1
|
Tendu A, Kane Y, Li R, Omondi V, Chen X, Chen Y, Mastriani E, Lan J, Hughes AC, Berthet N, Wong G. Virome characterization and identification of a putative parvovirus and poxvirus in bat ectoparasites of Yunnan Province, China. One Health 2023; 17:100641. [PMID: 38024255 PMCID: PMC10665160 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectoparasites found on bats are known to contain important microbes. However, the viruses hosted by these obligate parasites are understudied. This has led to the near oversight of the potential role of these ectoparasites in virus maintenance and transmission from bats to other interacting species and the environment. Here, we sampled bat ectoparasites parasitizing a diverse selection of bat species in the families Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae, Megadermatidae, Hipposideridae and Pteropodidae in Yunnan Province, China. We show that the ectoparasite prevalence was generally higher in male compared to female bats. Most ectoparasites were found to fall within the Nycteribiidae, Spinturnicidae and Streblidae bat ectoparasite families. We subsequently applied a non-biased sequencing of libraries prepared from the pooled ectoparasites, followed by an in-silico virus-centric analysis of the resultant reads. We show that ectoparasites hosted by the sampled families of bats are found to carry, in addition to a diverse set of phages, vertebrate and insect viruses in the families Aliusviridae, Ascoviridae, Chuviridae, Circoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Hepeviridae, Herpesviridae, Iridoviridae, Marseilleviridae, Nairoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Parvoviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. We further report a partial Parvovirus VP1/VP2 gene and partial Poxvirus ubiquitin-like gene predicted by two independent next generation sequencing data analysis pipelines. This study describes the natural virome of bat ectoparasites, providing a platform for understanding the role these ectoparasites play in the maintenance and spread of viruses to other animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tendu
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yakhouba Kane
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiya Li
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Victor Omondi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Centre for Microbes, Development, and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Landscape Ecology Group, Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Landscape Ecology Group, Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Emilio Mastriani
- Centre for Microbes, Development, and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaming Lan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Alice Catherine Hughes
- Landscape Ecology Group, Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Centre for Microbes, Development, and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur - épidémiologie et physiopathologie des virus oncogenes, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Attaullah, Ali S, Javid A, Imran M, Khan TM, Phelps K, Olival KJ, Kontschán J, Hornok S. Phylogenetic relationships of a novel bat fly species infesting the geographically widespread Old World fruit bat, Rousettus leschenaultii, in Southern Asia. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2101-2107. [PMID: 37389690 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The global epidemiological significance of bats and their blood-sucking ectoparasites is increasingly recognized. However, relevant data are scarce from Pakistan where the Palearctic and Oriental zoogeographic regions meet. In this study, 200 bats belonging to five species were examined for the presence of ectoparasites in Pakistan. Bat flies were found only on Leschenault's fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaultii). The prevalence of infestation did not correlate with habitat type and host traits including age, reproductive status, and sex. All bat flies represented the same Eucampsipoda species which was shown to be morphologically different from all species of its genus with known south Asian distribution and belonged to a separate phylogenetic group. These results highlight the existence of a hitherto undescribed bat fly species in southern Asia, which is not shared by the fruit bat species (R. leschenaultii) and insectivorous ones (e.g., Rhinopoma microphyllum) thus probably playing a role only in intraspecific transmission of pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attaullah
- Wildlife Epidemiology and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory (One Health Research Group), Discipline of Zoology, Department of Wildlife & Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Lahore, Pattoki, Pakistan
- Department of Wildlife & Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Lahore, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Ali
- Wildlife Epidemiology and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory (One Health Research Group), Discipline of Zoology, Department of Wildlife & Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Lahore, Pattoki, Pakistan.
