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Lee WP, Liao SX, Huang YH, Hou MC, Lan KH. Akt1 is involved in HCV release by promoting endoplasmic reticulum-to-endosome transition of infectious virions. Life Sci 2024; 338:122412. [PMID: 38191051 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) relies on the viral and host factors to complete its life cycle. It has evolved to profit from Akt activation at some stage in its life cycle through various mechanisms, notably by activating lipogenesis, which is crucial for infectious virions production. MATERIALS AND METHODS By employing an Akt-specific inhibitor, the impact of Akt on intracellular and extracellular infectivity was investigated. To ascertain the role of Akt in the HCV life cycle, the two-part cell culture-derived HCV infection protocol utilizing Akt1 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) was implemented. The impact of Akt1 on intracellular HCV transition was determined using membrane flotation assay and proximity ligation assay coupled with Anti-Rab7 immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. KEY FINDINGS Akt1 silencing reduced infectious virions release to a degree comparable to that of ApoE, a host component involved in the HCV assembly and release, suggesting Akt1 was critical in the late stage of the HCV life cycle. Extracellular infectivity of HCV was inhibited by brefeldin A, and the inhibitory effect was augmented by Akt1 silencing and partially restored by ectopic Akt1 expression. Immunofluorescence revealed that Akt1 inhibition suppressed the interaction between HCV core protein and lipid droplet. Akt1 silencing impeded the transition of HCV from the endoplasmic reticulum to the endosome and hence inhibited the secretion of HCV infectious virions from the late endosome. SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrates that Akt1 has an impact on the lipogenesis pathway and plays a critical role in the assembly and secretion of infectious HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Xian Liao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Hsin Lan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Li XQ, Zeng L, Liang DG, Qi YL, Yang GY, Zhong K, Chu BB, Wang J. TMEM41B Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene That Promotes Pseudorabies Virus Replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0041223. [PMID: 37255475 PMCID: PMC10308899 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00412-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that causes Aujeszky's disease and is responsible for economic loss worldwide. Transmembrane protein 41B (TMEM41B) is a novel endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized regulator of autophagosome biogenesis and lipid mobilization; however, the role of TMEM41B in regulating PRV replication remains undocumented. In this study, PRV infection was found to upregulate TMEM41B mRNA and protein levels both in vitro and in vivo. For the first time, we found that TMEM41B could be induced by interferon (IFN), suggesting that TMEM41B is an IFN-stimulated gene (ISG). While TMEM41B knockdown suppressed PRV proliferation, TMEM41B overexpression promoted PRV proliferation. We next studied the specific stages of the virus life cycle and found that TMEM41B knockdown affected PRV entry. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the knockdown of TMEM41B blocked PRV-stimulated expression of the key enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. Additionally, TMEM41B knockdown played a role in the dynamics of lipid-regulated PRV entry-dependent clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). Lipid replenishment restored the CCP dynamic and PRV entry in TMEM41B knockdown cells. Together, our results indicate that TMEM41B plays a role in PRV infection via regulating lipid homeostasis. IMPORTANCE PRV belongs to the alphaherpesvirus subfamily and can establish and maintain a lifelong latent infection in pigs. As such, an intermittent active cycle presents great challenges to the prevention and control of PRV disease and is responsible for serious economic losses to the pig breeding industry. Studies have shown that lipids play a crucial role in PRV proliferation. Thus, the manipulation of lipid metabolism may represent a new perspective for the prevention and treatment of PRV. In this study, we report that the ER transmembrane protein TMEM41B is a novel ISG involved in PRV infection by regulating lipid synthesis. Therefore, our findings indicate that targeting TMEM41B may be a promising approach for the development of PRV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Dong-Ge Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yan-Li Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Kai Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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3
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Gong Z, Yan Z, Liu W, Luo B. Oncogenic viruses and host lipid metabolism: a new perspective. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37279154 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As noncellular organisms, viruses do not have their own metabolism and rely on the metabolism of host cells to provide energy and metabolic substances for their life cycles. Increasing evidence suggests that host cells infected with oncogenic viruses have dramatically altered metabolic requirements and that oncogenic viruses produce substances used for viral replication and virion production by altering host cell metabolism. We focused on the processes by which oncogenic viruses manipulate host lipid metabolism and the lipid metabolism disorders that occur in oncogenic virus-associated diseases. A deeper understanding of viral infections that cause changes in host lipid metabolism could help with the development of new antiviral agents as well as potential new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Yan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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4
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Dalbeni A, Villani R, Bevilacqua M, Sacco F, Faccincani D, Cattazzo F, Cavallone F, Mantovani A, Ceruti V, Ieluzzi D, Paon V, Mantovani A, Serviddio G, Sacerdoti D. Effects of direct-acting antiviral agents on lipid and glucose profile in HCV patients with type 2 diabetes: A real-life Italian experience. J Dig Dis 2022; 23:324-330. [PMID: 35700113 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases. The impact of HCV eradication on the metabolic profile in diabetic patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) is not well defined. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of DAAs on a lipid and glucose profile in a cohort of diabetic patients with different liver fibrotic stages. METHODS T2DM patients with active HCV infection were consecutively enrolled in this prospective trial. Glycolipidic status was assessed, before starting DAA treatment (T0) and at 12 months after the beginning of treatment (T1). Liver fibrotic stage was assessed by FibroScan. RESULTS In all, 131 patients were enrolled and all of them achieved a sustained virologic response. At baseline, no significant differences were found in lipid and glucose profiles in subgroup analysis by liver fibrosis, HCV genotype, and cardiovascular risk factors. At T1, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but not triglycerides, significantly increased irrespective of liver fibrotic stage and baseline anthropometric and clinical profiles, while glycated hemoglobin significantly decreased only in F4 patients. CONCLUSIONS HCV eradication in diabetic patients is associated with a worsening lipid profile that could impact future cardiovascular risk. A careful global monitoring of cardiovascular risk factors in all diabetic patients after HCV eradication is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dalbeni
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rosanna Villani
- Liver Unit, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Bevilacqua
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Sacco
- Liver Unit, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Diego Faccincani
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Filippo Cattazzo
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Cavallone
- Liver Unit, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Mantovani
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vittoria Ceruti
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Donatella Ieluzzi
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Veronica Paon
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mantovani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- Liver Unit, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - David Sacerdoti
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
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5
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SGIV Induced and Exploited Cellular De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis for Virus Entry and Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020180. [PMID: 35215774 PMCID: PMC8878837 DOI: 10.3390/v14020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable attention has been paid to the roles of lipid metabolism in virus infection due to its regulatory effects on virus replication and host antiviral immune response. However, few literature has focused on whether lipid metabolism is involved in the life cycle of lower vertebrate viruses. Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is the causative aquatic virus that extensively causes fry and adult groupers death. Here, the potential roles of cellular de novo fatty acid synthesis in SGIV infection was investigated. SGIV infection not only increased the expression levels of key enzymes in fatty acid synthesis in vivo/vitro, including acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase alpha (ACC1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP1), but it also induced the formation of lipid droplets (LDs), suggesting that SGIV altered de novo fatty acid synthesis in host cells. Using the inhibitor and specific siRNA of ACC1 and FASN, we found that fatty acid synthesis was essential for SGIV replication, evidenced by their inhibitory effects on CPE progression, viral gene transcription, protein expression and virus production. Moreover, the inhibitor of fatty acid β-oxidation could also reduce SGIV replication. Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis but not β-oxidation markedly blocked virus entry during the life cycle of SGIV infection. In addition, we also found that inhibition of ACC1 and FASN increased the IFN immune and inflammatory response during SGIV infection. Together, our data demonstrated that SGIV infection in vitro regulated host lipid metabolism and, in that process, cellular fatty acid synthesis might exert crucial roles during SGIV infection via regulating virus entry and host immune response.
