs (pPSCs). The pPSC-derived macrophages (pPSCdMs) exhibited molecular and functional characteristics of primary macrophages. The pPSCdMs showed macrophage-specific surface protein expression and macrophage-specific transcription factors, similar to PAMs. The pPSCdMs also exhibited the functional characteristics of macrophages, such as endocytosis, phagocytosis, porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus infection and the response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Furthermore, we performed transcriptome sequencing of the whole differentiation process to track the fate transitions of porcine PSCs involved in the signaling pathway. The activation of transforming growth factor beta signaling was required for the formation of mesoderm and the inhibition of the transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway at the hematopoietic endothelium stage could enhance the fate transformation of hematopoiesis. In summary, we developed an efficient and rapid protocol to generate pPSCdMs that showed aspects of functional maturity comparable with PAMs. pPSCdMs could provide a broad prospect for the platforms of host-pathogen interaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Ni
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinchun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenshuo Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juqing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojie Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiaoyan Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liming Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunlong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengbao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pentao Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiliang Miao
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiqiang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Mingzhi Liao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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6
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Bibi S, Nisar M, Rafique S, Waqas M, Zahoor M, Idrees M, Nazir N, Ihsan M, Salmen SH, Alharbi SA, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. Harnessing Nature's Gifts: Salix nigra and Its Potential for Combating Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:42987-42999. [PMID: 38024752 PMCID: PMC10653063 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes various liver complications, including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and steatosis, and finally progresses toward hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The current study aimed to explore the antiviral activity of the traditional Pakistani medicinal plant Salix nigra (S. nigra) known as black willow against the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The anti-HCV activity of S. nigra was established against stable Hep G2 cell lines expressing the HCV NS3 gene. Various plant-derived compounds with anti-HCV activity were identified, making phytotherapy a promising alternative to conventional treatments due to their cost-effectiveness and milder side effects. The two extraction methods (Maceration and Soxhlet) and four solvents (n-hexane, methanol, ethyl acetate, and water) were used to obtain crude extracts from S. nigra. Cytotoxicity testing showed that methanol (CC50 25 μg/mL) and water (CC50 30 μg/mL) extracts were highly toxic, while ethyl acetate and n-hexane (CC50 > 200 μg/mL) extracts were nontoxic at low concentrations (10-50 μg/mL), making them suitable for further anti-HCV investigations. Stable transfection of the NS3 gene was successfully performed in Hep G2 cells, creating a cellular expression system for studying virus-host interaction. The ethyl acetate extract of S. nigra exhibited significant inhibition of NS3 gene expression (mRNA and protein levels). The phytochemical analysis of S. nigra was also performed using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The phytochemical analysis identified several polyphenolic substances in the extracts of S. nigra. Our results concluded that the extracts of S. nigra have significantly reduced the expression of the NS3 gene at mRNA and protein levels. These findings contribute to the global efforts to combat hepatitis C by offering plant-based treatment options for HCV management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Bibi
- Department
of Botany, University of Malakand, Dir (Lower), Chakdara 18800, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Nisar
- Department
of Botany, University of Malakand, Dir (Lower), Chakdara 18800, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Division
of Molecular Virology, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department
of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 2100, Pakistan
- Natural and
Medical Sciences Research Center, University
of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, P.O Box 33, 616Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Dir (Lower), Chakdara 18800, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Division
of Molecular Virology, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Nausheen Nazir
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Dir (Lower), Chakdara 18800, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ihsan
- Department
of Botany, University of Malakand, Dir (Lower), Chakdara 18800, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Saleh H. Salmen
- Department
of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box −2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department
of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box −2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and
Medical Sciences Research Center, University
of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, P.O Box 33, 616Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and
Medical Sciences Research Center, University
of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, P.O Box 33, 616Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
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7
