1
|
O’Donnell V, Pierce JL, Osipenko O, Xu L, Berninger A, Lakin SM, Barrette RW, Gladue DP, Faburay B. Rapid Detection and Quick Characterization of African Swine Fever Virus Using the VolTRAX Automated Library Preparation Platform. Viruses 2024; 16:731. [PMID: 38793613 PMCID: PMC11125638 DOI: 10.3390/v16050731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of a severe and highly contagious viral disease affecting domestic and wild swine. The current ASFV pandemic strain has a high mortality rate, severely impacting pig production and, for countries suffering outbreaks, preventing the export of their pig products for international trade. Early detection and diagnosis of ASFV is necessary to control new outbreaks before the disease spreads rapidly. One of the rate-limiting steps to identify ASFV by next-generation sequencing platforms is library preparation. Here, we investigated the capability of the Oxford Nanopore Technologies' VolTRAX platform for automated DNA library preparation with downstream sequencing on Nanopore sequencing platforms as a proof-of-concept study to rapidly identify the strain of ASFV. Within minutes, DNA libraries prepared using VolTRAX generated near-full genome sequences of ASFV. Thus, our data highlight the use of the VolTRAX as a platform for automated library preparation, coupled with sequencing on the MinION Mk1C for field sequencing or GridION within a laboratory setting. These results suggest a proof-of-concept study that VolTRAX is an effective tool for library preparation that can be used for the rapid and real-time detection of ASFV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian O’Donnell
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Jim L. Pierce
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA; (J.L.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Oleg Osipenko
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (O.O.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Lizhe Xu
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Amy Berninger
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA; (J.L.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Steven M. Lakin
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (O.O.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Roger W. Barrette
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Orient, NY 11957, USA
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (O.O.); (S.M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Spinard E, Wade A, Unger H, Robert N, Mayega FJ, Sreenu VB, Da Silva Filpe A, Mair D, Borca MV, Gladue DP, Masembe C. Near-complete genome sequences of multiple genotype 1 African swine fever virus isolates from 2016 to 2018 in Cameroon. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0097823. [PMID: 38477459 PMCID: PMC11008206 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00978-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus has been endemic in Cameroon since 1982. Here, we announce the sequences of Cameroon/2016/C1, Cameroon/2016/C5, Cameroon/2017/C-A2, Cameroon/2018/C02, and Cameroon/2018/CF3, five genotype 1 African swine fever virus genomes collected from domestic pigs between 2016 and 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Spinard
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Unit Name, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Abel Wade
- National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET), Garoua, Cameroon
| | - Hermann Unger
- Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nenkam Robert
- Laboratoire National Veterinaire (LANAVET), Garoua, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Ana Da Silva Filpe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Mair
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Unit Name, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Unit Name, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Charles Masembe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun L, Zhang J, Shi L, Peng Y, Feng X, Huang F, Yang F, Li J, Wang S, Niu J, Liu J, Li Y, Li S, Chen Z. Development and Immunological Evaluation of a Multiantigen Thermostable Nanovaccine Adjuvanted with T-Cell-Activating Scaffold for African Swine Fever. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:1547-1557. [PMID: 38346262 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever is an acute and highly contagious infectious disease with a mortality rate of up to 100%. The lack of commercial vaccines and drugs is a serious economic threat to the global pig industry. Cell-mediated immunity plays an essential role in protection against viral infection. We previously reported the rational design of a T-cell-activating thermostable scaffold (RPT) for antigen delivery and improved cellular immunity. We conjugated antigens P30, P54, P72, CD2 V, and CP312R to RPT, using a SpyCatcher/SpyTag covalent attachment strategy to construct nanovaccines (multiantigens-RPT). Multiantigens-RPT exhibited significantly higher thermal, storage, and freeze-thaw stability. The specific antibodies IgG and IgG2a of the multiantigen-RPT-immunized were higher than the antigens cocktail-immunized by approximately 10-100 times. ELISpot demonstrated that more IFN-γ-secreting cells were produced by the multiantigen-RPT-immunized than by the antigens cocktail-immunized. Delivery of the multiantigen nanovaccine by a T-cell-activating scaffold induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice and pigs and is a potentially useful candidate vaccine for the African swine fever virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
- Beijing Tonghe Litai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- Beijing Tonghe Litai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Beijing 100080, China
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanli Peng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiangning Feng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Feixia Yang
- Beijing Tonghe Litai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- Beijing Tonghe Litai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Beijing 100080, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Beijing Tonghe Litai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jingqi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Jinling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Yingjun Li
- Beijing Tonghe Litai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Beijing 100080, China
| | - Shanhu Li
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dinhobl M, Spinard E, Tesler N, Birtley H, Signore A, Ambagala A, Masembe C, Borca MV, Gladue DP. Reclassification of ASFV into 7 Biotypes Using Unsupervised Machine Learning. Viruses 2023; 16:67. [PMID: 38257767 PMCID: PMC10819123 DOI: 10.3390/v16010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2007, an outbreak of African swine fever (ASF), a deadly disease of domestic swine and wild boar caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), occurred in Georgia and has since spread globally. Historically, ASFV was classified into 25 different genotypes. However, a newly proposed system recategorized all ASFV isolates into 6 genotypes exclusively using the predicted protein sequences of p72. However, ASFV has a large genome that encodes between 150-200 genes, and classifications using a single gene are insufficient and misleading, as strains encoding an identical p72 often have significant mutations in other areas of the genome. We present here a new classification of ASFV based on comparisons performed considering the entire encoded proteome. A curated database consisting of the protein sequences predicted to be encoded by 220 reannotated ASFV genomes was analyzed for similarity between homologous protein sequences. Weights were applied to the protein identity matrices and averaged to generate a genome-genome identity matrix that was then analyzed by an unsupervised machine learning algorithm, DBSCAN, to separate the genomes into distinct clusters. We conclude that all available ASFV genomes can be classified into 7 distinct biotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dinhobl
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (M.D.); (E.S.); (N.T.); (H.B.)
