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Sun L, Li D, Yan C, Wu C, Han F, Bo Z, Shen M, Sun Y, Wang L, Zheng H, Wang M, Zhang Z. Phylogenetic and Genetic Variation Analysis of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in East Central China during 2020-2023. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2185. [PMID: 39123710 PMCID: PMC11311003 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a major causative pathogen of a highly contagious, acute enteric viral disease. This study evaluated the emergence of nine variants in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces of China from 2020 to 2023. S gene-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that three variants belong to the G1c subgroup, while the other six strains are clustered within the G2c subgroup. Recombination analyses supported that three variants of the G1c subgroup were likely derived from recombination of parental variants FR0012014 and a donor variant AJ1102. In addition, there are novel mutations on amino acid 141-148 and these likely resulted in changes in antigenicity in the three variants. These results illustrated that the study provides novel insights into the epidemiology, evolution, and transmission of PEDV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liumei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (L.S.); (D.L.); (C.Y.); (C.W.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (H.Z.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Duo Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (L.S.); (D.L.); (C.Y.); (C.W.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (H.Z.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Caijie Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (L.S.); (D.L.); (C.Y.); (C.W.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (H.Z.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Chengyue Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (L.S.); (D.L.); (C.Y.); (C.W.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (H.Z.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Feng Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (L.S.); (D.L.); (C.Y.); (C.W.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (H.Z.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Zongyi Bo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Manman Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (L.S.); (D.L.); (C.Y.); (C.W.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (H.Z.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yiwei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (L.S.); (D.L.); (C.Y.); (C.W.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (H.Z.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (L.S.); (D.L.); (C.Y.); (C.W.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (H.Z.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Haoqin Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (L.S.); (D.L.); (C.Y.); (C.W.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (H.Z.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Mengdong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (L.S.); (D.L.); (C.Y.); (C.W.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (H.Z.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Zhendong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (L.S.); (D.L.); (C.Y.); (C.W.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (H.Z.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Shi K, Li B, Shi Y, Feng S, Yin Y, Long F, Pan Y, Wei Y. Phylogenetic and Evolutionary Analysis of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Guangxi Province, China, during 2020 and 2024. Viruses 2024; 16:1126. [PMID: 39066288 PMCID: PMC11281377 DOI: 10.3390/v16071126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused considerable economic losses to the global pig industry since 2010. In this study, a total of 5859 diarrhea samples were collected from different pig farms in China's Guangxi province during January 2020 and March 2024 and tested for PEDV using RT-qPCR. The positivity rate of PEDV was 11.90% (697/5859). Ninety-two PEDV-positive samples were selected based on sampling time, and the sampling region for amplification, sequencing, and analysis of the S1, M, and N genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the S1 gene revealed that all strains from Guangxi province were distributed in three subgroups, i.e., 81.5% (75/92) in the G2a subgroup, 4.3% (4/92) in the G2b subgroup, and 14.1% (13/92) in the G2c subgroup. The sequence analysis revealed that the S1 gene sequences from Guangxi province had higher homology with the variant strains than with the classical strains, showing as high as 99.2% with the variant strain AJ1102 and only 94.3% with the classical strain CV777. Recombination analysis revealed that the GX-BS08-2023 strain (G2c) from Guangxi province originated from inter-lineage recombination between the GX-BS09-2023 (G2a) and CH-JN547228-2011 (G1a) strains. In addition, the S1 gene of the G2a and G2b subgroup strains shared many mutations and insertions. There were common mutations of N143D and P235L in the G2a subgroup. Evolutionary analysis revealed that all Guangxi strains belonged to the G2 genotype. These strains have spread rapidly since the PEDV variant strains that emerged in 2010, weakened until 2021, and then remained stable. In conclusion, the results revealed the latest genetic evolution of circulating PEDV strains in Guangxi province in recent years, providing important information for preventing and controlling PEDV infection. Currently, the G2a subgroup strains are the predominant strains circulating in pig herds in Guangxi province, southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichuang Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Biao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Yi Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Yingyi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