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Pannhorst K, Carlson J, Hölper JE, Grey F, Baillie JK, Höper D, Wöhnke E, Franzke K, Karger A, Fuchs W, Mettenleiter TC. The non-classical major histocompatibility complex II protein SLA-DM is crucial for African swine fever virus replication. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10342. [PMID: 37604847 PMCID: PMC10442341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a lethal animal pathogen that enters its host cells through endocytosis. So far, host factors specifically required for ASFV replication have been barely identified. In this study a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen in porcine cells indicated that the genes RFXANK, RFXAP, SLA-DMA, SLA-DMB, and CIITA are important for productive ASFV infection. The proteins encoded by these genes belong to the major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II), or swine leucocyte antigen complex II (SLA II). RFXAP and CIITA are MHC II-specific transcription factors, whereas SLA-DMA/B are subunits of the non-classical MHC II molecule SLA-DM. Targeted knockout of either of these genes led to severe replication defects of different ASFV isolates, reflected by substantially reduced plating efficiency, cell-to-cell spread, progeny virus titers and viral DNA replication. Transgene-based reconstitution of SLA-DMA/B fully restored the replication capacity demonstrating that SLA-DM, which resides in late endosomes, plays a crucial role during early steps of ASFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Pannhorst
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Jolene Carlson
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Ceva Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia E Hölper
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Finn Grey
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Wöhnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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8
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Dolata KM, Pei G, Netherton CL, Karger A. Functional Landscape of African Swine Fever Virus-Host and Virus-Virus Protein Interactions. Viruses 2023; 15:1634. [PMID: 37631977 PMCID: PMC10459248 DOI: 10.3390/v15081634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral replication fully relies on the host cell machinery, and physical interactions between viral and host proteins mediate key steps of the viral life cycle. Therefore, identifying virus-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs) provides insights into the molecular mechanisms governing virus infection and is crucial for designing novel antiviral strategies. In the case of the African swine fever virus (ASFV), a large DNA virus that causes a deadly panzootic disease in pigs, the limited understanding of host and viral targets hinders the development of effective vaccines and treatments. This review summarizes the current knowledge of virus-host and virus-virus PPIs by collecting and analyzing studies of individual viral proteins. We have compiled a dataset of experimentally determined host and virus protein targets, the molecular mechanisms involved, and the biological functions of the identified virus-host and virus-virus protein interactions during infection. Ultimately, this work provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of ASFV interactome, identifies knowledge gaps, and proposes future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Magdalena Dolata
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gang Pei
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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9
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Wöhnke E, Klupp BG, Blome S, Mettenleiter TC, Karger A. Mass-Spectrometric Evaluation of the African Swine Fever Virus-Induced Host Shutoff Using Dynamic Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC). Viruses 2023; 15:1283. [PMID: 37376583 DOI: 10.3390/v15061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a viral disease of swine caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Currently, ASFV is spreading over the Eurasian continent and threatening global pig husbandry. One viral strategy to undermine an efficient host cell response is to establish a global shutoff of host protein synthesis. This shutoff has been observed in ASFV-infected cultured cells using two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with metabolic radioactive labeling. However, it remained unclear if this shutoff was selective for certain host proteins. Here, we characterized ASFV-induced shutoff in porcine macrophages by measurement of relative protein synthesis rates using a mass spectrometric approach based on stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). The impact of ASFV infection on the synthesis of >2000 individual host proteins showed a high degree of variability, ranging from complete shutoff to a strong induction of proteins that are absent from naïve cells. GO-term enrichment analysis revealed that the most effective shutoff was observed for proteins related to RNA metabolism, while typical representatives of the innate immune system were strongly induced after infection. This experimental setup is suitable to quantify a virion-induced host shutoff (vhs) after infection with different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wöhnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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10
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Hao S, Zheng X, Zhu Y, Yao Y, Li S, Xu Y, Feng WH. African swine fever virus QP383R dampens type I interferon production by promoting cGAS palmitoylation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1186916. [PMID: 37228597 PMCID: PMC10203406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizes viral DNA and synthesizes cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING/MITA) and downstream mediators to elicit an innate immune response. African swine fever virus (ASFV) proteins can antagonize host immune responses to promote its infection. Here, we identified ASFV protein QP383R as an inhibitor of cGAS. Specifically, we found that overexpression of QP383R suppressed type I interferons (IFNs) activation stimulated by dsDNA and cGAS/STING, resulting in decreased transcription of IFNβ and downstream proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, we showed that QP383R interacted directly with cGAS and promoted cGAS palmitoylation. Moreover, we demonstrated that QP383R suppressed DNA binding and cGAS dimerization, thus inhibiting cGAS enzymatic functions and reducing cGAMP production. Finally, the truncation mutation analysis indicated that the 284-383aa of QP383R inhibited IFNβ production. Considering these results collectively, we conclude that QP383R can antagonize host innate immune response to ASFV by targeting the core component cGAS in cGAS-STING signaling pathways, an important viral strategy to evade this innate immune sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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11
