1
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Zahran A, Hussein HA, Thabet AA, Izzaldin MR, Wardany AA, Sobhy A, Bashir MA, Afifi MM, Ali WA, Rayan A, Saad K, Khalaf MG, Ahmed ME, Sayed NG. Immune Checkpoints Receptors Expression of Macrophage/Monocytes in Response to Acute Viral Respiratory Infection. J Clin Med Res 2024; 16:232-242. [PMID: 38855783 PMCID: PMC11161185 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr5098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to monitor the phenotypic changes in macrophages and their polarization in patients with acute viral respiratory diseases, including coronavirus disease diagnosis, focusing on the variations in the percentages of macrophages and monocytes and their sub-populations in those patients compared to healthy control. Moreover, we defined the correlation between macrophage subtypes and some inflammatory indices. Methods Twenty-seven patients with clinical and radiologic diagnosis of acute viral respiratory infection admitted in Al-Azhar and Assiut University hospitals were recruited. Fresh peripheral blood samples were collected from all patients and healthy controls for flow cytometric analysis using BD FACSCanto II analyzer equipped with three lasers. Results Compared to healthy controls, accumulation of cluster of differentiation (CD)11B+CD68+ macrophages (M) (P = 0.018), CD274+ M1 (P = 0.01), CD274+ M2 (P < 0.001), and CD80-CD206+ M2 (P = 0.001) was more evident in patients. Moreover, CD273+ M2 (P = 0.03), CD80+CD206- M1 (P = 0.002), and CD80+CD86+ M1 (P = 0.002) were highly expressed in controls compared with patients. Conclusion The examination of clinical specimens obtained from patients with signs of acute respiratory viral infection showed the role of the macrophage in the immune response. Dysfunction in macrophages results in heightened immune activity and inflammation, which plays a role in the progression of viral diseases and the emergence of accompanying health issues. This malfunction in macrophages is a common characteristic seen in various viruses, making it a promising focus for antiviral therapies with broad applicability. The immune checkpoint could be a target for immune modulation in patients with severe symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Zahran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hosni A. Hussein
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Ali A. Thabet
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R. Izzaldin
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Wardany
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Ali Sobhy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Bashir
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Magdy M. Afifi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wageeh A. Ali
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amal Rayan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Khaled Saad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud Elsaeed Ahmed
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha G. Sayed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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2
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Srivastava P, Chaudhary S, Malhotra S, Varma B, Sunil S. Transcriptome analysis of human macrophages upon chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection reveals regulation of distinct signaling and metabolic pathways during the early and late stages of infection. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17158. [PMID: 37408916 PMCID: PMC10318463 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are efficient reservoirs for viruses that enable the viruses to survive over a longer period of infection. Alphaviruses such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are known to persist in macrophages even after the acute febrile phase. The viral particles replicate in macrophages at a very low level over extended period of time and are localized in tissues that are often less accessible by treatment. Comprehensive experimental studies are thus needed to characterize the CHIKV-induced modulation of host genes in these myeloid lineage cells and in one such pursuit, we obtained global transcriptomes of a human macrophage cell line infected with CHIKV, over its early and late timepoints of infection. We analyzed the pathways, especially immune related, perturbed over these timepoints and observed several host factors to be differentially expressed in infected macrophages in a time-dependent manner. We postulate that these pathways may play crucial roles in the persistence of CHIKV in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanshu Srivastava
- Vector-Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Sakshi Chaudhary
- Vector-Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector-Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
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3
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Gaikwad SY, Phatak P, Mukherjee A. Cutting edge strategies for screening of novel anti-HIV drug candidates against HIV infection: A concise overview of cell based assays. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16027. [PMID: 37215829 PMCID: PMC10195898 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy has majorly contributed towards reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infected people, thus improving the quality of their life. Still, the eradication of HIV infection has not been achieved due to some important limitations such as non-adherence to therapy, cellular toxicity, restricted bioavailability of antiretroviral drugs and emergence of drug resistant viruses. Moreover, persistence of latent HIV-reservoirs even under antiviral-drug pressure is the major obstacle in HIV cure. Currently used antiretrovirals can suppress the viral replication in activated CD4+ cells, however, it has been observed that the available antiretroviral therapy appears inadequate to reduce latent reservoirs established in resting memory CD4+ T cells. Therefore, for eradication or reduction of latent reservoirs many immunotherapeutic and pharmacologic approaches including latency reversing agents are being studied constantly. Additionally, promising therapeutic strategies including discovery of novel drugs and drug targets are continuously being explored. Therefore, preclinical testing has become an important step of drug development process, continuously demanding innovative, but less time consuming evaluation strategies. Present review attempts to gather and line-up the information on existing cell-based methodologies applied for assessing drug candidates for their antiretroviral potential. Further, we intend to outline the advanced and reliable cell based methodologies that would expedite the process of discovery and development of antiretrovirals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Corresponding author. Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Plot No. 73, 'G' Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, 411026, Maharashtra, India.
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4
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Han M, Woottum M, Mascarau R, Vahlas Z, Verollet C, Benichou S. Mechanisms of HIV-1 cell-to-cell transfer to myeloid cells. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1261-1271. [PMID: 35355323 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0322-737r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, cells of the myeloid lineage such as macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and osteoclasts (OCs) are emerging as important target cells for HIV-1, as they likely participate in all steps of pathogenesis, including sexual transmission and early virus dissemination in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues where they can constitute persistent virus reservoirs. At least in vitro, these myeloid cells are poorly infected by cell-free viral particles. In contrast, intercellular virus transmission through direct cell-to-cell contacts may be a predominant mode of virus propagation in vivo leading to productive infection of these myeloid target cells. HIV-1 cell-to-cell transfer between CD4+ T cells mainly through the formation of the virologic synapse, or from infected macrophages or dendritic cells to CD4+ T cell targets, have been extensively described in vitro. Recent reports demonstrate that myeloid cells can be also productively infected through virus homotypic or heterotypic cell-to-cell transfer between macrophages or from virus-donor-infected CD4+ T cells, respectively. These modes of infection of myeloid target cells lead to very efficient spreading in these poorly susceptible cell types. Thus, the goal of this review is to give an overview of the different mechanisms reported in the literature for cell-to-cell transfer and spreading of HIV-1 in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Han
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculty of Health, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculty of Health, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Mascarau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP), CNRS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zoï Vahlas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP), CNRS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christel Verollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP), CNRS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculty of Health, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
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5
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Fraker S, Atkinson B, Heredia A. Humanized mouse models for preclinical evaluation of HIV cure strategies. AIDS Rev 2022; 24:139-151. [PMID: 35622983 PMCID: PMC9643647 DOI: 10.24875/aidsrev.22000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the world is currently focused on the COVID-19 pandemic, HIV/AIDS remains a significant threat to public health. To date, the HIV/AIDS pandemic has claimed the lives of over 36 million people, while nearly 38 million people are currently living with the virus. Despite the undeniable success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in controlling HIV, the medications are not curative. Soon after initial infection, HIV integrates into the genome of infected cells as a provirus, primarily, within CD4+ T lymphocytes and tissue macrophages. When not actively transcribed, the provirus is referred to as a latent reservoir because it is hidden to the immune system and ART. Following ART discontinuation, HIV may emerge from the replication-competent proviruses and resumes the infection of healthy cells. Thus, these latent reservoirs are a major obstacle to an HIV cure, and their removal remains a priority. A vital aspect in the development of curative therapies is the demonstration of efficacy in an animal model, such as the humanized mouse model. Therefore, optimization, standardization, and validation of the humanized mouse model are a priority. The purpose of this review article is to provide an update on existing humanized mouse models, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each as they pertain to HIV cure studies and to review the approaches to curative therapies that are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Fraker
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Benjamin Atkinson
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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6
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Galvão-Lima LJ, Zambuzi FA, Soares LS, Fontanari C, Meireles AFG, Brauer VS, Faccioli LH, Gama L, Figueiredo LTM, Bou-Habib DC, Frantz FG. HIV-1 Gag and Vpr impair the inflammasome activation and contribute to the establishment of chronic infection in human primary macrophages. Mol Immunol 2022; 148:68-80. [PMID: 35659727 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The successful establishment of HIV-1 infection is related to inflammasome blocking or inactivation, which can result in the viral evasion of the immune responses and formation of reservoirs in several tissues. In this sense, we aimed to evaluate the viral and cellular mechanisms activated during HIV-1 infection in human primary macrophages that allow an effective viral replication in these cells. We found that resting HIV-1-infected macrophages, but not those activated in classical or alternative patterns, released IL-1β and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, and showed increased CXCL10 expression, without changes in the NLRP3, AIM2 or RIG-I inflammasome pathways. Also, similar levels of Casp-1, phosphorylated NF-κB (p65) and NLRP3 proteins were found in uninfected and HIV-1-infected macrophages. Likewise, no alterations were detected in ASC specks released in the culture supernatant after HIV-1 infection, suggesting that macrophages remain viable after infection. Using in silico prediction studies, we found that the HIV-1 proteins Gag and Vpr interact with several host proteins. Comparable levels of trans-LTB4 were found in the supernatants of uninfected and HIV-1-infected macrophages, whereas ROS production was impaired in infected cells, which was not reversed after the PMA stimulus. Immunofluorescence analysis showed structural alterations in the mitochondrial architecture and an increase of BIM in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Our data suggest that HIV-1 proteins Gag and Vpr, through interacting with cellular proteins in the early steps of infection, preclude the inflammasome activation and the development of effective immune responses, thus allowing the establishment of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo J Galvão-Lima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil; Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Fabiana A Zambuzi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Luana S Soares
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fontanari
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Aline F Galvão Meireles
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Verônica S Brauer
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Gama
- Retrovirus Lab, Johns Hopkins University - School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luiz T M Figueiredo
- Virology Research Center, Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Dumith Chequer Bou-Habib
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiani G Frantz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
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7
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected macrophages are long-lived cells that sustain persistent virus expression, which is both a barrier to viral eradication and contributor to neurological complications in patients despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). To better understand the regulation of HIV-1 in macrophages, we compared HIV-infected primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) to acutely infected primary CD4 T cells and Jurkat cells latently infected with HIV (JLAT 8.4). HIV genomes in MDM were actively transcribed despite enrichment with heterochromatin-associated H3K9me3 across the complete HIV genome in combination with elevated activation marks of H3K9ac and H3K27ac at the long terminal repeat (LTR). Macrophage patterns contrasted with JLAT cells, which showed conventional bivalent H3K4me3/H3K27me3, and acutely infected CD4 T cells, which showed an intermediate epigenotype. 5'-Methylcytosine (5mC) was enriched across the HIV genome in latently infected JLAT cells, while 5'-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) was enriched in CD4 cells and MDMs. HIV infection induced multinucleation of MDMs along with DNA damage-associated p53 phosphorylation, as well as loss of TET2 and the nuclear redistribution of 5-hydoxymethylation. Taken together, our findings suggest that HIV induces a unique macrophage nuclear and transcriptional profile, and viral genomes are maintained in a noncanonical bivalent epigenetic state. IMPORTANCE Macrophages serve as a reservoir for long-term persistence and chronic production of HIV. We found an atypical epigenetic control of HIV in macrophages marked by heterochromatic H3K9me3 despite active viral transcription. HIV infection induced changes in macrophage nuclear morphology and epigenetic regulatory factors. These findings may identify new mechanisms to control chronic HIV expression in infected macrophages.
