1
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Salvato I, Marchini A. Immunotherapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Glioblastoma: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1276. [PMID: 38610954 PMCID: PMC11010873 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research and the best up-to-date treatments, grade 4 Glioblastoma (GBM) remains uniformly fatal with a patient median overall survival of less than 2 years. Recent advances in immunotherapy have reignited interest in utilizing immunological approaches to fight cancer. However, current immunotherapies have so far not met the anticipated expectations, achieving modest results in their journey from bench to bedside for the treatment of GBM. Understanding the intrinsic features of GBM is of crucial importance for the development of effective antitumoral strategies to improve patient life expectancy and conditions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the distinctive characteristics of GBM that significantly influence current conventional therapies and immune-based approaches. Moreover, we present an overview of the immunotherapeutic strategies currently undergoing clinical evaluation for GBM treatment, with a specific emphasis on those advancing to phase 3 clinical studies. These encompass immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T cell therapies, vaccination strategies (i.e., RNA-, DNA-, and peptide-based vaccines), and virus-based approaches. Finally, we explore novel innovative strategies and future prospects in the field of immunotherapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Salvato
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics (LOVIT), Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine (FSTM), University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Antonio Marchini
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics (LOVIT), Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Zeng M, Zhang W, Li Y, Yu L. Harnessing adenovirus in cancer immunotherapy: evoking cellular immunity and targeting delivery in cell-specific manner. Biomark Res 2024; 12:36. [PMID: 38528632 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus (rAd) regimens, including replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus (OAV) and replication-deficient adenovirus, have been identified as potential cancer therapeutics. OAV presents advantages such as selective replication, oncolytic efficacy, and tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling. In this perspective, the principles and advancements in developing OAV toolkits are reviewed. The burgeoning rAd may dictate efficacy of conventional cancer therapies as well as cancer immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines, synergy with adoptive cell therapy (ACT), and TME reshaping. Concurrently, we explored the potential of rAd hitchhiking to adoptive immune cells or stem cells, highlighting how this approach facilitates synergistic interactions between rAd and cellular therapeutics at tumor sites. Results from preclinical and clinical trials in which immune and stem cells were infected with rAd have been used to address significant oncological challenges, such as postsurgical residual tumor tissue and metastatic tissue. Briefly, rAd can eradicate tumors through various mechanisms, resulting from tumor immunogenicity, reprogramming of the TME, enhancement of cellular immunity, and effective tumor targeting. In this context, we argue that rAd holds immense potential for enhancing cellular immunity and synergistically improving antitumor effects in combination with novel cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zeng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, International Cancer Center, Hematology Institution of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, International Cancer Center, Hematology Institution of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yisheng Li
- Shenzhen Haoshi Biotechnology Co., Ltd. No, 155 Hongtian Road, Xinqiao Street, Bao'an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518125, China.
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, International Cancer Center, Hematology Institution of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China.
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3
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Chowaniec H, Ślubowska A, Mroczek M, Borowczyk M, Braszka M, Dworacki G, Dobosz P, Wichtowski M. New hopes for the breast cancer treatment: perspectives on the oncolytic virus therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1375433. [PMID: 38576614 PMCID: PMC10991781 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1375433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy has emerged as a promising frontier in cancer treatment, especially for solid tumours. While immunotherapies like immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cells have demonstrated impressive results, their limitations in inducing complete tumour regression have spurred researchers to explore new approaches targeting tumours resistant to current immunotherapies. OVs, both natural and genetically engineered, selectively replicate within cancer cells, inducing their lysis while sparing normal tissues. Recent advancements in clinical research and genetic engineering have enabled the development of targeted viruses that modify the tumour microenvironment, triggering anti-tumour immune responses and exhibiting synergistic effects with other cancer therapies. Several OVs have been studied for breast cancer treatment, including adenovirus, protoparvovirus, vaccinia virus, reovirus, and herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1). These viruses have been modified or engineered to enhance their tumour-selective replication, reduce toxicity, and improve oncolytic properties.Newer generations of OVs, such as Oncoviron and Delta-24-RGD adenovirus, exhibit heightened replication selectivity and enhanced anticancer effects, particularly in breast cancer models. Clinical trials have explored the efficacy and safety of various OVs in treating different cancers, including melanoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, head and neck cancer, and gynecologic malignancies. Notably, Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) and Oncorine have. been approved for advanced melanoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, respectively. However, adverse effects have been reported in some cases, including flu-like symptoms and rare instances of severe complications such as fistula formation. Although no OV has been approved specifically for breast cancer treatment, ongoing preclinical clinical trials focus on four groups of viruses. While mild adverse effects like low-grade fever and nausea have been observed, the effectiveness of OV monotherapy in breast cancer remains insufficient. Combination strategies integrating OVs with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy, show promise in improving therapeutic outcomes. Oncolytic virus therapy holds substantial potential in breast cancer treatment, demonstrating safety in trials. Multi-approach strategies combining OVs with conventional therapies exhibit more promising therapeutic effects than monotherapy, signalling a hopeful future for OV-based breast cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Chowaniec
- Department of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Antonina Ślubowska
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Mroczek
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Univeristy of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martyna Borowczyk
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Braszka
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grzegorz Dworacki
- Department of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Chair of Patomorphology and Clinical Immunology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paula Dobosz
- University Centre of Cancer Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wichtowski
- Surgical Oncology Clinic, Institute of Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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4
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Gemayel J, Chebly A, Kourie H, Hanna C, Mheidly K, Mhanna M, Karam F, Ghoussaini D, Najjar PE, Khalil C. Genome Engineering as a Therapeutic Approach in Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2024; 5:2300201. [PMID: 38465225 PMCID: PMC10919288 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202300201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the foremost causes of mortality. The human genome remains stable over time. However, human activities and environmental factors have the power to influence the prevalence of certain types of mutations. This goes to the excessive progress of xenobiotics and industrial development that is expanding the territory for cancers to develop. The mechanisms involved in immune responses against cancer are widely studied. Genome editing has changed the genome-based immunotherapy process in the human body and has opened a new era for cancer treatment. In this review, recent cancer immunotherapies and the use of genome engineering technology are largely focused on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Gemayel
- Faculty of SciencesBalamand UniversityBeirutLebanon
- FMPS Holding BIOTECKNO s.a.l. Research and Quality SolutionsNaccashBeirut60 247Lebanon
| | - Alain Chebly
- Center Jacques Loiselet for Medical Genetics and Genomics (CGGM), Faculty of MedicineSaint Joseph UniversityBeirutLebanon
- Higher Institute of Public HealthSaint Joseph UniversityBeirutLebanon
| | - Hampig Kourie
- Center Jacques Loiselet for Medical Genetics and Genomics (CGGM), Faculty of MedicineSaint Joseph UniversityBeirutLebanon
- Faculty of MedicineSaint Joseph UniversityBeirutLebanon
| | - Colette Hanna
- Faculty of MedicineLebanese American University Medical CenterRizk HospitalBeirutLebanon
| | | | - Melissa Mhanna
- Faculty of MedicineParis Saclay University63 Rue Gabriel PériLe Kremlin‐Bicêtre94270France
| | - Farah Karam
- Faculty of MedicineBalamand UniversityBeirutLebanon
| | | | - Paula El Najjar
- FMPS Holding BIOTECKNO s.a.l. Research and Quality SolutionsNaccashBeirut60 247Lebanon
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, School of EngineeringHoly Spirit University of KaslikJounieh446Lebanon
| | - Charbel Khalil
- Reviva Regenerative Medicine CenterBsalimLebanon
- Bone Marrow Transplant UnitBurjeel Medical CityAbu DhabiUAE
- Lebanese American University School of MedicineBeirutLebanon
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5
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Zhu X, Fan C, Xiong Z, Chen M, Li Z, Tao T, Liu X. Development and application of oncolytic viruses as the nemesis of tumor cells. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1188526. [PMID: 37440883 PMCID: PMC10335770 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1188526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses and tumors are two pathologies that negatively impact human health, but what occurs when a virus encounters a tumor? A global consensus among cancer patients suggests that surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other methods are the primary means to combat cancer. However, with the innovation and development of biomedical technology, tumor biotherapy (immunotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, gene therapy, oncolytic virus therapy, etc.) has emerged as an alternative treatment for malignant tumors. Oncolytic viruses possess numerous anti-tumor properties, such as directly lysing tumor cells, activating anti-tumor immune responses, and improving the tumor microenvironment. Compared to traditional immunotherapy, oncolytic virus therapy offers advantages including high killing efficiency, precise targeting, and minimal side effects. Although oncolytic virus (OV) therapy was introduced as a novel approach to tumor treatment in the 19th century, its efficacy was suboptimal, limiting its widespread application. However, since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first OV therapy drug, T-VEC, in 2015, interest in OV has grown significantly. In recent years, oncolytic virus therapy has shown increasingly promising application prospects and has become a major research focus in the field of cancer treatment. This article reviews the development, classification, and research progress of oncolytic viruses, as well as their mechanisms of action, therapeutic methods, and routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology—Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chenyang Fan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medicine and Technology, School of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhuolong Xiong
