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Zeki NM, Mustafa YF. Natural linear coumarin-heterocyclic conjugates: A review of their roles in phytotherapy. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105929. [PMID: 38548026 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Heterocycle conjugates provide a fresh investigative scope to find novel molecules with enhanced phytotherapeutic characteristics. Coumarin-based products are widely used in the synthesis of several compounds with biological and medicinal properties since they are naturally occurring heterocycles with a broad dispersion. The investigation of coumarin-based phytochemicals with annulated heterocyclic rings is a promising approach to discovering novel conjugates with significant phytotherapeutic attributes. Due to the applicable coumarin extraction processes, a range of linear coumarin-heterocyclic conjugates were isolated from different natural resources and exhibited remarkable therapeutic efficacy. This review highlights the phytotherapeutic potential and origins of various natural linear coumarin-heterocyclic conjugates. We searched several databases, including Science Direct, Web of Science, Springer, Google Scholar, and PubMed. After sieving, we ultimately identified and included 118 pertinent studies published between 2000 and the middle of 2023. This will inspire medicinal chemists with extremely insightful ideas for designing and synthesizing therapeutically active lead compounds in the future that are built on the pharmacophores of coumarin-heterocyclic conjugates and have significant therapeutic attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nameer Mazin Zeki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ninevah University, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
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2
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Westcott MM, Morse AE, Troy G, Blevins M, Wierzba T, Sanders JW. Photochemical inactivation as an alternative method to produce a whole-cell vaccine for uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0366123. [PMID: 38315025 PMCID: PMC10913755 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03661-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary causative agent of lower urinary tract infection (UTI). UTI presents a serious health risk and has considerable secondary implications including economic burden, recurring episodes, and overuse of antibiotics. A safe and effective vaccine would address this widespread health problem and emerging antibiotic resistance. Killed, whole-cell vaccines have shown limited efficacy to prevent recurrent UTI in human trials. We explored photochemical inactivation with psoralen drugs and UVA light (PUVA), which crosslinks nucleic acid, as an alternative to protein-damaging methods of inactivation to improve whole-cell UTI vaccines. Exposure of UPEC to the psoralen drug AMT and UVA light resulted in a killed but metabolically active (KBMA) state, as reported previously for other PUVA-inactivated bacteria. The immunogenicity of PUVA-UPEC as compared to formalin-inactivated UPEC was compared in mice. Both generated high UPEC-specific serum IgG titers after intramuscular delivery. However, using functional adherence as a measure of surface protein integrity, we found differences in the properties of PUVA- and formalin-inactivated UPEC. Adhesion mediated by Type-1 and P-fimbriae was severely compromised by formalin but was unaffected by PUVA, indicating that PUVA preserved the functional conformation of fimbrial proteins, which are targets of protective immune responses. In vitro assays indicated that although they retained metabolic activity, PUVA-UPEC lost virulence properties that could negatively impact vaccine safety. Our results imply the potential for PUVA to improve killed, whole-cell UTI vaccines by generating bacteria that more closely resemble their live, infectious counterparts relative to vaccines generated with protein-damaging methods. IMPORTANCE Lower urinary tract infection (UTI), caused primarily by uropathogenic Escherichia coli, represents a significant health burden, accounting for 7 million primary care and 1 million emergency room visits annually in the United States. Women and the elderly are especially susceptible and recurrent infection (rUTI) is common in those populations. Lower UTI can lead to life-threatening systemic infection. UTI burden is manifested by healthcare dollars spent (1.5 billion annually), quality of life impact, and resistant strains emerging from antibiotic overuse. A safe and effective vaccine to prevent rUTI would address a substantial healthcare issue. Vaccines comprised of inactivated uropathogenic bacteria have yielded encouraging results in clinical trials but improvements that enhance vaccine performance are needed. To that end, we focused on inactivation methodology and provided data to support photochemical inactivation, which targets nucleic acid, as a promising alternative to conventional protein-damaging inactivation methods to improve whole-cell UTI vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena M. Westcott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexis E. Morse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gavin Troy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria Blevins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Wierzba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - John W. Sanders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Aguilar R, López‐Vergès S, Quintana A, Morris J, Lopez L, Cooke A, Quiel D, Buitron N, Pérez Y, Lobo L, Ballesteros M, Pitti Y, Diaz Y, Saenz L, Franco D, Castillo D, Valdespino E, Blanco I, Romero E, Villarreal A, Cubilla‐Batista I. Experiences in the use of multiple doses of convalescent plasma in critically ill patients with COVID-19: An early phase 1 descriptive study. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1949. [PMID: 38463033 PMCID: PMC10920941 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background At the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, transfusion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy to help patients severely afflicted by COVID-19. The efficacy of CCP has been controversial as it depends on many variables pertaining to the plasma donor and the patient with COVID-19, for example, time of convalescence or symptoms onset. This feasibility and descriptive study aimed to assess the safety of multiple doses of CCP in mechanically ventilated, intubated patients with respiratory failure due to COVID-19. Methods A cohort of 30 patients all experiencing severe respiratory failure and undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit, received up to five doses of 300-600 mL of CCP on alternate days (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8) until extubation, futility, or death. Results Nineteen patients received five doses, seven received four, and four received two or three doses. At 28-day follow-up mark, 57% of patients recovered and were sent home, and the long-term mortality rate was 27%. Ten severe adverse events reported in the study were unrelated to CCP transfusion. Independent of the number of transfused doses, most patients had detectable levels of total and neutralizing antibodies in plasma. Conclusion This study suggests that transfusion of multiple doses of CCP is safe. This strategy may represent a viable option for future studies, given the potential benefit of CCP transfusions during the early stages of infection in unvaccinated populations and in settings where monoclonal antibodies or antivirals are contraindicated or unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Aguilar
- Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano Arnulfo Arias MadridCaja de Seguro SocialPanamaPanama
- Hospital Punta PacíficaPacífica SaludPanamaPanama
- Sociedad Panameña de HematologíaPanamaPanama
| | - Sandra López‐Vergès
- Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health StudiesPanamaPanama
- Sistema Nacional de InvestigaciónSNI, SENACYTPanamaPanama
| | - Anarellys Quintana
- Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano Arnulfo Arias MadridCaja de Seguro SocialPanamaPanama
- Sociedad Panameña de HematologíaPanamaPanama
- Hospital Santo TomasPanamaPanama
| | - Johanna Morris
- Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano Arnulfo Arias MadridCaja de Seguro SocialPanamaPanama
- Sociedad Panameña de HematologíaPanamaPanama
| | - Lineth Lopez
- Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano Arnulfo Arias MadridCaja de Seguro SocialPanamaPanama
- Sociedad Panameña de HematologíaPanamaPanama
| | - Ana Cooke
- Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano Arnulfo Arias MadridCaja de Seguro SocialPanamaPanama
- Sociedad Panameña de HematologíaPanamaPanama
| | - Dimas Quiel
- Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano Arnulfo Arias MadridCaja de Seguro SocialPanamaPanama
- Sociedad Panameña de HematologíaPanamaPanama
| | - Natalie Buitron
- Hospital Punta PacíficaPacífica SaludPanamaPanama
- Sociedad Panameña de HematologíaPanamaPanama
| | - Yaseikiry Pérez
- Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano Arnulfo Arias MadridCaja de Seguro SocialPanamaPanama
| | - Lesbia Lobo
- Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano Arnulfo Arias MadridCaja de Seguro SocialPanamaPanama
| | | | - Yaneth Pitti
- Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health StudiesPanamaPanama
| | - Yamilka Diaz
- Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health StudiesPanamaPanama
| | - Lisseth Saenz
- Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health StudiesPanamaPanama
| | - Danilo Franco
- Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health StudiesPanamaPanama
| | | | | | - Isabel Blanco
- Centro de Investigación Médica Pacífica SaludPanamaPanama
| | | | - Alcibiades Villarreal
- Sistema Nacional de InvestigaciónSNI, SENACYTPanamaPanama
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT‐AIP)City of KnowledgePanamaPanama
| | - Idalina Cubilla‐Batista
- Sistema Nacional de InvestigaciónSNI, SENACYTPanamaPanama
- Centro de Investigación Médica Pacífica SaludPanamaPanama
- Hospital Rafael EstévezCaja de Seguro SocialAguadulcePanama
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Westcott MM, Blevins M, Wierzba TF, Morse AE, White KR, Sanders LA, Sanders JW. The Immunogenicity and Properties of a Whole-Cell ETEC Vaccine Inactivated with Psoralen and UVA Light in Comparison to Formalin. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2040. [PMID: 37630600 PMCID: PMC10458022 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivated whole-cell vaccines present a full repertoire of antigens to the immune system. Formalin treatment, a standard method for microbial inactivation, can modify or destroy protein antigenic epitopes. We tested the hypothesis that photochemical inactivation with psoralen and UVA light (PUVA), which targets nucleic acid, would improve the immunogenicity of an Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) vaccine relative to a formalin-inactivated counterpart. Exposure of ETEC H10407 to PUVA using the psoralen drug 4'-Aminomethyltrioxsalen hydrochloride (AMT) yielded replication-incompetent bacteria that retained their metabolic activity. CFA/I-mediated mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MRHA) was equivalent for PUVA-inactivated and live ETEC, but was severely reduced for formalin-ETEC, indicating that PUVA preserved fimbrial protein functional integrity. The immunogenicity of PUVA-ETEC and formalin-ETEC was compared in mice ± double mutant heat-labile enterotoxin (dmLT) adjuvant. Two weeks after an intramuscular prime/boost, serum anti-ETEC IgG titers were similar for the two vaccines and were increased by dmLT. However, the IgG responses raised against several conserved ETEC proteins were greater after vaccination with PUVA-ETEC. In addition, PUVA-ETEC generated IgG specific for heat-labile toxin (LT) in the absence of dmLT, which was not a property of formalin-ETEC. These data are consistent with PUVA preserving ETEC protein antigens in their native-like form and justify the further testing of PUVA as a vaccine platform for ETEC using murine challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena M. Westcott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 575 Patterson Ave, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA; (A.E.M.); (K.R.W.)