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8
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Bellinger DL, Lorton D. Sympathetic Nerves and Innate Immune System in the Spleen: Implications of Impairment in HIV-1 and Relevant Models. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040673. [PMID: 35203323 PMCID: PMC8870141 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune and sympathetic nervous systems are major targets of human, murine and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1, MAIDS, and SIV, respectively). The spleen is a major reservoir for these retroviruses, providing a sanctuary for persistent infection of myeloid cells in the white and red pulps. This is despite the fact that circulating HIV-1 levels remain undetectable in infected patients receiving combined antiretroviral therapy. These viruses sequester in immune organs, preventing effective cures. The spleen remains understudied in its role in HIV-1 pathogenesis, despite it hosting a quarter of the body’s lymphocytes and diverse macrophage populations targeted by HIV-1. HIV-1 infection reduces the white pulp, and induces perivascular hyalinization, vascular dysfunction, tissue infarction, and chronic inflammation characterized by activated epithelial-like macrophages. LP-BM5, the retrovirus that induces MAIDS, is a well-established model of AIDS. Immune pathology in MAIDs is similar to SIV and HIV-1 infection. As in SIV and HIV, MAIDS markedly changes splenic architecture, and causes sympathetic dysfunction, contributing to inflammation and immune dysfunction. In MAIDs, SIV, and HIV, the viruses commandeer splenic macrophages for their replication, and shift macrophages to an M2 phenotype. Additionally, in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, HIV-1 blocks sympathetic augmentation of interferon-β (IFN-β) transcription, which promotes viral replication. Here, we review viral–sympathetic interactions in innate immunity and pathophysiology in the spleen in HIV-1 and relevant models. The situation remains that research in this area is still sparse and original hypotheses proposed largely remain unanswered.
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9
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Pasquereau S, Herbein G. CounterAKTing HIV: Toward a “Block and Clear” Strategy? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:827717. [PMID: 35186800 PMCID: PMC8856111 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.827717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase B or Akt is a central regulator of survival, metabolism, growth and proliferation of the cells and is known to be targeted by various viral pathogens, including HIV-1. The central role of Akt makes it a critical player in HIV-1 pathogenesis, notably by affecting viral entry, latency and reactivation, cell survival, viral spread and immune response to the infection. Several HIV proteins activate the PI3K/Akt pathway, to fuel the progression of the infection. Targeting Akt could help control HIV-1 entry, viral latency/replication, cell survival of infected cells, HIV spread from cell-to-cell, and the immune microenvironment which could ultimately allow to curtail the size of the HIV reservoir. Beside the “shock and kill” and “block and lock” strategies, the use of Akt inhibitors in combination with latency inducing agents, could favor the clearance of infected cells and be part of new therapeutic strategies with the goal to “block and clear” HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Pasquereau
- Laboratory Pathogens & Inflammation-Epigenetics of Viral Infections and Inflammatory Diseases Laboratory (EPILAB), University of Franche-Comté, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Besançon, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- Laboratory Pathogens & Inflammation-Epigenetics of Viral Infections and Inflammatory Diseases Laboratory (EPILAB), University of Franche-Comté, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Virology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
- *Correspondence: Georges Herbein,
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10
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Saeb S, Assche JV, Loustau T, Rohr O, Wallet C, Schwartz C. Suicide gene therapy in cancer and HIV-1 infection: An alternative to conventional treatments. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114893. [PMID: 34968484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Suicide Gene Therapy (SGT) aims to introduce a gene encoding either a toxin or an enzyme making the targeted cell more sensitive to chemotherapy. SGT represents an alternative approach to combat pathologies where conventional treatments fail such as pancreatic cancer or the high-grade glioblastoma which are still desperately lethal. We review the possibility to use SGT to treat these cancers which have shown promising results in vitro and in preclinical trials. However, SGT has so far failed in phase III clinical trials thus further improvements are awaited. We can now take advantages of the many advances made in SGT for treating cancer to combat other pathologies such as HIV-1 infection. In the review we also discuss the feasibility to add SGT to the therapeutic arsenal used to cure HIV-1-infected patients. Indeed, preliminary results suggest that both productive and latently infected cells are targeted by the SGT. In the last section, we address the limitations of this approach and how we might improve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Saeb
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; University of Strasbourg, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Jeanne Van Assche
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Thomas Loustau
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Olivier Rohr
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Clémentine Wallet
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Christian Schwartz
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France.
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11
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Desrosiers V, Barat C, Breton Y, Ouellet M, Tremblay MJ. Thymidylate synthase is essential for efficient HIV-1 replication in macrophages. Virology 2021; 561:47-57. [PMID: 34146963 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a key enzyme in nucleotide biosynthesis. A study performed by our group on human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected with HIV-1 showed that many enzymes related to the folate cycle pathway, such as TS, are upregulated in productively infected cells. Here, we suggest that TS is essential for an effective HIV-1 infection in MDMs. Indeed, a TS specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) as well as the TS specific inhibitor Raltitrexed (RTX) caused a reduction in productively infected cells. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that this treatment decreased the efficacy of the early steps of the viral cycle. The RTX inhibitory effect was counteracted by dNTP addition. These results suggest that TS is essential for the early stages of HIV-1 infection by providing optimal dNTP concentrations in MDMs. TS and its related pathway may thus be considered as a potential therapeutic target for HIV-1 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Desrosiers
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Yann Breton
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michel Ouellet
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada; Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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12
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Hayes AML. Future approaches to clearing the latent human immunodeficiency virus reservoir: Beyond latency reversal. South Afr J HIV Med 2020; 21:1089. [PMID: 32934831 PMCID: PMC7479387 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v21i1.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) allows near-normal life expectancy for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), it is unable to cure the infection and so life long treatment is required. Objectives The main barrier to curing HIV is the latent reservoir of cells, which is stable and resistant to cART. Method Current approaches under investigation for clearing this reservoir propose a 'Shock and Kill' mechanism, in which active replication is induced in latent cells by latency reversal agents, theoretically allowing killing of the newly active cells. Results However, previous studies have failed to achieve depletion of the T central memory cell reservoir, are unable to target other latent reservoirs and may be causing neurological damage to participants. Conclusion Future approaches to clearing the latent reservoir may bypass latency reversal through the use of drugs that selectively induce apoptosis in infected cells. Several classes of these pro-apoptotic drugs have shown promise in in vitro and ex vivo studies, and may represent the basis of a future functional cure for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M L Hayes
- Medical Sciences Division, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Pinto DO, DeMarino C, Vo TT, Cowen M, Kim Y, Pleet ML, Barclay RA, Noren Hooten N, Evans MK, Heredia A, Batrakova EV, Iordanskiy S, Kashanchi F. Low-Level Ionizing Radiation Induces Selective Killing of HIV-1-Infected Cells with Reversal of Cytokine Induction Using mTOR Inhibitors. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080885. [PMID: 32823598 PMCID: PMC7472203 DOI: 10.3390/v12080885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infects 39.5 million people worldwide, and cART is effective in preventing viral spread by reducing HIV-1 plasma viral loads to undetectable levels. However, viral reservoirs persist by mechanisms, including the inhibition of autophagy by HIV-1 proteins (i.e., Nef and Tat). HIV-1 reservoirs can be targeted by the “shock and kill” strategy, which utilizes latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to activate latent proviruses and immunotarget the virus-producing cells. Yet, limitations include reduced LRA permeability across anatomical barriers and immune hyper-activation. Ionizing radiation (IR) induces effective viral activation across anatomical barriers. Like other LRAs, IR may cause inflammation and modulate the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We and others have shown that cells may secrete cytokines and viral proteins in EVs and, therefore, LRAs may contribute to inflammatory EVs. In the present study, we mitigated the effects of IR-induced inflammatory EVs (i.e., TNF-α), through the use of mTOR inhibitors (mTORi; Rapamycin and INK128). Further, mTORi were found to enhance the selective killing of HIV-1-infected myeloid and T-cell reservoirs at the exclusion of uninfected cells, potentially via inhibition of viral transcription/translation and induction of autophagy. Collectively, the proposed regimen using cART, IR, and mTORi presents a novel approach allowing for the targeting of viral reservoirs, prevention of immune hyper-activation, and selectively killing latently infected HIV-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O. Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Thy T. Vo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Maria Cowen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Yuriy Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Michelle L. Pleet
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Robert A. Barclay
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Nicole Noren Hooten