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA; (A.S.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Edward Spinard
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (M.D.); (E.S.); (N.T.); (H.B.)
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA; (A.S.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Nicolas Tesler
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (M.D.); (E.S.); (N.T.); (H.B.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Hillary Birtley
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (M.D.); (E.S.); (N.T.); (H.B.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Anthony Signore
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA; (A.S.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA; (A.S.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Charles Masembe
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA; (A.S.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, School of Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (M.D.); (E.S.); (N.T.); (H.B.)
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA; (A.S.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (M.D.); (E.S.); (N.T.); (H.B.)
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA; (A.S.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang L, Ganges L, Dixon LK, Bu Z, Zhao D, Truong QL, Richt JA, Jin M, Netherton CL, Benarafa C, Summerfield A, Weng C, Peng G, Reis AL, Han J, Penrith ML, Mo Y, Su Z, Vu Hoang D, Pogranichniy RM, Balaban-Oglan DA, Li Y, Wang K, Cai X, Shi J. 2023 International African Swine Fever Workshop: Critical Issues That Need to Be Addressed for ASF Control. Viruses 2023; 16:4. [PMID: 38275939 PMCID: PMC10819980 DOI: 10.3390/v16010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2023 International African Swine Fever Workshop (IASFW) took place in Beijing, China, on 18-20 September 2023. It was jointly organized by the U.S.-China Center for Animal Health (USCCAH) at Kansas State University (KSU) and the Chinese Veterinary Drug Association (CVDA) and sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA-FAS), Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, and Zoetis Inc. The objective of this workshop was to provide a platform for ASF researchers around the world to unite and share their knowledge and expertise on ASF control and prevention. A total of 24 outstanding ASF research scientists and experts from 10 countries attended this meeting. The workshop included presentations on current ASF research, opportunities for scientific collaboration, and discussions of lessons and experiences learned from China/Asia, Africa, and Europe. This article summarizes the meeting highlights and presents some critical issues that need to be addressed for ASF control and prevention in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Center on Vaccine Evaluation and Alternatives for Antimicrobials, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (L.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Linda K. Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (L.K.D.); (C.L.N.); (A.L.R.)
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Z.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Z.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Quang Lam Truong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam;
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Meilin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.J.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Charaf Benarafa
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Federal Department of Home Affairs, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (C.B.); (A.S.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Postfach, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Postfach, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Federal Department of Home Affairs, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (C.B.); (A.S.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Postfach, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Postfach, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Changjiang Weng
- National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China;
| | - Guiqing Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.J.); (G.P.)
| | - Ana L. Reis
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (L.K.D.); (C.L.N.); (A.L.R.)
| | - Jun Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100107, China;
| | - Mary-Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa;
| | - Yupeng Mo
- Dekang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Group, Chengdu 610225, China;
| | | | - Dang Vu Hoang
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Roman M. Pogranichniy
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - David-Adrian Balaban-Oglan
- Romanian Association of Swine Veterinarians, 013821 Bucharest, Romania;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Yuzhen Li
- Center on Vaccine Evaluation and Alternatives for Antimicrobials, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (L.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kewen Wang
- Swine Unit, Zoetis China, Beijing 102208, China;
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- Chinese Veterinary Drug Association, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jishu Shi
- Center on Vaccine Evaluation and Alternatives for Antimicrobials, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (L.W.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schambow RA, Hussain S, Antognoli MC, Kreindel S, Reyes R, Perez AM. Epidemiological Assessment of African Swine Fever Spread in the Dominican Republic. Pathogens 2023; 12:1414. [PMID: 38133297 PMCID: PMC10746036 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Since African Swine Fever (ASF) was detected in the Dominican Republic in July 2021, it has negatively impacted the country's swine industry. Assessing the epidemiological situation is crucial to helping local authorities and industry stakeholders control the disease. Here, data on 155 reported outbreaks in the Dominican Republic from November 2022 to June 2023 were evaluated. Descriptive spatiotemporal analysis was performed to characterize disease distribution and spread, and between-herd R0 was calculated for the study period. The Knox test and a space-time permutation model were used to evaluate clustering. Data on clinical presentation, biosecurity measures, and suspected reasons for introduction were categorized and summarized. The majority (78%) of outbreaks occurred on backyard farms which generally had low biosecurity. Across farm types, the majority of pigs were still alive at the time of depopulation. Spatiotemporal findings and R0 estimates suggest an endemic pattern of disease geographically located centrally within the country. Clustering was detected even at small temporal and spatial distances due to outbreaks amongst neighboring backyard farms. These results provide critical information on the current state of the ASF epidemic in the Dominican Republic and will aid government officials and swine industry leaders in developing effective ASF control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Schambow
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (S.H.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Syed Hussain
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (S.H.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Maria C. Antognoli
- International Services Action Programs, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.A.); (S.K.)