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6
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HCV Spread Kinetics Reveal Varying Contributions of Transmission Modes to Infection Dynamics. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071308. [PMID: 34372514 PMCID: PMC8310333 DOI: 10.3390/v13071308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is capable of spreading within a host by two different transmission modes: cell-free and cell-to-cell. However, the contribution of each of these transmission mechanisms to HCV spread is unknown. To dissect the contribution of these different transmission modes to HCV spread, we measured HCV lifecycle kinetics and used an in vitro spread assay to monitor HCV spread kinetics after a low multiplicity of infection in the absence and presence of a neutralizing antibody that blocks cell-free spread. By analyzing these data with a spatially explicit mathematical model that describes viral spread on a single-cell level, we quantified the contribution of cell-free, and cell-to-cell spread to the overall infection dynamics and show that both transmission modes act synergistically to enhance the spread of infection. Thus, the simultaneous occurrence of both transmission modes represents an advantage for HCV that may contribute to viral persistence. Notably, the relative contribution of each viral transmission mode appeared to vary dependent on different experimental conditions and suggests that viral spread is optimized according to the environment. Together, our analyses provide insight into the spread dynamics of HCV and reveal how different transmission modes impact each other.
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Saraceni C, Birk J. A Review of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Immunopathogenesis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:409-418. [PMID: 34221927 PMCID: PMC8237136 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advances in therapy, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) still represent a significant global health burden, both as major causes of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death worldwide. HBV is capable of incorporating its covalently closed circular DNA into the host cell's hepatocyte genome, making it rather difficult to eradicate its chronic stage. Successful viral clearance depends on the complex interactions between the virus and host's innate and adaptive immune response. One encouraging fact on hepatitis B is the development and effective distribution of the HBV vaccine. This has significantly reduced the spread of this virus. HCV is a RNA virus with high mutagenic capacity, thus enabling it to evade the immune system and have a high rate of chronic progression. High levels of HCV heterogeneity and its mutagenic capacity have made it difficult to create an effective vaccine. The recent advent of direct acting antivirals has ushered in a new era in hepatitis C therapy. Sustained virologic response is achieved with DAAs in 85-99% of cases. However, this still leads to a large population of treatment failures, so further advances in therapy are still needed. This article reviews the immunopathogenesis of HBV and HCV, their properties contributing to host immune system avoidance, chronic disease progression, vaccine efficacy and limitations, as well as treatment options and common pitfalls of said therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Saraceni
- Correspondence to: Corey Saraceni, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-8074, USA. Tel: +1-203-733-7408, Fax: +1-860-679-3159, E-mail:
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8
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Li G, Su B, Fu P, Bai Y, Ding G, Li D, Wang J, Yang G, Chu B. NPC1-regulated dynamic of clathrin-coated pits is essential for viral entry. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 65:341-361. [PMID: 34047913 PMCID: PMC8160554 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-1929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Viruses utilize cellular lipids and manipulate host lipid metabolism to ensure their replication and spread. Therefore, the identification of lipids and metabolic pathways that are suitable targets for antiviral development is crucial. Using a library of compounds targeting host lipid metabolic factors and testing them for their ability to block pseudorabies virus (PRV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection, we found that U18666A, a specific inhibitor of Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), is highly potent in suppressing the entry of diverse viruses including pseudotyped severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). NPC1 deficiency markedly attenuates viral growth by decreasing cholesterol abundance in the plasma membrane, thereby inhibiting the dynamics of clathrin-coated pits (CCPs), which are indispensable for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Significantly, exogenous cholesterol can complement the dynamics of CCPs, leading to efficient viral entry and infectivity. Administration of U18666A improves the survival and pathology of PRV- and influenza A virus-infected mice. Thus, our studies demonstrate a unique mechanism by which NPC1 inhibition achieves broad antiviral activity, indicating a potential new therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2, as well as other emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Bingqian Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Pengfei Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yilin Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Guangxu Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Dahua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Beibei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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9
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Kongmanas K, Punyadee N, Wasuworawong K, Songjaeng A, Prommool T, Pewkliang Y, Manocheewa S, Thiemmeca S, Sa-ngiamsuntorn K, Puttikhunt C, Faull KF, Hongeng S, Avirutnan P. Immortalized stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells: An alternative model for studying dengue pathogenesis and therapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008835. [PMID: 33216752 PMCID: PMC7717553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Suitable cell models are essential to advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of liver diseases and the development of therapeutic strategies. Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), the most ideal hepatic model, are commercially available, but they are expensive and vary from lot-to-lot which confounds their utility. We have recently developed an immortalized hepatocyte-like cell line (imHC) from human mesenchymal stem cells, and tested it for use as a substitute model for hepatotropic infectious diseases. With a special interest in liver pathogenesis of viral infection, herein we determined the suitability of imHC as a host cell target for dengue virus (DENV) and as a model for anti-viral drug testing. We characterized the kinetics of DENV production, cellular responses to DENV infection (apoptosis, cytokine production and lipid droplet metabolism), and examined anti-viral drug effects in imHC cells with comparisons to the commonly used hepatoma cell lines (HepG2 and Huh-7) and PHHs. Our results showed that imHC cells had higher efficiencies in DENV replication and NS1 secretion as compared to HepG2 and Huh-7 cells. The kinetics of DENV infection in imHC cells showed a slower rate of apoptosis than the hepatoma cell lines and a certain similarity of cytokine profiles to PHHs. In imHC, DENV-induced alterations in levels of lipid droplets and triacylglycerols, a major component of lipid droplets, were more apparent than in hepatoma cell lines, suggesting active lipid metabolism in imHC. Significantly, responses to drugs with DENV inhibitory effects were greater in imHC cells than in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest superior suitability of imHC as a new hepatocyte model for studying mechanisms underlying viral pathogenesis, liver diseases and drug effects. A model system resembling normal human liver cells is needed for advancement of hepatotropic infectious disease research. Here we show that immortalized cells (imHC) derived from human stem cells have a higher efficiency of DENV replication and a lower rate of cell death in response to DENV infection than the cancer cell-derived model systems currently used. The imHC also have active fat metabolism and respond well to anti-viral drug treatment, making them an attractive model for the initial stage of drug discovery and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kessiri Kongmanas
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuntaya Punyadee
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kasima Wasuworawong
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adisak Songjaeng
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapan Prommool
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yongyut Pewkliang
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriphan Manocheewa
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Thiemmeca
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Chunya Puttikhunt
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kym Francis Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panisadee Avirutnan
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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10
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Ghosh S, Chakraborty J, Goswami A, Bhowmik S, Roy S, Ghosh A, Dokania S, Kumari P, Datta S, Chowdhury A, Bhattacharyya SN, Chatterjee R, Banerjee S. A novel microRNA boosts hyper-β-oxidation of fatty acids in liver by impeding CEP350-mediated sequestration of PPARα and thus restricts chronic hepatitis C. RNA Biol 2020; 17:1352-1363. [PMID: 32507013 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1768353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalance in lipid metabolism induces steatosis in liver during Chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Contribution of microRNAs in regulating lipid homoeostasis and liver disease progression is well established using small RNA-transcriptome data. Owing to the complexity in the development of liver diseases, the existence and functional importance of yet undiscovered regulatory miRNAs in disease pathogenesis was explored in this study using the unmapped sequences of the transcriptome data of HCV-HCC liver tissues following miRDeep2.pl pipeline. MicroRNA-c12 derived from the first intron of LGR5 of chromosome 12 was identified as one of the miRNA like sequences retrieved in this analysis that showed human specific origin. Northern blot hybridization has proved its existence in the hepatic cell line. Enrichment of premiR-c12 in dicer-deficient cells and miR-c12 in Ago2-RISC complex clearly suggested that it followed canonical miRNA biogenesis pathway and accomplished its regulatory function. Expression of this miRNA was quite low in CHC tissues than normal liver implying HCV-proteins might be regulating its biogenesis. Promoter scanning and ChIP analysis further revealed that under expression of p53 and hyper-methylation of STAT3 binding site upon HCV infection restricted its expression in CHC tissues. Centrosomal protein 350 (CEP350), which sequestered PPARα, was identified as one of the targets of miR-c12 using Miranda and validated by luciferase assay/western blot analysis. Furthermore, reduced triglyceride accumulation and enhanced PPARα mediated transcription of β-oxidation genes upon restoration of miR-c12 in liver cells suggested its role in lipid catabolism. Thus this study is reporting miR-c12 for the first time and showed its' protective role during chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchandrima Ghosh
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research , Kolkata, India
| | - Joyeeta Chakraborty
- Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute , Kolkata, Human Genetics Unit, India
| | - Avijit Goswami
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata, India
| | - Sayantani Bhowmik
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research , Kolkata, India
| | - Susree Roy
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research , Kolkata, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research , Kolkata, India
| | - Sakshi Dokania
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research , Kolkata, India
| | - Priyanka Kumari
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research , Kolkata, India
| | - Simanti Datta
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research , Kolkata, India
| | - Abhijit Chowdhury
- Department of Hepatology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research , Kolkata, India
| | | | - Raghunath Chatterjee
- Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute , Kolkata, Human Genetics Unit, India
| | - Soma Banerjee
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research , Kolkata, India
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11
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Ren S, Ding C, Sun Y. Morphology Remodeling and Selective Autophagy of Intracellular Organelles during Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103689. [PMID: 32456258 PMCID: PMC7279407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved different strategies to hijack subcellular organelles during their life cycle to produce robust infectious progeny. Successful viral reproduction requires the precise assembly of progeny virions from viral genomes, structural proteins, and membrane components. Such spatial and temporal separation of assembly reactions depends on accurate coordination among intracellular compartmentalization in multiple organelles. Here, we overview the rearrangement and morphology remodeling of virus-triggered intracellular organelles. Focus is given to the quality control of intracellular organelles, the hijacking of the modified organelle membranes by viruses, morphology remodeling for viral replication, and degradation of intracellular organelles by virus-triggered selective autophagy. Understanding the functional reprogram and morphological remodeling in the virus-organelle interplay can provide new insights into the development of broad-spectrum antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhui Ren
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China;
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-21-34293441 (C.D. & Y.S.); Fax: +86-21-54081818 (C.D. & Y.S.)
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China;
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-21-34293441 (C.D. & Y.S.); Fax: +86-21-54081818 (C.D. & Y.S.)