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (N.N.H.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (N.N.H.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Elena V. Batrakova
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +703-993-9160; Fax: +703-993-7022
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Ferreira IATM, Porterfield JZ, Gupta RK, Mlcochova P. Cell Cycle Regulation in Macrophages and Susceptibility to HIV-1. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080839. [PMID: 32751972 PMCID: PMC7472357 DOI: 10.3390/v12080839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the first line of defence against invading pathogens. They play a crucial role in immunity but also in regeneration and homeostasis. Their remarkable plasticity in their phenotypes and function provides them with the ability to quickly respond to environmental changes and infection. Recent work shows that macrophages undergo cell cycle transition from a G0/terminally differentiated state to a G1 state. This G0-to-G1 transition presents a window of opportunity for HIV-1 infection. Macrophages are an important target for HIV-1 but express high levels of the deoxynucleotide-triphosphate hydrolase SAMHD1, which restricts viral DNA synthesis by decreasing levels of dNTPs. While the G0 state is non-permissive to HIV-1 infection, a G1 state is very permissive to HIV-1 infection. This is because macrophages in a G1 state switch off the antiviral restriction factor SAMHD1 by phosphorylation, thereby allowing productive HIV-1 infection. Here, we explore the macrophage cell cycle and the interplay between its regulation and permissivity to HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A. T. M. Ferreira
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB20AW, UK; (I.A.T.M.F.); (R.K.G.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | - J. Zachary Porterfield
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Ravindra K. Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB20AW, UK; (I.A.T.M.F.); (R.K.G.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Petra Mlcochova
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB20AW, UK; (I.A.T.M.F.); (R.K.G.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
- Correspondence:
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15
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Campbell GR, To RK, Zhang G, Spector SA. SMAC mimetics induce autophagy-dependent apoptosis of HIV-1-infected macrophages. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:590. [PMID: 32719312 PMCID: PMC7385130 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV)-infected macrophages (HIV-Mφ) are a reservoir for latent HIV infection and a barrier to HIV eradication. In contrast to CD4+ T cells, HIV-Mφ are resistant to the cytopathic effects of acute HIV infection and have increased expression of cell survival factors, including X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), baculoviral IAP repeat containing (BIRC) 2/cIAP1, beclin-1, BCL2, BCL-xl, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1, mitofusin (MFN) 1, and MFN2. DIABLO/SMAC mimetics are therapeutic agents that affect cancer cell survival and induce cell death. We found that DIABLO/SMAC mimetics (LCL-161, AT-406 (also known as SM-406 or Debio 1143), and birinapant) selectively kill HIV-Mφ without increasing bystander cell death. DIABLO/SMAC mimetic treatment of HIV-Mφ-induced XIAP and BIRC2 degradation, leading to the induction of autophagy and the formation of a death-inducing signaling complex on phagophore membranes that includes both pro-apoptotic or necroptotic (FADD, receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 1, RIPK3, caspase 8, and MLKL) and autophagy (ATG5, ATG7, and SQSTM1) proteins. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of early stages of autophagy, but not late stages of autophagy, ablated this interaction and inhibited apoptosis. Furthermore, DIABLO/SMAC mimetic-mediated apoptosis of HIV-Mφ is dependent upon tumor necrosis factor signaling. Our findings thus demonstrate that DIABLO/SMAC mimetics selectively induce autophagy-dependent apoptosis in HIV-Mφ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Rachel K To
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gang Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA.
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16
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Natarajan V, Moar P, Kaur US, Venkatesh V, Kumar A, Chaturvedi R, Himanshu D, Tandon R. Helicobacter pylori Reactivates Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 in Latently Infected Monocytes with Increased Expression of IL-1β and CXCL8. Curr Genomics 2020; 20:556-568. [PMID: 32581644 PMCID: PMC7290055 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921666191226091138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori are gram-negative bacteria, which colonize the human stomach. More than 50% of the world's population is infected by H. pylori. Based on the high prevalence of H. pylori, it is very likely that HIV and H. pylori infection may coexist. However, the molecular events that occur during HIV-H. pylori co-infection remain unclear. Latent HIV reservoirs are the major obstacle in HIV cure despite effective therapy. Here, we explored the effect of H. pylori stimulation on latently HIV-infected monocytic cell line U1. Methods High throughput RNA-Seq using Illumina platform was performed to analyse the change in transcriptome between unstimulated and H. pylori-stimulated latently HIV-infected U1 cells. Transcriptome analysis identified potential genes and pathways involved in the reversal of HIV latency using bioinformatic tools that were validated by real-time PCR. Results H. pylori stimulation increased the expression of HIV-1 Gag, both at transcription (p<0.001) and protein level. H. pylori stimulation also increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, CXCL8 and CXCL10 (p<0.0001). Heat-killed H. pylori retained their ability to induce HIV transcription. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 197 significantly upregulated and 101 significantly downregulated genes in H. pylori-stimulated U1 cells. IL-1β and CXCL8 were found to be significantly upregulated using transcriptome analysis, which was consistent with real-time PCR data. Conclusion H. pylori reactivate HIV-1 in latently infected monocytes with the upregulation of IL-1β and CXCL8, which are prominent cytokines involved in the majority of inflammatory pathways. Our results warrant future in vivo studies elucidating the effect of H. pylori in HIV latency and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya Natarajan
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Preeti Moar
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Urvinder S Kaur
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vimala Venkatesh
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - D Himanshu
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Ravi Tandon
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
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Trus E, Basta S, Gee K. Who's in charge here? Macrophage colony stimulating factor and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor: Competing factors in macrophage polarization. Cytokine 2019; 127:154939. [PMID: 31786501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages make up a crucial aspect of the immune system, carrying out a variety of functions ranging from clearing cellular debris to their well-recognized roles as innate immune cells. These cells exist along a spectrum of phenotypes but can be generally divided into proinflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) groups, representing different states of polarization. Due to their diverse functions, macrophages are implicated in a variety of diseases such as atherosclerosis, lupus nephritis, or infection with HIV. Throughout their lifetime, macrophages can be influenced by a wide variety of signals that influence their polarization states, which can affect their function and influence their effects on disease progression. This review seeks to provide a summary of how GM-CSF and M-CSF influence macrophage activity during disease, and provide examples of in vitro research that indicate competition between the two cytokines in governing macrophage polarization. Gaining a greater understanding of the relationship between GM-CSF and M-CSF, along with how these cytokines fit into the larger context of diseases, will inform their use as treatments or targets for treatment in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Trus
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Sameh Basta
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Katrina Gee
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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TREM-1 Protects HIV-1-Infected Macrophages from Apoptosis through Maintenance of Mitochondrial Function. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02638-19. [PMID: 31719184 PMCID: PMC6851287 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02638-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The major challenge to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment is the development of strategies that lead to viral eradication. A roadblock to accomplishing this goal is the lack of an approach that would safely eliminate HIV from all resting/latent reservoirs, including macrophages. Macrophages are a key part of the innate immune system and are responsible for recognizing invading microbes and sending appropriate signals to other immune cells. Here, we found that HIV induces the upregulation of the protein TREM1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1), which signals an increase in the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, thus promoting survival of HIV-infected macrophages. Macrophages are a reservoir for latent human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV) infection and a barrier to HIV eradication. In contrast to CD4+ T cells, macrophages are resistant to the cytopathic effects of acute HIV infection. Emerging data suggest a role for TREM1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1) in this resistance to HIV-mediated cytopathogenesis. Here, we show that upon HIV infection, macrophages increase the expression of BCL2, BCLXL, TREM1, mitofusin 1 (MFN1), and MFN2 and the translocation of BCL2L11 (BIM) to the mitochondria and decrease the expression of BCL2-associated agonist of cell death (BAD) and BAX while maintaining a 95% survival rate over 28 days. The HIV proteins Tat and gp120 and the GU-rich single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) (RNA40) from the HIV long terminal repeat region (and a natural Toll-like receptor 8 [TLR8] agonist) induced similar effects. TREM1 silencing in HIV-infected macrophages led to decreased expression of BCL2, BCLXL, MFN1, and MFN2 and increased expression of BAD and BAX. This correlated with a significant increase in apoptosis mediated by a disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), leading to the release of cytochrome c and caspase 9 cleavage. Exposure of TREM1-silenced macrophages to Tat, gp120, or RNA40 similarly resulted in the disruption of Δψm, cytochrome c release, caspase 9 cleavage, and apoptosis. Thus, our findings identify a mechanism whereby HIV promotes macrophage survival through TREM1-dependent upregulation of BCL2 family proteins and mitofusins that inhibits BCL2L11-mediated disruption of Δψm and subsequent apoptosis. These findings indicate that TREM1 can be a useful target for elimination of the HIV reservoir in macrophages.