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Lang Q, Huang N, Guo J, Ge L, Yang X. High-affinity monoclonal antibodies against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus S1 protein. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:239. [PMID: 38831363 PMCID: PMC11145877 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection inflicted substantial economic losses upon the global pig-breeding industry. This pathogen can infect all pigs and poses a particularly high fatality risk for suckling piglets. The S1 subunit of spike protein is a crucial target protein for inducing the particularly neutralizing antibodies that can intercept the virus-host interaction and neutralize virus infectivity. In the present study, the HEK293F eukaryotic expression system was successfully utilized to express and produce recombinant S1 protein. Through quantitative analysis, five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specifically targeting the recombinant S1 protein of PEDV were developed and subsequently evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and flow cytometry assay (FCA). The results indicate that all five mAbs belong to the IgG1 isotype, and their half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values measured at 84.77, 7.42, 0.89, 14.64, and 7.86 pM. All these five mAbs can be utilized in ELISA, FCA, and IFA for the detection of PEDV infection. MAb 5-F9 exhibits the highest sensitivity to detect as low as 0.3125 ng/mL of recombinant PEDV-S1 protein in ELISA, while only 0.096 ng/mL of mAb 5-F9 is required to detect PEDV in FCA. The results from antigen epitope analysis indicated that mAb 8-G2 is the sole antibody capable of recognizing linear epitopes. In conclusion, this study has yielded a highly immunogenic S1 protein and five high-affinity mAbs specifically targeting the S1 protein. These findings have significant implications for early detection of PEDV infection and provide a solid foundation for further investigation into studying virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Lang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Jincao Guo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Xi Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.
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Luo H, Liang Z, Lin J, Wang Y, Liu Y, Mei K, Zhao M, Huang S. Research progress of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus S protein. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1396894. [PMID: 38873162 PMCID: PMC11169810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1396894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a single-stranded RNA virus with a capsid membrane that causes acute infectious gastrointestinal disease characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration in swine. Piglets are more susceptible to PEDV than adults, with an infection rate reaching 90% and a fatality rate as high as 100%. Moreover, PEDV has a rapid transmission rate and broad transmission range. Consequently, PEDV has caused considerable economic losses and negatively impacted the sustainability of the pig industry. The surface spike (S) glycoprotein is the largest structural protein in PEDV virions and is closely associated with host cell fusion and virus invasion. As such, the S protein is an important target for vaccine development. In this article, we review the genetic variation, immunity, apoptosis-induction function, virulence, vaccine potential, and other aspects of the PEDV S protein. This review provides a theoretical foundation for preventing and controlling PEDV infection and serves as a valuable resource for further research and development of PEDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojian Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhaoping Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Lin
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yiqiao Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Kun Mei
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Guangdong Hua Sheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Wei MZ, Chen L, Zhang R, Chen Z, Shen YJ, Zhou BJ, Wang KG, Shan CL, Zhu EP, Cheng ZT. Overview of the recent advances in porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccines. Vet J 2024; 304:106097. [PMID: 38479492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing and controlling porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Conventional vaccines developed from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) GI-a subtypes (CV777 and SM98) have played a vital role in preventing classical PED. However, with the emergence of PEDV mutants in 2010, conventional PEDV GI-a subtype-targeting vaccines no longer provide adequate protection against PEDV GII mutants, thereby making novel-type PED vaccine development an urgent concern to be addressed. Novel vaccines, including nucleic acid vaccines, genetically engineered subunit vaccines, and live vector vaccines, are associated with several advantages, such as high safety and stability, clear targeting, high yield, low cost, and convenient usage. These vaccines can be combined with corresponding ELISA kits to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals, which is beneficial for disease confirmation. This review provides a detailed overview of the recent advancements in PED vaccines, emphasizing on the research and application evaluation of novel PED vaccines. It also considers the future directions and challenges in advancing these vaccines to widespread use in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Zhan Wei