- Department of Wildlife & Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Lahore, Pattoki, Pakistan.
| | - Arshad Javid
- Department of Wildlife & Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Lahore, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Mehmood Khan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Jenő Kontschán
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Plant Sciences, Albert Kázmér Faculty of Mosonmagyaróvár, Széchenyi István University, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Sándor Hornok
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2., 1078, Budapest, Hungary
- Climate Change: New Blood-Sucking Parasites and Vector-Borne Pathogens Research Group, ELKH-ÁTE, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuang G, Xu Z, Wang J, Gao Z, Yang W, Wu W, Liang G, Shi M, Feng Y. Nelson Bay Reovirus Isolated from Bats and Blood-Sucking Arthropods Collected in Yunnan Province, China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0512222. [PMID: 37306586 PMCID: PMC10433815 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05122-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nelson Bay reovirus (NBV) is an emerging zoonotic virus that can cause acute respiratory disease in humans. These viruses are mainly discovered in Oceania, Africa, and Asia, and bats have been identified as their main animal reservoir. However, despite recent expansion of diversity for NBVs, the transmission dynamics and evolutionary history of NBVs are still unclear. This study successfully isolated two NBV strains (MLBC1302 and MLBC1313) from blood-sucking bat fly specimens (Eucampsipoda sundaica) and one (WDBP1716) from the spleen specimen of a fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaultii), which were collected at the China-Myanmar border area of Yunnan Province. Syncytia cytopathic effects (CPE) were observed in BHK-21 and Vero E6 cells infected with the three strains at 48 h postinfection. Electron micrographs of ultrathin sections showed numerous spherical virions with a diameter of approximately 70 nm in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The complete genome nucleotide sequence of the viruses was determined by metatranscriptomic sequencing of infected cells. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the novel strains were closely related to Cangyuan orthoreovirus, Melaka orthoreovirus, and human-infecting Pteropine orthoreovirus HK23629/07. Simplot analysis revealed the strains originated from complex genomic reassortment among different NBVs, suggesting the viruses experienced a high reassortment rate. In addition, strains successfully isolated from bat flies also implied that blood-sucking arthropods might serve as potential transmission vectors. IMPORTANCE Bats are the reservoir of many viral pathogens with strong pathogenicity, including NBVs. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether arthropod vectors are involved in transmitting NBVs. In this study, we successfully isolated two NBV strains from bat flies collected from the body surface of bats, which implies that they may be vectors for virus transmission between bats. While the potential threat to humans remains to be determined, evolutionary analyses involving different segments revealed that the novel strains had complex reassortment histories, with S1, S2, and M1 segments highly similar to human pathogens. Further experiments are required to determine whether more NBVs are vectored by bat flies, their potential threat to humans, and transmission dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Kuang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Ziqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhangjin Gao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali, China
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Weihong Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Weichen Wu
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mang Shi
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali, China
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, China
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Varga-Kugler R, Ihász K, Marton S, Kaszab E, Marschang RE, Farkas S, Bányai K. Genetic diversity among reptilian orthoreoviruses isolated from pet snakes and lizards. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1058133. [PMID: 36816198 PMCID: PMC9932320 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1058133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus infections in reptiles are frequently detected and associated with various clinical diseases; yet, our knowledge about their genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships remains limited. In this study, we characterize at the genomic level five reptile origin orthoreovirus strains isolated from exotic snakes and lizards in Hungary and Germany. The genomic organization of the study strains was similar to that of the representative strains of reptile origin reoviruses belonging to species Reptilian orthoreovirus and Testudine orthoreovirus. Additionally, all five study strains clustered with the bush viper origin reference Reptilian orthoreovirus strain, 47/02. The nucleotide sequence divergence among strains fell from 56.64 to 99.36%. Based on genome segment constellations two well separated groups were observed, which may represent two genetic lineages of reptilian orthoreoviruses we tentatively referred here as genogroups, classifying two squamata origin strains with available whole genome sequences into genogroup I (GGI) and four strains into genogroup II (GGII). The representative GGI and GGII Reptilian orthoreovirus strains are characterized by moderate-to-high nucleotide and amino acid similarities within genogroups (range, 69.45 to 99.36% and 74.64 to 100.00%), whereas lower nucleotide and amino acid similarities (range, 56.64 to 77.24% and 54.53 to 93.85%) and different structures of the bicistronic S1 segment were found between genogroups. Further studies are needed to explore the genomic diversity among reptilian reoviruses of squamata origin; this would be critical to establish a robust classification system for these viruses and to see if interaction among members of distinct lineages may result in viable progenies with novel genetic features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Varga-Kugler