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19
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Ling C, Zhang Y, Li J, Chen W, Ling C. Clinical Use of Toxic Proteins and Peptides from Tian Hua Fen and Scorpion Venom. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:285-295. [PMID: 29932034 DOI: 10.2174/1389203719666180622100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been practiced in China for thousands of years. As a complementary and alternative treatment, herbal medicines that are frequently used in the TCM are the most accepted in the Western world. However, animal materials, which are equally important in the TCM practice, are not well-known in other countries. On the other hand, the Chinese doctors had documented the toxic profiles of hundreds of animals and plants thousand years ago. Furthermore, they saw the potential benefits of these materials and used their toxic properties to treat a wide variety of diseases, such as heavy pain and cancer. Since the 50s of the last century, efforts of the Chinese government and societies to modernize TCM have achieved tremendous scientific results in both laboratory and clinic. A number of toxic proteins have been isolated and their functions identified. Although most of the literature was written in Chinese, this review provide a summary, in English, regarding our knowledge of the clinical use of the toxic proteins isolated from a plant, Tian Hua Fen, and an animal, scorpion, both of which are famous toxic prescriptions in TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ling
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, Florida, FL, United States
| | - Yuanhui Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Baoshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shanghai 201999, China
| | - Jun Li
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, Florida, FL, United States.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- Department of Oncology, Baoshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shanghai 201999, China
| | - Changquan Ling
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.,E-institute of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai 201203, China
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Wong ME, Jaworowski A, Hearps AC. The HIV Reservoir in Monocytes and Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1435. [PMID: 31297114 PMCID: PMC6607932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In people living with HIV (PLWH) who are failing or unable to access combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), monocytes and macrophages are important drivers of pathogenesis and progression to AIDS. The relevance of the monocyte/macrophage reservoir in PLWH receiving cART is debatable as in vivo evidence for infected cells is limited and suggests the reservoir is small. Macrophages were assumed to have a moderate life span and lack self-renewing potential, but recent discoveries challenge this dogma and suggest a potentially important role of these cells as long-lived HIV reservoirs. This, combined with new HIV infection animal models, has led to a resurgence of interest in monocyte/macrophage reservoirs. Infection of non-human primates with myeloid-tropic SIV implicates monocyte/macrophage activation and infection in the brain with neurocognitive disorders, and infection of myeloid-only humanized mouse models are consistent with the potential of the monocyte/macrophage reservoir to sustain infection and be a source of rebound viremia following cART cessation. An increased resistance to HIV-induced cytopathic effects and a reduced susceptibility to some antiretroviral drugs implies macrophages may be relevant to residual replication under cART and to rebound viremia. With a reappraisal of monocyte circulation dynamics, and the development of techniques to differentiate between self-renewing tissue-resident, and monocyte-derived macrophages in different tissues, a new framework exists to contextualize and evaluate the significance and relevance of the monocyte/macrophage HIV reservoir. In this review, we discuss recent developments in monocyte and macrophage biology and appraise current and emerging techniques to quantify the reservoir. We discuss how this knowledge influences our evaluation of the myeloid HIV reservoir, the implications for HIV pathogenesis in both viremic and virologically-suppressed PLWH and the need to address the myeloid reservoir in future treatment and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Wong
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- Chronic Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna C Hearps
- Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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21
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Different Patterns of HIV-1 Replication in MACROPHAGES is Led by Co-Receptor Usage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55060297. [PMID: 31234437 PMCID: PMC6630780 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: To enter the target cell, HIV-1 binds not only CD4 but also a co-receptor β-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) or α chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Limited information is available on the impact of co-receptor usage on HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and on the homeostasis of this important cellular reservoir. Materials and Methods: Replication (measured by p24 production) of the CCR5-tropic 81A strain increased up to 10 days post-infection and then reached a plateau. Conversely, the replication of the CXCR4-tropic NL4.3 strain (after an initial increase up to day 7) underwent a drastic decrease becoming almost undetectable after 10 days post-infection. The ability of CCR5-tropic and CXCR4-tropic strains to induce cell death in MDM was then evaluated. While for CCR5-tropic 81A the rate of apoptosis in MDM was comparable to uninfected MDM, the infection of CXCR4-tropic NL4.3 in MDM was associated with a rate of 14.3% of apoptotic cells at day 6 reaching a peak of 43.5% at day 10 post-infection. Results: This suggests that the decrease in CXCR4-tropic strain replication in MDM can be due to their ability to induce cell death in MDM. The increase in apoptosis was paralleled with a 2-fold increase in the phosphorylated form of p38 compared to WT. Furthermore, microarray analysis showed modulation of proapoptotic and cancer-related genes induced by CXCR4-tropic strains starting from 24 h after infection, whereas CCR5 viruses modulated the expression of genes not correlated with apoptotic-pathways. Conclusions: In conclusion, CXCR4-tropic strains can induce a remarkable depletion of MDM. Conversely, MDM can represent an important cellular reservoir for CCR5-tropic strains supporting the role of CCR5-usage in HIV-1 pathogenesis and as a pharmacological target to contribute to an HIV-1 cure.
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Nehme Z, Pasquereau S, Herbein G. Control of viral infections by epigenetic-targeted therapy. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:55. [PMID: 30917875 PMCID: PMC6437953 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is defined as the science that studies the modifications of gene expression that are not owed to mutations or changes in the genetic sequence. Recently, strong evidences are pinpointing toward a solid interplay between such epigenetic alterations and the outcome of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Guided by the previous possibly promising experimental trials of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epigenetic reprogramming, the latter is paving the road toward two major approaches to control viral gene expression or latency. Reactivating HCMV from the latent phase ("shock and kill" paradigm) or alternatively repressing the virus lytic and reactivation phases ("block and lock" paradigm) by epigenetic-targeted therapy represent encouraging options to overcome latency and viral shedding or otherwise replication and infectivity, which could lead eventually to control the infection and its complications. Not limited to HIV and HCMV, this concept is similarly studied in the context of hepatitis B and C virus, herpes simplex virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. Therefore, epigenetic manipulations stand as a pioneering research area in modern biology and could constitute a curative methodology by potentially consenting the development of broad-spectrum antivirals to control viral infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Nehme
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB, UPRES EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
- Université Libanaise, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sébastien Pasquereau
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB, UPRES EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB, UPRES EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
- Department of Virology, CHRU Besancon, F-25030 Besançon, France
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Saminathan P, Kevadiya BD, Marker DF, Gendelman HE, Gorantla S, Gelbard HA. Broad Spectrum Mixed Lineage Kinase Type 3 Inhibition and HIV-1 Persistence in Macrophages. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:44-51. [PMID: 30617749 PMCID: PMC6391203 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-09829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mixed lineage kinases (MLKs) are a group of serine-threonine kinases that evolved in part to respond to endogenous and exogenous insults that result in oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory responses from innate immune cells. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) thrives in these conditions and is associated with the development of associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). As part of a drug discovery program to identify new therapeutic strategies for HAND, we created a library of broad spectrum MLK inhibitors with drug-like properties. Serendipitously, the lead compound, URMC-099 has proved useful not only in reversing damage to synaptic architecture in models of HAND, but also serves to restore autophagy as a protective response when given in concert with nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) in persistently infected macrophages. These findings are reviewed in the context of MLK3 biology and cellular signaling pathways relevant to new HIV-1 therapies. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saminathan
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Bhavesh D Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Daniel F Marker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Harris A Gelbard
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Neuroscience and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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24
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Hatami E, Mu Y, Shields DN, Chauhan SC, Kumar S, Cory TJ, Yallapu MM. Mannose-decorated hybrid nanoparticles for enhanced macrophage targeting. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 17:197-207. [PMID: 30723809 PMCID: PMC6351286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to design nanocarriers that specifically target and deliver therapeutics to polarized macrophages. Mannose receptors are highly overexpressed on polarized macrophages. In this study, we constructed Pluronic® -F127 polymer and tannic acid (TA) based nanoparticles (F127-TA core nanoparticles) with varying mannose densities. The particle size of the optimized mannose-decorated F127-TA hybrid nanoparticles (MDNPs) was found to be ~ 265 nm with a negative zeta potential of ~ - 4.5 mV. No significant changes in the size and zeta potentials of nanoparticles were observed, which demonstrated structural integrity and stability of the nanoformulation. Physicochemical characteristics of MDNPs were evaluated by FTIR and TGA and demonstrated the presence of mannose units on surface nanoparticles. A mannose-dependent cellular targeting and uptake of MDNPs was found in U937 macrophages. The uptake process was found to vary directly with time and volume of MDNPs nanoparticles. The uptake pattern is higher in M2 than M1. This behavior was also evident from the instantaneous and superior binding profile of M2 macrophage lysate protein with MDNPs over that of M1 macrophage lysate protein. These results demonstrated that an appropriate mannose ligand density was confirmed, suggesting efficient targeting of M2. Altogether, these data support that the MDNPs formulation could serve as a targeted therapeutic guide in the generation of nanomedicine to treat various conditions as an anti-inflammation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hatami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ying Mu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Theodore J. Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Murali M. Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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25
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Cellular Determinants of HIV Persistence on Antiretroviral Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1075:213-239. [PMID: 30030795 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0484-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The era of antiretroviral therapy has made HIV-1 infection a manageable chronic disease for those with access to treatment. Despite treatment, virus persists in tissue reservoirs seeded with long-lived infected cells that are resistant to cell death and immune recognition. Which cells contribute to this reservoir and which factors determine their persistence are central questions that need to be answered to achieve viral eradication. In this chapter, we describe how cell susceptibility to infection, resistance to cell death, and immune-mediated killing as well as natural cell life span and turnover potential are central components that allow persistence of different lymphoid and myeloid cell subsets that were recently identified as key players in harboring latent and actively replicating virus. The relative contribution of these subsets to persistence of viral reservoir is described, and the open questions are highlighted.