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yan-Juan Shen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bi-Jun Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Kai-Gong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chun-Lan Shan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Er-Peng Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zhen-Tao Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Li M, Sun X, Chen Y, Wang S, Li Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li R, Ding P, Zhang G. Enhancing humoral and mucosal immune response of PED vaccine candidate by fusing S1 protein to nanoparticle multimerization. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:110003. [PMID: 38262114 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly infectious pathogen with a high mortality rate, which poses a serious threat to newborn piglets. A rapid, safe and effective vaccine is necessary for protecting pigs from PED infection. Nanoparticles have become molecular scaffolds for displaying soluble antigens due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Here, a vaccine candidate was based on the display of PEDV S1 protein on a mi3 nanoparticle platform using SpyTag/SpyCatcher technology. The size, zeta potential and microstructure of the S1-mi3 NPs were investigated, and their effects on the uptake of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) were analyzed. Mice were immunized via muscular and intranasal administrations, and the levels of humoral, cellular and mucosal immune responses were analyzed. As a result, S1 proteins were surface-displayed on NPs successfully, which self-assembled into nanoparticles composed of 60 subunits and showed superior safety and stability. In addition, mi3 NPs promoted antigen internalization and dendritic cell (DCs) maturation. In the mouse model, S1-mi3 NPs significantly increased the PEDV-specific antibody including serum IgG, secretory IgA (SIgA) and neutralizing antibodies (NAb). Furthermore, S1-mi3 NPs elicited more CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cell and cellular immune-related cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-4) compared to monomeric S1. In particular, it can induce an effective germinal center-specific (GC) B cell response, which is closely related to the production of neutralizing antibodies. Overall, S1-mi3 NPs are a promising subunit vaccine candidate against PEDV, and this self-assembly NPs also provide an attractive platform for improving vaccine efficacy against emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xueke Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yilan Chen
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Siqiao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qin Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China; School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100080, China.
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Glab-Ampai K, Mahasongkram K, Chulanetra M, Saenlom T, Thueng-In K, Sookrung N, Chaicumpa W. Human super antibody to viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase produced by a modified Sortase self-cleave-bacteria surface display system. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:260. [PMID: 38110987 PMCID: PMC10726597 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a good target of anti-RNA virus agents; not only it is pivotal for the RNA virus replication cycle and highly conserved among RNA viruses across different families, but also lacks human homolog. Recently, human single-chain antibody (HuscFv) that bound to thumb domain of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (functionalized NS5B protein) was produced and engineered into cell-penetrating antibody (super antibody) in the form of cell-penetrating peptide (penetratin, PEN)-linked HuscFv (PEN-HuscFv34). The super antibody was produced and purified from inclusion body (IB) of a pen-huscfv34-vector-transformed Escherichia coli. The super antibody inhibited replication of alpha- and beta- coronaviruses, flaviviruses, and picornaviruses that were tested (broadly effective); thus, it has high potential for developing further towards a pan-anti-RNA virus agent. However, production, purification, and refolding of the super antibody molecules from the bacterial IB are laborious and hurdles to large-scale production. Therefore, in this study, Sortase-self-cleave method and bacteria surface display system were combined and modified for the super antibody production. METHODS AND RESULTS BL21 (DE3) ΔA E. coli, a strain lacking predominant outer membrane protein (OmpA) and ion and OmpT proteases, that displayed a membrane-anchored fusion protein, i.e., chimeric lipoprotein (Lpp')-OmpA', SUMO, Sortase protease, Sortase cleavage site (LPET↓G) and PEN-HuscFv34-6× His was generated. The soluble PEN-HuscFv34-6× His with glycine at the N-terminus could be released from the E. coli surface, simply by incubating the bacterial cells in a Sortase-cleavage buffer. After centrifugation, the G-PEN-HuscFv34-6× His could be purified from the supernatant. The purified G-PEN-HuscFv34-6× retained original cell-penetrating ability (being super antibody) and the broadly effective anti-RNA virus activity of the original IB-derived-PEN-HuscFv34. CONCLUSION The functionalized super antibody to RNA virus RdRp was successfully produced by using combined Sortase self-cleave and bacterial surface display systems with modification. The display system is suitable for downstream processing in a large-scale production of the super antibody. It is applicable also for production of other recombinant proteins in soluble free-folding form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantaphon Glab-Ampai