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary,National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Ihász
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary,National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kaszab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary,National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Szilvia Farkas
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary,National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary,*Correspondence: Krisztián Bányai ✉
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang L, Zheng B, Shen Z, Nath ND, Li Y, Walsh T, Li Y, Mitchell WJ, He D, Lee J, Moore S, Tong S, Zhang S, Ma W. Isolation and characterization of mammalian orthoreovirus from bats in the United States. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28492. [PMID: 36633204 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) infects many mammalian species including humans, bats, and domestic animals. To determine the prevalence of MRV in bats in the United States, we screened more than 900 bats of different species collected during 2015-2019 by a real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay; 4.4% bats tested MRV-positive and 13 MRVs were isolated. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates belonged to four different strains/genotypes of viruses in Serotypes 1 or 2, which contain genes similar to those of MRVs detected in humans, bats, bovine, and deer. Further characterization showed that these four MRV strains replicated efficiently on human, canine, monkey, ferret, and swine cell lines. The 40/Bat/USA/2018 strain belonging to the Serotype 1 demonstrated the ability to infect and transmit in pigs without prior adaptation. Taken together, this is evidence for different genotypes and serotypes of MRVs circulating in US bats, which can be a mixing vessel of MRVs that may spread to other species, including humans, resulting in cross-species infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Baoliang Zheng
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Zhenyu Shen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Nirmalendu Deb Nath
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yonghai Li
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Timothy Walsh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - William J Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Dongchang He
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jinhwa Lee
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Susan Moore
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dos Santos da Silva A, Barbier E, Júnior WRT, da Silva LAM, de Oliveira JB. Parasitism on bats by bat flies in remnants of a humid forest enclave area in Northeastern Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 37:100826. [PMID: 36623906 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Flies are the main bloodsucking ectoparasites of Neotropical bats. The aim of this study was to describe the community of flies on bats from a humid forest enclave, surrounded by the semiarid landscape of the Caatinga domain, in Northeastern Brazil. In addition, we tested the influence of dry and rainy periods on the parasitological indices. Fieldwork was carried out in three anthropized remnants of a humid forest enclave in the Agreste mesoregion of Pernambuco state, Northeastern Brazil. Bats were captured monthly, from August 2018 to July 2019, and the ectoparasites were collected. Overall, 807 bats of 14 species and 11 genera of the families Phyllostomidae (13 spp.) and Vespertilionidae (1 sp.) were captured. Only four bat species had >50 individuals captured, and Carollia perspicillata was the most abundant species (259/807; 32%). Five hundred and seventy-one bat flies from 13 species (11 Streblidae and 2 Nycteribiidae) were collected, of which Trichobius joblingi was the most prevalent fly (197/571; 34.5%). Only the parasitism by T. joblingi was influenced by seasonality, with higher prevalence (P = 0.01) and intensity of infestation (P = 0.02) in the dry season. No lesions associated with parasitism were observed in any of the captured bats. Our results suggest that the bat-fly relationship can be affected in different ways by environmental variables, depending on the species involved. The results of this work contribute to the knowledge about ectoparasites of bats in the Neotropical region, with emphasis on humid forest enclaves, where studies of the host-parasite-environment relationship are scarce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Dos Santos da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratório de Parasitologia (LAPAR), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Eder Barbier
- Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Wallace Rodrigues Telino Júnior