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26
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Rao S, Amorim R, Niu M, Breton Y, Tremblay MJ, Mouland AJ. Host mRNA decay proteins influence HIV-1 replication and viral gene expression in primary monocyte-derived macrophages. Retrovirology 2019; 16:3. [PMID: 30732620 PMCID: PMC6367771 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian cells harbour RNA quality control and degradative machineries such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay that target cellular mRNAs for clearance from the cell to avoid aberrant gene expression. The role of the host mRNA decay pathways in macrophages in the context of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is yet to be elucidated. Macrophages are directly infected by HIV-1, mediate the dissemination of the virus and contribute to the chronic activation of the inflammatory response observed in infected individuals. Therefore, we characterized the effects of four host mRNA decay proteins, i.e., UPF1, UPF2, SMG6 and Staufen1, on viral replication in HIV-1-infected primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). RESULTS Steady-state expression levels of these host mRNA decay proteins were significantly downregulated in HIV-1-infected MDMs. Moreover, UPF2 and SMG6 inhibited HIV-1 gene expression in macrophages to a similar level achieved by SAMHD1, by directly influencing viral genomic RNA levels. Staufen1, a host protein also involved in UPF1-dependent mRNA decay and that acts at several HIV-1 replication steps, enhanced HIV-1 gene expression in MDMs. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new evidence for roles of host mRNA decay proteins in regulating HIV-1 replication in infected macrophages and can serve as potential targets for broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shringar Rao
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Raquel Amorim
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Meijuan Niu
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yann Breton
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrew J Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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27
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Nikitina E, Larionova I, Choinzonov E, Kzhyshkowska J. Monocytes and Macrophages as Viral Targets and Reservoirs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2821. [PMID: 30231586 PMCID: PMC6163364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate cell biology to utilize monocytes/macrophages as vessels for dissemination, long-term persistence within tissues and virus replication. Viruses enter cells through endocytosis, phagocytosis, macropinocytosis or membrane fusion. These processes play important roles in the mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of these agents and in establishing viral genome persistence and latency. Upon viral infection, monocytes respond with an elevated expression of proinflammatory signalling molecules and antiviral responses, as is shown in the case of the influenza, Chikungunya, human herpes and Zika viruses. Human immunodeficiency virus initiates acute inflammation on site during the early stages of infection but there is a shift of M1 to M2 at the later stages of infection. Cytomegalovirus creates a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory processes by inducing a specific phenotype within the M1/M2 continuum. Despite facilitating inflammation, infected macrophages generally display abolished apoptosis and restricted cytopathic effect, which sustains the virus production. The majority of viruses discussed in this review employ monocytes/macrophages as a repository but certain viruses use these cells for productive replication. This review focuses on viral adaptations to enter monocytes/macrophages, immune escape, reprogramming of infected cells and the response of the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Nikitina
- Department of Episomal-Persistent DNA in Cancer- and Chronic Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Oncovirology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
- Department of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Irina Larionova
- Department of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Evgeniy Choinzonov
- Head and Neck Department, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Department of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Heidelberg, Germany.
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28
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Antonucci JM, Kim SH, St Gelais C, Bonifati S, Li TW, Buzovetsky O, Knecht KM, Duchon AA, Xiong Y, Musier-Forsyth K, Wu L. SAMHD1 Impairs HIV-1 Gene Expression and Negatively Modulates Reactivation of Viral Latency in CD4 + T Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:e00292-18. [PMID: 29793958 PMCID: PMC6052313 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00292-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in nondividing cells by degrading intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). SAMHD1 is highly expressed in resting CD4+ T cells, which are important for the HIV-1 reservoir and viral latency; however, whether SAMHD1 affects HIV-1 latency is unknown. Recombinant SAMHD1 binds HIV-1 DNA or RNA fragments in vitro, but the function of this binding remains unclear. Here we investigate the effect of SAMHD1 on HIV-1 gene expression and reactivation of viral latency. We found that endogenous SAMHD1 impaired HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) activity in monocytic THP-1 cells and HIV-1 reactivation in latently infected primary CD4+ T cells. Overexpression of wild-type (WT) SAMHD1 suppressed HIV-1 LTR-driven gene expression at a transcriptional level. Tat coexpression abrogated SAMHD1-mediated suppression of HIV-1 LTR-driven luciferase expression. SAMHD1 overexpression also suppressed the LTR activity of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), but not that of murine leukemia virus (MLV), suggesting specific suppression of retroviral LTR-driven gene expression. WT SAMHD1 bound to proviral DNA and impaired reactivation of HIV-1 gene expression in latently infected J-Lat cells. In contrast, a nonphosphorylated mutant (T592A) and a dNTP triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) inactive mutant (H206D R207N [HD/RN]) of SAMHD1 failed to efficiently suppress HIV-1 LTR-driven gene expression and reactivation of latent virus. Purified recombinant WT SAMHD1, but not the T592A and HD/RN mutants, bound to fragments of the HIV-1 LTR in vitro These findings suggest that SAMHD1-mediated suppression of HIV-1 LTR-driven gene expression potentially regulates viral latency in CD4+ T cells.IMPORTANCE A critical barrier to developing a cure for HIV-1 infection is the long-lived viral reservoir that exists in resting CD4+ T cells, the main targets of HIV-1. The viral reservoir is maintained through a variety of mechanisms, including regulation of the HIV-1 LTR promoter. The host protein SAMHD1 restricts HIV-1 replication in nondividing cells, but its role in HIV-1 latency remains unknown. Here we report a new function of SAMHD1 in regulating HIV-1 latency. We found that SAMHD1 suppressed HIV-1 LTR promoter-driven gene expression and reactivation of viral latency in cell lines and primary CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, SAMHD1 bound to the HIV-1 LTR in vitro and in a latently infected CD4+ T-cell line, suggesting that the binding may negatively modulate reactivation of HIV-1 latency. Our findings indicate a novel role for SAMHD1 in regulating HIV-1 latency, which enhances our understanding of the mechanisms regulating proviral gene expression in CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Antonucci
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sun Hee Kim
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Corine St Gelais
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Serena Bonifati
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tai-Wei Li
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Olga Buzovetsky
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kirsten M Knecht
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alice A Duchon
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Karin Musier-Forsyth
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Li Wu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The viral transactivator Tat protein is a key modulator of HIV-1 replication, as it regulates transcriptional elongation from the integrated proviral genome. Tat recruits the human transcription elongation factor b, and other host proteins, such as the super elongation complex, to activate the cellular RNA polymerase II, normally stalled shortly after transcription initiation at the HIV promoter. By means of a complex set of interactions with host cellular factors, Tat determines the fate of viral activity within the infected cell. The virus will either actively replicate to promote dissemination in blood and tissues, or become dormant mostly in memory CD4+ T cells, as part of a small but long-living latent reservoir, the main obstacle for HIV eradication. OBJECTIVE In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the multi-step mechanism that regulates Tat-mediated HIV-1 transcription and RNA polymerase II release, to promote viral transcription elongation. Early events of the human transcription elongation factor b release from the inhibitory 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex and its recruitment to the HIV promoter will be discussed. Specific roles of the super elongation complex subunits during transcription elongation, and insight on recently identified cellular factors and mechanisms regulating HIV latency will be detailed. CONCLUSION Understanding the complexity of HIV transcriptional regulation by host factors may open the door for development of novel strategies to eradicate the resilient latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mousseau
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458. United States
| | - Susana T Valente
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458. United States
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Châtel L, Yang X, Cholette F, Soudeyns H, Sandstrom P, Lavigne C. Impact of pre-amplification conditions on sensitivity of the tat/rev induced limiting dilution assay. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2701-2710. [PMID: 29882046 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can lower a patient's HIV plasma viral load to an undetectable level, but following cessation of ART viremia rapidly rebounds. It has been shown that ART does not eliminate latent viruses sequestered into anatomical and cellular reservoirs. Therefore, in patients that have ceased ART, the following rebound in HIV viremia is caused by the activation of latent HIV reservoirs. A major issue in HIV cure research is the quantification of these latent HIV reservoirs. Various reservoir measurement methods exist, but the gold standard technique remains the culture-based quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA). Recently, a new PCR-based assay, named the tat/rev induced limiting dilution assay (TILDA) was described which measures the frequency of inducible latently infected CD4+ T cells that actively produce multiply-spliced RNA coding for the Tat/Rev proteins. The objective of this study was to further optimize the assay by examining the influence of varied factors, such as the amount of products transferred from the pre-amplification step to the PCR reaction, storage of pre-amplification products prior to PCR runs, and the number of cells used, on the assay's sensitivity and reproducibility. We also investigated whether the assay could be used to quantify HIV reservoirs in monocytes/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Châtel
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, National Microbiology Laboratory, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Xuefen Yang
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, National Microbiology Laboratory, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - François Cholette
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, National Microbiology Laboratory, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Hugo Soudeyns
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Sandstrom
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, National Microbiology Laboratory, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Carole Lavigne
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, National Microbiology Laboratory, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada.
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31
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Pasquereau S, Kumar A, Abbas W, Herbein G. Counteracting Akt Activation by HIV Protease Inhibitors in Monocytes/Macrophages. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040190. [PMID: 29652795 PMCID: PMC5923484 DOI: 10.3390/v10040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Akt signaling plays a central role in many biological processes that are key players in human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis. The persistence of latent reservoirs in successfully treated patients, mainly located in macrophages and latently infected resting CD4+ T cells, remains a major obstacle in HIV-1 eradication. We assessed the in vitro effects of an HIV protease inhibitor (PI) and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) on HIV-1 Nef-induced Akt activation in macrophages and on HIV-1 reactivation in U1 monocytoid cells. Ex vivo, we investigated the impact of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on Akt activation, as measured by flow cytometry, and on the viral reservoir size, quantified by qPCR, in monocytes and autologous resting CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected individuals (Trial registration: NCT02858414). We found that, in myeloid cells, both Akt activation and HIV-1 reactivation were inhibited by PI but not by NNRTI in vitro. Our results indicate that cART decreases Akt activation and reduces the size of the HIV reservoir in both monocytes and resting CD4+ T cells. Our study indicates that Akt activation could play a role in HIV reservoir formation, indicating that drugs which target Akt could be efficient for limiting its size in aviremic chronically infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Pasquereau
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, UPRES EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, 25030 Besançon , France.
| | - Amit Kumar
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, UPRES EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, 25030 Besançon , France.
| | - Wasim Abbas
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, UPRES EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, 25030 Besançon , France.
| | - Georges Herbein
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, UPRES EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, 25030 Besançon , France.