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Kodchakorn Mahasongkram
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Thanatsaran Saenlom
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Thueng-In
- School of Pathology, Translational Medicine Program, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Biomedical Research Incubation Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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Jiang H, Wang T, Kong L, Li B, Peng Q. Reverse Genetics Systems for Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Coronaviruses and Applications. Viruses 2023; 15:2003. [PMID: 37896780 PMCID: PMC10611186 DOI: 10.3390/v15102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging swine coronaviruses (CoVs), including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome-CoV (SADS-CoV), cause severe diarrhea in neonatal piglets, and CoV infection is associated with significant economic losses for the swine industry worldwide. Reverse genetics systems realize the manipulation of RNA virus genome and facilitate the development of new vaccines. Thus far, five reverse genetics approaches have been successfully applied to engineer the swine CoV genome: targeted RNA recombination, in vitro ligation, bacterial artificial chromosome-based ligation, vaccinia virus -based recombination, and yeast-based method. This review summarizes the advantages and limitations of these approaches; it also discusses the latest research progress in terms of their use for virus-related pathogenesis elucidation, vaccine candidate development, antiviral drug screening, and virus replication mechanism determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (H.J.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (H.J.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Lingbao Kong
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (H.J.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (H.J.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
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Mei X, Guo J, Fang P, Ma J, Li M, Fang L. The Characterization and Pathogenicity of a Recombinant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Variant ECQ1. Viruses 2023; 15:1492. [PMID: 37515178 PMCID: PMC10383920 DOI: 10.3390/v15071492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a re-emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, has become the predominant causative agent of lethal diarrhea in piglets, resulting in huge economic losses in many countries. Furthermore, the rapid variability of this virus has increased the emergence of novel variants with different pathogenicities. In this study, 633 fecal samples collected from diarrheic piglets in China during 2017-2019 were analyzed, and 50.08% (317/633) of these samples were PEDV-positive. The full-length spike (S) genes of 36 samples were sequenced, and a genetic evolution analysis was performed. The results showed that thirty S genes belonged to the GII-a genotype and six S genes belonged to the GII-b genotype. From the PEDV-positive samples, one strain, designated ECQ1, was successfully isolated, and its full-length genome sequence was determined. Interestingly, ECQ1 is a recombinant PEDV between the GII-a (major parent) and GII-b (minor parent) strains, with recombination occurring in the S2 domain of the S gene. The pathogenicity of ECQ1 was assessed in 5-day-old piglets and compared with that of the strain EHuB2, a representative of GII-a PEDV. Although both PEDV strains induced similar fecal viral shedding in the infected piglets, ECQ1 exhibited lower pathogenicity than did EHuB2, as evidenced by reduced mortality and less severe pathological changes in the intestines. These data suggest that PEDV strain ECQ1 is a potential live virus vaccine candidate against porcine epidemic diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Puxian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
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10
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Sohn EJ, Kang H, Min K, Park M, Kim JH, Seo HW, Lee SJ, Kim H, Tark D, Cho HS, Choi BH, Oh Y. A Plant-Derived Maternal Vaccine against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Protects Piglets through Maternally Derived Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050965. [PMID: 37243069 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborn piglets are susceptible to a highly contagious enteritis caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), associated with high levels of mortality worldwide. There is pressing need for a rapid, safe, and cost-effective vaccine to safeguard pigs from getting infected by PEDV. PEDV belongs to the coronavirus family and is characterized by high levels of mutability. The primary goal of a PEDV vaccine is to provide immunity to newborn piglets through vaccination of sows. Plant-based vaccines are becoming more popular because they have low manufacturing costs, are easily scalable, have high thermostability, and a long shelf life. This is in contrast to conventional vaccines which include inactivated, live, and/or recombinant types that can be expensive and have limited ability to respond to rapidly mutating viruses. The binding of the virus to host cell receptors is primarily facilitated by the N-terminal subunit of the viral spike protein (S1), which also contains several epitopes that are recognized by virus-neutralizing antibodies. As a result, we generated a recombinant S1 protein using a plant-based vaccine platform. We found that the recombinant protein was highly glycosylated, comparable to the native viral antigen. Vaccination of pregnant sows at four and two weeks before farrowing led to the development of humoral immunity specific to S1 in the suckling piglets. In addition, we noted significant viral neutralization titers in both vaccinated sows and piglets. When challenged with PEDV, piglets born from vaccinated sows displayed less severe clinical symptoms and significantly lower mortality rates compared to piglets born from non-vaccinated sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Sohn