| | - Silvia Kreindel
- International Services Action Programs, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.A.); (S.K.)
| | - Raysa Reyes
- Instituto del Estudio de las Enfermedades Zoonóticas, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo 10904, Dominican Republic;
| | - Andres M. Perez
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (S.H.); (A.M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Walczak M, Szymankiewicz K, Rodriguez F, Argilaguet J, Gavrilov B, Żmudzki J, Kochanowski M, Juszkiewicz M, Szczotka-Bochniarz A. Molecular contamination of an animal facility during and after African swine fever virus infection. J Vet Res 2023; 67:503-508. [PMID: 38130453 PMCID: PMC10730545 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The molecular contamination of an animal facility was investigated during and after an infection with highly pathogenic African swine fever virus (ASFV) among domestic pigs. The investigation evaluated the risk of indirect transmission of the disease and indicated points that may facilitate cleaning and disinfection processes. Material and Methods Six domestic pigs were infected oronasally with the highly pathogenic Georgia 2007 strain. Environmental samples from the floors, walls, rubber floor mats, feeders, drinkers, high-efficiency particulate-absorbing filter covers and doors were collected 7 days post infection (dpi), 7 days later and 24 h after disinfection of the facility. The samples were investigated by real-time PCR and in vitro assays to find genetic traces of ASFV and infectious virus. Results Typical clinical outcomes for ASF (i.e. fever, apathy, recumbency and bloody diarrhoea) were observed, and all animals died or required euthanasia before or at 9 dpi. No infectious virus was found in environmental samples at the sampling time points. Genetic traces of ASFV were found in all locations except the doors. The initial virus load was calculated using real-time PCR threshold cycle values and was the highest at the drain. A statistically significant decrease of virus load over time was found on non-porous surfaces mechanically cleaned by water (the floor and drain). Conclusion The gathered data confirmed different routes of virus excretion (oral and nasal, faeces and urine, and aerosol) and showed virus locations and different initial concentrations in the animal facility. Maintaining the facility with mechanical cleaning and using personal protection (gloves) and hand disinfection may efficiently minimise the risk of further virus spread. Together with the results of previously published studies, the present investigations' failure to isolate infectious virus may suggest that if stable environmental conditions are assured, the time needed before the introduction of new herds into previously ASF-affected farm facilities could be shortened and in this way the economic losses caused by the disease outbreak mitigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Walczak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases in Europe, IRTA-CReSA, 08193Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases in Europe, IRTA-CReSA, 08193Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jacek Żmudzki
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Juszkiewicz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lim JW, Vu TTH, Le VP, Yeom M, Song D, Jeong DG, Park SK. Advanced Strategies for Developing Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools for African Swine Fever. Viruses 2023; 15:2169. [PMID: 38005846 PMCID: PMC10674204 DOI: 10.3390/v15112169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most lethal infectious diseases affecting domestic pigs and wild boars of all ages. Over a span of 100 years, ASF has continued to spread over continents and adversely affects the global pig industry. To date, no vaccine or treatment has been approved. The complex genome structure and diverse variants facilitate the immune evasion of the ASF virus (ASFV). Recently, advanced technologies have been used to design various potential vaccine candidates and effective diagnostic tools. This review updates vaccine platforms that are currently being used worldwide, with a focus on genetically modified live attenuated vaccines, including an understanding of their potential efficacy and limitations of safety and stability. Furthermore, advanced ASFV detection technologies are presented that discuss and incorporate the challenges that remain to be addressed for conventional detection methods. We also highlight a nano-bio-based system that enhances sensitivity and specificity. A combination of prophylactic vaccines and point-of-care diagnostics can help effectively control the spread of ASFV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Woo Lim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Thi Thu Hang Vu
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Van Phan Le
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam;
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cho KH, Hong SK, Kim DY, Jang MK, Kim JH, Lee H, Kim EM, Park JH, Suh TY, Choi JG, Yoo DS, Kang HE, Kim YH. Pathogenicity and Pathological Characteristics of African Swine Fever Virus Strains from Pig Farms in South Korea from 2022 to January 2023. Pathogens 2023; 12:1158. [PMID: 37764966 PMCID: PMC10534632 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first African swine fever (ASF) outbreak occurred at a pig farm in South Korea in September 2019, as of 31 January 2023, 31 ASF cases have occurred at pig farms, while 2799 ASF virus (ASFV)-infected wild boars have been identified. The circulation of ASFV in wild boar populations poses a high risk of spillover to pig farms in the country. However, information on the changes in the pathogenicity of Korean ASFV strains from wild boars is not available. Investigating the pathogenicity of ASFV strains from pig farms is the only way to predict their alterations. In a previous study, no changes in the pathogenicity of ASFV strains circulating during 2019-2021 were identified through animal experiments. In this study, we chose two ASFV strains with potentially reduced pathogenicity among ten viruses obtained from pig premises from 2022 to January 2023 and estimated their pathogenicities and pathological characteristics. All the inoculated pigs died 8-10 days post-inoculation after showing pyrexia, depression, anorexia, and recumbency together with the common pathological lesions of enlarged hemorrhagic lymph nodes and splenomegaly with infarction. These results support that the pathogenicity among ASFV isolates in South Korea still remained unchanged during the study period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Cho
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Seong-Keun Hong
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Da-Young Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Min-Kyung Jang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Jong-Ho Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.L.); (E.-M.K.)