- Department of Virology, CHRU Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France.
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32
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Iijima K, Kobayashi J, Ishizaka Y. Structural alteration of DNA induced by viral protein R of HIV-1 triggers the DNA damage response. Retrovirology 2018; 15:8. [PMID: 29338752 PMCID: PMC5771197 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral protein R (Vpr) is an accessory protein of HIV-1, which is potentially involved in the infection of macrophages and the induction of the ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR)-mediated DNA damage response (DDR). It was recently proposed that the SLX4 complex of structure-specific endonuclease is involved in Vpr-induced DDR, which implies that aberrant DNA structures are responsible for this phenomenon. However, the mechanism by which Vpr alters the DNA structures remains unclear. Results We found that Vpr unwinds double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and invokes the loading of RPA70, which is a single-stranded DNA-binding subunit of RPA that activates the ATR-dependent DDR. We demonstrated that Vpr influenced RPA70 to accumulate in the corresponding region utilizing the LacO/LacR system, in which Vpr can be tethered to the LacO locus. Interestingly, RPA70 recruitment required chromatin remodelling via Vpr-mediated ubiquitination of histone H2B. On the contrary, Q65R mutant of Vpr, which lacks ubiquitination activity, was deficient in both chromatin remodelling and RPA70 loading on to the chromatin. Moreover, Vpr-induced unwinding of dsDNA coincidently resulted in the accumulation of negatively supercoiled DNA and covalent complexes of topoisomerase 1 and DNA, which caused DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and DSB-directed integration of proviral DNA. Lastly, we noted the dependence of Vpr-promoted HIV-1 infection in resting macrophages on topoisomerase 1. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that Vpr-induced structural alteration of DNA is a primary event that triggers both DDR and DSB, which ultimately contributes to HIV-1 infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12977-018-0391-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Iijima
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yukihito Ishizaka
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
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Berger E, Breznan D, Stals S, Jasinghe VJ, Gonçalves D, Girard D, Faucher S, Vincent R, Thierry AR, Lavigne C. Cytotoxicity assessment, inflammatory properties, and cellular uptake of Neutraplex lipid-based nanoparticles in THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2017; 4:1849543517746259. [PMID: 29942393 PMCID: PMC6009795 DOI: 10.1177/1849543517746259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral drugs used to prevent or treat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection are not able to eliminate the virus within tissues or cells where HIV establishes reservoirs. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop targeted delivery systems to enhance drug concentrations in these viral sanctuary sites. Macrophages are key players in HIV infection and contribute significantly to the cellular reservoirs of HIV because the virus can survive for prolonged periods in these cells. In the present work, we investigated the potential of the lipid-based Neutraplex nanosystem to deliver anti-HIV therapeutics in human macrophages using the human monocyte/macrophage cell line THP-1. Neutraplex nanoparticles as well as cationic and anionic Neutraplex nanolipoplexes (Neutraplex/small interfering RNA) were prepared and characterized by dynamic light scattering. Neutraplex nanoparticles showed low cytotoxicity in CellTiter-Blue reduction and lactate dehydrogenase release assays and were not found to have pro-inflammatory effects. In addition, confocal studies showed that the Neutraplex nanoparticles and nanolipoplexes are rapidly internalized into THP-1 macrophages and that they can escape the late endosome/lysosome compartment allowing the delivery of small interfering RNAs in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, HIV replication was inhibited in the in vitro TZM-bl infectivity assay when small interfering RNAs targeting CXCR4 co-receptor was delivered by Neutraplex nanoparticles compared to a random small interfering RNA sequence. This study demonstrates that the Neutraplex nanosystem has potential for further development as a delivery strategy to efficiently and safely enhance the transport of therapeutic molecules into human monocyte-derived macrophages in the aim of targeting HIV-1 in this cellular reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Berger
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dalibor Breznan
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Stals
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Viraj J Jasinghe
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Gonçalves
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Centre, University of Quebec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Girard
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Centre, University of Quebec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Faucher
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Renaud Vincent
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alain R Thierry
- Institute of Cancer Research of Montpellier, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research U986, Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Lavigne
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Centre, University of Quebec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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34
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Sun J, Schaaf K, Duverger A, Wolschendorf F, Speer A, Wagner F, Niederweis M, Kutsch O. Protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1A controls the innate antiviral and antibacterial response of macrophages during HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15394-409. [PMID: 27004401 PMCID: PMC4941249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infection with HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a major public health issue. While some research has described how each pathogen accelerates the course of infection of the other pathogen by compromising the immune system, very little is known about the molecular biology of HIV-1/Mtb co-infection at the host cell level. This is somewhat surprising, as both pathogens are known to replicate and persist in macrophages. We here identify Protein Phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1A (PPM1A) as a molecular link between Mtb infection and increased HIV-1 susceptibility of macrophages. We demonstrate that both Mtb and HIV-1 infection induce the expression of PPM1A in primary human monocyte/macrophages and THP-1 cells. Genetic manipulation studies revealed that increased PPMA1 expression rendered THP-1 cells highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection, while depletion of PPM1A rendered them relatively resistant to HIV-1 infection. At the same time, increased PPM1A expression abrogated the ability of THP-1 cells to respond to relevant bacterial stimuli with a proper cytokine/chemokine secretion response, blocked their chemotactic response and impaired their ability to phagocytose bacteria. These data suggest that PPM1A, which had previously been shown to play a role in the antiviral response to Herpes Simplex virus infection, also governs the antibacterial response of macrophages to bacteria, or at least to Mtb infection. PPM1A thus seems to play a central role in the innate immune response of macrophages, implying that host directed therapies targeting PPM1A could be highly beneficial, in particular for HIV/Mtb co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Sun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Schaaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexandra Duverger
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Frank Wolschendorf
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexander Speer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frederic Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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35
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Cenker JJ, Stultz RD, McDonald D. Brain Microglial Cells Are Highly Susceptible to HIV-1 Infection and Spread. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:1155-1165. [PMID: 28486838 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a target of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and may serve as an important reservoir of the virus in the body, particularly after depletion of CD4+ T cells in HIV/AIDS. Recently, sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) was identified as the major restriction factor of HIV-1 infection in myeloid cells. SAMHD1 is targeted for proteolytic degradation by Vpx, a viral protein encoded by HIV-2 and many simian immunodeficiency viruses but not HIV-1. In this study, we assessed SAMHD1 restriction in in vitro differentiated macrophages and in freshly isolated macrophages from the lungs, abdomen, and brain. We found that infection and spread in in vitro cultured monocyte-derived macrophages were highly limited and that Vpx largely relieved the restriction to initial infection, as expected. We observed nearly identical infection and restriction profiles in freshly isolated peripheral blood monocytes, as well as lung (alveolar) and abdominal (peritoneal) macrophages. In contrast, under the same infection conditions, primary brain macrophages (microglia) were highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection despite levels of endogenous SAMHD1 comparable to the other macrophage populations. Addition of Vpx further increased HIV-1 infection under conditions of limiting virus input, and viral spread was robust whether or not SAMHD1 was depleted. These results suggest that HIV-1 infection of peripherally circulating macrophages is effectively restricted by SAMHD1; however, microglia are highly susceptible to infection despite SAMHD1 expression. These data may explain the long-standing observation that HIV-1 infection is often detected in macrophages in the brain, but seldom in other tissues of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Cenker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ryan D. Stultz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David McDonald
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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36
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Wang J, Holmes MC. Engineering hematopoietic stem cells toward a functional cure of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Cytotherapy 2017; 18:1370-1381. [PMID: 27745602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The battle with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been ongoing for more than 30 years, and although progress has been made, there are still significant challenges remaining. A few unique features render HIV to be one of the toughest viruses to conquer in the modern medicine era, such as the ability to target the host immune system, persist by integrating into the host genome and adapt to a hostile environment such as a single anti-HIV medication by continuously evolving. The finding of combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) about 2 decades ago has transformed the treatment options for HIV-infected patients and significantly improved patient outcomes. However, finding an HIV cure has proven to be extremely challenging with the only known exception being the so-called "Berlin patient," whose immune system was replaced by stem cell transplants from a donor missing one of HIV's key co-receptors (CCR5). The broad application of this approach is limited by the requirement of an HLA-matched donor who is also homozygous for the rare CCR5 delta32 deletion. On the other hand, the Berlin patient provided the proof of concept of a potential cure for HIV using HIV-resistant hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), revitalizing the hope to find an HIV cure that is broadly applicable. Here we will review strategies and recent attempts to engineer HIV-resistant HSCs as a path to an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Wang
- Sangamo BioSciences Inc., Richmond, California, USA.