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zesong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital(Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Xiuqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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6
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Martin NT, Crupi MJF, Taha Z, Poutou J, Whelan JT, Vallati S, Petryk J, Marius R, Austin B, Azad T, Boulanger M, Burgess T, Sanders I, Victoor C, Dickinson BC, Diallo JS, Ilkow CS, Bell JC. Engineering Rapalog-Inducible Genetic Switches Based on Split-T7 Polymerase to Regulate Oncolytic Virus-Driven Production of Tumour-Localized IL-12 for Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050709. [PMID: 37242495 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The approval of different cytokines as anti-neoplastic agents has been challenged by dose-limiting toxicities. Although reducing dose levels affords improved tolerability, efficacy is precluded at these suboptimal doses. Strategies combining cytokines with oncolytic viruses have proven to elicit potent survival benefits in vivo, despite promoting rapid clearance of the oncolytic virus itself. Herein, we developed an inducible expression system based on a Split-T7 RNA polymerase for oncolytic poxviruses to regulate the spatial and temporal expression of a beneficial transgene. This expression system utilizes approved anti-neoplastic rapamycin analogues for transgene induction. This treatment regimen thus offers a triple anti-tumour effect through the oncolytic virus, the induced transgene, and the pharmacologic inducer itself. More specifically, we designed our therapeutic transgene by fusing a tumour-targeting chlorotoxin (CLTX) peptide to interleukin-12 (IL-12), and demonstrated that the constructs were functional and cancer-selective. We next encoded this construct into the oncolytic vaccinia virus strain Copenhagen (VV-iIL-12mCLTX), and were able to demonstrate significantly improved survival in multiple syngeneic murine tumour models through both localized and systemic virus administration, in combination with rapalogs. In summary, our findings demonstrate that rapalog-inducible genetic switches based on Split-T7 polymerase allow for regulation of the oncolytic virus-driven production of tumour-localized IL-12 for improved anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas T Martin
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mathieu J F Crupi
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Zaid Taha
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Joanna Poutou
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jack T Whelan
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sydney Vallati
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Julia Petryk
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Ricardo Marius
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Bradley Austin
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Taha Azad
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mason Boulanger
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Tamara Burgess
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Ilson Sanders
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Camille Victoor
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Bryan C Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Carolina S Ilkow
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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Lin D, Shen Y, Liang T. Oncolytic virotherapy: basic principles, recent advances and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:156. [PMID: 37041165 PMCID: PMC10090134 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have attracted growing awareness in the twenty-first century, as they are generally considered to have direct oncolysis and cancer immune effects. With the progress in genetic engineering technology, OVs have been adopted as versatile platforms for developing novel antitumor strategies, used alone or in combination with other therapies. Recent studies have yielded eye-catching results that delineate the promising clinical outcomes that OVs would bring about in the future. In this review, we summarized the basic principles of OVs in terms of their classifications, as well as the recent advances in OV-modification strategies based on their characteristics, biofunctions, and cancer hallmarks. Candidate OVs are expected to be designed as "qualified soldiers" first by improving target fidelity and safety, and then equipped with "cold weapons" for a proper cytocidal effect, "hot weapons" capable of activating cancer immunotherapy, or "auxiliary weapons" by harnessing tactics such as anti-angiogenesis, reversed metabolic reprogramming and decomposing extracellular matrix around tumors. Combinations with other cancer therapeutic agents have also been elaborated to show encouraging antitumor effects. Robust results from clinical trials using OV as a treatment congruously suggested its significance in future application directions and challenges in developing OVs as novel weapons for tactical decisions in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinan Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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Basu R, Moles CM. Rational selection of an ideal oncolytic virus to address current limitations in clinical translation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37541726 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy (OVT) is a promising modality that leverages the propensity of natural or engineered viruses to selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells. Over the past decade, (pre)clinical studies have focused on the development and testing of adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, and vaccinia virus-based vectors. These studies have identified barriers to success confronting the field. Here, we propose a set of selection criteria or ideal properties of a successful oncolytic virus, which include lack of pathogenicity, low seroprevalence, selectivity (infection and replication), transgene carrying capacity, and genome stability. We use these requirements to analyze the oncolytic virus landscape, and then identify a potentially optimal species for platform development - vesicular stomatitis virus.
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9
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Lu SC, Barry MA. Locked and loaded: engineering and arming oncolytic adenoviruses to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1359-1378. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2139601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A Barry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Department of Immunology
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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10
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Yao M, Cheng S, Zhai X, Zhao H, Hong J, Li X, Meng Y, Chen W. Prognostic Comparison between cTACE and H101-TACE in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): A Propensity-Score Matching Analysis. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:9084852. [PMID: 36091626 PMCID: PMC9463032 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9084852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the most common treatment for patients with HCC who are unsuitable for radical therapies. Conventional TACE (cTACE) takes advantage of the preferential hepatic arterial supply of HCC for the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents suspended in lipiodol, followed by embolization or reduction of arterial flow using various types of particles while sparing the surrounding liver parenchyma. Aims and Objectives. The current study is aimed at comparing the efficacy and safety profiles of transarterial infusion of recombinant human type-5 adenovirus (H101-TACE) with conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Unresectable HCC patients that received H101-based TACE or cTACE from August 2018 to September 2021 were retrospectively evaluated. Propensity score matching (PSM) has a 1 : 1 ratio to eliminate possible confounder imbalances across cohorts. The main outcome was overall survival (OS), while secondary outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS) and tumor response. Results This study included 111 patients classified across two cohorts: the H101-TACE cohort (n = 37) and the cTACE cohort (n = 74). Median OS within the H101-TACE cohort was 9.0 months longer than within the cTACE cohort before PSM (22.1 vs. 13.1 months, P = 0.043) and 9.3 months longer following PSM (22.1 vs. 12.8 months, P = 0.004). The median PFS within the H101-TACE cohort was 3.2 months longer compared to the cTACE cohort before PSM (6.5 vs. 3.3 months, P = 0.046) and 2.5 months after PSM (6.5 vs. 4.0 months, P = 0.012). The disease control rate for H101 and control cohorts was 81.1% and 59.5%, accordingly (P = 0.039). Conclusion The present study demonstrated that the H101-TACE is safe and efficient and can considerably enhance prognostic results for unresectable HCC compared to cTACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yao
- Department of Integrative Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Simo Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhai
- Department of Integrative Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hetong Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Hong
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Integrative Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongbin Meng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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11
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Safety and Efficacy of an Oncolytic Adenovirus as an Immunotherapy for Canine Cancer Patients. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070327. [PMID: 35878344 PMCID: PMC9316846 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The use of oncolytic virus is an innovative approach that has shown promising results as a treatment in oncology. Epithelial-derived tumors are the most frequent neoplasms in dogs, but gold standard therapies can be highly invasive procedures. Due to the accessible localization of these tumors, the intratumoral administration is feasible. Therefore, we propose to determine the safety and efficacy of intratumoral administration of oncolytic adenovirus ICOCAV15, in canine patients with epithelial-derived tumors. Eight dogs with carcinoma/adenocarcinoma were intratumorally treated with ICOCAV15. No clinically relevant changes were observed in the blood count, biochemistry and coagulation test analyzed during follow-up. The survival time of the 6/8 dogs exceeded the median survival time with chemotherapy, showing a partial response rate of 25% and 75% of stable disease. ICOCAV15 was detected in the target lesion by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Also, some of the non-treated metastasis showed an infiltration of ICOCAV15 by immunohistochemistry. The immune populations were evaluated, and an increase of CD8+, MAC387+, CD3+ and CD20+ cells was reported in some of the patients after the inoculation. These results show that intratumoral ICOCAV15 is safe and well tolerated by dogs. Also, they suggest ICOCAV15 could be a new tool in veterinary oncology for accessible carcinomas/adenocarcinomas. Abstract The use of oncolytic viruses is an innovative approach to lyse tumor cells and induce antitumor immune responses. Eight dogs diagnosed with carcinoma/adenocarcinoma were intratumorally treated with ICOCAV15, an oncolytic canine adenovirus (CAV). To evaluate the treatment’s safety, a blood count, biochemistry, and coagulation test were performed before treatment and during follow-up. Immune populations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Anti-adenovirus antibodies were also determined. The immune infiltration, vascularization, and viral presence in the tumor were determined by CD3, CD4, CD20, CD31 and CAV by immunohistochemistry. All the dogs maintained a good quality of life during follow-up, and some had increased median survival time when compared with dogs treated with chemotherapy. No treatment-related adverse effects were detected. The Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors criteria were also assessed: two patients showed a partial response and the rest showed stable disease at various times during the study. ICOCAV15 was detected inside the tumor during follow-up, and antiviral antibodies were detected in all patients. Furthermore, the tumor-infiltrating immune cells increased after viral administration. Therefore, we suggest that intratumorally administered ICOCAV15 could represent as a new tool for the treatment of canine carcinoma because it is safe, well-tolerated by dogs, and shows promising results.