| | - Maria Blevins
- Infectious Diseases Section, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA; (M.B.); (T.F.W.); (L.A.S.); (J.W.S.)
| | - Thomas F. Wierzba
- Infectious Diseases Section, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA; (M.B.); (T.F.W.); (L.A.S.); (J.W.S.)
| | - Alexis E. Morse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 575 Patterson Ave, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA; (A.E.M.); (K.R.W.)
| | - Kinnede R. White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 575 Patterson Ave, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA; (A.E.M.); (K.R.W.)
| | - Leigh Ann Sanders
- Infectious Diseases Section, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA; (M.B.); (T.F.W.); (L.A.S.); (J.W.S.)
| | - John W. Sanders
- Infectious Diseases Section, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA; (M.B.); (T.F.W.); (L.A.S.); (J.W.S.)
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Elveborg S, Monteil VM, Mirazimi A. Methods of Inactivation of Highly Pathogenic Viruses for Molecular, Serology or Vaccine Development Purposes. Pathogens 2022; 11:271. [PMID: 35215213 PMCID: PMC8879476 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The handling of highly pathogenic viruses, whether for diagnostic or research purposes, often requires an inactivation step. This article reviews available inactivation techniques published in peer-reviewed journals and their benefits and limitations in relation to the intended application. The bulk of highly pathogenic viruses are represented by enveloped RNA viruses belonging to the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Filoviridae, Arenaviridae, Hantaviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Nairoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae families. Here, we summarize inactivation methods for these virus families that allow for subsequent molecular and serological analysis or vaccine development. The techniques identified here include: treatment with guanidium-based chaotropic salts, heat inactivation, photoactive compounds such as psoralens or 1.5-iodonaphtyl azide, detergents, fixing with aldehydes, UV-radiation, gamma irradiation, aromatic disulfides, beta-propiolacton and hydrogen peroxide. The combination of simple techniques such as heat or UV-radiation and detergents such as Tween-20, Triton X-100 or Sodium dodecyl sulfate are often sufficient for virus inactivation, but the efficiency may be affected by influencing factors including quantity of infectious particles, matrix constitution, pH, salt- and protein content. Residual infectivity of the inactivated virus could have disastrous consequences for both laboratory/healthcare personnel and patients. Therefore, the development of inactivation protocols requires careful considerations which we review here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Elveborg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vanessa M. Monteil
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden;
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden;
- National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Ma X, Li H, Gong Y, Liu F, Tong X, Zhu F, Yang X, Yang L, Zuo J. Psoralen inhibits hepatitis B viral replication by down-regulating the host transcriptional machinery of viral promoters. Virol Sin 2022; 37:256-265. [PMID: 35305922 PMCID: PMC9170971 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global public health challenge due to its highly contagious nature. It is estimated that almost 300 million people live with chronic HBV infection annually. Although nucleoside analogs markedly reduce the risk of liver disease progression, the analogs do not fully eradicate the virus. As such, new treatment options and drugs are urgently needed. Psoralen is a nourishing monomer of Chinese herb and is known to inhibit virus replication and inactivate viruses. In this study, we evaluated the potential of psoralen as an anti-HBV agent. Quantitative PCR and Southern blot analysis revealed that psoralen inhibited HBV replication in HepG2.2.15 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, psoralen was also active against the 3TC/ETV-dual-resistant HBV mutant. Further investigations revealed that psoralen suppressed both HBV RNA transcription and core protein expression. The transcription factor FOXO1, a known target for PGC1α co-activation, binds to HBV pre-core/core promoter enhancer II region and activates HBV RNA transcription. Co-immunoprecipitation showed that psoralen suppressed the expression of FOXO1, thereby decreasing the binding of FOXO1 co-activator PGC1α to the HBV promoter. Overall, our results demonstrate that psoralen suppresses HBV RNA transcription by down-regulating the expression of FOXO1 resulting in a reduction of HBV replication. Psoralen is a nourishing monomer of Chinese herb that inhibits the replication of HBV. Psoralen decreases the expression of transcription factor FOXO1 of pre-core/core promoter. Psoralen suppresses HBV replication by down-regulation FOXO1 in HBV-producing cells.