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro, Pohang 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyangju Kang
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro, Pohang 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Min
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro, Pohang 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Park
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro, Pohang 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hun Kim
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro, Pohang 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Won Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyeon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hwa Choi
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro, Pohang 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsu Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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11
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Chinabut P, Sawangkla N, Wattano S, Thavorasak T, Bootsongkorn W, Tungtrongchitr A, Ruenchit P. Formalin Inactivation of Virus for Safe Downstream Processing of Routine Stool Parasite Examination during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030466. [PMID: 36766571 PMCID: PMC9914773 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the parasitology laboratories dealing with fecal samples for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasitic infections are confronting the unsaved virus-containing samples. To allow for safe downstream processing of the fecal samples, a protocol for preparing a fecal smear is urgently needed. Formalin was tested with or without isotonic forms for virus inactivation using porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) as a representative, as it belongs to the Coronaviridae family. The results revealed complete inactivation activity of 10% formalin and 10% isotonic formalin on coronavirus after 5 min of treatment at room temperature. Both also inhibited Naegleria fowleri growth after 5 min of treatment at 37 °C without disruption of the structure. In addition to these key findings, it was also found that isotonic formalin could stabilize both red and white blood cells when used as a solution to prepare fecal smears comparable to the standard method, highlighting its value for use instead of 0.9% normal saline solution for the quantification of blood cells without active virus. The 10% isotonic formalin is useful to safely prepare a fecal smear for the diagnosis of parasites and other infections of the gastrointestinal tract during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pisith Chinabut
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Nuntiya Sawangkla
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Suphaluck Wattano
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Techit Thavorasak
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Weluga Bootsongkorn
- Siriraj Integrative Center for Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tungtrongchitr
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pichet Ruenchit
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Integrative Center for Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-24196484
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12
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhou J, Wang X, Ma L, Li J, Yang L, Yuan H, Pang D, Ouyang H. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus: An Updated Overview of Virus Epidemiology, Virulence Variation Patterns and Virus-Host Interactions. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112434. [PMID: 36366532 PMCID: PMC9695474 DOI: 10.3390/v14112434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the coronavirus family, causing deadly watery diarrhea in newborn piglets. The global pandemic of PEDV, with significant morbidity and mortality, poses a huge threat to the swine industry. The currently developed vaccines and drugs are only effective against the classic GI strains that were prevalent before 2010, while there is no effective control against the GII variant strains that are currently a global pandemic. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in the biology of PEDV, including its transmission and origin, structure and function, evolution, and virus-host interaction, in an attempt to find the potential virulence factors influencing PEDV pathogenesis. We conclude with the mechanism by which PEDV components antagonize the immune responses of the virus, and the role of host factors in virus infection. Essentially, this review serves as a valuable reference for the development of attenuated virus vaccines and the potential of host factors as antiviral targets for the prevention and control of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yiwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lerong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jianing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (H.O.); Tel.: +86-431-8783-6175 (H.O.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (H.O.); Tel.: +86-431-8783-6175 (H.O.)