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12
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Mesquita I, Estaquier J. Viral Manipulation of the Host Metabolic Network. EXPERIENTIA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2019; 109:377-401. [PMID: 30535606 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that rely on host machinery to replicate and achieve a successful infection. Viruses have evolved to retain a broad range of strategies to manipulate host cell metabolism and metabolic resources, channeling them toward the production of virion components leading to viral production. Although several viruses share similar strategies for manipulating host cell metabolism, these processes depend on several factors, namely, the viral life cycle and the metabolic and energetic status of the infected cell. Based on this knowledge, the development of new therapeutic approaches that circumvent viral spread through the target of altered metabolic pathways is an opportunity to tackle the infection. However, finding effective broad-spectrum strategies that aim at restoring to homeostasis the metabolic alterations induced upon virus infection is still a Holy Grail quest for antiviral therapies. Here, we review the strategies by which viruses manipulate host metabolism for their own benefit, with a particular emphasis on carbohydrate, glutamine, and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mesquita
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada. .,CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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13
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Dalal K, Khorate P, Dalal B, Chavan R, Bhatia S, Kale A, Shukla A, Shankarkumar A. Differentially expressed serum host proteins in hepatitis B and C viral infections. Virusdisease 2018; 29:468-477. [PMID: 30539049 PMCID: PMC6261891 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection often lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is mostly detected in advanced stage. Hence, its early detection is of paramount importance using a biomarker having sensitivity and specificity both. The present study highlights differentially expressed host proteins in response to HBV/HCV infection at different stages. Comparative proteomic study was done by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry. Sera from each of chronically infected, liver cirrhosis and HCC in HBV or HCV infection along with controls were selected. Analysis of functional association between differentially expressed proteins with viral hepatitis was extensively carried out. Forty-three differentially expressed spots (≥ 1.5 fold; P < 0.05) on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were corresponded to 28 proteins by mass spectrometry in variable liver diseases. Haptoglobin protein levels were decreased upon disease progression to HCC due to HBV infection. The other proteins expressed differentially are ceruloplasmin, serum paraoxonase 1, retinol binding protein and leucine rich alpha 2 proteins in plasma maybe associated to HBV HCC. Whereas, upregulation of C4a/C4b showed it as a reliable marker in patients with end stage liver disease related to HCV infection. ApolipoproteinA1 levels in liver diseases in both HBV and HCV infection corresponding to healthy controls may be a common marker for early diagnosis and disease monitoring. Protein interaction studies by extensive pathway analysis using bioinformatics tools such as EnrichNet application and STRING revealed significant associations with specific infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruti Dalal
- Transfusion Transmitted Diseases Department, National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th floor, New Multi-storeyed Bldg, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 India
| | - Priyanka Khorate
- Transfusion Transmitted Diseases Department, National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th floor, New Multi-storeyed Bldg, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 India
| | - Bhavik Dalal
- Transfusion Transmitted Diseases Department, National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th floor, New Multi-storeyed Bldg, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 India
| | - Rahul Chavan
- School of Chemical Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai University Campus, Vidyanagari, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai, 400098 India
| | - Shobna Bhatia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth G S Medical College and K E M Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 India
| | - Avinash Kale
- School of Chemical Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai University Campus, Vidyanagari, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai, 400098 India
| | - Akash Shukla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth G S Medical College and K E M Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 India
- Present Address: Department of Gastroenterology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, 400 022 India
| | - Aruna Shankarkumar
- Transfusion Transmitted Diseases Department, National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th floor, New Multi-storeyed Bldg, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 India
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14
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Barriocanal M, Fortes P. Long Non-coding RNAs in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Cells. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1833. [PMID: 29033906 PMCID: PMC5625025 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) often leads to a chronic infection in the liver that may progress to steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Several viral and cellular factors are required for a productive infection and for the development of liver disease. Some of these are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) deregulated in infected cells. After HCV infection, the sequence and the structure of the viral RNA genome are sensed to activate interferon (IFN) synthesis and signaling pathways. These antiviral pathways regulate transcription of several cellular lncRNAs. Some of these are also deregulated in response to viral replication. Certain viral proteins and/or viral replication can activate transcription factors such as MYC, SP1, NRF2, or HIF1α that modulate the expression of additional cellular lncRNAs. Interestingly, several lncRNAs deregulated in HCV-infected cells described so far play proviral or antiviral functions by acting as positive or negative regulators of the IFN system, while others help in the development of liver cirrhosis and HCC. The study of the structure and mechanism of action of these lncRNAs may aid in the development of novel strategies to treat infectious and immune pathologies and liver diseases such as cirrhosis and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Puri Fortes
- Department of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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15
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Kan H, Imamura M, Kawakami Y, Daijo K, Teraoka Y, Honda F, Nakamura Y, Morio K, Kobayashi T, Nakahara T, Nagaoki Y, Kawaoka T, Tsuge M, Aikata H, Hayes CN, Miki D, Ochi H, Honda Y, Mori N, Takaki S, Tsuji K, Chayama K. Emergence of drug resistance-associated variants and changes in serum lipid profiles in sofosbuvir plus ledipasvir-treated chronic hepatitis C patients. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1963-1972. [PMID: 28657143 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Combination of sofosbuvir plus ledipasvir therapy has been expected to enhance sustained virological response (SVR) rates in hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 chronic infected patients. We analyzed the emergence of drug resistance-associated variants (RAVs) in treatment failure and changes in lipid profiles in sofosbuvir/ledipasvir-treated patients. A total of 176 patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection without decompensated liver cirrhosis were treated with sofosbuvir/ledipasvir for 12 weeks. NS5A and NS5B RAVs were determined by either Invader assay or direct sequencing. Serum lipid-related markers were measured at the start of treatment and at week 4 in patients who received sofosbuvir/ledipasvir and ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir therapies. SVR was achieved in 94.9% (167 out of 176) of patients. SVR12 rate was 97.1% for patietns with low frequncy (<25%) of baseline NS5A RAVs, but 82.8% for patients with high frequency (>75%) of NS5A RAVs. In multivariate regression analysis, higher albumin (odds ratio [OR] = 0.020 for presence; P = 0.007), and NS5A-L31/Y93 RAVs with a population frequency <75% (OR = 29.860 for presence; P = 0.023) were identified as significant independent predictors for SVR12. NS5A-Y93H substitutions were detected in all nine treatment failures at HCV relapse, and three out of six patients with NS5A inhibitor-naïve patients achieved additional NS5A RAVs. Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels were significantly elevated at week 4 in sofosbuvir/ledipasvir-treated patients. These elevations were greater than in ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir-treated patients. In conclusion, NS5A multi-RAVs are likely to develop in patients who fail to respond to sofosbuvir/ledipasvir therapy. Inhibition of HCV replication with sofosbuvir might affect lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michio Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiiku Kawakami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kana Daijo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Teraoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kei Morio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Nagaoki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Kawaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aikata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Clair Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daiki Miki
- Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ochi
- Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoji Honda
- Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nami Mori
- Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shintaro Takaki
- Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keiji Tsuji
- Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hiroshima, Japan
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16
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Winer BY, Ding Q, Gaska JM, Ploss A. In vivo models of hepatitis B and C virus infection. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1987-99. [PMID: 27009462 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Globally, more than 500 million individuals are chronically infected with hepatitis B (HBV), delta (HDV), and/or C (HCV) viruses, which can result in severe liver disease. Mechanistic studies of viral persistence and pathogenesis have been hampered by the scarcity of animal models. The limited species and cellular host range of HBV, HDV, and HCV, which robustly infect only humans and chimpanzees, have posed challenges for creating such animal models. In this review, we will discuss the barriers to interspecies transmission and the progress that has been made in our understanding of the HBV, HDV, and HCV life cycles. Additionally, we will highlight a variety of approaches that overcome these barriers and thus facilitate in vivo studies of these hepatotropic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, NJ, USA
| | - Jenna M Gaska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, NJ, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, NJ, USA
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17
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Verchot J. How does the stressed out ER find relief during virus infection? Curr Opin Virol 2016; 17:74-79. [PMID: 26871502 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi network (ERGN) is vital to most cellular biosynthetic processes. Many positive strand RNA viruses depend upon the ERGN for replication, maturation, and egress. Viruses induce changes in ER architecture and stimulate fatty acid synthesis to create environments that can scaffold replication complexes, plant virus movement complexes, or virion maturation. Potato virus X (PVX) and Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) each encode small membrane binding proteins that embed in the ERGN and activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR ensures ERGN homeostasis in the face of environmental assaults that could negatively impact the biosynthetic functions of the ERGN. This article explores the relationship between ER stress, the UPR, and membrane synthesis occurring during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie Verchot
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States.