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7
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Boix-Amorós A, Piras E, Bu K, Wallach D, Stapylton M, Fernández-Sesma A, Malaspina D, Clemente JC. Viral Inactivation Impacts Microbiome Estimates in a Tissue-Specific Manner. mSystems 2021; 6:e0067421. [PMID: 34609165 PMCID: PMC8547476 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00674-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The global emergence of novel pathogenic viruses presents an important challenge for research, as high biosafety levels are required to process samples. While inactivation of infectious agents facilitates the use of less stringent safety conditions, its effect on other biological entities of interest present in the sample is generally unknown. Here, we analyzed the effect of five inactivation methods (heat, ethanol, formaldehyde, psoralen, and TRIzol) on microbiome composition and diversity in samples collected from four different body sites (gut, nasal, oral, and skin) and compared them against untreated samples from the same tissues. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and estimated abundance and diversity of bacterial taxa present in all samples. Nasal and skin samples were the most affected by inactivation, with ethanol and TRIzol inducing the largest changes in composition, and heat, formaldehyde, TRIzol, and psoralen inducing the largest changes in diversity. Oral and stool microbiomes were more robust to inactivation, with no significant changes in diversity and only moderate changes in composition. Firmicutes was the taxonomic group least affected by inactivation, while Bacteroidetes had a notable enrichment in nasal samples and moderate enrichment in fecal and oral samples. Actinobacteria were more notably depleted in fecal and skin samples, and Proteobacteria exhibited a more variable behavior depending on sample type and inactivation method. Overall, our results demonstrate that inactivation methods can alter the microbiome in a tissue-specific manner and that careful consideration should be given to the choice of method based on the sample type under study. IMPORTANCE Understanding how viral infections impact and are modulated by the microbiome is an important problem in basic research but is also of high clinical relevance under the current pandemic. To facilitate the study of interactions between microbial communities and pathogenic viruses under safe conditions, the infectious agent is generally inactivated prior to processing samples. The effect of this inactivation process in the microbiome is, however, unknown. Further, it is unclear whether biases introduced by inactivation methods are dependent on the sample type under study. Estimating the magnitude and nature of the changes induced by different methods in samples collected from various body sites thus provides important information for current and future studies that require inactivation of pathogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Boix-Amorós
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Enrica Piras
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Bu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Wallach
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew Stapylton
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ana Fernández-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. New York, New York, USA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. New York, New York, USA
| | - Jose C. Clemente
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Olschewski S, Thielebein A, Hoffmann C, Blake O, Müller J, Bockholt S, Pallasch E, Hinzmann J, Wurr S, Neddersen N, Rieger T, Günther S, Oestereich L. Validation of Inactivation Methods for Arenaviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:968. [PMID: 34073735 PMCID: PMC8225210 DOI: 10.3390/v13060968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several of the human-pathogenic arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever and have to be handled under biosafety level 4 conditions, including Lassa virus. Rapid and safe inactivation of specimens containing these viruses is fundamental to enable downstream processing for diagnostics or research under lower biosafety conditions. We established a protocol to test the efficacy of inactivation methods using the low-pathogenic Morogoro arenavirus as surrogate for the related highly pathogenic viruses. As the validation of chemical inactivation methods in cell culture systems is difficult due to cell toxicity of commonly used chemicals, we employed filter devices to remove the chemical and concentrate the virus after inactivation and before inoculation into cell culture. Viral replication in the cells was monitored over 4 weeks by using indirect immunofluorescence and immunofocus assay. The performance of the protocol was verified using published inactivation methods including chemicals and heat. Ten additional methods to inactivate virus in infected cells or cell culture supernatant were validated and shown to reduce virus titers to undetectable levels. In summary, we provide a robust protocol for the validation of chemical and physical inactivation of arenaviruses in cell culture, which can be readily adapted to different inactivation methods and specimen matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Olschewski
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Anke Thielebein
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Chris Hoffmann
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Olivia Blake
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Jonas Müller
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Sabrina Bockholt
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Pallasch
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hinzmann
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wurr
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neele Neddersen
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Toni Rieger