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13
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Li X, Li Y, Huang J, Yao Y, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Qing J, Ren J, Yan Z, Wang Z, Hu X, Kang D, Liu H, Yan Z. Isolation and oral immunogenicity assessment of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus NH-TA2020 strain: One of the predominant strains circulating in China from 2017 to 2021. Virol Sin 2022; 37:646-655. [PMID: 35961502 PMCID: PMC9583181 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is one of the most devastating diseases in the global pig industry due to its high mortality rate in piglets. Maternal vaccines can effectively enhance the gut-mammary gland-secretory IgA axis to boost lactogenic immunity and passive protection of nursing piglets against PEDV challenge. From 2017 to 2021, we collected 882 diarrhea samples from 303 farms in China to investigate the epidemiology of PEDV. The result showed that about 52.15% (158/303) of the farms were positive for PEDV with an overall detection rate of 63.95% (564/882) of the samples. The S1 fragments of S gene from 104 strains were sequenced for the phylogenetic analysis. A total of 71 PEDV strains (68.27%) sequenced in this study were clustered into the predominant G2c subgroup, while the newly-defined G2d strains (9.62%) were identified in three provinces of China. The NH-TA2020 strain of G2c subgroup was isolated and cultured, and its infection to piglets caused watery diarrhea within 24 h, indicating its strong pathogenicity. Oral administration of NH-TA2020 strain to pregnant gilts stimulated high levels of IgA antibody in colostrum. The piglets fed by the gilts above were challenged with NH-TA2020 strain or CH–HeB-RY-2020 strain from G2d subgroup, and the clinical symptoms and virus shedding were significantly reduced compared to the mock group. Our findings suggest that G2c subgroup is the predominant branch circulating in China from 2017 to 2021. Oral administration of NH-TA2020 enhances maternal IgA and lactogenic immune responses, which confer protection against the homologous and emerging G2d PEDV strains challenges in neonates. From 2017 to 2021, PEDV positive rate of Chinese farms and samples tested in this study was 52.15% and 63.95%, respectively. A total of 71 sequenced PEDV strains (68.27%) were clustered into the predominant G2c subgroup. The newly-defined G2d strains (9.62%) were identified in three provinces of China. NH-TA2020 strain belonging to the G2c subgroup was isolated and its strong pathogenicity was confirmed. The milk containing high levels of IgA antibody induced by NH-TA2020 strain could protect piglets against PEDV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Li
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China; Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, 253034, China
| | - Yang Li
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China; Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, 253034, China
| | - Jiapei Huang
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China; Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, 253034, China
| | - Yali Yao
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Wenying Zhao
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Yunjing Zhang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Jie Qing
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China; Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, 253034, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Swine Health Data and Intelligent Monitoring Project Laboratory, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253011, China
| | - Zhong Yan
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zewei Wang
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China; Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, 253034, China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China; Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, 253034, China
| | - Duli Kang
- Pulike Biological Engineering Inc., Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Hongqiang Liu
- Pulike Biological Engineering Inc., Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Zhichun Yan
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China; Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, 253034, China.
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14
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Yang X, Zhang X, Zhao X, Yuan M, Zhang K, Dai J, Guan X, Qiu HJ, Li Y. Antibody-Dependent Enhancement: ″Evil″ Antibodies Favorable for Viral Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081739. [PMID: 36016361 PMCID: PMC9412366 DOI: 10.3390/v14081739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemics caused by emerging viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 result in severe disruptions to public health. Vaccines and antibody drugs play essential roles in the control and prevention of emerging infectious diseases. However, in contrast with the neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), sub- or non-NAbs may facilitate the virus to enter the cells and enhance viral infection, which is termed antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). The ADE of most virus infections is mediated by the Fc receptors (FcRs) expressed on the myeloid cells, while others are developed by other mechanisms, such as complement receptor-mediated ADE. In this review, we comprehensively analyzed the characteristics of the viruses inducing FcRs-mediated ADE and the new molecular mechanisms of ADE involved in the virus entry, immune response, and transcription modulation, which will provide insights into viral pathogenicity and the development of safer vaccines and effective antibody drugs against the emerging viruses inducing ADE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Animal Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Mengqi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Kehui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jingwen Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiangyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Science and Animal Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
- Correspondence: (H.-J.Q.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Correspondence: (H.-J.Q.); (Y.L.)