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18
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Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Estep M, Negro F, Clark PJ, Hunt S, Song Q, Paulson M, Stamm LM, Brainard DM, Subramanian GM, McHutchison JG, Patel K. Dysregulation of distal cholesterol biosynthesis in association with relapse and advanced disease in CHC genotype 2 and 3 treated with sofosbuvir and ribavirin. J Hepatol 2016; 64:29-36. [PMID: 26341824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) modulates host lipid metabolism for its replication and lifecycle. Our aims were to assess changes in the serum lipid and distal (post-squalene) cholesterol biosynthesis metabolite profile of HCV genotypes (GT) 2 and 3 patients treated with sofosbuvir+ribavirin. METHODS Serum samples [baseline, treatment week 12, 4weeks post-treatment] were analyzed for apolipoproteins B and E (apoB/E), total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and 11 post-squalene sterol metabolites using a GC/MS platform. RESULTS We selected 127 patients (GT2 n=50, GT3 n=77), 50% cirrhotic patients, and 42% who experienced a virological relapse. At baseline, GT3 patients had lower level of serum lipids, apoB/E, 7-dehydrocholesterol, desmosterol, lathosterol, compared to GT2 (p<0.006). Baseline lathosterol was lower in relapsers with cirrhosis compared to cirrhotic patients with SVR (p=0.003). From baseline to treatment week 12, serum lipids, apoB/E, and key sterol pathway metabolites (7-dehydrocholesterol, desmosterol, lathosterol, lanosterol) increased in GT3. In contrast, in GT2 patients, apoB/E and dihydrolanosterol decreased with viral suppression (p<0.025). At follow-up week 4, cirrhotic SVR patients showed substantially greater increases in apoB and total sterols compared to cirrhotic relapsers regardless of HCV genotype. After adjustment for genotype and gender, baseline lathosterol was independently associated with virologic response (p=0.04). CONCLUSION HCV GT3 is associated with reduced circulation of lipids involved in the distal cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, resulting in relative hypocholesterolemia. HCV suppression during sofosbuvir+ribavirin restores distal sterol metabolites indicating viral interference with de novo lipogenesis or selective retention by hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobair M Younossi
- Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, United States; Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States.
| | - Maria Stepanova
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Michael Estep
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | | | | | - Sharon Hunt
- Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, United States; Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Keyur Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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19
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Xie W, Wang L, Dai Q, Yu H, He X, Xiong J, Sheng H, Zhang D, Xin R, Qi Y, Hu F, Guo S, Zhang K. Activation of AMPK restricts coxsackievirus B3 replication by inhibiting lipid accumulation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 85:155-67. [PMID: 26055448 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the major pathogen of human viral myocarditis. CVB3 has been found to manipulate and modify the cellular lipid metabolism for viral replication. The cellular AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of multiple metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism. Here we explore the potential roles AMPK plays in CVB3 infection. We found that AMPK is activated by the viral replication during CVB3 infection in Hela cells and primary myocardial cells. RNA interference mediated inhibition of AMPK could increase the CVB3 replication in cells, indicating that AMPK contributed to restricting the viral replication. Next, we showed that CVB3 replication could be inhibited by several different pharmacological AMPK activators including metformin, A769662 and AICAR. And the constitutively active AMPK mutant (CA-AMPK) could also inhibit the CVB3 replication. Furthermore, we found that CVB3 infection increased the cellular lipid levels and showed that the AMPK agonist AICAR both restricted CVB3 replication and reduced lipid accumulation through inhibiting the lipid synthesis associated gene expression. We further found that CVB3 infection would also induce AMPK activated in vivo. The AMPK agonist metformin, which has been widely used in diabetes therapy, could decrease the viral replication and further protect the mice from myocardial histological and functional changes in CVB3 induced myocarditis, and improve the survival rate of infected mice. Lastly, it was demonstrated that the AICAR-mediated restriction of viral replication could be rescued partially by exogenous palmitate, the first product of fatty acid biosynthesis, demonstrating that AMPK activation restricted CVB3 infection through its inhibition of lipid synthesis. Taken together, these data in the present study suggest a model in which AMPK is activated by CVB3 infection and restricts viral replication by inhibiting the cellular lipid accumulation, and inform a potential novel therapeutic strategy for CVB3-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Dai
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei He
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junzhi Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Halei Sheng
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Xin
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yajuan Qi
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Fuquan Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA.