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.L.); (E.-M.K.)
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.L.); (E.-M.K.)
| | - Ji-Hoon Park
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Tae-Young Suh
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Jun-Gu Choi
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Dae-Sung Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Yeon-Hee Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mthombeni RF, Bastos AD, van Schalkwyk A, van Emmenes J, Heath L. Phylogenomic Comparison of Seven African Swine Fever Genotype II Outbreak Viruses (1998-2019) Reveals the Likely African Origin of Georgia 2007/1. Pathogens 2023; 12:1129. [PMID: 37764936 PMCID: PMC10537866 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial report of African swine fever (ASF) in Kenya in 1921, the disease has predominantly been confined to Africa. However, in 2007, an ASF genotype II virus of unknown provenance was introduced to Georgia. This was followed by its rampant spread to 73 countries, and the disease is now a global threat to pig production, with limited effective treatment and vaccine options. Here, we investigate the origin of Georgia 2007/1 through genome sequencing of three viruses from outbreaks that predated the genotype II introduction to the Caucasus, namely Madagascar (MAD/01/1998), Mozambique (MOZ/01/2005), and Mauritius (MAU/01/2007). In addition, genome sequences were generated for viruses from East African countries historically affected by genotype II (Malawi (MAL/04/2011) and Tanzania (TAN/01/2011)) and newly invaded southern African countries (Zimbabwe (ZIM/2015) and South Africa (RSA/08/2019). Phylogenomic analyses revealed that MOZ/01/2005, MAL/04/2011, ZIM/2015 and RSA/08/2019 share a recent common ancestor with Georgia 2007/1 and that none contain the large (~550 bp) deletion in the MGT110 4L ORF observed in the MAD/01/1998, MAU/01/2007 and TAN/01/2011 isolates. Furthermore, MOZ/01/2005 and Georgia 2007/1 only differ by a single synonymous SNP in the EP402R ORF, confirming that the closest link to Georgia 2007/1 is a virus that was circulating in Mozambique in 2005.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rivalani F Mthombeni
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Department of Zoology & Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Armanda D Bastos
- Department of Zoology & Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Juanita van Emmenes
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Livio Heath
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Spinard E, Rai A, Osei-Bonsu J, O’Donnell V, Ababio PT, Tawiah-Yingar D, Arthur D, Baah D, Ramirez-Medina E, Espinoza N, Valladares A, Faburay B, Ambagala A, Odoom T, Borca MV, Gladue DP. The 2022 Outbreaks of African Swine Fever Virus Demonstrate the First Report of Genotype II in Ghana. Viruses 2023; 15:1722. [PMID: 37632064 PMCID: PMC10459280 DOI: 10.3390/v15081722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal disease of domestic pigs that has been causing outbreaks for over a century in Africa ever since its first discovery in 1921. Since 1957, there have been sporadic outbreaks outside of Africa; however, no outbreak has been as devastating and as far-reaching as the current pandemic that originated from a 2007 outbreak in the Republic of Georgia. Derivatives with a high degree of similarity to the progenitor strain, ASFV-Georgia/2007, have been sequenced from various countries in Europe and Asia. However, the current strains circulating in Africa are largely unknown, and 24 different genotypes have been implicated in different outbreaks. In this study, ASF isolates were collected from samples from swine suspected of dying from ASF on farms in Ghana in early 2022. While previous studies determined that the circulating strains in Ghana were p72 Genotype I, we demonstrate here that the strains circulating in 2022 were derivatives of the p72 Genotype II pandemic strain. Therefore, this study demonstrates for the first time the emergence of Genotype II ASFV in Ghana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Spinard
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.R.-M.); (N.E.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Unit Name, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA (A.A.); (T.O.)
| | - Ayushi Rai
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.R.-M.); (N.E.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Unit Name, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Jehadi Osei-Bonsu
- Accra Veterinary Laboratory of Veterinary Services Directorate, Accra P.O. Box GA184, Ghana (P.T.A.); (D.T.-Y.); (D.A.); (D.B.)
- Animal and Plant Inspection Service, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Vivian O’Donnell
- Departmenr of Libral Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA;
| | - Patrick T. Ababio
- Accra Veterinary Laboratory of Veterinary Services Directorate, Accra P.O. Box GA184, Ghana (P.T.A.); (D.T.-Y.); (D.A.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniel Tawiah-Yingar
- Accra Veterinary Laboratory of Veterinary Services Directorate, Accra P.O. Box GA184, Ghana (P.T.A.); (D.T.-Y.); (D.A.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniel Arthur
- Accra Veterinary Laboratory of Veterinary Services Directorate, Accra P.O. Box GA184, Ghana (P.T.A.); (D.T.-Y.); (D.A.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniel Baah
- Accra Veterinary Laboratory of Veterinary Services Directorate, Accra P.O. Box GA184, Ghana (P.T.A.); (D.T.-Y.); (D.A.); (D.B.)
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.R.-M.); (N.E.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Unit Name, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Nallely Espinoza
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.R.-M.); (N.E.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Unit Name, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Alyssa Valladares
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.R.-M.); (N.E.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Unit Name, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA (A.A.); (T.O.)
- Animal and Plant Inspection Service, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA (A.A.); (T.O.)