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15
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Glab-ampai K, Kaewchim K, Thavorasak T, Saenlom T, Thepsawat W, Mahasongkram K, Thueng-In K, Sookrung N, Chaicumpa W, Chulanetra M. Targeting Emerging RNA Viruses by Engineered Human Superantibody to Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:926929. [PMID: 35935185 PMCID: PMC9355540 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.926929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a unique and highly conserved enzyme across all members of the RNA virus superfamilies. Besides, humans do not have a homolog of this protein. Therefore, the RdRp is an attractive target for a broadly effective therapeutic agent against RNA viruses. In this study, a formerly generated cell-penetrating human single-chain antibody variable fragment (superantibody) to a conformational epitope of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RdRp, which inhibited the polymerase activity leading to the HCV replication inhibition and the host innate immunity restoration, was tested against emerging/reemerging RNA viruses. The superantibody could inhibit the replication of the other members of the Flaviviridae (DENV serotypes 1−4, ZIKV, and JEV), Picornaviridae (genus Enterovirus: EV71, CVA16), and Coronaviridae (genus Alphacoronavirus: PEDV, and genus Betacoronavirus: SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan wild-type and the variants of concern), in a dose-dependent manner, as demonstrated by the reduction of intracellular viral RNAs and numbers of the released infectious particles. Computerized simulation indicated that the superantibody formed contact interfaces with many residues at the back of the thumb domain (thumb II site, T2) of DENV, ZIKV, JEV, EV71, and CVA16 and fingers and thumb domains of the HCV and coronaviruses (PEDV and SARS-CoV-2). The superantibody binding may cause allosteric change in the spatial conformation of the enzyme and disrupt the catalytic activity, leading to replication inhibition. Although the speculated molecular mechanism of the superantibody needs experimental support, existing data indicate that the superantibody has high potential as a non-chemical broadly effective anti-positive sense-RNA virus agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittirat Glab-ampai
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanasap Kaewchim
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Techit Thavorasak
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanatsaran Saenlom
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watayagorn Thepsawat
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kodchakorn Mahasongkram
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Thueng-In
- School of Pathology, Translational Medicine Program, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Biomedical Research Incubator Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Monrat Chulanetra,
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Thavorasak T, Chulanetra M, Glab-ampai K, Mahasongkram K, Sae-lim N, Teeranitayatarn K, Songserm T, Yodsheewan R, Nilubol D, Chaicumpa W, Sookrung N. Enhancing epitope of PEDV spike protein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:933249. [PMID: 35935230 PMCID: PMC9355140 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.933249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious enteric disease of pigs characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and severe dehydration. PEDV infects pigs of all ages, but neonatal pigs during the first week of life are highly susceptible; the mortality rates among newborn piglets may reach 80–100%. Thus, PEDV is regarded as one of the most devastating pig viruses that cause huge economic damage to pig industries worldwide. Vaccination of sows and gilts at the pre-fertilization or pre-farrowing stage is a good strategy for the protection of suckling piglets against PEDV through the acquisition of the lactating immunity. However, vaccination of the mother pigs for inducing a high level of virus-neutralizing antibodies is complicated with unstandardized immunization protocol and unreliable outcomes. Besides, the vaccine may also induce enhancing antibodies that promote virus entry and replication, so-called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), which aggravates the disease upon new virus exposure. Recognition of the virus epitope that induces the production of the enhancing antibodies is an existential necessity for safe and effective PEDV vaccine design. In this study, the enhancing epitope of the PEDV spike (S) protein was revealed for the first time, by using phage display technology and mouse monoclonal antibody (mAbG3) that bound to the PEDV S1 subunit of the S protein and enhanced PEDV entry into permissive Vero cells that lack Fc receptor. The phages displaying mAbG3-bound peptides derived from the phage library by panning with the mAbG3 matched with several regions in the S1-0 sub-domain of the PEDV S1 subunit, indicating that the epitope is discontinuous (conformational). The mAbG3-bound phage sequence also matched with a linear sequence of the S1-BCD sub-domains. Immunological assays verified the phage mimotope results. Although the molecular mechanism of ADE caused by the mAbG3 via binding to the newly identified S1 enhancing epitope awaits investigation, the data obtained from this study are helpful and useful in designing a safe and effective PEDV protein subunit/DNA vaccine devoid of the enhancing epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Techit Thavorasak