| | - Kebin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Geng N, Xin YN, Xia HHX, Jiang M, Wang J, Liu Y, Chen LZ, Xuan SY. Association of PNPLA3 I148M Variant With Chronic Viral Hepatitis, Autoimmune Liver Diseases and Outcomes of Liver Transplantation. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2015; 15:e26459. [PMID: 26034504 PMCID: PMC4449891 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.15(4)2015.26459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The PNPLA3 I148M variant has been recognized as a genetic determinant of liver fat content and a genetic risk factor of liver damage progression associated with steatohepatitis. The I148M variant is associated with many chronic liver diseases. However, its potential association with inflammatory and autoimmune liver diseases has not been established. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We systemically reviewed the potential associations of I148M variant with chronic viral hepatitis, autoimmune liver diseases and the outcome of liver transplantation, explored the underlying molecular mechanisms and tried to translate them into more individualized decision-making and personalized medicine. RESULTS There were associations between I148M variant and chronic viral hepatitis and autoimmune liver diseases and differential associations of I148M variant in donors and recipients with post-liver transplant outcomes. I148M variant may activate the development of steatosis caused by host metabolic disorders in chronic viral hepatitis, but few researches were found to illustrate the mechanisms in autoimmune liver diseases. The peripherally mediated mechanism (via extrahepatic adipose tissue) may play a principal role in triglyceride accumulation regardless of adiponutrin activity in the graft liver. CONCLUSIONS Evidences have shown the associations between I148M variant and mentioned diseases. I148M variant induced steatosis may be involved in the mechanism of chronic viral hepatitis and genetic considered personalized therapies, especially for PSC male patients. It is also crucial to pay attention to this parameter in donor selection and prognosis estimation in liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Geng
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Ning Xin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, P. R. China
- Corresponding Authors: Yong-Ning Xin, Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, P. O. Box: 266021, Qingdao, P. R. China. E-mail: ; Shi-Ying Xuan, Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, P. O. Box: 266021, Qingdao, P. R. China. Tel: +86-53288905508, Fax: +86-53282031522, E-mail:
| | | | - Man Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhen Chen
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Ying Xuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, P. R. China
- Corresponding Authors: Yong-Ning Xin, Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, P. O. Box: 266021, Qingdao, P. R. China. E-mail: ; Shi-Ying Xuan, Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, P. O. Box: 266021, Qingdao, P. R. China. Tel: +86-53288905508, Fax: +86-53282031522, E-mail:
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21
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Sanchez EL, Lagunoff M. Viral activation of cellular metabolism. Virology 2015; 479-480:609-18. [PMID: 25812764 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To ensure optimal environments for their replication and spread, viruses have evolved to alter many host cell pathways. In the last decade, metabolomic studies have shown that eukaryotic viruses induce large-scale alterations in host cellular metabolism. Most viruses examined to date induce aerobic glycolysis also known as the Warburg effect. Many viruses tested also induce fatty acid synthesis as well as glutaminolysis. These modifications of carbon source utilization by infected cells can increase available energy for virus replication and virion production, provide specific cellular substrates for virus particles and create viral replication niches while increasing infected cell survival. Each virus species also likely requires unique metabolic changes for successful spread and recent research has identified additional virus-specific metabolic changes induced by many virus species. A better understanding of the metabolic alterations required for the replication of each virus may lead to novel therapeutic approaches through targeted inhibition of specific cellular metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology and program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Michael Lagunoff
- Department of Microbiology and program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA.
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22
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Meredith LW, Farquhar MJ, Tarr AW, McKeating JA. Type I interferon rapidly restricts infectious hepatitis C virus particle genesis. Hepatology 2014; 60:1891-901. [PMID: 25066844 PMCID: PMC4265257 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interferon-alpha (IFNα) has been used to treat chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection for over 20 years with varying efficacy, depending on the infecting viral genotype. The mechanism of action of IFNα is not fully understood, but is thought to target multiple stages of the HCV lifecycle, inhibiting viral transcription and translation leading to a degradation of viral RNA and protein expression in the infected cell. IFNα induces the expression of an array of interferon-stimulated genes within minutes of receptor engagement; however, the impact of these early responses on the viral lifecycle are unknown. We demonstrate that IFNα inhibits the genesis of infectious extracellular HCV particles within 2 hours of treating infected cells, with minimal effect on the intracellular viral burden. Importantly, this short duration of IFNα treatment of infected cells significantly reduced cell-free and cell-to-cell dissemination. The secreted viral particles showed no apparent change in protein content or density, demonstrating that IFNα inhibits particle infectivity but not secretion rates. To investigate whether particles released from IFNα-treated cells have a reduced capacity to establish infection we used HCV lentiviral pseudotypes (HCVpp) and demonstrated a defect in cell entry. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies targeting the E2 glycoprotein, we demonstrate that IFNα alters glycoprotein conformation and receptor utilization. CONCLUSION These observations show a previously unreported and rapid effect of IFNα on HCV particle infectivity that inhibits de novo infection events. Evasion of this response may be a contributing factor in whether a patient achieves early or rapid virological response, a key indicator of progression to sustained virological response or clearance of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Meredith
- Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Centre for Human Virology, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Michelle J Farquhar
- Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Centre for Human Virology, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Alexander W Tarr
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences and the Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical CentreNottingham, UK
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Centre for Human Virology, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK,NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
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23
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Mazzon M, Mercer J. Lipid interactions during virus entry and infection. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1493-502. [PMID: 25131438 PMCID: PMC4265854 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For entry and infection viruses have developed numerous strategies to subjugate indispensable cellular factors and functions. Host cell lipids and cellular lipid synthesis machinery are no exception. Not only do viruses exploit existing lipid signalling and modifications for virus entry and trafficking, they also reprogram lipid synthesis, metabolism, and compartmentalization for assembly and egress. Here we review these various concepts and highlight recent progress in understanding viral interactions with host cell lipids during entry and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Mazzon
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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24
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Autophagy in HCV infection: keeping fat and inflammation at bay. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:265353. [PMID: 25162004 PMCID: PMC4138948 DOI: 10.1155/2014/265353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease. Viral persistence and pathogenesis rely mainly on the ability of HCV to deregulate specific host processes, including lipid metabolism and innate immunity. Recently, autophagy has emerged as a cellular pathway, playing a role in several aspects of HCV infection. This review summarizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that link the HCV life cycle with autophagy machinery. In particular, we discuss the role of HCV/autophagy interaction in dysregulating inflammation and lipid homeostasis and its potential for translational applications in the treatment of HCV-infected patients.