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Zhang J, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Wang J, Shi F, Su J, Wang T, Wang F. Efficacy and Safety of Recombinant Human Adenovirus Type 5 (H101) in Persistent, Recurrent, or Metastatic Gynecologic Malignancies: A Retrospective Study. Front Oncol 2022; 12:877155. [PMID: 35574359 PMCID: PMC9095970 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.877155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To assess the efficacy and safety of recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (H101) in patients with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic gynecologic malignancies. Methods The study retrospectively enrolled patients with persistent/recurrent/metastatic gynecologic malignancies who received H101-containing treatment at The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from September 1, 2019 to September 30, 2021. H101 was injected intratumorally into target lesions and dosage was calculated based on tumor diameter once a day for five consecutive days. The primary endpoint was local control (LC) rate. Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), duration of response (DOR) and progression-free survival (PFS). Safety was the exploratory endpoint. Depending on prior treatment, patients received H101 either as monotherapy or as a combination therapy. Results Totally, 29 patients were enrolled in the study. Median follow-up was 6.3 months (range: 3.2-27.9) from data analysis cut-off on December 31, 2021. The LC rate at 3 months was 44.8%, while ORR was 72.4%. Median DOR and PFS rates were not determined. The DOR rate, PFS rate at 6 and 12 months were 88.1%, 74.6% and 70.5%, 62.2%, respectively. Responses were observed in all four cancer types. Most treatment-related adverse events (90.5%) were grade 1 or 2, with the most common being fever (70%). Clinically significant adverse events were uncommon (7.9% in grade 3 and 1.6% in grade 4). No treatment-related deaths occurred. Conclusion Our study showed that H101 (either monotherapy or combination therapy) has promising efficacy and favorable safety in patients with persistent, recurrent, metastatic gynecologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Gao P, Ding G, Wang L. The efficacy and safety of oncolytic viruses in the treatment of intermediate to advanced solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Cancer Res 2022; 10:4290-4302. [PMID: 35116288 PMCID: PMC8799180 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-21-905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Cancer treatment remains one of the most formidable challenges worldwide. Some novel treatment strategies, including molecularly targeted therapy, gene therapy, and cellular immunotherapy, have also been investigated to improve therapeutic effects for cancer patients and have demonstrated unexpected positive effects. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of oncolytic virus (OV) monotherapy or combination therapy for intermediate to advanced solid tumors. Methods We retrieved articles from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP. The quality of the included studies was assessed by Review Manager Software version 5.3. STATA software was used to perform meta-analyses of efficacy, overall survival (OS) and adverse reactions. Results A total of 22 studies involving 3,996 patients were included in this analysis, including 13 H101 studies, 5 T-VEC studies, 2 Pexa-Vec studies, 1 HF10 study and 1 Reolysin study. Regarding oncolytic adenovirus H101, meta-analysis showed that patients treated with H101 monotherapy or H101 combined with chemotherapy had a significantly higher objective response rate (ORR) than those treated with chemotherapy. Patients in the H101 and T-VEC groups had significantly longer effect size (ES) than the control group patients. The odds ratio (OR) and ES of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer and melanoma treated with OV were analyzed. For the safety profile, the total incidence of adverse reactions was similar in both groups. In terms of the other OVs, according to a systematic review, we found that after Reolysin treatment, the ORR was 26.9% in patients with head and neck cancer. The phase I study of HF10 exhibited some therapeutic potential. The adverse events (AEs) associated with the other OVs mainly included fever, nausea and vomiting, leukopenia, and hypotension. Discussion OVs are effective and well tolerated for the treatment of intermediate to advanced solid cancer and represent a promising therapeutic approach for solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanxiong Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lujia Wang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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E1B-55K is a phosphorylation-dependent transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulator of viral gene expression in HAdV-C5 infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0206221. [PMID: 35019711 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02062-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional adenoviral E1B-55K phosphoprotein is a major regulator of viral replication and plays key roles in virus-mediated cell transformation. While much is known about its function in oncogenic cell transformation, underlying features and exact mechanisms that implicate E1B-55K in regulation of viral gene expression are less well understood. Therefore, this work aimed at unravelling basic intranuclear principles of E1B-55K-regulated viral mRNA biogenesis using wild type HAdV-C5 E1B-55K, a virus mutant with abrogated E1B-55K expression and a mutant that expresses a phosphomimetic E1B-55K. By subnuclear fractionation, mRNA, DNA and protein analyses as well as luciferase reporter assays, we show that (i) E1B-55K promotes efficient release of viral late mRNAs from their site of synthesis in viral replication compartments (RCs) to the surrounding nucleoplasm, that (ii) E1B-55K modulates the rate of viral gene transcription and splicing in RCs, that (iii) E1B-55K participates in the temporal regulation of viral gene expression, that (iv) E1B-55K can enhance or repress the expression of viral early and late promoters and that (v) the phosphorylation of E1B-55K regulates the temporal effect of the protein on each of these activities. Together, these data demonstrate that E1B-55K is a phosphorylation-dependent transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulator of viral genes during HAdV-C5 infection. Importance Human adenoviruses are useful models to study basic aspects of gene expression and splicing. Moreover, they are one of the most commonly used viral vectors for clinical applications. However, key aspects of the activities of essential viral proteins that are commonly modified in adenoviral vectors have not been fully described. A prominent example is the multifunctional adenoviral oncoprotein E1B-55K that is known to promote efficient viral genome replication and expression while simultaneously repressing host gene expression and antiviral host responses. Our study combined different quantitative methods to study how E1B-55K promotes viral mRNA biogenesis. The data presented here propose a novel role for E1B-55K as a phosphorylation-dependent transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulator of viral genes.