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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Dheyab MA, Khaniabadi PM, Aziz AA, Jameel MS, Mehrdel B, Oglat AA, Khaleel HA. Focused role of nanoparticles against COVID-19: Diagnosis and treatment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102287. [PMID: 33836276 PMCID: PMC8022514 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) has witnessed a rapid and global proliferation since its early identification in patients with severe pneumonia in Wuhan, China. As of 27th May 2020, 2019-nCoV cases have risen to >5 million, with confirmed deaths of 350,000. However, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) diagnostic and treatment measures are yet to be fully unraveled, given the novelty of this particular coronavirus. Therefore, existing antiviral agents used for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were repurposed for COVID-19, taking their biological features into consideration. This study provides a concise review of the current and emerging detection and supervision technologies for SARS-CoV-2, which is the viral etiology of COVID19, and their performance characteristics, with emphasis on the novel Nano-based diagnostic tests (protein corona sensor array and magnetic levitation) and treatment measures (treatment protocols based on nano-silver colloids) for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali Dheyab
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia; Nano-Biotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Pegah Moradi Khaniabadi
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia; Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, College of Medicine and Health Science, Sultan Qaboos University. PO. Box: 35, 123, Al Khod, Muscat, Oman
| | - Azlan Abdul Aziz
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia; Nano-Biotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Mahmood S Jameel
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia; Nano-Biotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Baharak Mehrdel
- New Technologies Research Centre, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ammar A Oglat
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Hawraa Ali Khaleel
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia
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10
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Yuan A, Zeng J, Zhou H, Liu Q, Rao Z, Gao M, Liu R, Zeng N. Anti-type I allergic effects of Jing-Fang powder extracts via PI3K/Akt pathway in vitro and in vivo. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:408-420. [PMID: 33518365 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Jing-Fang powder (Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. and Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk.) was used to treat chronic bronchitis, asthma and chronic urticaria. Based on the preliminary results of screening research on the antiallergic effective parts of Jing-Fang powder, its ethyl acetate extract fractions (JFEE) and isolate D (JFEE-D) showed the best anti-allergic effect. RBL-2H3 cell activation degranulation model and mice passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction model were used to investigate the effects and mechanisms of JFEE and JFEE-D on IgE-mediated type I allergic reactions. LC-MS was utilized to determine the composition of JFEE and JFEE-D. We found that JFEE and JFEE-D significantly reduced β-HEX, histamine, IL-4, IL-6 levels in cell supernatants, and improved the degree and morphology of cell degranulation. JFEE and JFEE-D significantly inhibited the increase of ear vascular permeability and abnormal increase of serum IgE, TNF-α, IL-6 levels. JFEE and JFEE-D inhibited mRNA expression of PI3K and Akt and down-regulated protein expression of PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, and PLCγ1 in sensitized RBL-2H3 cells. The combined use of JFEE and JFEE-D with pathway inhibitor Wortmannin revealed synergistic down-regulation of PI3K, Akt, and p-Akt protein expression. The combined use of pathway agonist IGF-1, JFEE and JFEE-D down-regulated increase of p-Akt/Akt protein expression. Moreover, JFEE and JFEE-D significantly inhibited protein expression of PI3K, p-Akt and PLCγ1 in PCA model mice. These results show that JFEE and JFEE-D inhibit type I allergic reactions by inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jiuseng Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resource, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhili Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resource, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resource, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Nan Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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11
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De Silva P, Saad MA, Thomsen HC, Bano S, Ashraf S, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy, priming and optical imaging: Potential co-conspirators in treatment design and optimization - a Thomas Dougherty Award for Excellence in PDT paper. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020; 24:1320-1360. [PMID: 37425217 PMCID: PMC10327884 DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620300098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a photochemistry-based approach, approved for the treatment of several malignant and non-malignant pathologies. It relies on the use of a non-toxic, light activatable chemical, photosensitizer, which preferentially accumulates in tissues/cells and, upon irradiation with the appropriate wavelength of light, confers cytotoxicity by generation of reactive molecular species. The preferential accumulation however is not universal and, depending on the anatomical site, the ratio of tumor to normal tissue may be reversed in favor of normal tissue. Under such circumstances, control of the volume of light illumination provides a second handle of selectivity. Singlet oxygen is the putative favorite reactive molecular species although other entities such as nitric oxide have been credibly implicated. Typically, most photosensitizers in current clinical use have a finite quantum yield of fluorescence which is exploited for surgery guidance and can also be incorporated for monitoring and treatment design. In addition, the photodynamic process alters the cellular, stromal, and/or vascular microenvironment transiently in a process termed photodynamic priming, making it more receptive to subsequent additional therapies including chemo- and immunotherapy. Thus, photodynamic priming may be considered as an enabling technology for the more commonly used frontline treatments. Recently, there has been an increase in the exploitation of the theranostic potential of photodynamic therapy in different preclinical and clinical settings with the use of new photosensitizer formulations and combinatorial therapeutic options. The emergence of nanomedicine has further added to the repertoire of photodynamic therapy's potential and the convergence and co-evolution of these two exciting tools is expected to push the barriers of smart therapies, where such optical approaches might have a special niche. This review provides a perspective on current status of photodynamic therapy in anti-cancer and anti-microbial therapies and it suggests how evolving technologies combined with photochemically-initiated molecular processes may be exploited to become co-conspirators in optimization of treatment outcomes. We also project, at least for the short term, the direction that this modality may be taking in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpamali De Silva