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25
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Liefhebber JMP, Hague CV, Zhang Q, Wakelam MJO, McLauchlan J. Modulation of triglyceride and cholesterol ester synthesis impairs assembly of infectious hepatitis C virus. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21276-88. [PMID: 24917668 PMCID: PMC4118089 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.582999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In hepatitis C virus infection, replication of the viral genome and virion assembly are linked to cellular metabolic processes. In particular, lipid droplets, which store principally triacylglycerides (TAGs) and cholesterol esters (CEs), have been implicated in production of infectious virus. Here, we examine the effect on productive infection of triacsin C and YIC-C8-434, which inhibit synthesis of TAGs and CEs by targeting long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase, respectively. Our results present high resolution data on the acylglycerol and cholesterol ester species that were affected by the compounds. Moreover, triacsin C, which blocks both triglyceride and cholesterol ester synthesis, cleared most of the lipid droplets in cells. By contrast, YIC-C8-434, which only abrogates production of cholesterol esters, induced an increase in size of droplets. Although both compounds slightly reduced viral RNA synthesis, they significantly impaired assembly of infectious virions in infected cells. In the case of triacsin C, reduced stability of the viral core protein, which forms the virion nucleocapsid and is targeted to the surface of lipid droplets, correlated with lower virion assembly. In addition, the virus particles that were released from cells had reduced specific infectivity. YIC-C8-434 did not alter the association of core with lipid droplets but appeared to decrease production of infectious virus particles, suggesting a block in virion assembly. Thus, the compounds have antiviral properties, indicating that targeting synthesis of lipids stored in lipid droplets might be an option for therapeutic intervention in treating chronic hepatitis C virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda M P Liefhebber
- From the Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 8 Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Charlotte V Hague
- From the Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 8 Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Qifeng Zhang
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J O Wakelam
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - John McLauchlan
- From the Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 8 Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, Scotland, United Kingdom and
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26
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Teperino R, Aberger F, Esterbauer H, Riobo N, Pospisilik JA. Canonical and non-canonical Hedgehog signalling and the control of metabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 33:81-92. [PMID: 24862854 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes represent key healthcare challenges of our day, affecting upwards of one billion people worldwide. These individuals are at higher risk for cancer, stroke, blindness, heart and cardiovascular disease, and to date, have no effective long-term treatment options available. Recent and accumulating evidence has implicated the developmental morphogen Hedgehog and its downstream signalling in metabolic control. Generally thought to be quiescent in adults, Hedgehog is associated with several human cancers, and as such, has already emerged as a therapeutic target in oncology. Here, we attempt to give a comprehensive overview of the key signalling events associated with both canonical and non-canonical Hedgehog signalling, and highlight the increasingly complex regulatory modalities that appear to link Hedgehog and control metabolism. We highlight these key findings and discuss their impact for therapeutic development, cancer and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Teperino
- Department of Epigenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fritz Aberger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Harald Esterbauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalia Riobo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - John Andrew Pospisilik
- Department of Epigenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
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27
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Yoshizawa K, Abe H, Aida Y, Ishiguro H, Ika M, Shimada N, Tsubota A, Aizawa Y. Serum apolipoprotein B-100 concentration predicts the virological response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin combination therapy in patients infected with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1b. J Med Virol 2014; 85:1180-90. [PMID: 23918536 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Host lipoprotein metabolism is associated closely with the life cycle of hepatitis C virus (HCV), and serum lipid profiles have been linked to the response to pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) therapy. Polymorphisms in the human IL28B gene and amino acid substitutions in the core and interferon sensitivity-determining region (ISDR) in NS5A of HCV genotype 1b (G1b) were also shown to strongly affect the outcome of Peg-IFN plus RBV therapy. In this study, an observational cohort study was performed in 247 HCV G1b-infected patients to investigate whether the response to Peg-IFN and RBV combination therapy in these patients is independently associated with the level of lipid factors, especially apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100), an obligatory structural component of very low density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein. The multivariate logistic analysis subsequently identified apoB-100 (odds ratio (OR), 1.602; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.046-2.456), alpha-fetoprotein (OR, 0.764; 95% CI, 0.610-0.958), non-wild-type ISDR (OR, 5.617; 95% CI, 1.274-24.754), and the rs8099917 major genotype (OR, 34.188; 95% CI, 10.225-114.308) as independent factors affecting rapid initial virological response (decline in HCV RNA levels by ≥3-log10 at week 4). While lipid factors were not independent predictors of complete early or sustained virological response, the serum apoB-100 level was an independent factor for sustained virological response in patients carrying the rs8099917 hetero/minor genotype. Together, we conclude that serum apoB-100 concentrations could predict virological response to Peg-IFN plus RBV combination therapy in patients infected with HCV G1b, especially in those with the rs8099917 hetero/minor genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yoshizawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine Katsushika Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
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28
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Anwar MI, Iqbal M, Yousef MS, Rahman M. Over-expression and characterization of NS3 and NS5A of Hepatitis C virus genotype 3a. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:111. [PMID: 24238670 PMCID: PMC3842787 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common and leading cause for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current therapies to treat HCV infection are shown to be partially effective and poorly tolerated. Therefore, ample efforts are underway to rationally design therapies targeting the HCV non-structural proteins. Most of the work carried out in this direction has been focusing mainly on HCV genotype 1. Two direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) Telaprevir and Boceprevir are being used against genotype 1a infection in combination therapy with interferon and ribavirin. Unfortunately these DAAs are not effective against genotype 3a. Considering the wide spread infection by HCV genotype 3a in developing countries especially South Asia, we have focused on the recombinant production of antiviral drug targets NS3 and NS5A from HCV genotype 3a. These protein targets are to be used for screening of inhibitors. Results High-level expression of NS3 and NS5A was achieved at 25°C, using ~1 and 0.5 mM Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), respectively. Yields of the purified NS3 and NS5A were 4 and 1 mg per liter culture volume, respectively. Although similar amounts of purified NS3 were obtained at 25 and 14°C, specificity constant (Kcat/Km) was somewhat higher at expression temperature of 25°C. Circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy revealed that both NS3 and NS5A contain a mixture of alpha-helix and beta-sheet secondary structures. For NS3 protein, percentages of secondary structures were similar to the values predicted from homology modeling. Conclusions NS3 and NS5A were over-expressed and using Nickel-affinity method both proteins were purified to ~ 95% purity. Yield of the purified NS3 obtained is four fold higher than previous reports. CD spectroscopy revealed that difference in activity of NS3 expressed at various temperatures is not related to changes in global structural features of the protein. Moreover, CD and FT-IR analysis showed that NS3 and NS5A contain both alpha-helical and beta-sheet structures and for NS5A, the proportion is almost equal. The production of NS3 and NS5A in milligram quantities will allow their characterization by biophysical and biochemical means that will help in designing new strategies to fight against HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Drug Discovery and Structural Biology group, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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29
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Koutsoudakis G, Forns X, Pérez-Del-Pulgar S. [The molecular biology of hepatitis C virus]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2013; 36:280-93. [PMID: 23490024 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), a plethora of experimental models have evolved, allowing the virus's life cycle and the pathogenesis of associated liver diseases to be investigated. These models range from inoculation of cultured cells with serum from patients with hepatitis C to the use of surrogate models for the study of specific stages of the HCV life cycle: retroviral pseudoparticles for the study of HCV entry, replicons for the study of HCV replication, and the HCV cell culture model, which reproduces the entire life cycle (replication and production of infectious particles). The use of these tools has been and remains crucial to identify potential therapeutic targets in the different stages of the virus's life cycle and to screen new antiviral drugs. A clear example is the recent approval of two viral protease inhibitors (boceprevir and telaprevir) in combination with pegylated interferon and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. This review analyzes the advances made in the molecular biology of HCV and highlights possible candidates as therapeutic targets for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Koutsoudakis
- Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, España
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30
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Kim CW, Chang KM. Hepatitis C virus: virology and life cycle. Clin Mol Hepatol 2013; 19:17-25. [PMID: 23593605 PMCID: PMC3622851 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2013.19.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family. It causes acute hepatitis with a high propensity for chronic infection. Chronic HCV infection can progress to severe liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the last decade, our basic understanding of HCV virology and life cycle has advanced greatly with the development of HCV cell culture and replication systems. Our ability to treat HCV infection has also been improved with the combined use of interferon, ribavirin and small molecule inhibitors of the virally encoded NS3/4A protease, although better therapeutic options are needed with greater antiviral efficacy and less toxicity. In this article, we review various aspects of HCV life cycle including viral attachment, entry, fusion, viral RNA translation, posttranslational processing, HCV replication, viral assembly and release. Each of these steps provides potential targets for novel antiviral therapeutics to cure HCV infection and prevent the adverse consequences of progressive liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- GI/Hepatology Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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A Metabolomics Profiling Study in Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Modulated Pathways of Clinical Intervention Using Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:647452. [PMID: 23533509 PMCID: PMC3590494 DOI: 10.1155/2013/647452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), with poorly understood pathogenesis, has become a major public health threat across Asia Pacific. In order to characterize the metabolic changes of HFMD and to unravel the regulatory role of clinical intervention, we have performed a metabolomics approach in a clinical trial. In this study, metabolites profiling was performed by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) platform from the HFMD clinical patient samples. The outcome of this study suggested that 31 endogenous metabolites were mainly involved and showed marked perturbation in HFMD patients. In addition, combination therapy intervention showed normalized tendency in HFMD patients in differential pathway. Taken together, these results indicate that metabolomics approach can be used as a complementary tool for the detection and the study of the etiology of HFMD.