- Animal and Plant Inspection Service, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Theophlius Odoom
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA (A.A.); (T.O.)
- Departmenr of Libral Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA;
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.R.-M.); (N.E.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Unit Name, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA (A.A.); (T.O.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.R.-M.); (N.E.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Unit Name, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA (A.A.); (T.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nawatti M, Ekakoro JE, Singler D, Ochoa K, Kizza R, Ndoboli D, Ndumu DB, Wampande EM, Havas KA. The live pig supply chain as reported by farmers in selected districts affected by African swine fever in Uganda, June and July 2022. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1234228. [PMID: 37583468 PMCID: PMC10424570 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1234228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Uganda is a pork-producing country in East Africa. The African swine fever virus (ASFV) has had a devastating impact on the country's pig industry. The movements of pigs and pork are a major pathway of spreading ASFV. This study was done to describe the live pig supply chain within and through districts that are impacted by African swine fever (ASF) in Uganda. Methods A pig farmer survey in districts known to have ASFV was done using a semi-structured questionnaire available in English and two local languages. In total, 99 farmers were interviewed across five districts. Farmers were conveniently and purposively selected by local government veterinary officials. An online key informant survey was also used to validate farmer responses. Results Most farmers interviewed in all districts reported to source and sell most of their pigs from within their district the farm was in, although there was variation by district and pig type. In relation to pig type, 89.7% of farmers sourced sows, 80.0% sourced boars, and 96.4% sourced weaned pigs from the district where the farm was located. As for sales, 91.3% of farmers sold sows, 92.7% sold boars, 91.9% sold weaned pigs, and 92.2% sold market pigs in the district where the farm was located. There was also variation to whom pigs were sold and sourced by pig type. Conclusion This information is useful when planning the scale and focus of disease control programs based on animal movement. This study revealed that pig disease control programs can be targeted to smaller regions. Furthermore, there is a need for farmers and pig traders to be educated on and adhere to veterinary regulations of animal movement and good biosecurity practices to reduce disease spread when purchasing and selling pigs from known ASFV infected areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Nawatti
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John E. Ekakoro
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - David Singler
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Krista Ochoa
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Robinah Kizza
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dickson Ndoboli
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Deo B. Ndumu
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry, and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Eddie M. Wampande
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Karyn A. Havas
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Borca MV, Ramirez-Medina E, Silva E, Rai A, Espinoza N, Velazquez-Salinas L, Gladue DP. ASF Vaccine Candidate ASFV-G-∆I177L Does Not Exhibit Residual Virulence in Long-Term Clinical Studies. Pathogens 2023; 12:805. [PMID: 37375495 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an important disease in swine currently producing a pandemic affecting pig production worldwide. Except in Vietnam, where two vaccines were recently approved for controlled use in the field, no vaccine is commercially available for disease control. Up to now, the most effective vaccines developed are based on the use of live-attenuated viruses. Most of these promising vaccine candidates were developed by deleting virus genes involved in the process of viral pathogenesis and disease production. Therefore, these vaccine candidates were developed via the genomic modification of parental virus field strains, producing recombinant viruses and reducing or eliminating their residual virulence. In this scenario, it is critical to confirm the absence of any residual virulence in the vaccine candidate. This report describes the assessment of the presence of residual virulence in the ASFV vaccine candidate ASFV-G-∆I177L in clinical studies conducted under high virus loads and long-term observation periods. The results demonstrated that domestic pigs intramuscularly inoculated with 106 HAD50 of ASFV-G-∆I177L did not show the presence of any clinical sign associated with ASF when observed daily either 90 or 180 days after vaccination. In addition, necropsies conducted at the end of the experiment confirmed the absence of macroscopic internal lesions associated with the disease. These results corroborate the safety of using ASFV-G-∆I177L as a vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel V Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | | | - Ediane Silva
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Ayushi Rai
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Nallely Espinoza
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | | | - Douglas P Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yu Z, Xie L, Shuai P, Zhang J, An W, Yang M, Zheng J, Lin H. New perspective on African swine fever: a bibliometrics study and visualization analysis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1085473. [PMID: 37266383 PMCID: PMC10229902 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1085473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease that can have devastating effects on domestic pigs and wild boars. Over the past decade, there has been a new wave of this ancient disease spreading around the world, prompting many scholars to dedicate themselves to researching this disease. This research aims to use bibliometric methods to organize, analyze and summarize the scientific publications on ASF that have been amassed in the past two decades. Methods This paper used VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and a bibliometric online analysis platform to conduct performance analysis and visualization studies on 1,885 academic papers about ASF in the Web of Science from January 2003 to December 2022. Results The amount of literature published on ASF has increased exponentially in recent years, and the development trend of related research is good. A group of representative scholars have appeared in this research field, and some cooperative networks have been formed. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases is the journal with the most publications in this field, while Virus Research is the journal with the most citation per article. High-productivity countries are led by China in terms of the number of articles published followed by the United States and Spain. In regard to the average number of citations, the scholars in the UK are in the lead. The institution with the most articles was the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The analysis of high-frequency keywords showed that the pathogens and epidemiology of ASF were the research hotspots in this field, and the research content was closely related to molecular biology and immunology. The burst keywords "transmission", "identification", "virulence", "replication", and "gene" reflects the research frontier. In addition, by collating and analyzing highly cited journals and highly co-cited references, we explored the knowledge structure and theoretical basis of this field. Discussion This is the first bibliometric analysis report on ASF research, which highlights the key characteristics of ASF research and presents the research status and evolution trend in this field from a new perspective. It provides a valuable reference for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Yu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiqiang Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei An
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhou X, Fan J, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhu R, Yue H, Qi Y, Li Q, Wang Y, Chen T, Zhang S, Hu R. Evaluation of African Swine Fever Virus E111R Gene on Viral Replication and Porcine Virulence. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040890. [PMID: 37112870 PMCID: PMC10143872 DOI: 10.3390/v15040890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute infectious disease of domestic pigs and wild boars caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), with up to a 100% case fatality rate. The development of a vaccine for ASFV is hampered by the fact that the function of many genes in the ASFV genome still needs to be discovered. In this study, the previously unreported E111R gene was analyzed and identified as an early-expressed gene that is highly conserved across the different genotypes of ASFV. To further explore the function of the E111R gene, a recombinant strain, SY18ΔE111R, was constructed by deleting the E111R gene of the lethal ASFV SY18 strain. In vitro, the replication kinetics of SY18ΔE111R with deletion of the E111R gene were consistent with those of the parental strain. In vivo, high-dose SY18ΔE111R (105.0 TCID50), administered intramuscularly to pigs, caused the same clinical signs and viremia as the parental strain (102.0 TCID50), with all pigs dying on days 8–11. After being infected with a low dose of SY18ΔE111R (102.0 TCID50) intramuscularly, pigs showed a later onset of disease and 60% mortality, changing from acute to subacute infection. In summary, deletion of the E111R gene has a negligible effect on the lethality of ASFV and does not affect the viruses’ ability to replicate, suggesting that E111R could not be the priority target of ASFV live-attenuated vaccine candidates.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhou X, Fan J, Guo X, Chen T, Yang J, Zhang Y, Mi L, Zhang F, Miao F, Li M, Hu R. Comparison of Genotype II African Swine Fever Virus Strain SY18 Challenge Models. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040858. [PMID: 37112838 PMCID: PMC10142125 DOI: 10.3390/v15040858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral haemorrhagic disease found in domestic and wild boars caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). A highly virulent strain was used to evaluate the efficacy of newly developed vaccine candidates. The ASFV strain SY18 was isolated from the first ASF case in China and is virulent in pigs of all ages. To evaluate the pathogenesis of ASFV SY18 following intraoral (IO) and intranasal (IN) infections, a challenge trial was conducted in landrace pigs, with intramuscular (IM) injection as a control. The results showed that the incubation period of IN administration with 40–1000 50 % tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) was 5–8 days, which was not significantly different from that of IM inoculation with 200 TCID50. A significantly longer incubation period, 11–15 days, was observed in IO administration with 40–5000 TCID50. Clinical features were similar among all infected animals. Symptoms, including high fever (≥40.5 °C), anorexia, depression, and recumbency, were observed. No significant differences were detected in the duration of viral shedding during fever. There was no significant difference in disease outcome, and all animals succumbed to death. This trial showed that IN and IO infections could be used for the efficacy evaluation of an ASF vaccine. The IO infection model, similar to that of natural infection, is highly recommended, especially for the primary screening of candidate vaccine strains or vaccines with relatively weak immune efficacy, such as live vector vaccines and subunit vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jiaqi Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xiaopan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Lijuan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Faming Miao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Rongliang Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (R.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pathological Characteristics of Domestic Pigs Orally Infected with the Virus Strain Causing the First Reported African Swine Fever Outbreaks in Vietnam. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030393. [PMID: 36986314 PMCID: PMC10058432 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is currently Vietnam’s most economically significant swine disease. The first ASF outbreak in Vietnam was reported in February 2019. In this study, VNUA/HY/ASF1 strain isolated from the first ASF outbreak was used to infect 10 eight-week-old pigs orally with 103 HAD50 per animal. The pigs were observed daily for clinical signs, and whole blood samples were collected from each animal for viremia detection. Dead pigs were subjected to full post-mortem analyses. All 10 pigs displayed acute or subacute clinical signs and succumbed to the infection between 10 to 27 (19.8 ± 4.66) days post-inoculation (dpi). The onset of clinical signs started around 4–14 dpi. Viremia was observed in pigs from 6–16 dpi (11.2 ± 3.55). Enlarged, hyperemic, and hemorrhagic lymph nodes, enlarged spleen, pneumonia, and hydropericardium were observed at post-mortem examinations.