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Saad
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hanna C. Thomsen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shazia Bano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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12
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Khorsandi K, Fekrazad S, Vahdatinia F, Farmany A, Fekrazad R. Nano Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy: a Probable Biophysicochemical Management Modality in SARS-CoV-2. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:265-272. [PMID: 33019838 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1829591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 disease has shocked the world by its spread and contagiousness. At this time, there is no valid vaccine and no proven drug treatment for COVID-19 patients. Current treatments are focused on Oxygenation, Cytokine Storm management, anti-inflammatory effects, and antiviral therapy. Antiviral photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is based on the reaction between a photo-sensitive agent and a light source in the presence of oxygen which can produce oxidative and free radical agents to damage the virus' structures. Recent studies show that nanotechnology can improve aPDT's outcome. The aim of this study was to find out the potential therapeutic effects of Nano antiviral photodynamic therapy on COVID-19. AREAS COVERED This review evaluates Nano Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy: A Probable Biophysicochemical Management Modality in SARS-CoV-2. Data were extracted from published different studies published on PUBMED, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. EXPERT OPINION Studies indicating that aPDT and Nano-based aPDT can be useful in viral pulmonary complications like Influenza, SARS-CoV, and MERS, but there was no direct study on SARS-Cov-2. Recent studies showed that Nano-based aPDT could relate to control of the stages of viral infections. Altogether, further investigations for the application of nanomedicine in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation are needed for COVID-19 Management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Khorsandi
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, YARA Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Fekrazad
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Vahdatinia
- Dental Research Center, Dental School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Farmany
- Dental Research Center, Dental School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Reza Fekrazad
- Radiation Sciences Research Center, Laser Research Center in Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,International Network for Photo Medicine and Photo Dynamic Therapy (INPMPDT), Universal Scientific Education and Research, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Ruiz‐Hitzky E, Darder M, Wicklein B, Ruiz‐Garcia C, Martín‐Sampedro R, del Real G, Aranda P. Nanotechnology Responses to COVID-19. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000979. [PMID: 32885616 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Researchers, engineers, and medical doctors are made aware of the severity of the COVID-19 infection and act quickly against the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 using a large variety of tools. In this review, a panoply of nanoscience and nanotechnology approaches show how these disciplines can help the medical, technical, and scientific communities to fight the pandemic, highlighting the development of nanomaterials for detection, sanitation, therapies, and vaccines. SARS-CoV-2, which can be regarded as a functional core-shell nanoparticle (NP), can interact with diverse materials in its vicinity and remains attached for variable times while preserving its bioactivity. These studies are critical for the appropriate use of controlled disinfection systems. Other nanotechnological approaches are also decisive for the development of improved novel testing and diagnosis kits of coronavirus that are urgently required. Therapeutics are based on nanotechnology strategies as well and focus on antiviral drug design and on new nanoarchitectured vaccines. A brief overview on patented work is presented that emphasizes nanotechnology applied to coronaviruses. Finally, some comments are made on patents of the initial technological responses to COVID-19 that have already been put in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ruiz‐Hitzky
- Materials Science Institute of Madrid ICMM‐CSIC c/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 Madrid 28049 Spain
| | - Margarita Darder
- Materials Science Institute of Madrid ICMM‐CSIC c/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 Madrid 28049 Spain
| | - Bernd Wicklein
- Materials Science Institute of Madrid ICMM‐CSIC c/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 Madrid 28049 Spain
| | | | - Raquel Martín‐Sampedro
- Materials Science Institute of Madrid ICMM‐CSIC c/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 Madrid 28049 Spain
- National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research INIA Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5 Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - Gustavo del Real
- National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research INIA Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5 Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - Pilar Aranda
- Materials Science Institute of Madrid ICMM‐CSIC c/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 Madrid 28049 Spain
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14