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37
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Deshiere A, Joly-Beauparlant C, Breton Y, Ouellet M, Raymond F, Lodge R, Barat C, Roy MA, Corbeil J, Tremblay MJ. Global Mapping of the Macrophage-HIV-1 Transcriptome Reveals that Productive Infection Induces Remodeling of Host Cell DNA and Chromatin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5238. [PMID: 28701698 PMCID: PMC5507862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that macrophages could serve as long-lived compartments for HIV-1 infection under in vivo situations because these cells are resistant to the virus-mediated cytopathic effect, produce progeny virus over extended periods of time and are localized in tissues that are often less accessible by treatment. Comprehensive experimental studies are thus needed to characterize the HIV-1-induced modulation of host genes in these myeloid lineage cells. To shed light on this important issue, we performed comparative analyses of mRNA expression levels of host genes in uninfected bystander and HIV-1-infected human macrophages using an infectious reporter virus construct coupled with a large-scale RNA sequencing approach. We observed a rapid differential expression of several host factors in the productively infected macrophage population including genes regulating DNA replication factors and chromatin remodeling. A siRNA-mediated screening study to functionally identify host determinants involved in HIV-1 biology has provided new information on the virus molecular regulation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Deshiere
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles Joly-Beauparlant
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Yann Breton
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Ouellet
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Raymond
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Lodge
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc-André Roy
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacques Corbeil
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada. .,Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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38
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Gajanayaka N, O'Hara S, Konarski Y, Fernandes J, Muthumani K, Kozlowski M, Angel JB, Kumar A. HIV and HIV-Tat inhibit LPS-induced IL-27 production in human macrophages by distinct intracellular signaling pathways. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:925-939. [PMID: 28698313 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0716-332rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-derived Mϕs (MDMs) from HIV-infected patients and MDM infected in vitro with HIV exhibit a reduced ability to secrete various cytokines, including IL-12. Recently, IL-27, an IL-12 family cytokine, was shown to inhibit HIV replication in Mϕ. Whether HIV infection or HIV accessory protein(s) impact IL-27 production in Mϕs remains unknown. Herein, we show that in vitro HIV infection, as well as intracellular HIV-Tat (Tat) and Tat peptides, inhibit LPS-induced IL-27 production in human MDMs, suggesting impairment of the TLR4 signaling pathway. To understand the signaling pathways governing HIV or Tat-mediated inhibition of LPS-induced IL-27 production, we first demonstrated that p38 MAPK, PI3K, Src-homology region 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1), and Src kinases regulate LPS-induced IL-27 production in MDMs. Tat caused down-regulation of TNFR-associated factor (TRAF)-6 and inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (cIAP-1) and subsequently decreased phosphorylation of downstream PI3K and p38 MAPKs, which were implicated in LPS-induced IL-27 production. Whereas SHP-1 and Src kinases regulated LPS-induced IL-27 production, Tat did not inhibit these kinases, suggesting that they were not involved in Tat-mediated inhibition of LPS-induced IL-27 production. In contrast to Tat, in vitro HIV infection of MDM inhibited LPS-induced IL-27 production via inhibition of p38 MAPK activation. Overall, HIV and Tat inhibit LPS-induced IL-27 production in human macrophages via distinct mechanisms: Tat through the inhibition of cIAP-1-TRAF-6 and subsequent inhibition of PI3K and p38 MAPKs, whereas HIV through the inhibition of p38 MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjala Gajanayaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shifawn O'Hara
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yulia Konarski
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Fernandes
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kar Muthumani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maya Kozlowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; .,Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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39
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Macrophages and Phospholipases at the Intersection between Inflammation and the Pathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071390. [PMID: 28661459 PMCID: PMC5535883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent low grade immune activation and chronic inflammation are nowadays considered main driving forces of the progressive immunologic failure in effective antiretroviral therapy treated HIV-1 infected individuals. Among the factors contributing to this phenomenon, microbial translocation has emerged as a key driver of persistent immune activation. Indeed, the rapid depletion of gastrointestinal CD4+ T lymphocytes occurring during the early phases of infection leads to a deterioration of the gut epithelium followed by the translocation of microbial products into the systemic circulation and the subsequent activation of innate immunity. In this context, monocytes/macrophages are increasingly recognized as an important source of inflammation, linked to HIV-1 disease progression and to non-AIDS complications, such as cardiovascular disease and neurocognitive decline, which are currently main challenges in treated patients. Lipid signaling plays a central role in modulating monocyte/macrophage activation, immune functions and inflammatory responses. Phospholipase-mediated phospholipid hydrolysis leads to the production of lipid mediators or second messengers that affect signal transduction, thus regulating a variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. In this review, we discuss the contribution of phospholipases to monocyte/macrophage activation in the context of HIV-1 infection, focusing on their involvement in virus-associated chronic inflammation and co-morbidities.
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40
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Abstract
Despite the success of cART, greater than 50% of HIV infected people develop cognitive and motor deficits termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Macrophages are the major cell type infected in the CNS. Unlike for T cells, the virus does not kill macrophages and these long-lived cells may become HIV reservoirs in the brain. They produce cytokines/chemokines and viral proteins that promote inflammation and neuronal damage, playing a key role in HIV neuropathogenesis. HIV Tat is the transactivator of transcription that is essential for replication and transcriptional regulation of the virus and is the first protein to be produced after HIV infection. Even with successful cART, Tat is produced by infected cells. In this study we examined the role of the HIV Tat protein in the regulation of gene expression in human macrophages. Using THP-1 cells, a human monocyte/macrophage cell line, and their infection with lentivirus, we generated stable cell lines that express Tat-Flag. We performed ChIP-seq analysis of these cells and found 66 association sites of Tat in promoter or coding regions. Among these are C5, CRLF2/TSLPR, BDNF, and APBA1/Mint1, genes associated with inflammation/damage. We confirmed the association of Tat with these sequences by ChIP assay and expression of these genes in our THP-1 cell lines by qRT-PCR. We found that HIV Tat increased expression of C5, APBA1, and BDNF, and decreased CRLF2. The K50A Tat-mutation dysregulated expression of these genes without affecting the binding of the Tat complex to their gene sequences. Our data suggest that HIV Tat, produced by macrophage HIV reservoirs in the brain despite successful cART, contributes to neuropathogenesis in HIV-infected people.
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41
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Nolan DJ, Lamers SL, Rose R, Dollar JJ, Salemi M, McGrath MS. Single Genome Sequencing of Expressed and Proviral HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein 120 ( gp120) and nef Genes. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2334. [PMID: 34541092 PMCID: PMC8410429 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study provides detailed protocols utilized to amplify the complete HIV-1 gp120 and nef genes from single copies of expressed or integrated HIV present in fresh-frozen autopsy tissues of patients who died while on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) with no detectable plasma viral load (pVL) at death ( Lamers et al., 2016a and 2016b; Rose et al., 2016 ). This method optimizes protocols from previous publications ( Palmer et al., 2005 ; Norström et al., 2012 ; Lamers et al., 2015 ; 2016a and 2016b; Rife et al., 2016 ) to produce single distinct PCR products that can be directly sequenced and includes several cost-saving and time-efficient modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Nolan
- Bioinfoexperts, LLC, Thibodaux, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - James J. Dollar
- Bioinfoexperts, LLC, Thibodaux, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marco Salemi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael S. McGrath
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Pathology, and Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- The AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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42
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Rahe MC, Murtaugh MP. Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060148. [PMID: 28608816 PMCID: PMC5490824 DOI: 10.3390/v9060148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is necessary for the development of protective immunity against infectious diseases. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a genetically heterogeneous and rapidly evolving RNA virus, is the most burdensome pathogen of swine health and wellbeing worldwide. Viral infection induces antigen-specific immunity that ultimately clears the infection. However, the resulting immune memory, induced by virulent or attenuated vaccine viruses, is inconsistently protective against diverse viral strains. The immunological mechanisms by which primary and memory protection are generated and used are not well understood. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding cellular and humoral components of the adaptive immune response to PRRSV infection that mediate primary and memory immune protection against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Rahe
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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43
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Cunha-Neto E, Rosa DS, Harris PE, Olson T, Morrow A, Ciotlos S, Herst CV, Rubsamen RM. An Approach for a Synthetic CTL Vaccine Design against Zika Flavivirus Using Class I and Class II Epitopes Identified by Computer Modeling. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28649242 PMCID: PMC5465239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat posed by severe congenital abnormalities related to Zika virus (ZKV) infection during pregnancy has turned development of a ZKV vaccine into an emergency. Recent work suggests that the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to infection is an important defense mechanism in response to ZKV. Here, we develop the rationale and strategy for a new approach to developing cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) vaccines for ZKV flavivirus infection. The proposed approach is based on recent studies using a protein structure computer model for HIV epitope selection designed to select epitopes for CTL attack optimized for viruses that exhibit antigenic drift. Because naturally processed and presented human ZKV T cell epitopes have not yet been described, we identified predicted class I peptide sequences on ZKV matching previously identified DNV (Dengue) class I epitopes and by using a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) binding prediction tool. A subset of those met the criteria for optimal CD8+ attack based on physical chemistry parameters determined by analysis of the ZKV protein structure encoded in open source Protein Data File (PDB) format files. We also identified candidate ZKV epitopes predicted to bind promiscuously to multiple HLA class II molecules that could provide help to the CTL responses. This work suggests that a CTL vaccine for ZKV may be possible even if ZKV exhibits significant antigenic drift. We have previously described a microsphere-based CTL vaccine platform capable of eliciting an immune response for class I epitopes in mice and are currently working toward in vivo testing of class I and class II epitope delivery directed against ZKV epitopes using the same microsphere-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (III) INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela S Rosa
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (III) INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul E Harris
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tim Olson
- Flow Pharma, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Alex Morrow
- Flow Pharma, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Reid Martin Rubsamen
- Flow Pharma, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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44
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Lakritz JR, Yalamanchili S, Polydefkis MJ, Miller AD, McGrath MS, Williams KC, Burdo TH. An oral form of methylglyoxal-bis-guanylhydrazone reduces monocyte activation and traffic to the dorsal root ganglia in a primate model of HIV-peripheral neuropathy. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:568-576. [PMID: 28462488 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a major comorbidity of HIV infection that is caused in part by chronic immune activation. HIV-PN is associated with infiltration of monocytes/macrophages to the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) causing neuronal loss and formation of Nageotte nodules. Here, we used an oral form of methylglyoxal-bis-guanylhydrazone (MGBG), a polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor, to specifically reduce activation of myeloid cells. MGBG is selectively taken up by monocyte/macrophages in vitro and inhibits HIV p24 expression and DNA viral integration in macrophages. Here, MGBG was administered to nine SIV-infected, CD8-depleted rhesus macaques at 21 days post-infection (dpi). An additional nine SIV-infected, CD8-depleted rhesus macaques were used as untreated controls. Cell traffic to tissues was measured by in vivo BrdU pulse labeling. MGBG treatment significantly diminished DRG histopathology and reduced the number of CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages in DRG tissue. The number of recently trafficked BrdU+ cells in the DRG was significantly reduced with MGBG treatment. Despite diminished DRG pathology, intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) did not recover after treatment with MGBG. These data suggest that MGBG alleviated DRG pathology and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael S McGrath
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Medicine and Pathology, University of California at San Franscisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB 755, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Pasquereau S, Kumar A, Herbein G. Targeting TNF and TNF Receptor Pathway in HIV-1 Infection: from Immune Activation to Viral Reservoirs. Viruses 2017; 9:v9040064. [PMID: 28358311 PMCID: PMC5408670 DOI: 10.3390/v9040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several cellular functions such as apoptosis, cellular proliferation, inflammation, and immune regulation involve the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)/TNF receptor (TNFR) pathway. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) interacts with the TNF/TNFR pathway. The activation of the TNF/TNFR pathway impacts HIV-1 replication, and the TNF/TNFR pathway is the target of HIV-1 proteins. A hallmark of HIV-1 infection is immune activation and inflammation with increased levels of TNF in the plasma and the tissues. Therefore, the control of the TNF/TNFR pathway by new therapeutic approaches could participate in the control of immune activation and impact both viral replication and viral persistence. In this review, we will describe the intricate interplay between HIV-1 proteins and TNF/TNFR signaling and how TNF/TNFR activation modulates HIV-1 replication and discuss new therapeutic approaches, especially anti-TNF therapy, that could control this pathway and ultimately favor the clearance of infected cells to cure HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Pasquereau
- Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comte, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UBFC), CHRU Besançon, UPRES EA4266 Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB, SFR FED 4234, F-25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comte, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UBFC), CHRU Besançon, UPRES EA4266 Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB, SFR FED 4234, F-25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comte, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UBFC), CHRU Besançon, UPRES EA4266 Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB, SFR FED 4234, F-25030 Besançon, France.