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Ixovex-1, a novel oncolytic E1B-mutated adenovirus. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1628-1635. [PMID: 35596069 PMCID: PMC9663300 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a great demand for improved oncolytic viruses that selectively replicate within cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Here, we describe a novel oncolytic adenovirus, Ixovex-1, that obtains a cancer-selective replication phenotype by modulating the level of expression of the different, alternatively spliced E1B mRNA isoforms. Ixovex-1 is a recombinant adenovirus that carries a single point mutation in the E1B-93R 3' splice acceptor site that results in overexpression of the E1B-156R splice isoform. In this paper, we studied the characteristics of this novel oncolytic adenovirus by validating its in vitro behaviour in a panel of normal cells and cancer cells. We additionally studied its anti-tumour efficacy in vivo. Ixovex-1 significantly inhibited tumour growth and prolonged survival of mice in an immune-deficient lung carcinoma tumour implantation model. In complementation experiments, overexpression of E1B-156R was shown to increase the oncolytic index of both Ad5wt and ONYX-015. In contrast to prior viruses of similar type, Ixovex-1 includes a functional E3B region for better in vivo efficacy. Throughout this study, the Ixovex-1 virus has been proven to be superior in competency compared to a virus with multiple deletions.
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Watanabe M, Nishikawaji Y, Kawakami H, Kosai KI. Adenovirus Biology, Recombinant Adenovirus, and Adenovirus Usage in Gene Therapy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122502. [PMID: 34960772 PMCID: PMC8706629 DOI: 10.3390/v13122502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is currently in the public spotlight. Several gene therapy products, including oncolytic virus (OV), which predominantly replicates in and kills cancer cells, and COVID-19 vaccines have recently been commercialized. Recombinant adenoviruses, including replication-defective adenoviral vector and conditionally replicating adenovirus (CRA; oncolytic adenovirus), have been extensively studied and used in clinical trials for cancer and vaccines. Here, we review the biology of wild-type adenoviruses, the methodological principle for constructing recombinant adenoviruses, therapeutic applications of recombinant adenoviruses, and new technologies in pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-based regenerative medicine. Moreover, this article describes the technology platform for efficient construction of diverse "CRAs that can specifically target tumors with multiple factors" (m-CRAs). This technology allows for modification of four parts in the adenoviral E1 region and the subsequent insertion of a therapeutic gene and promoter to enhance cancer-specific viral replication (i.e., safety) as well as therapeutic effects. The screening study using the m-CRA technology successfully identified survivin-responsive m-CRA (Surv.m-CRA) as among the best m-CRAs, and clinical trials of Surv.m-CRA are underway for patients with cancer. This article also describes new recombinant adenovirus-based technologies for solving issues in PSC-based regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Watanabe
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yuya Nishikawaji
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kawakami
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kosai
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- South Kyushu Center for Innovative Medical Research and Application, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Center for Innovative Therapy Research and Application, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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The Evolution and Future of Targeted Cancer Therapy: From Nanoparticles, Oncolytic Viruses, and Oncolytic Bacteria to the Treatment of Solid Tumors. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113018. [PMID: 34835785 PMCID: PMC8623458 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While many classes of chemotherapeutic agents exist to treat solid tumors, few can generate a lasting response without substantial off-target toxicity despite significant scientific advancements and investments. In this review, the paths of development for nanoparticles, oncolytic viruses, and oncolytic bacteria over the last 20 years of research towards clinical translation and acceptance as novel cancer therapeutics are compared. Novel nanoparticle, oncolytic virus, and oncolytic bacteria therapies all start with a common goal of accomplishing therapeutic drug activity or delivery to a specific site while avoiding off-target effects, with overlapping methodology between all three modalities. Indeed, the degree of overlap is substantial enough that breakthroughs in one therapeutic could have considerable implications on the progression of the other two. Each oncotherapeutic modality has accomplished clinical translation, successfully overcoming the potential pitfalls promising therapeutics face. However, once studies enter clinical trials, the data all but disappears, leaving pre-clinical researchers largely in the dark. Overall, the creativity, flexibility, and innovation of these modalities for solid tumor treatments are greatly encouraging, and usher in a new age of pharmaceutical development.
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Tessier TM, Dodge MJ, MacNeil KM, Evans AM, Prusinkiewicz MA, Mymryk JS. Almost famous: Human adenoviruses (and what they have taught us about cancer). Tumour Virus Res 2021; 12:200225. [PMID: 34500123 PMCID: PMC8449131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses and adenoviruses are collectively categorized as the small DNA tumour viruses. Notably, human adenoviruses were the first human viruses demonstrated to be able to cause cancer, albeit in non-human animal models. Despite their long history, no human adenovirus is a known causative agent of human cancers, unlike a subset of their more famous cousins, including human papillomaviruses and human Merkel cell polyomavirus. Nevertheless, seminal research using human adenoviruses has been highly informative in understanding the basics of cell cycle control, gene expression, apoptosis and cell differentiation. This review highlights the contributions of human adenovirus research in advancing our knowledge of the molecular basis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner M Tessier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mackenzie J Dodge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Katelyn M MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Andris M Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Martin A Prusinkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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A potential bat adenovirus-based oncolytic virus targeting canine cancers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16706. [PMID: 34408176 PMCID: PMC8373906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a canine adenovirus (CAdV)-based oncolytic virus (OV) candidate targeting canine tumors has been reported, its oncolytic effect could be attenuated by CAdV vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies in dog patients. To circumvent this issue, we focused on the bat adenovirus (BtAdV) strain, which was previously isolated from healthy microbats. We previously showed that this virus replicated efficiently in canine cell lines and did not serologically cross-react with CAdVs, suggesting that it may offer the possibility of an OV candidate for canine tumors. Here, we tested the growth properties and cytotoxicity of the BtAdV Mm32 strain in a panel of canine tumor cells and found that its characteristics were equivalent to those of CAdVs. To produce an Mm32 construct with enhanced tumor specificity, we established a novel reverse genetics system for BtAdV based on bacterial artificial chromosomes, and generated a recombinant virus, Mm32-E1Ap + cTERTp, by inserting a tumor-specific canine telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter into its E1A regulatory region. The growth and cytotoxicity of this recombinant were superior to those of wild-type Mm32 in canine tumor cells, unlike in normal canine cells. These data suggest that Mm32-E1Ap + cTERTp could be a promising OV for alternative canine cancer therapies.