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Dolata KM, Fuchs W, Caignard G, Dupré J, Pannhorst K, Blome S, Mettenleiter TC, Karger A. CP204L Is a Multifunctional Protein of African Swine Fever Virus That Interacts with the VPS39 Subunit of the Homotypic Fusion and Vacuole Protein Sorting Complex and Promotes Lysosome Clustering. J Virol 2023; 97:e0194322. [PMID: 36722971 PMCID: PMC9972913 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01943-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus replication depends on a complex interplay between viral and host proteins. In the case of African swine fever virus (ASFV), a large DNA virus, only a few virus-host protein-protein interactions have been identified to date. In this study, we demonstrate that the ASFV protein CP204L interacts with the cellular homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) protein VPS39, blocking its association with the lysosomal HOPS complex, which modulates endolysosomal trafficking and promotes lysosome clustering. Instead, CP204L and VPS39 are targeted to virus factories and localized at the periphery of the virus DNA replication sites. Furthermore, we show that loss of VPS39 reduces the levels of virus proteins synthesized in the early phase of infection and delays ASFV replication but does not completely inhibit it. Collectively, these results identify a novel virus-host protein interaction that modulates host membrane rearrangement during infection and provide evidence that CP204L is a multifunctional protein engaged in distinct steps of the ASFV life cycle. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) was first identified over a hundred years ago. Since then, much effort has been made to understand the pathogenesis of ASFV. However, the specific roles of many individual ASFV proteins during the infection remain enigmatic. This study provides evidence that CP204L, one of the most abundant ASFV proteins, modulates endosomal trafficking during virus infection. Through protein-protein interaction, CP204L prevents the recruitment of VPS39 to the endosomal and lysosomal membranes, resulting in their accumulation. Consequently, CP204L and VPS39 become sequestered in the ASFV replication and assembly site, known as the virus factory. These results uncover a novel function of viral protein CP204L and extend our understanding of complex interaction between virus and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Magdalena Dolata
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Grégory Caignard
- UMR Virologie, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d’Alfort, Anses, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Juliette Dupré
- UMR Virologie, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d’Alfort, Anses, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Katrin Pannhorst
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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12
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Netherton CL, Shimmon GL, Hui JYK, Connell S, Reis AL. African Swine Fever Virus Host-Pathogen Interactions. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:283-331. [PMID: 38159232 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever virus is a complex double-stranded DNA virus that exhibits tropism for cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. Virus replication is a multi-step process that involves the nucleus of the host cell as well the formation of large perinuclear sites where progeny virions are assembled prior to transport to, and budding through, the plasma membrane. Like many viruses, African swine fever virus reorganises the cellular architecture to facilitate its replication and has evolved multiple mechanisms to avoid the potential deleterious effects of host cell stress response pathways. However, how viral proteins and virus-induced structures trigger cellular stress pathways and manipulate the subsequent responses is still relatively poorly understood. African swine fever virus alters nuclear substructures, modulates autophagy, apoptosis and the endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathways. The viral genome encodes for at least 150 genes, of which approximately 70 are incorporated into the virion. Many of the non-structural genes have not been fully characterised and likely play a role in host range and modifying immune responses. As the field moves towards approaches that take a broader view of the effect of expression of individual African swine fever genes, we summarise how the different steps in virus replication interact with the host cell and the current state of knowledge on how it modulates the resulting stress responses.
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13
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Gao Q, Yang Y, Luo Y, Zheng J, Gong L, Wang H, Feng Y, Gong T, Wu D, Wu R, Zheng X, Zheng Z, Zhang G. Adaptation of African swine fever virus to porcine kidney cells stably expressing CD163 and Siglec1. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1015224. [PMID: 36389805 PMCID: PMC9647134 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a complex large DNA enveloped virus that causes African swine fever (ASF) with a fatality rate of up to 100%, seriously threatening the global swine industry. Due to the strict cell tropism of ASFV, there is no effective in vitro cell line, which hinders its prevention and control. Herein, we analyzed genome-wide transcriptional profiles of ASFV-susceptible porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and non-susceptible cell lines PK15 and 3D4-21, an found that PAM surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) were significantly higher and common differential genes were significantly enriched in phagocytosis compared with that observed in PK15 and 3D4-21 cell lines. Therefore, endocytosis functions of host cell surface PRRs may play key roles in ASFV infection in vitro. ASFV was found to be infective to PK15 and 3D4-21 cell lines overexpressing CD163 and Siglec1, and to the PK15S1-CD163 cell line stably expressing CD163 and Siglec1. However, the PK15 and 3D4-21 cell lines overexpressing CD163 or Siglec1 alone were not infectious. Simultaneous