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Araínga M, Edagwa B, Mosley RL, Poluektova LY, Gorantla S, Gendelman HE. A mature macrophage is a principal HIV-1 cellular reservoir in humanized mice after treatment with long acting antiretroviral therapy. Retrovirology 2017; 14:17. [PMID: 28279181 PMCID: PMC5345240 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite improved clinical outcomes seen following antiretroviral therapy (ART), resting CD4+ T cells continue to harbor latent human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1). However, such cells are not likely the solitary viral reservoir and as such defining where and how others harbor virus is imperative for eradication measures. To such ends, we used HIV-1ADA-infected NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ mice reconstituted with a human immune system to explore two long-acting ART regimens investigating their abilities to affect viral cell infection and latency. At 6 weeks of infection animals were divided into four groups. One received long-acting (LA) cabotegravir (CAB) and rilpivirine (RVP) (2ART), a second received LA CAB, lamivudine, abacavir and RVP (4ART), a third were left untreated and a fourth served as an uninfected control. After 4 weeks of LA ART treatment, blood, spleen and bone marrow (BM) cells were collected then phenotypically characterized. CD4+ T cell subsets, macrophages and hematopoietic progenitor cells were analyzed for HIV-1 nucleic acids by droplet digital PCR. RESULTS Plasma viral loads were reduced by two log10 or to undetectable levels in the 2 and 4ART regimens, respectively. Numbers and distributions of CD4+ memory and regulatory T cells, macrophages and hematopoietic progenitor cells were significantly altered by HIV-1 infection and by both ART regimens. ART reduced viral DNA and RNA in all cell and tissue compartments. While memory cells were the dominant T cell reservoir, integrated HIV-1 DNA was also detected in the BM and spleen macrophages in both regimen-treated mice. CONCLUSION Despite vigorous ART regimens, HIV-1 DNA and RNA were easily detected in mature macrophages supporting their potential role as an infectious viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariluz Araínga
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
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HIV-related proteins prolong macrophage survival through induction of Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42028. [PMID: 28181540 PMCID: PMC5299418 DOI: 10.1038/srep42028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1(TREM-1) is a member of the superimmunoglobulin receptor family. We have previously shown that TREM-1 prolongs survival of macrophages treated with lipoolysaccharide through Egr2-Bcl2 signaling. Recent studies suggest a role for TREM-1 in viral immunity. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) targets the monocyte/macrophage lineage at varying stages of infection. Emerging data suggest that macrophages are key reservoirs for latent HIV even in individuals on antiretroviral therapy. Here, we investigated the potential role of TREM-1 in HIV latency in macrophages. Our data show that human macrophages infected with HIV show an increased expression of TREM-1. In parallel, direct exposure to the HIV-related proteins Tat or gp120 induces TREM-1 expression in macrophages and confers anti-apoptotic attributes.NF-κB p65 silencing identified that these proteins induce TREM-1 in p65-dependent manner. TREM-1 silencing in macrophages exposed to HIV-related proteins led to increased caspase 3 activation and reduced Bcl-2 expression, rendering them susceptible to apotosis. These novel data reveal that TREM-1 may play a critical role in establishing HIV reservoir in macrophages by inhibiting apoptosis. Therefore, targeting TREM-1 could be a novel therapeutic approach to enhance clearance of the HIV reservoir, at least within the macrophage pools.
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48
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Kamori D, Ueno T. HIV-1 Tat and Viral Latency: What We Can Learn from Naturally Occurring Sequence Variations. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:80. [PMID: 28194140 PMCID: PMC5276809 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the effective use of antiretroviral therapy, the remainder of a latently HIV-1-infected reservoir mainly in the resting memory CD4+ T lymphocyte subset has provided a great setback toward viral eradication. While host transcriptional silencing machinery is thought to play a dominant role in HIV-1 latency, HIV-1 protein such as Tat, may affect both the establishment and the reversal of latency. Indeed, mutational studies have demonstrated that insufficient Tat transactivation activity can result in impaired transcription of viral genes and the establishment of latency in cell culture experiments. Because Tat protein is one of highly variable proteins within HIV-1 proteome, it is conceivable that naturally occurring Tat mutations may differentially modulate Tat functions, thereby influencing the establishment and/or the reversal of viral latency in vivo. In this mini review, we summarize the recent findings of Tat naturally occurring polymorphisms associating with host immune responses and we highlight the implication of Tat sequence variations in relation to HIV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Kamori
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ueno
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan; International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
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McAllery SA, Ahlenstiel CL, Suzuki K, Symonds GP, Kelleher AD, Turville SG. The feasibility of incorporating Vpx into lentiviral gene therapy vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 5:16066. [PMID: 27790625 PMCID: PMC5070512 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While current antiretroviral therapy has significantly improved, challenges still remain in life-long targeting of HIV-1 reservoirs. Lentiviral gene therapy has the potential to deliver protective genes into the HIV-1 reservoir. However, inefficient reverse transcription (RT) occurs in HIV-1 reservoirs during lentiviral gene delivery. The viral protein Vpx is capable of increasing lentiviral RT by antagonizing the restriction factor SAMHD1. Incorporating Vpx into lentiviral vectors could substantially increase gene delivery into the HIV-1 reservoir. The feasibility of this Vpx approach was tested in resting cell models utilizing macrophages and dendritic cells. Our results showed Vpx exposure led to increased permissiveness of cells over a period that exceeded 2 weeks. Consequently, significant lower potency of HIV-1 antiretrovirals inhibiting RT and integration was observed. When Vpx was incorporated with anti-HIV-1 genes inhibiting either pre-RT or post-RT stages of the viral life-cycle, transduction levels significantly increased. However, a stronger antiviral effect was only observed with constructs that inhibit pre-RT stages of the viral life cycle. In conclusion this study demonstrates a way to overcome the major delivery obstacle of gene delivery into HIV-1 reservoir cell types. Importantly, incorporating Vpx with pre-RT anti-HIV-1 genes, demonstrated the greatest protection against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kazuo Suzuki
- St Vincent's Center for Applied Medical Research , Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Geoff P Symonds
- St Vincent's Center for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Calimmune Pty Ltd., Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Center for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Stuart G Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
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50
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Kirtane AR, Langer R, Traverso G. Past, Present, and Future Drug Delivery Systems for Antiretrovirals. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3471-3482. [PMID: 27771050 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus has infected millions of people and the epidemic continues to grow rapidly in some parts of the world. Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has provided improved treatment and prolonged the life expectancy of patients. Moreover, there is growing interest in using ARVs to protect against new infections. Hence, ARVs have emerged as our primary strategy in combating the virus. Unfortunately, several challenges limit the optimal performance of these drugs. First, ARVs often require life-long use and complex dosing regimens. This results in low patient adherence and periods of lapsed treatment manifesting in drug resistance. This has prompted the development of alternate dosage forms such as vaginal rings and long-acting injectables that stand to improve patient adherence. Another problem central to therapeutic failure is the inadequate penetration of drugs into infected tissues. This can lead to incomplete treatment, development of resistance, and viral rebound. Several strategies have been developed to improve drug penetration into these drug-free sanctuaries. These include encapsulation of drugs in nanoparticles, use of pharmacokinetic enhancers, and cell-based drug delivery platforms. In this review, we discuss issues surrounding ARV therapy and their impact on drug efficacy. We also describe various drug delivery-based approaches developed to overcome these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya R Kirtane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
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