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Duan Y, Bai H, Li X, Wang D, Wang Y, Cao M, Zhang N, Chen H, Wang Y. Oncolytic adenoviral H101 synergizes with radiation in cervical cancer cells. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:619-630. [PMID: 33687882 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210308103541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major challenge in cervical cancer radiotherapy is to tailor the radiation doses efficiently to both eliminate malignant cells and to reduce the side effects to normal tissue. Oncolytic adenoviral drug H101 is recently tested and approved for topical adjuvant treatment of several malignancies. OBJECTIVE This study is to evaluate the potential neoadjuvant radiotherapy benefits of H101 by testing the inhibitory function of H101 combined with radiation in different cervical cancer cells. METHODS Human cervical cancer cells C33a, SiHa, CaSki, and Hela were treated with varying concentrations of H101 alone or combined with radiation (2Gy or 4Gy). Cell viability and apoptosis were measured at indicated time intervals. HPV16 E6 and cellular p53 mRNA expression alteration were measured by qRT-PCR. RNA scope in-situ detect HPV E6 status. P53 protein alteration are detected by Western blot. RESULTS Cell viability and apoptosis show the combination of a high dose of H101 (MOI=1000, 10000) with radiation yielded a synergistic anti-cancer effect in all tested cervical cancer cell lines (P<0.05), with the greatest effect achieved in HPV negative C33a cells (P<0.05). Low HPV16 viral load SiHa cell was more sensitive to combination therapy than high HPV16 viral load CaSki cell (P<0.05). The combined treatment could reduce HPV16 E6 expression and increase cellular P53 level compared to radiation alone in SiHa and CaSki (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Oncolytic adenoviral H101 effectively enhances the antitumor efficacy of radiation in cervical cancer cells and may serve as a novel combination therapy for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Duan
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology of Cancer, Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian. China
| | - Haixia Bai
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology of Cancer, Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology of Cancer, Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian. China
| | - Depu Wang
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology of Cancer, Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian. China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology of Cancer, Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian. China
| | - Meng Cao
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology of Cancer, Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian. China
| | - Nana Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology of Cancer, Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian. China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology of Cancer, Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian. China
| | - Yili Wang
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology of Cancer, Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian. China
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Stavrakaki E, Dirven CMF, Lamfers MLM. Personalizing Oncolytic Virotherapy for Glioblastoma: In Search of Biomarkers for Response. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040614. [PMID: 33557101 PMCID: PMC7913874 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor. Despite multimodal treatment, the prognosis of GBM patients remains very poor. Oncolytic virotherapy is being evaluated as novel treatment for this patient group and clinical trials testing oncolytic viruses have shown impressive responses, albeit in a small subset of GBM patients. Obtaining insight into specific tumor- or patient-related characteristics of the responding patients, may in the future improve response rates. In this review we discuss factors related to oncolytic activity of the most widely applied oncolytic virus strains as well as potential biomarkers and future assays that may allow us to predict response to these agents. Such biomarkers and tools may in the future enable personalizing oncolytic virotherapy for GBM patients. Abstract Oncolytic virus (OV) treatment may offer a new treatment option for the aggressive brain tumor glioblastoma. Clinical trials testing oncolytic viruses in this patient group have shown promising results, with patients achieving impressive long-term clinical responses. However, the number of responders to each OV remains low. This is thought to arise from the large heterogeneity of these tumors, both in terms of molecular make-up and their immune-suppressive microenvironment, leading to variability in responses. An approach that may improve response rates is the personalized utilization of oncolytic viruses against Glioblastoma (GBM), based on specific tumor- or patient-related characteristics. In this review, we discuss potential biomarkers for response to different OVs as well as emerging ex vivo assays that in the future may enable selection of optimal OV for a specific patient and design of stratified clinical OV trials for GBM.
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Lee J, Oh GH, Hong JA, Choi S, Choi HJ, Song JJ. Enhanced oncolytic adenoviral production by downregulation of death-domain associated protein and overexpression of precursor terminal protein. Sci Rep 2021; 11:856. [PMID: 33441685 PMCID: PMC7807022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate viral replication in tumor cells is the key to improving the anti-cancer effects of oncolytic adenovirus therapy. In this study, we introduced short hairpin RNAs against death-domain associated protein (Daxx), a repressor of adenoviral replication, and precursor terminal protein (pTP), an initiator of adenoviral genome replication, into adenoviral constructs to determine their contributions to viral replication. Both Daxx downregulation and pTP overexpression increased viral production in variety of human cancer cell lines, and the enhanced production of virus progeny resulted in more cell lysis in vitro, and tumor regression in vivo. We confirmed that increased virus production by Daxx silencing, or pTP overexpression, occurred using different mechanisms by analyzing levels of adenoviral protein expression and virus production. Specifically, Daxx downregulation promoted both virus replication and oncolysis in a consecutive manner by optimizing IVa2-based packaging efficiency, while pTP overexpression by increasing both infectious and total virus particles but their contribution to increased viral production may have been damaged to some extent by their another contribution to apoptosis and autophagy. Therefore, introducing both Daxx shRNA and pTP in virotherapy may be a suitable strategy to increase apoptotic tumor-cell death and to overcome poor viral replication, leading to meaningful reductions in tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Lee
- Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Hyeok Oh
- Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong A Hong
- Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Choi
- Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae J Song
- Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Mohamadi A, Pagès G, Hashemzadeh MS. The Important Role of Oncolytic Viruses in Common Cancer Treatments. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716666200211120906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OV) are considered as promising tools in cancer treatment. In addition
to direct cytolysis, the stimulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses is the most
important mechanism in oncolytic virotherapy that finally leads to the long-standing tumor retardations
in the advanced melanoma clinical trials. The OVs have become a worthy method in cancer
treatment, due to their several biological advantages including (1) the selective replication in
cancer cells without affecting normal cells; (2) the lack of resistance to the treatment; (3) cancer
stem cell targeting; (4) the ability to be spread; and (5) the immune response induction against the
tumors. Numerous types of viruses; for example, Herpes simplex viruses, Adenoviruses, Reoviruses,
Poliovirus, and Newcastle disease virus have been studied as a possible cancer treatment
strategy. Although some viruses have a natural orientation or tropism to cancer cells, several others
need attenuation and genetic manipulation to increase the safety and tumor-specific replication activity.
Two important mechanisms are involved in OV antitumor responses, which include the tumor
cell death due to virus replication, and also induction of immunogenic cell death as a result of
the immune system responses against the tumor cells. Furthermore, the high efficiency of OV on
antitumor immune response stimulation can finally lead to a significant tumor shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohamadi
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, University of Cote d’Azur, Nice, France
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Cunliffe TG, Bates EA, Parker AL. Hitting the Target but Missing the Point: Recent Progress towards Adenovirus-Based Precision Virotherapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3327. [PMID: 33187160 PMCID: PMC7696810 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
More people are surviving longer with cancer. Whilst this can be partially attributed to advances in early detection of cancers, there is little doubt that the improvement in survival statistics is also due to the expansion in the spectrum of treatments available for efficacious treatment. Transformative amongst those are immunotherapies, which have proven effective agents for treating immunogenic forms of cancer, although immunologically "cold" tumour types remain refractive. Oncolytic viruses, such as those based on adenovirus, have great potential as anti-cancer agents and have seen a resurgence of interest in recent years. Amongst their many advantages is their ability to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) of infected tumour cells, thus providing the alluring potential to synergise with immunotherapies by turning immunologically "cold" tumours "hot". Additionally, enhanced immune mediated cell killing can be promoted through the local overexpression of immunological transgenes, encoded from within the engineered viral genome. To achieve this full potential requires the development of refined, tumour selective "precision virotherapies" that are extensively engineered to prevent off-target up take via native routes of infection and targeted to infect and replicate uniquely within malignantly transformed cells. Here, we review the latest advances towards this holy grail within the adenoviral field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (T.G.C.); (E.A.B.)
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25
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Zhang Z, Zhang C, Miao J, Wang Z, Wang Z, Cheng Z, Wang P, Dunmall LSC, Lemoine NR, Wang Y. A Tumor-Targeted Replicating Oncolytic Adenovirus Ad-TD-nsIL12 as a Promising Therapeutic Agent for Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112438. [PMID: 33182528 PMCID: PMC7698064 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal cancers in China and existing therapies have been unable to significantly improve prognosis. Oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) are novel promising anti-tumor drugs and have been evaluated in several cancers including ESCC. However, the antitumour efficacy of the first generation OAds (H101) as single agent is limited. Therefore, more effective OAds are needed. Our previous studies demonstrated that the novel oncolytic adenovirus Ad-TD-nsIL12 (human adenovirus type 5 with E1ACR2, E1B19K, E3gp19K-triple deletions)harboring human non-secretory IL-12 had significant anti-tumor effect, with no toxicity, in a Syrian hamster pancreatic cancer model. In this study, we evaluated the anti-tumor effect of Ad-TD-nsIL12 in human ESCC. The cytotoxicity of Ad-TD-nsIL12, H101 and cisplatin were investigated in two newly established patient-derived tumor cells (PDCs) and a panel of ESCC cell lines in vitro. A novel adenovirus-permissive, immune-deficient Syrian hamster model of PDCs subcutaneous xenograft was established for in vivo analysis of efficacy. The results showed that Ad-TD-nsIL12 was more cytotixic to and replicated more effectively in human ESCC cell lines than H101. Compared with cisplatin and H101, Ad-TD-nsIL12 could significantly inhibit tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis as well as enhance survival rate of animals with no side effects. These findings suggest that Ad-TD-nsIL12 has superior anti-tumor potency against human ESCC with a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifang Zhang
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (Z.W.); (Z.W.); (Z.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Surgical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China;
| | - Jinxin Miao
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (Z.W.); (Z.W.); (Z.C.); (P.W.)