interference of CD163 and Siglec1 in PAMs with small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly reduced the infectivity of ASFV. However, siRNA interference of CD163 and Siglec1 respectively did not affect ASFV infectivity. ASFV significantly inhibited IFN expression levels in PAMs and PK15S1-CD163 cells, but had no effect on PK15 and 3D4-21 cell lines. These results indicate that CD163 and Siglec1 are key receptors for ASFV-infected host cells, and both play a synergistic role in the process of ASFV infection. ASFV inhibits IFN expression in susceptible cells, thereby downregulating the host immune response and evading the immune mechanism. The discovery of the ASFV receptor provides novel ideas to study ASFV and host cell interactions, pathogenic mechanisms, development of receptor blockers, vaccine design, and disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhuo Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiachen Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Yongzhi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixia Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Zezhong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
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Wöhnke E, Cackett G, Werner F, Blome S, Mettenleiter TC, Karger A. Proteome Analysis of Swine Macrophages after Infection with Two Genotype II African Swine Fever Isolates of Different Pathogenicity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102140. [PMID: 36298696 PMCID: PMC9607119 DOI: 10.3390/v14102140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of a highly pathogenic genotype II isolate of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) into Georgia in 2007, African swine fever (ASF) has gone panzootic. Outbreaks have been reported in Europe, Asia and, more recently, Latin America. Thus, ASFV has become a major threat to the pig industry worldwide, as broadly applicable vaccines are not available. While the majority of ASFV strains show high virulence in domestic pigs and wild boar, variations within the ASFV genome have resulted in the emergence of attenuated strains with low or moderate virulence. However, the molecular basis of the differences in virulence has not yet been discovered. To reveal virulence-associated protein expression patterns, we analysed the proteomes of the natural target cells of ASFV, primary porcine macrophages, after infection with two genotype II ASFV strains displaying high (Armenia 2008) and moderate (Estonia 2014) virulence using quantitative mass spectrometry. Very similar expression patterns were observed for the viral genes, and any differences were limited to the deletions within the Estonia 2014 genome. In addition to the canonical ASFV proteins, twelve novel protein products from recently described transcripts were confirmed in both isolates. Pathway analyses showed that both isolates evoked a similar host proteome response, despite their difference in virulence. However, subtle differences in the manipulation of the proteins involved in the proinflammatory response mediated by the MAPK14/p38 signalling cascade were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wöhnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gwenny Cackett
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Finn Werner
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1247
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15
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The African Swine Fever Isolate ASFV-Kenya-IX-1033 Is Highly Virulent and Stable after Propagation in the Wild Boar Cell Line WSL. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091912. [PMID: 36146718 PMCID: PMC9505471 DOI: 10.3390/v14091912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the characterization of an African swine fever genotype IX virus (ASFV-Kenya-IX-1033), which was isolated from a domestic pig in western Kenya during a reported outbreak. This includes the efficiency of virus replication and in vivo virulence, together with genome stability and virulence, following passage in blood macrophages and in a wild boar lung cell line (WSL). The ASFV-Kenya-IX-1033 stock retained its ability to replicate in primary macrophages and retained virulence in vivo, following more than 20 passages in a WSL. At the whole genome level, a few single-nucleotide differences were observed between the macrophage and WSL-propagated viruses. Thus, we propose that the WSL is suitable for the production of live-attenuated ASFV vaccine candidates based on the modification of this wild-type isolate. The genome sequences for ASFV-Kenya-IX-1033 propagated in macrophages and in WSL cells were submitted to GenBank, and a challenge model based on the isolate was developed. This will aid the development of vaccines against the genotype IX ASFV circulating in eastern and central Africa.
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Meloni D, Franzoni G, Oggiano A. Cell Lines for the Development of African Swine Fever Virus Vaccine Candidates: An Update. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:707. [PMID: 35632463 PMCID: PMC9144233 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a highly lethal disease in both domestic and wild pigs. The virus has rapidly spread worldwide and has no available licensed vaccine. An obstacle to the construction of a safe and efficient vaccine is the lack of a suitable cell line for ASFV isolation and propagation. Macrophages are the main targets for ASFV, and they have been widely used to study virus-host interactions; nevertheless, obtaining these cells is time-consuming and expensive, and they are not ethically suitable for the production of large-scale vaccines. To overcome these issues, different virulent field isolates have been adapted on monkey or human continuous cells lines; however, several culture passages often lead to significant genetic modifications and the loss of immunogenicity of the adapted strain. Thus, several groups have attempted to establish a porcine cell line able to sustain ASFV growth. Preliminary data suggested that some porcine continuous cell lines might be an alternative to primary macrophages for ASFV research and for large-scale vaccine production, although further studies are still needed. In this review, we summarize the research to investigate the most suitable cell line for ASFV isolation and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.M.); (A.O.)
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