- Laboratório de Ensino de Zoologia (LABEZoo), Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Avenida Bom Pastor, 55292-270 Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augustinho Menezes da Silva
- Grupo de Estudo de Morcegos do Nordeste (GEMNE), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória de Santo Antão, Núcleo de Biologia, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Bianque de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratório de Parasitologia (LAPAR), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociência Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Verrett TB, Webala PW, Patterson BD, Dick CW. Remarkably low host specificity in the bat fly Penicillidia fulvida (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) as assessed by mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S sequence data. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:392. [PMID: 36303252 PMCID: PMC9607801 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recognition and delineation of morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species can have broad implications for wildlife conservation, disease ecology and accurate estimates of biodiversity. Parasites are intriguing in the study of cryptic speciation because unique evolutionary pressures and diversifying factors are generated by ecological characteristics of host-parasite relationships, including host specificity. Bat flies (Diptera: Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) are obligate, hematophagous ectoparasites of bats that generally exhibit high host specificity. One rare exception is Penicillidia fulvida (Diptera: Nycteribiidae), an African bat fly found in association with many phylogenetically distant hosts. One explanation for P. fulvida's extreme polyxeny is that it may represent a complex of host-specific yet cryptic species, an increasingly common finding in molecular genetic studies of supposed generalist parasites. METHODS A total of 65 P. fulvida specimens were collected at 14 localities across Kenya, from bat species representing six bat families. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences were obtained from 59 specimens and used to construct Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenies. Analysis of molecular variance was used to determine how genetic variation in P. fulvida was allocated among host taxa. RESULTS The 28S rRNA sequences studied were invariant within P. fulvida. Some genetic structure was present in the COI sequence data, but this could be more parsimoniously explained by geography than host family. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the status of P. fulvida as a rare example of a single bat fly species with primary host associations spanning multiple bat families. Gene flow among P. fulvida utilizing different host species may be promoted by polyspecific roosting behavior in bats, and host preference may also be malleable based on bat assemblages occupying shared roosts. The proclivity of generalist parasites to switch hosts makes them more likely to vector or opportunistically transmit pathogens across host species boundaries. Consequently, the presence of polyxenous bat flies is an important consideration to disease ecology as bat flies become increasingly known to be associated with bat pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor B. Verrett
- grid.268184.10000 0001 2286 2224Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101 USA
| | - Paul W. Webala
- grid.449040.d0000 0004 0460 0871Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, Narok, 20500 Kenya
| | - Bruce D. Patterson
- grid.299784.90000 0001 0476 8496Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605 USA
| | - Carl W. Dick
- grid.268184.10000 0001 2286 2224Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101 USA ,grid.299784.90000 0001 0476 8496Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Epidemiological and Genomic Characterisation of Middelburg and Sindbis Alphaviruses Identified in Horses with Febrile and Neurological Infections, South Africa (2014-2018). Viruses 2022; 14:v14092013. [PMID: 36146819 PMCID: PMC9501102 DOI: 10.3390/v14092013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Old World alphaviruses, Middelburg- (MIDV) and Sindbis virus (SINV), have previously been detected in horses and wildlife with neurologic disease in South Africa, the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of MIDV and SINV infections in animals are not well documented. Clinical samples from horses across South Africa with acute or fatal neurologic and febrile infections submitted between 2014-2018 were investigated. In total, 69/1084 (6.36%) and 11/1084 (1.01%) horses tested positive for MIDV and SINV, respectively, by real-time reverse transcription (RT) PCR. Main signs/outcomes for MIDV (n = 69): 73.91% neurological, 75.36% fever, 28.99% icterus and anorexia, respectively, 8.70% fatalities; SINV (n = 11): 54.54% neurological, 72.73% fever, 36.36% anorexia and 18.18% fatalities. MIDV cases peaked in the late summer/autumn across most South African provinces while SINV cases did not show a clear seasonality and were detected in fewer South African provinces. MIDV could still be detected in blood samples via RT-PCR for up to 71,417 and 21 days after onset of signs in 4 horses respectively, suggesting prolonged replication relative to SINV which could only be detected in the initial sample. Phylogenetic analyses based on partial sequences of the nsP4 (MIDV n = 59 and SINV n = 7) and E1 (MIDV n = 45) genes, as well as full genome sequences (MIDV n = 6), clustered the MIDV and SINV strains from the present study with previously detected strains. MIDV infection appears to be more prevalent in horses than SINV infection based on RT-PCR results, however, prevalence estimates might be different when also considering serological surveillance data.