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Ren Y, Song X, Tan L, Guo C, Wang M, Liu H, Cao Z, Li Y, Peng C. A Review of the Pharmacological Properties of Psoralen. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:571535. [PMID: 33013413 PMCID: PMC7500444 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.571535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoralen is the principal bioactive component in the dried fruits of Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik (syn. Psoralea corylifolia L), termed "Buguzhi" in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Recent studies have demonstrated that psoralen displays multiple bioactive properties, beneficial for the treatment of osteoporosis, tumors, viruses, bacteria, and inflammation. The present review focuses on the research evidence relating to the properties of psoralen gathered over recent years. Firstly, multiple studies have demonstrated that psoralen exerts strong anti-osteoporotic effects via regulation of osteoblast/osteoclast/chondrocyte differentiation or activation due to the participation in multiple molecular mechanisms of the wnt/β-catenin, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)/apoptosis signaling kinase 1 (ASK1)/c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and the Protein Kinase B(AKT)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) axis, and the expression of miR-488, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In addition, the antitumor properties of psoralen are associated with the induction of ER stress-related cell death via enhancement of PERK: Pancreatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase (PERK)/activating transcription factor (ATF), 78kD glucose-regulated protein (GRP78)/C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and 94kD glucose-regulated protein (GRP94)/CHOP signaling, and inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or ATPase that overcomes multidrug resistance. Furthermore, multiple articles have shown that the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of psoralen are a result of its interaction with viral polymerase (Pol), destroying the formation of biofilm, and regulating the activation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin 4/5/6/8/12/13 (IL-4/5/6/8/12/13), GATA-3, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Finally, the toxic effects and mechanisms of action of psoralen have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaominting Song
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China, Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixing Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
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15
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Bain W, Lee JS, Watson AM, Stitt-Fischer MS. Practical Guidelines for Collection, Manipulation and Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Clinical Specimens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 93:e77. [PMID: 32502333 PMCID: PMC7300551 DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that causes the acute respiratory disease-Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-which has led to a global health crisis. Currently, no prophylactics or therapies exist to control virus spread or mitigate the disease. Thus, the risk of infection for physicians and scientists is high, requiring work to be conducted in Biosafety Level-3 (BSL-3) facilities if virus will be isolated or propagated. However, inactivation of the virus can enable safe handling at a reduced biosafety level, making samples accessible to a diverse array of institutions and investigators. Institutions of all types have an immediate need for guidelines that outline safe collection, handling, and inactivation of samples suspected to contain active virus. Here we provide a practical guide for physicians and researchers wishing to work with materials from patients who are COVID-19 positive or suspected positive. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Practical guidelines for the safe collection and handling of specimens collected from COVID-19 and suspected COVID-19 patients Basic Protocol 2: Inactivating SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bain
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Janet S Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alan M Watson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Molly S Stitt-Fischer
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Hamblin MR, Abrahamse H. Oxygen-Independent Antimicrobial Photoinactivation: Type III Photochemical Mechanism? Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9020053. [PMID: 32023978 PMCID: PMC7168166 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the early work of the 1900s it has been axiomatic that photodynamic action requires the presence of sufficient ambient oxygen. The Type I photochemical pathway involves electron transfer reactions leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals), while the Type II pathway involves energy transfer from the PS (photosensitizer) triplet state, leading to production of reactive singlet oxygen. The purpose of the present review is to highlight the possibility of oxygen-independent photoinactivation leading to the killing of pathogenic bacteria, which may be termed the "Type III photochemical pathway". Psoralens can be photoactivated by ultraviolet A (UVA) light to produce DNA monoadducts and inter-strand cross-links that kill bacteria and may actually be more effective in the absence of oxygen. Tetracyclines can function as light-activated antibiotics, working by a mixture of oxygen-dependent and oxygen independent pathways. Again, covalent adducts may be formed in bacterial ribosomes. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation can be potentiated by addition of several different inorganic salts, and in the case of potassium iodide and sodium azide, bacterial killing can be achieved in the absence of oxygen. The proposed mechanism involves photoinduced electron transfer that produces reactive inorganic radicals. These new approaches might be useful to treat anaerobic infections or infections in hypoxic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa;
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Jamalis J, Yusof FSM, Chander S, Wahab RA, Bhagwat DP, Sankaranarayanan M, Almalki F, Ben Hadda T. Psoralen Derivatives: Recent Advances of Synthetic Strategy and Pharmacological Properties. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2020; 19:222-239. [PMID: 31241020 PMCID: PMC7499361 DOI: 10.2174/1871523018666190625170802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Psoralen or furocoumarin is a linear three ring heterocyclic compound. Psoralens are planar, tricyclic compounds, consisting of a furan ring fused to a coumarin moiety. Psoralen has been known for a wide spectrum of biological activities, spanning from cytotoxic, photosensitizing, insecticidal, antibacterial to antifungal effect. Thus, several structural changes were introduced to explore the role of specific positions with respect to the biological activity. Convenient approaches utilized for the synthesis of psoralen skeleton can be categorized into two parts: (i) the preparation of the tricyclic ring system from resorcinol, (ii) the exocyclic modification of the intact ring system. Furthermore, although psoralens have been used in diverse ways, we mainly focus in this work on their clinical utility for the treatment of psioraisis, vitiligo and skin-related disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joazaizulfazli Jamalis