- Department of Science and Technology, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhizhong Wang
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (Z.W.); (Z.W.); (Z.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (Z.W.); (Z.W.); (Z.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Zhenguo Cheng
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (Z.W.); (Z.W.); (Z.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Pengju Wang
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (Z.W.); (Z.W.); (Z.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Louisa S. Chard Dunmall
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M6BQ, UK;
| | - Nicholas R. Lemoine
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (Z.W.); (Z.W.); (Z.C.); (P.W.)
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M6BQ, UK;
- Correspondence: (N.R.L.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +0044-207-8823500 (N.R.L.); +0044-207-8823596 (Y.W.)
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (Z.W.); (Z.W.); (Z.C.); (P.W.)
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M6BQ, UK;
- Correspondence: (N.R.L.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +0044-207-8823500 (N.R.L.); +0044-207-8823596 (Y.W.)
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26
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Understanding and addressing barriers to successful adenovirus-based virotherapy for ovarian cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:375-389. [PMID: 32951021 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among women with gynecological cancer, with an overall 5-year survival rate below 50% due to a lack of specific symptoms, late stage at time of diagnosis and a high rate of recurrence after standard therapy. A better understanding of heterogeneity, genetic mutations, biological behavior and immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment have allowed the development of more effective therapies based on anti-angiogenic treatments, PARP and immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapies and oncolytic vectors. Oncolytic adenoviruses are commonly used platforms in cancer gene therapy that selectively replicate in tumor cells and at the same time are able to stimulate the immune system. In addition, they can be genetically modified to enhance their potency and overcome physical and immunological barriers. In this review we highlight the challenges of adenovirus-based oncolytic therapies targeting ovarian cancer and outline recent advances to improve their potential in combination with immunotherapies.
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Adenovirus Receptor Expression in Cancer and Its Multifaceted Role in Oncolytic Adenovirus Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186828. [PMID: 32957644 PMCID: PMC7554712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenovirus therapy is believed to be a promising way to treat cancer patients. To be able to target tumor cells with an oncolytic adenovirus, expression of the adenovirus receptor on the tumor cell is essential. Different adenovirus types bind to different receptors on the cell, of which the expression can vary between tumor types. Pre-existing neutralizing immunity to human adenovirus species C type 5 (HAdV-C5) has hampered its therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials, hence several adenoviral vectors from different species are currently being developed as a means to evade pre-existing immunity. Therefore, knowledge on the expression of appropriate adenovirus receptors on tumor cells is important. This could aid in determining which tumor types would benefit most from treatment with a certain oncolytic adenovirus type. This review provides an overview of the known receptors for human adenoviruses and how their expression on tumor cells might be differentially regulated compared to healthy tissue, before and after standardized anticancer treatments. Mechanisms behind the up- or downregulation of adenovirus receptor expression are discussed, which could be used to find new targets for combination therapy to enhance the efficacy of oncolytic adenovirus therapy. Additionally, the utility of the adenovirus receptors in oncolytic virotherapy is examined, including their role in viral spread, which might even surpass their function as primary entry receptors. Finally, future directions are offered regarding the selection of adenovirus types to be used in oncolytic adenovirus therapy in the fight against cancer.
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28
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Advances in Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy: Car-T Cell, Checkpoint Inhibitors, Dendritic Cell Vaccines, and Oncolytic Viruses, and Emerging Cellular and Molecular Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071826. [PMID: 32645977 PMCID: PMC7408985 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike traditional cancer therapies, such as surgery, radiation and chemotherapy that are typically non-specific, cancer immunotherapy harnesses the high specificity of a patient’s own immune system to selectively kill cancer cells. The immune system is the body’s main cancer surveillance system, but cancers may evade destruction thanks to various immune-suppressing mechanisms. We therefore need to deploy various immunotherapy-based strategies to help bolster the anti-tumour immune responses. These include engineering T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to specifically recognise tumour neoantigens, inactivating immune checkpoints, oncolytic viruses and dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, which have all shown clinical benefit in certain cancers. However, treatment efficacy remains poor due to drug-induced adverse events and immunosuppressive tendencies of the tumour microenvironment. Recent preclinical studies have unveiled novel therapies such as anti-cathepsin antibodies, galectin-1 blockade and anti-OX40 agonistic antibodies, which may be utilised as adjuvant therapies to modulate the tumour microenvironment and permit more ferocious anti-tumour immune response.
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29
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Wang Q, Yang M, Zhang Y, Zhong L, Zheng X. Novel Combination Oncolytic Adenoviral Gene Therapy Armed with Dm-dNK and CD40L for Breast Cancer. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 19:54-65. [PMID: 30848201 DOI: 10.2174/1566523219666190307094713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both Drosophila melanogaster deoxyribonucleoside kinase (Dm-dNK) suicide gene therapy and exogenous CD40 ligand (CD40L)-CD40 interaction in cancer via conditionally replicating adenovirus can selectively kill tumors without damaging normal tissues. OBJECTIVE To further improve the cancer killing effect, we investigated the therapeutic effect of combined cancer gene therapy based on a selective oncolytic adenovirus vector containing Dm-dNK suicide gene and exogenous CD40L on breast carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS A series of conditionally replicating adenoviruses using adenovirus vector P74 were generated: P74-dNK, P74-CD40L (expressing Dm-dNK or CD40L respectively), and P74-dNK-CD40L (expressing combined Dm-dNK and CD40L). Breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7) and non-tumor cell line (MRC5) were treated with adenovirus and cytotoxicity determined by MTT assay, and apoptosis assessed by flow cytometry after 72h. We also assessed in vivo cell killing efficiency using a mouse xenograft model with MDA-MB-231 cells. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Co-expression of Dm-dNK and CD40L reduced cell proliferation of MDAMB- 231 or MCF7 cancer cells, and induced more apoptosis in TERT and CD40 positive cancer cells, but not normal MRC5 cells. Significant reduction in tumor volume was also seen in combined treatment arms as compared to any single treatment. CONCLUSION Our data suggest enhanced, selective tumor cell killing using combined gene therapy with conditionally replicating adenovirus containing Dm-dNK suicide gene and exogenous CD40 ligation (CD40L-CD40).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Muwen Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Lab 1, Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Hebei University College of Life Sciences, Baoding, Hebei, China.,College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Lab 1, Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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30
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Crenshaw BJ, Jones LB, Bell CR, Kumar S, Matthews QL. Perspective on Adenoviruses: Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, and Gene Therapy. Biomedicines 2019; 7:E61. [PMID: 31430920 PMCID: PMC6784011 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses are large (150 MDa) doubled-stranded DNA viruses that cause respiratory infections. These viruses are particularly pathogenic in healthy and immune-compromised individuals, and currently, no adenovirus vaccine is available for the general public. The purpose of this review is to describe (i) the epidemiology and pathogenicity of human adenoviruses, (ii) the biological role of adenovirus vectors in gene therapy applications, and (iii) the potential role of exosomes in adenoviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennetta J Crenshaw
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Leandra B Jones
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Courtnee' R Bell
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Qiana L Matthews
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.