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mendes A, Lentsoane O, Allam M, Khumalo Z, Ismail A, Coetzer JAW, Venter M. Phylogenetic Characterisation of the Full Genome of a Bagaza Virus Isolate from Bird Fatalities in South Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071476. [PMID: 35891456 PMCID: PMC9324014 DOI: 10.3390/v14071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bagaza virus (BAGV), a member of the Ntaya serogroup in the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae, was isolated from the brain tissue of a Himalayan monal pheasant that died following neurological signs in Pretoria, South Africa in 2016. Next-generation sequencing was carried out on this isolate resulting in a genome sequence of 10980nt. The full genome sequence of this isolate, designated ZRU96-16, shared 98% nucleotide identity with a BAGV isolate found in Culex univitattus mosquitoes from Namibia and 97% nucleotide identity with a Spanish BAGV sequence isolated from an infected partridge. In total, seven amino acid variations were unique to ZRU96-16 after alignment with other BAGV and Israel turkey meningoencephalomyelitis (ITV) genomes. The 3′UTR sequence of ZRU96-16 was resolved with sufficient detail to be able to annotate the variable and conserved sequence elements within this region. Multiple sequence alignment of the 3′UTR suggested that it could be useful in lineage designation as more similar viruses carried similar mutations across this region, while also retaining certain unique sites. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis revealed two clusters containing both BAGV and ITVs from Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Broadly, temporal clustering separated isolates into two groups, with one cluster representing viruses from the 1960–2000’s and the other from 2010 onwards. This suggests that there is consistent exchange of BAGV and ITV between Europe and Africa. This investigation provides more information on the phylogenetics of an under-represented member of the Flaviviridae and provides an avenue for more extensive research on its pathogenesis and geographic expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Mendes
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Research Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0007, South Africa; (A.M.); (O.L.)
| | - Olivia Lentsoane
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Research Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0007, South Africa; (A.M.); (O.L.)
| | - Mushal Allam
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute of Communicable Disease, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa; (M.A.); (Z.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Zamantungwaka Khumalo
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute of Communicable Disease, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa; (M.A.); (Z.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute of Communicable Disease, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa; (M.A.); (Z.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Jacobus A. W. Coetzer
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Research Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0007, South Africa; (A.M.); (O.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-832-930-884
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ramanantsalama RV, Goodman SM, Dietrich M, Lebarbenchon C. Interaction between Old World fruit bats and humans: From large scale ecosystem services to zoonotic diseases. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106462. [PMID: 35421381 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The Old World tropical and subtropical frugivorous bat genus Rousettus (Pteropodidae) contains species with broad distributions, as well as those occurring in restricted geographical areas, particularly islands. Herein we review the role of Rousettus as a keystone species from a global "One Health" approach and related to ecosystem functioning, zoonotic disease and public health. Rousettus are efficient at dispersing seeds and pollinating flowers; their role in forest regeneration is related to their ability to fly considerable distances during nightly foraging bouts and their relatively small body size, which allows them to access fruits in forested areas with closed vegetation. Rousettus are also reservoirs for various groups of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa), which, by definition, are infectious agents causing disease. The study of day roosts of different species of Rousettus and the successful establishment of captive breeding colonies have provided important details related to the infection dynamics of their associated pathogens. Large-scale conversion of forested areas into agricultural landscapes has increased contact between humans and Rousettus, therefore augmenting the chances of infectious agent spillover. Many crucial scientific details are still lacking related to members of this genus, which have direct bearing on the prevention of emerging disease outbreaks, as well as the conservation of these bats. The public should be better informed on the capacity of fruit bats as keystone species for large scale forest regeneration and in spreading pathogens. Precise details on the transmission of zoonotic diseases of public health importance associated with Rousettus should be given high priority.