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang S, Miao C, Liu W, Zhang G, Shao J, Chang H. Structure and function of African swine fever virus proteins: Current understanding. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1043129. [PMID: 36846791 PMCID: PMC9950752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1043129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious and lethal double-stranded DNA virus that is responsible for African swine fever (ASF). ASFV was first reported in Kenya in 1921. Subsequently, ASFV has spread to countries in Western Europe, Latin America, and Eastern Europe, as well as to China in 2018. ASFV epidemics have caused serious pig industry losses around the world. Since the 1960s, much effort has been devoted to the development of an effective ASF vaccine, including the production of inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, and subunit vaccines. Progress has been made, but unfortunately, no ASF vaccine has prevented epidemic spread of the virus in pig farms. The complex ASFV structure, comprising a variety of structural and non-structural proteins, has made the development of ASF vaccines difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to fully explore the structure and function of ASFV proteins in order to develop an effective ASF vaccine. In this review, we summarize what is known about the structure and function of ASFV proteins, including the most recently published findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Liu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Guanglei Zhang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bohorquez JA, Lanka S, Rosell R, Pérez-Simó M, Alberch M, Rodriguez F, Ganges L, Maddox CW. Efficient detection of African Swine Fever Virus using minimal equipment through a LAMP PCR method. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1114772. [PMID: 36779186 PMCID: PMC9911463 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1114772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) currently represents the biggest threat to the porcine industry worldwide, with high economic impact and severe animal health and welfare concerns. Outbreaks have occurred in Europe and Asia since ASFV was reintroduced into the continent in 2007 and, in 2021, ASFV was detected in the Caribbean, raising alarm about the reemergence of the virus in the Americas. Given the lack of vaccines against ASFV, control of the virus relies on molecular surveillance, which can be delayed due to the need for sample shipment to specialized laboratories. Isothermal PCR techniques, such as LAMP, have become increasingly attractive as point-of-care diagnostic tools given the minimal material expense, equipment, and training required. The present study aimed to develop a LAMP assay for the detection of ASFV. Four LAMP primer sets were designed, based on a consensus sequence for the ASFV p72 gene, and were tested using a synthetic plasmid containing the cloned ASFV p72 target gene as a positive control. Two primer sets, were selected for further validation, given their very short time for amplification. Both primer sets showed thermal stability, amplifying the ASFV DNA at temperatures between 60-70°C and proved to have an analytical limit of detection as low as one ASFV-plasmid DNA copy/µL, using both fluorometric and colorimetric methods. The selected primers did not yield false positive or cross reactive results with other common swine pathogens, showing high specificity. Testing of DNA-spiked samples showed that LAMP amplification was not affected by the nature of the matrices, including oral fluids, tonsils, blood, or rectal swabs. The primer sets were able to detect the two more prevalent ASFV genotypes in the field. Taken together, the results show that ASFV-LAMP-BG2 and ASFV-LAMP-BG3 would be a useful tool for rapid, highly sensitive on-site diagnostic testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Alejandro Bohorquez
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Saraswathi Lanka
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Rosa Rosell
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament d’Acció Climàtica, Alimentació i Agenda Rural, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Simó
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Alberch
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carol W. Maddox
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Carol W. Maddox,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
McDowell CD, Bold D, Trujillo JD, Meekins DA, Keating C, Cool K, Kwon T, Madden DW, Artiaga BL, Balaraman V, Ankhanbaatar U, Zayat B, Retallick J, Dodd K, Chung CJ, Morozov I, Gaudreault NN, Souza-Neto JA, Richt JA. Experimental Infection of Domestic Pigs with African Swine Fever Virus Isolated in 2019 in Mongolia. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122698. [PMID: 36560702 PMCID: PMC9781604 DOI: 10.3390/v14122698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious viral disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), that causes high mortality in domestic swine and wild boar (Sus scrofa). Currently, outbreaks are mitigated through strict quarantine measures and the culling of affected herds, resulting in massive economic losses to the global pork industry. In 2019, an ASFV outbreak was reported in Mongolia, describing a rapidly progressing clinical disease and gross lesions consistent with the acute form of ASF; the virus was identified as a genotype II virus. Due to the limited information on clinical disease and viral dynamics within hosts available from field observations of the Mongolian isolates, we conducted the present study to further evaluate the progression of clinical disease, virulence, and pathology of an ASFV Mongolia/2019 field isolate (ASFV-MNG19), by experimental infection of domestic pigs. Intramuscular inoculation of domestic pigs with ASFV-MNG19 resulted in clinical signs and viremia at 3 days post challenge (DPC). Clinical disease rapidly progressed, resulting in the humane euthanasia of all pigs by 7 DPC. ASFV-MNG19 infected pigs had viremic titers of 108 TCID50/mL by 5 DPC and shed virus in oral secretions late in disease, as determined from oropharyngeal swabs. Whole-genome sequencing confirmed that the ASFV-MNG19 strain used in this study was a genotype II strain highly similar to other regional strains. In conclusion, we demonstrate that ASFV-MNG19 is a virulent genotype II ASFV strain that causes acute ASF in domestic swine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chester D. McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Dashzeveg Bold
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - David A. Meekins
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Cassidy Keating
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Konner Cool
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Daniel W. Madden
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Bianca L. Artiaga
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Velmurugan Balaraman
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Batsukh Zayat
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Jamie Retallick
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kimberly Dodd
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Chungwon J. Chung
- Proficiency and Validation Service Section, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jayme A. Souza-Neto