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Moser TS, Schieffer D, Cherry S. AMP-activated kinase restricts Rift Valley fever virus infection by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002661. [PMID: 22532801 PMCID: PMC3330235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell intrinsic innate immune responses provide a first line of defense against viral infection, and often function by targeting cellular pathways usurped by the virus during infection. In particular, many viruses manipulate cellular lipids to form complex structures required for viral replication, many of which are dependent on de novo fatty acid synthesis. We found that the energy regulator AMPK, which potently inhibits fatty acid synthesis, restricts infection of the Bunyavirus, Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV), an important re-emerging arthropod-borne human pathogen for which there are no effective vaccines or therapeutics. We show restriction of RVFV both by AMPK and its upstream activator LKB1, indicating an antiviral role for this signaling pathway. Furthermore, we found that AMPK is activated during RVFV infection, leading to the phosphorylation and inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the first rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis. Activating AMPK pharmacologically both restricted infection and reduced lipid levels. This restriction could be bypassed by treatment with the fatty acid palmitate, demonstrating that AMPK restricts RVFV infection through its inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis. Lastly, we found that this pathway plays a broad role in antiviral defense since additional viruses from disparate families were also restricted by AMPK and LKB1. Therefore, AMPK is an important component of the cell intrinsic immune response that restricts infection through a novel mechanism involving the inhibition of fatty acid metabolism. RNA viruses represent an important worldwide source of infection and disease in both humans and animals. While individual viruses have unique characteristics, some stages of infection are conserved and must be completed in order to successfully infect and grow. Viruses must undergo genome replication, protein synthesis, and assembly of new virus particles. In particular, numerous RNA viruses manipulate cellular membranes to create new complex structures required for viral replication in a process that is often dependent on fatty acid biosynthesis. This is a process that is tightly regulated by the energy sensor AMPK. We have found that energy-mediated activation of AMPK restricts infection of the Bunyavirus Rift Valley fever virus by decreasing levels of fatty acid synthesis. Furthermore, several additional RNA viruses from disparate families that share this dependence of membrane modification and fatty acid synthesis are also restricted by AMPK. Thus AMPK likely represents a novel component of the cell intrinsic immune response to RNA viruses, and may be a good target for the development of antiviral therapeutics against a range of medically important viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, Penn Genome Frontiers Institute, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pattullo V, Douglas MW, George J. Organelle dysfunction in hepatitis C virus-associated steatosis: anything to learn from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 5:265-77. [PMID: 21476921 DOI: 10.1586/egh.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) spans a pathological spectrum from nonalcoholic steatosis to steatohepatitis. The pathophysiology of this disorder is complex, but includes insulin resistance and disrupted lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis, which at a subcellular level results in oxidative stress, free fatty acid-mediated lipotoxicity, defects in mitochondrial function, endoplasmic reticulum stress and cytokine-mediated toxicity. In chronic hepatitis C (CHC), systemic metabolic derangements similar to NAFLD may be operative, but in addition, virus-specific factors contribute to steatosis. The mechanisms for steatosis in CHC appear to share common pathways with those observed in NAFLD. This article outlines our current understanding of the subcellular mechanisms of steatosis in NAFLD and CHC, including their similarities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venessa Pattullo
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
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Strosberg AD, Kota S, Takahashi V, Snyder JK, Mousseau G. Core as a novel viral target for hepatitis C drugs. Viruses 2010; 2:1734-1751. [PMID: 21994704 PMCID: PMC3185734 DOI: 10.3390/v2081734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects over 130 million people worldwide and is a major cause of liver disease. No vaccine is available. Novel specific drugs for HCV are urgently required, since the standard-of-care treatment of pegylated interferon combined with ribavirin is poorly tolerated and cures less than half of the treated patients. Promising, effective direct-acting drugs currently in the clinic have been described for three of the ten potential HCV target proteins: NS3/NS4A protease, NS5B polymerase and NS5A, a regulatory phosphoprotein. We here present core, the viral capsid protein, as another attractive, non-enzymatic target, against which a new class of anti-HCV drugs can be raised. Core plays a major role in the virion's formation, and interacts with several cellular proteins, some of which are involved in host defense mechanisms against the virus. This most conserved of all HCV proteins requires oligomerization to function as the organizer of viral particle assembly. Using core dimerization as the basis of transfer-of-energy screening assays, peptides and small molecules were identified which not only inhibit core-core interaction, but also block viral production in cell culture. Initial chemical optimization resulted in compounds active in single digit micromolar concentrations. Core inhibitors could be used in combination with other HCV drugs in order to provide novel treatments of Hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Donny Strosberg
- Department of Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL-33458, USA; E-Mails: (S.K.); (V.T.); (G.M.)
| | - Smitha Kota
- Department of Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL-33458, USA; E-Mails: (S.K.); (V.T.); (G.M.)
| | - Virginia Takahashi
- Department of Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL-33458, USA; E-Mails: (S.K.); (V.T.); (G.M.)
| | - John K. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, The Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Guillaume Mousseau
- Department of Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL-33458, USA; E-Mails: (S.K.); (V.T.); (G.M.)
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