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31
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Cervera-Carrascon V, Havunen R, Hemminki A. Oncolytic adenoviruses: a game changer approach in the battle between cancer and the immune system. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:443-455. [PMID: 30905206 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1595582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oncolytic adenoviruses are among the most studied oncolytic viruses because of their tumor selectivity, safety, and transgene-delivery capability. With a growing number of different immunotherapies against cancer, the extraordinary immunogenicity of the adenovirus has emerged as a differentiating strength. Enabling T-cell related therapies with oncolytic adenoviruses appears a promising approach due to its inherent ability to elicit responses from the adaptive immune compartment. AREAS COVERED These viruses have successfully enhanced both adoptive T-cell therapies and immune-checkpoint therapies. Oncolytic viruses induce several effects at the tumor and on the systemic level that help to circumvent current limitations of T-cells and related therapies, such as T-cell trafficking, tumor immune suppressivity and antigen spreading EXPERT OPINION Taking into account the multitude of possibilities of treating cancer with immunotherapies, learning to optimize the combinations and administration strategies of these drugs, could lead to durable responses in patients with currently incurable cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Cervera-Carrascon
- a Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Riikka Havunen
- a Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- a Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd , Helsinki , Finland.,c Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center , Helsinki University , Helsinki , Finland
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32
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Wei D, Xu J, Liu XY, Chen ZN, Bian H. Fighting Cancer with Viruses: Oncolytic Virus Therapy in China. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 29:151-159. [PMID: 29284308 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of oncolytic virotherapy to treat cancer, oncolytic viruses (OVs) can selectively infect tumor cells to promote oncolysis of cancer cells, local immunological reactions, and systemic antitumor immunity with minimal toxicity to normal tissues. The immunostimulatory properties of OVs provide enormous benefits for the treatment of cancer. A variety of OVs, including genetically engineered and natural viruses, have shown promise in preclinical models and clinical studies. In 2005, the China Food and Drug Administration approved its first OV drug, Oncorine (H101), for treatment of advanced head and neck cancer. To explore new treatment strategies, >200 recombinant or natural OVs are undergoing in-depth investigation in China, and >250 oncolytic virotherapy-related reports from the OV community in China have been published in the past 5 years. These studies investigated a variety of exogenous genes and combination therapeutic strategies to enhance the treatment effects of OVs. To date, five clinical trials covering four OV agents (Oncorine, OrienX010, KH901, and H103) are ongoing, and additional OV agents are awaiting approval for clinical trials in China. Overall, this research emphasizes that combination therapy, especially tumor immunotherapy coupled with effective system administration strategies, can promote the development of oncolytic virotherapies. This article focuses on studies that were carried out in China in order to give an overview of the past, present, and future of oncolytic virotherapy in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Wei
- 1 Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Xu
- 1 Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Liu
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- 1 Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Huijie Bian
- 1 Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
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Del Pozo-Rodríguez A, Rodríguez-Gascón A, Rodríguez-Castejón J, Vicente-Pascual M, Gómez-Aguado I, Battaglia LS, Solinís MÁ. Gene Therapy. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 171:321-368. [PMID: 31492963 DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy medicinal products (GTMPs) are one of the most promising biopharmaceuticals, which are beginning to show encouraging results. The broad clinical research activity has been addressed mainly to cancer, primarily to those cancers that do not respond well to conventional treatment. GTMPs to treat rare disorders caused by single-gene mutations have also made important advancements toward market availability, with eye and hematopoietic system diseases as the main applications.Nucleic acid-marketed products are based on both in vivo and ex vivo strategies. Apart from DNA-based therapies, antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, and, recently, T-cell-based therapies have been also marketed. Moreover, the gene-editing tool CRISPR is boosting the development of new gene therapy-based medicines, and it is expected to have a substantial impact on the gene therapy biopharmaceutical market in the near future.However, despite the important advancements of gene therapy, many challenges have still to be overcome, which are discussed in this book chapter. Issues such as efficacy and safety of the gene delivery systems and manufacturing capacity of biotechnological companies to produce viral vectors are usually considered, but problems related to cost and patient affordability must be also faced to ensure the success of this emerging therapy. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Del Pozo-Rodríguez
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez-Gascón
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Julen Rodríguez-Castejón
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Mónica Vicente-Pascual
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Itziar Gómez-Aguado
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Luigi S Battaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - María Ángeles Solinís
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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Goradel NH, Mohajel N, Malekshahi ZV, Jahangiri S, Najafi M, Farhood B, Mortezaee K, Negahdari B, Arashkia A. Oncolytic adenovirus: A tool for cancer therapy in combination with other therapeutic approaches. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8636-8646. [PMID: 30515798 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer therapy using oncolytic viruses is an emerging area, in which viruses are engineered to selectively propagate in tumor tissues without affecting healthy cells. Because of the advantages that adenoviruses (Ads) have over other viruses, they are more considered. To achieve tumor selectivity, two main modifications on Ads genome have been applied: small deletions and insertion of tissue- or tumor-specific promoters. Despite oncolytic adenoviruses ability in tumor cell lysis and immune responses stimulation, to further increase their antitumor effects, genomic modifications have been carried out including insertion of checkpoint inhibitors and antigenic or immunostimulatory molecules into the adenovirus genome and combination with dendritic cells and chemotherapeutic agents. This study reviews oncolytic adenoviruses structures, their antitumor efficacy in combination with other therapeutic strategies, and finally challenges around this treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasir Mohajel
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba Veisi Malekshahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Jahangiri
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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NF-κB Signaling in Targeting Tumor Cells by Oncolytic Viruses-Therapeutic Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110426. [PMID: 30413032 PMCID: PMC6265863 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, oncolytic virotherapy became a promising therapeutic approach, leading to the introduction of a novel generation of anticancer drugs. However, despite evoking an antitumor response, introducing an oncolytic virus (OV) to the patient is still inefficient to overcome both tumor protective mechanisms and the limitation of viral replication by the host. In cancer treatment, nuclear factor (NF)-κB has been extensively studied among important therapeutic targets. The pleiotropic nature of NF-κB transcription factor includes its involvement in immunity and tumorigenesis. Therefore, in many types of cancer, aberrant activation of NF-κB can be observed. At the same time, the activity of NF-κB can be modified by OVs, which trigger an immune response and modulate NF-κB signaling. Due to the limitation of a monotherapy exploiting OVs only, the antitumor effect can be enhanced by combining OV with NF-κB-modulating drugs. This review describes the influence of OVs on NF-κB activation in tumor cells showing NF-κB signaling as an important aspect, which should be taken into consideration when targeting tumor cells by OVs.
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The Current Status and Future Prospects of Oncolytic Viruses in Clinical Trials against Melanoma, Glioma, Pancreatic, and Breast Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100356. [PMID: 30261620 PMCID: PMC6210336 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapy has been accepted as a standard immunotherapy since talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC, Imlygic®) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) for melanoma treatment in 2015. Various oncolytic viruses (OVs), such as HF10 (Canerpaturev—C-REV) and CVA21 (CAVATAK), are now actively being developed in phase II as monotherapies, or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors against melanoma. Moreover, in glioma, several OVs have clearly demonstrated both safety and a promising efficacy in the phase I clinical trials. Additionally, the safety of several OVs, such as pelareorep (Reolysin®), proved their safety and efficacy in combination with paclitaxel in breast cancer patients, but the outcomes of OVs as monotherapy against breast cancer have not provided a clear therapeutic strategy for OVs. The clinical trials of OVs against pancreatic cancer have not yet demonstrated efficacy as either monotherapy or as part of combination therapy. However, there are several oncolytic viruses that have successfully proved their efficacy in different preclinical models. In this review, we mainly focused on the oncolytic viruses that transitioned into clinical trials against melanoma, glioma, pancreatic, and breast cancers. Hence, we described the current status and future prospects of OVs clinical trials against melanoma, glioma, pancreatic, and breast cancers.