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jürgen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Penrith ML, Van Heerden J, Heath L, Abworo EO, Bastos ADS. Review of the Pig-Adapted African Swine Fever Viruses in and Outside Africa. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101190. [PMID: 36297247 PMCID: PMC9609104 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The region in eastern, central and southern Africa (ECSA) where African swine fever (ASF) originated in a sylvatic cycle is home to all the p72 genotypes of ASF virus identified so far. While 20 of the 24 genotypes have been isolated from outbreaks in domestic pigs in the region, only five of the genotypes (I, II, VIII, IX, X) have an extended field presence associated with domestic pigs. Of the genotypes that appear to be strongly adapted to domestic pigs, two have spread beyond the African continent and have been the focus of efforts to develop vaccines against ASF. Most of the experimental ASF vaccines described do not protect against a wider spectrum of viruses and may be less useful in the event of incursions of different strains or where multiple genotypes co-exist. The other three pig-adapted strains that are currently restricted to the ECSA region might spread, and priority should be given to understanding not only the genetic and antigenic characteristics of these viruses but also their history. We review historic and current knowledge of the distribution of these five virus genotypes, and note that as was the case for genotype II, some pig-associated viruses have the propensity for geographical range expansion. These features are valuable for prioritizing vaccine-development efforts to ensure a swift response to virus escape. However, whilst ASF vaccines are critical for high-production systems, global food security relies on parallel efforts to improve biosecurity and pig production in Africa and on continued ASFV surveillance and characterisation in the ECSA region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Correspondence: or
| | - Juanita Van Heerden
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Edward Okoth Abworo
- Biosciences, Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Armanda D. S. Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jean-Pierre RP, Hagerman AD, Rich KM. An analysis of African Swine Fever consequences on rural economies and smallholder swine producers in Haiti. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:960344. [PMID: 36311651 PMCID: PMC9597192 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.960344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) causes high mortality and often results in strict culling policies for affected pigs and international market restrictions. It took more than 25 years for swine inventories in Haiti and the Dominican Republic to recover from an ASF outbreak that took place from 1978 to 1984. The 2021 outbreaks in the Dominican Republic and Haiti pose threats to animal health, livestock markets, and producer livelihoods. A partial equilibrium Haitian pig sector model (HPM-2021) was developed to assess the economic impacts of a 2021 Haitian ASF outbreak of a similar size to the 1980s outbreak. The dynamic model examines ASF impacts from 2021 to 2024, through 100 iterations of stochastic supply shocks, and three specific demand shocks. Recovery alternatives are assessed through 2030, and outbreaks and recovery outcomes are compared to a baseline reflecting 2019 trends. The analysis includes economic effects on national pork and maize in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, the rest of the Caribbean, and the rest of the world. Findings demonstrate higher vulnerabilities of the traditional sector to ASF-related disruptions. The inflated prices generated by pork production shortfalls are an opportunity to accelerate income growth for remaining traditional pig producers. When there is no consumer avoidance, the production losses caused by ASF generate high prices and contribute to a minimum of 49% increase in traditional sector revenue, and a minimum of 2.22% revenue growth in the commercial sector from the 2019 base year. Nevertheless, the potential for consumer avoidance of pork cause prices to decrease and offset those gains by as much as 90% in the traditional sector and 44% in the commercial sector. Smaller commercial sector impacts derive from different elasticities. ASF-induced high prices also lead to increased consumer expenditure losses by up to 200% over the outbreak period. Nevertheless, consumer expenditures tend to recover instantaneously with ASF eradication. Due to persisting demand shocks, producers will earn up to 0.3% lower than baseline levels income from 2027 to 2030. Few models evaluate the economic impacts of health response policies in less developed countries like Haiti. HPM-2021 results highlight ASF impacts on prices, which can benefit certain producers and disincentivize on-farm disease reporting. Slow recovery and consumer avoidance of pork are detrimental to long-term swine industry survival, producer livelihoods, and the overall rural economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph P. Jean-Pierre
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States,*Correspondence: Ralph P. Jean-Pierre
| | - Amy D. Hagerman
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Karl M. Rich
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States,Master of International Agriculture Program, Ferguson College of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Walczak M, Szczotka-Bochniarz A, Żmudzki J, Juszkiewicz M, Szymankiewicz K, Niemczuk K, Pérez-Núñez D, Liu L, Revilla Y. Non-Invasive Sampling in the Aspect of African Swine Fever Detection—A Risk to Accurate Diagnosis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081756. [PMID: 36016380 PMCID: PMC9416727 DOI: 10.3390/v14081756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever remains one of the most economically important and dangerous diseases of the Suidae family. Until now, neither a safe vaccine nor a treatment against ASF has been available, which is why prevention of the disease involves biosecurity measures and early recognition based on accurate diagnosis. Nowadays, different strategies for ASF detection are discussed to reduce both animal suffering and the costs of ASF surveillance. This article aims to indicate the risk, with regard to non-invasive sampling, for the detection of ASFV. In this study, we analyzed data from three independent animal trials, in the framework of the detection of positive samples in different matrices (blood, sera, oral and rectal swabs) collected from nineteen domestic pigs infected with similar doses but under different scenarios, including different ASFV strains or routes of infection. Genetic material of ASFV was found in all matrices, but detection occurred earlier in the blood samples than in the oral and the rectal swabs. Furthermore, analyses revealed that at relevant sampling timepoints, PCR-positive blood samples were detected more frequently and reached higher percentages (up to 100% during fever) than oral and rectal swabs. Moreover, mean Ct values in blood samples collected from animals infected with virulent strains were significantly lower than in oral and rectal swabs, ensuring a higher probability of ASFV detection. High Ct values and occasional shedding in all tested matrices, in the cases of animals infected by an attenuated ASFV-strain, showed that blood sampling may be necessary to confirm the presence of anti-ASFV antibodies in sera. This study showed that during veterinary surveillance, blood sampling (for both PCR and serological analyses) is essential for the accurate diagnosis of ASF and provides the highest probability of detection of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Walczak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Jacek Żmudzki
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lihong Liu
- National Veterinary Institute, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|