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittirat Glab-ampai
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kodchakorn Mahasongkram
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawannaporn Sae-lim
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Thaweesak Songserm
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungrueang Yodsheewan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Biomedical Research Incubation Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Nitat Sookrung,
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Shan Y, Gao Q, Mao J, Zheng J, Xu X, Zhang C, Huang X, Xu J, Shi F, Yue M, He F, Fang W, Li X. Establishment of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on recombinant S1 and its truncated proteins for detection of PEDV IgA antibody. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:154. [PMID: 35477403 PMCID: PMC9043509 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) can infect pigs of all ages, especially piglets. PEDV has spread across Asia since the 1980s. The highly virulent variant PEDV broke out on a large scale and caused huge economic losses to the pig industry in late 2010 in China. Rapid detection methods with high specificity and sensitivity are urgently needed for the diagnosis and control of the disease. In this study, we divided the PEDV S1 gene into three segments and constructed the recombinant plasmids pFastBac1-S1T1 (aa 21–279), pFastBac1-S1T2 (aa 280–539) and pFastBac1-S1T3 (aa 540–788), which carry the different antigenic regions of the S1 gene. Truncated S1 proteins PEDV-S1T1/S1T2/S1T3 were obtained by a Bac-to-Bac expression system, with protein sizes of 36 kDa, 38 kDa and 38 kDa, respectively. Recombinant proteins presented high reactivity with the monoclonal antibody against PEDV and positive pig serum. Based on full-length S1 protein and these truncated proteins, we established indirect ELISA methods for the detection of PEDV IgA antibody. A total of 213 clinical serum samples were tested by the above indirect ELISA methods, and IFA was used as the gold standard. ROC curves revealed a significant correlation between S1-ELISA and S1T2-ELISA with a 0.9134 correlation coefficient and favourable sensitivity and specificity of S1-ELISA (93.24%, 95.68%) and S1T2-ELISA (89.33%, 94.16%). Our results also indicated that serum with higher neutralizing activity (SNT ≥ 40) had a higher IgA antibody level based on S1-ELISA, S1T1-ELISA and S1T2-ELISA. In conclusion, both S1-ELISA and S1T2-ELISA can be used as candidate systems for detecting anti-PEDV IgA antibody titers in serum, which can reflect the level of neutralizing activity in pigs after natural infection or vaccination. The above research results provide a basis for the prevention and control of PEDV and can be used in the detection of host anti-infective immunity and evaluation of vaccine immune effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yongyou Industry Park, Yazhou Bay Sci-Tech City, 572000, Sanya, China
| | - Qin Gao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junyong Mao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yongyou Industry Park, Yazhou Bay Sci-Tech City, 572000, Sanya, China
| | - Jingyou Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohan Xu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuni Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jidong Xu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yongyou Industry Park, Yazhou Bay Sci-Tech City, 572000, Sanya, China
| | - Fushan Shi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yongyou Industry Park, Yazhou Bay Sci-Tech City, 572000, Sanya, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yongyou Industry Park, Yazhou Bay Sci-Tech City, 572000, Sanya, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yongyou Industry Park, Yazhou Bay Sci-Tech City, 572000, Sanya, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yongyou Industry Park, Yazhou Bay Sci-Tech City, 572000, Sanya, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China. .,Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yongyou Industry Park, Yazhou Bay Sci-Tech City, 572000, Sanya, China.
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