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Almukkarramah, Saudi Arabia; Tel: +0133176356; E-mails: (JJ); (TBH)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Taibi Ben Hadda
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Almukkarramah, Saudi Arabia; Tel: +0133176356; E-mails: (JJ); (TBH)
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18
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Heinzelman P, Low A, Simeon R, Wright GA, Chen Z. De Novo Isolation & Affinity Maturation of yeast-displayed Virion-binding human fibronectin domains by flow cytometric screening against Virions. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:76. [PMID: 31636701 PMCID: PMC6796422 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The promise of biopharmaceuticals comprising one or more binding domains motivates the development of novel methods for de novo isolation and affinity maturation of virion-binding domains. Identifying avenues for overcoming the challenges associated with using virions as screening reagents is paramount given the difficulties associated with obtaining high-purity virus-associated proteins that retain the conformation exhibited on the virion surface. RESULTS Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of 1.5 × 107 clones taken from a naïve yeast surface-displayed human fibronectin domain (Fn3) against whole virions yielded two unique binders to Zika virions. Construction and FACS of site-directed binding loop mutant libraries based on one of these binders yielded multiple progeny clones with enhanced Zika-binding affinities. These affinity-matured clones bound Zika virions with low double- or single-digit nanomolar affinity in ELISA assays, and expressed well as soluble proteins in E. coli shake flask culture, with post-purification yields exceeding 10 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS FACS of a yeast-displayed binding domain library is an efficient method for de novo isolation of virion-binding domains. Affinities of isolated virion-binding clones are readily enhanced via FACS screening of mutant progeny libraries. Given that most binding domains are compatible with yeast display, the approach taken in this work may be broadly utilized for generating virion-binding domains against many different viruses for use in passive immunotherapy and the prevention of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Heinzelman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 USA
| | - Alyssa Low
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 USA
| | - Rudo Simeon
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 USA
| | - Gus A. Wright
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 USA
| | - Zhilei Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 USA
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19
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Wiehe A, O'Brien JM, Senge MO. Trends and targets in antiviral phototherapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2565-2612. [PMID: 31397467 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment option in the treatment of certain cancerous and pre-cancerous lesions. Though best-known for its application in tumor therapy, historically the photodynamic effect was first demonstrated against bacteria at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, in light of spreading antibiotic resistance and the rise of new infections, this photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, is gaining considerable attention. This review focuses on the PDI of viruses as an alternative treatment in antiviral therapy, but also as a means of viral decontamination, covering mainly the literature of the last decade. The PDI of viruses shares the general action mechanism of photodynamic applications: the irradiation of a dye with light and the subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are the effective phototoxic agents damaging virus targets by reacting with viral nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Interestingly, a light-independent antiviral activity has also been found for some of these dyes. This review covers the compound classes employed in the PDI of viruses and their various areas of use. In the medical area, currently two fields stand out in which the PDI of viruses has found broader application: the purification of blood products and the treatment of human papilloma virus manifestations. However, the PDI of viruses has also found interest in such diverse areas as water and surface decontamination, and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Wiehe
- biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany. and Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica M O'Brien
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Photochemical Treatment of Drosophila APCs Can Eliminate Associated Viruses and Maintain the APC Function for Generating Antigen-Specific CTLs Ex Vivo. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:4167652. [PMID: 30327581 PMCID: PMC6171251 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4167652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila cells transfected with MHC class I and a number of costimulation molecules including B7.1, ICAM, LFA-3, and CD70 are potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for the generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) in vitro. Using Drosophila APCs, CTLs specific for melanoma antigens have been generated in vitro and adoptively transferred to melanoma patients. However, the recent discovery that Drosophila cells can carry insect viruses raises the potential risk of Drosophila APCs transmitting xenogenic viruses to patient CTLs. In this study, we have investigated photoreactive methods to inactivate insect viruses in APC. A clinical grade psoralen compound, 8-MOP (UVADEX) in combination with UVA treatment (5 joules/cm2) can be used to inactivate Drosophila cell viruses. UVADEX treatment is sufficient to inactivate insect viruses but does not affect the expression of MHC class I molecules and costimulation molecules on Drosophila APCs. In fact, UVADEX treatment prevents Drosophila APC growth while maintaining APC function. Furthermore, UVADEX-treated Drosophila APCs maintain or have enhanced APC function as determined by enhanced T cell activation, proliferation, and CTL generation. Thus, the use of UVADEX-treated Drosophila APCs may provide a valuable tool for immunotherapy to generate tumor antigen-specific CTLs.
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