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Alberts P, Tilgase A, Rasa A, Bandere K, Venskus D. The advent of oncolytic virotherapy in oncology: The Rigvir® story. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 837:117-126. [PMID: 30179611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are a fast-developing cancer treatment field. Numerous viruses have been tested in clinical trials and three are approved. The first, Rigvir, is an immunomodulator with anti-tumour effect for treatment of melanoma, local treatment of skin and subcutaneous metastases of melanoma, for prevention of relapse and metastasis after radical surgery registered in Latvia, Georgia, Armenia and Uzbekistan. The aim of the present review is to summarize the development of Rigvir. Approximately 60 viruses were screened preclinically. Clinical safety and efficacy trials were with 5 oncolytic enteroviruses. Safety of the selected and melanoma-adapted ECHO-7 virus Rigvir was tested in over 180 patients with no severe adverse events observed. Pre-registration efficacy studies involved over 700 cancer patients: over 540 melanoma patients, and patients with late stage stomach (ca. 90), colorectal cancer (ca. 60), and other cancers. Patients were treated with Rigvir for 3 years after surgery and compared to immunotherapy: 3- and 5-year overall survival appeared to be increased in Rigvir treated patients. In post-marketing retrospective studies, Rigvir-treated stage II melanoma patients showed a 6.67-fold decreased risk for disease progression in comparison to those that had been observed according to guidelines, and stage IB and stage II melanoma patients that had received Rigvir therapy had 4.39-6.57-fold lower mortality. The results are confirmed and extended by case reports. Several immunological markers have been measured. In conclusion, Rigvir is an oncotropic and oncolytic virus for treatment of melanoma; the results will be confirmed and updated by modern clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pēteris Alberts
- International Virotherapy Center, Teātra iela 9-9, Riga LV-1050, Latvia.
| | - Andra Tilgase
- International Virotherapy Center, Teātra iela 9-9, Riga LV-1050, Latvia
| | - Agnija Rasa
- International Virotherapy Center, Teātra iela 9-9, Riga LV-1050, Latvia
| | - Katrīna Bandere
- International Virotherapy Center, Teātra iela 9-9, Riga LV-1050, Latvia
| | - Dite Venskus
- International Virotherapy Center, Teātra iela 9-9, Riga LV-1050, Latvia
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Lin CZ, Xiang GL, Zhu XH, Xiu LL, Sun JX, Zhang XY. Advances in the mechanisms of action of cancer-targeting oncolytic viruses. Oncol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29541169 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer virotherapy mediated by oncolytic viruses (OV), has emerged as a novel and effective strategy in cancer therapeutics. Preclinical models have demonstrated anticancer activity against numerous types of cancer. Currently, a number of recombinant viruses are in late phase clinical trials, many of which have demonstrated promising results regarding the safety and reliability of the treatments, particularly when combined with standard antineoplastic therapies. In addition to molecular-targeted therapeutics, genetic engineering of the viruses allows functional complementation to chemotherapy or radiotherapy agents. Co-administration of chemotherapy or radiotherapy is imperative for an effective treatment regime. Additionally, these approaches may be used in combination with current treatments to assist in cancer management. The near future may reveal whether this renewed interest in oncological virotherapy will result in meaningful therapeutic effects in patients. The aim of the present review was to highlight how the knowledge of oncolytic viral specificity and cytotoxicity has advanced in recent years, with a view to discuss OV in clinical application and the future directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun-Zhi Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Ling Xiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hong Zhu
- Department of General Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Lu Xiu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Xing Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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Yamamoto Y, Nagasato M, Yoshida T, Aoki K. Recent advances in genetic modification of adenovirus vectors for cancer treatment. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:831-837. [PMID: 28266780 PMCID: PMC5448613 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are widely used to deliver genes to a variety of cell types and have been used in a number of clinical trials for gene therapy and oncolytic virotherapy. However, several concerns must be addressed for the clinical use of adenovirus vectors. Selective delivery of a therapeutic gene by adenovirus vectors to target cancer is precluded by the widespread distribution of the primary cellular receptors. The systemic administration of adenoviruses results in hepatic tropism independent of the primary receptors. Adenoviruses induce strong innate and acquired immunity in vivo. Furthermore, several modifications to these vectors are necessary to enhance their oncolytic activity and ensure patient safety. As such, the adenovirus genome has been engineered to overcome these problems. The first part of the present review outlines recent progress in the genetic modification of adenovirus vectors for cancer treatment. In addition, several groups have recently developed cancer-targeting adenovirus vectors by using libraries that display random peptides on a fiber knob. Pancreatic cancer-targeting sequences have been isolated, and these oncolytic vectors have been shown by our group to be associated with a higher gene transduction efficiency and more potent oncolytic activity in cell lines, murine models, and surgical specimens of pancreatic cancer. In the second part of this review, we explain that combining cancer-targeting strategies can be a promising approach to increase the clinical usefulness of oncolytic adenovirus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagasato
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Aoki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Wechman SL, Rao XM, McMasters KM, Zhou HS. Adenovirus with DNA Packaging Gene Mutations Increased Virus Release. Viruses 2016; 8:v8120333. [PMID: 27999391 PMCID: PMC5192394 DOI: 10.3390/v8120333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) have been extensively manipulated for the development of cancer selective replication, leading to cancer cell death or oncolysis. Clinical studies using E1-modified oncolytic Ads have shown that this therapeutic platform was safe, but with limited efficacy, indicating the necessity of targeting other viral genes for manipulation. To improve the therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic Ads, we treated the entire Ad genome repeatedly with UV-light and have isolated AdUV which efficiently lyses cancer cells as reported previously (Wechman, S. L. et al. Development of an Oncolytic Adenovirus with Enhanced Spread Ability through Repeated UV Irradiation and Cancer Selection. Viruses2016, 8, 6). In this report, we show that no mutations were observed in the early genes (E1 or E4) of AdUV while several mutations were observed within the Ad late genes which have structural or viral DNA packaging functions. This study also reported the increased release of AdUV from cancer cells. In this study, we found that AdUV inhibits tumor growth following intratumoral injection. These results indicate the potentially significant role of the viral late genes, in particular the DNA packaging genes, to enhance Ad oncolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Wechman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Xiao-Mei Rao
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Kelly M McMasters
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Heshan Sam Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Choi AH, O'Leary MP, Fong Y, Chen NG. From Benchtop to Bedside: A Review of Oncolytic Virotherapy. Biomedicines 2016; 4:biomedicines4030018. [PMID: 28536385 PMCID: PMC5344257 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) demonstrate the ability to replicate selectively in cancer cells, resulting in antitumor effects by a variety of mechanisms, including direct cell lysis and indirect cell death through immune-mediate host responses. Although the mechanisms of action of OVs are still not fully understood, major advances have been made in our understanding of how OVs function and interact with the host immune system, resulting in the recent FDA approval of the first OV for cancer therapy in the USA. This review provides an overview of the history of OVs, their selectivity for cancer cells, and their multifaceted mechanism of antitumor action, as well as strategies employed to augment selectivity and efficacy of OVs. OVs in combination with standard cancer therapies are also discussed, as well as a review of ongoing human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey H Choi
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Michael P O'Leary
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
- Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Nanhai G Chen
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
- Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Development of an Oncolytic Adenovirus with Enhanced Spread Ability through Repeated UV Irradiation and Cancer Selection. Viruses 2016; 8:v8060167. [PMID: 27314377 PMCID: PMC4926187 DOI: 10.3390/v8060167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads) have been shown to be safe and have great potential for the treatment of solid tumors. However, the therapeutic efficacy of Ads is antagonized by limited spread within solid tumors. To develop Ads with enhanced spread, viral particles of an E1-wildtype Ad5 dl309 was repeatedly treated with UV type C irradiation and selected for the efficient replication and release from cancer cells. After 72 cycles of treatment and cancer selection, AdUV was isolated. This vector has displayed many favorable characteristics for oncolytic therapy. AdUV was shown to lyse cancer cells more effectively than both E1-deleted and E1-wildtype Ads. This enhanced cancer cell lysis appeared to be related to increased AdUV replication in and release from infected cancer cells. AdUV-treated A549 cells displayed greater expression of the autophagy marker LC3-II during oncolysis and formed larger viral plaques upon cancer cell monolayers, indicating increased virus spread among cancer cells. This study indicates the potential of this approach of irradiation of entire viral particles for the development of oncolytic viruses with designated therapeutic properties.
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