Collapse
|
11
|
Weinberg M, Yovel Y. Revising the paradigm: Are bats really pathogen reservoirs or do they possess an efficient immune system? iScience 2022; 25:104782. [PMID: 35982789 PMCID: PMC9379578 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While bats are often referred to as reservoirs of viral pathogens, a meta-analysis of the literature reveals many cases in which there is not enough evidence to claim so. In many cases, bats are able to confront viruses, recover, and remain immune by developing a potent titer of antibodies, often without becoming a reservoir. In other cases, bats might have carried an ancestral virus that at some time point might have mutated into a human pathogen. Moreover, bats exhibit a balanced immune response against viruses that have evolved over millions of years. Using genomic tools, it is now possible to obtain a deeper understanding of that unique immune system and its variability across the order Chiroptera. We conclude, that with the exception of a few viruses, bats pose little zoonotic danger to humans and that they operate a highly efficient anti-inflammatory response that we should strive to understand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Weinberg
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Corresponding author
| | - Yossi Yovel
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Viral Hyperparasitism in Bat Ectoparasites: Implications for Pathogen Maintenance and Transmission. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061230. [PMID: 35744747 PMCID: PMC9230612 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans continue to encroach on the habitats of wild animals, potentially bringing different species into contact that would not typically encounter each other under natural circumstances, and forcing them into stressful, suboptimal conditions. Stressors from unsustainable human land use changes are suspected to dramatically exacerbate the probability of zoonotic spillover of pathogens from their natural reservoir hosts to humans, both by increasing viral load (and shedding) and the interface between wildlife with livestock, pets and humans. Given their known role as reservoir hosts, bats continue to be investigated for their possible role as the origins of many viral outbreaks. However, the participation of bat-associated ectoparasites in the spread of potential pathogens requires further work to establish. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of viruses, viral genes and other viral sequences obtained from bat ectoparasites from studies over the last four decades. This review summarizes research findings of the seven virus families in which these studies have been performed, including Paramyxoviridae, Reoviridae, Flaviviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Nairoviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Filoviridae. We highlight that bat ectoparasites, including dipterans and ticks, are often found to have medically important viruses and may have a role in the maintenance of these pathogens within bat populations.
Collapse
|
13
|
Fourie I, Williams J, Ismail A, Jansen van Vuren P, Stoltz A, Venter M. Detection and genome characterization of Middelburg virus strains isolated from CSF and whole blood samples of humans with neurological manifestations in South Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010020. [PMID: 34979534 PMCID: PMC8722727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Old world Alphavirus, Middelburg virus (MIDV), is not well known and although a few cases associated with animal illness have previously been described from Southern Africa, there has been no investigation into the association of the virus with human illness. The current study aimed to investigate possible association of MIDV infection with febrile or neurological manifestations in hospitalized or symptomatic patients fromGauteng, South Africa. METHODS This study is a descriptive retrospective and prospective laboratory based study. Archived cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples submitted to the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tshwane Academic division for viral investigation from public sector hospitals in Gauteng as well as EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) whole blood samples from ad hoc cases of veterinary students, presenting with neurological and febrile illness, were selected and screened for the presence of alphaviruses using real-time reverse transcription(rtRT) PCR.Virus isolations from rtRT-PCR positive samples were conducted in Vero cell culture and used to obtain full genome sequences. Basic descriptive statistical analysis was conducted using EpiInfo. RESULTS MIDV was detected by rtRT-PCR in 3/187 retrospective CSF specimens obtained from the NHLS from hospitalised patients in the Tshwane region of Gauteng and 1/2 EDTA samples submitted in the same year (2017) from ad hoc query arbovirus cases from veterinary students from the Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria.Full genome sequences were obtained for virus isolates from two cases; one from an EDTA whole blood sample (ad hoc case) and another from a CSF sample (NHLS sample).Two of the four Middelburg virus positive cases,for which clinical information was available, had other comorbidities or infections at the time of infection. CONCLUSION Detection of MIDV in CSF of patients with neurological manifestations suggests that the virus should be investigated as a human pathogen with the potential of causing or contributing to neurological signs in children and adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fourie
- Zoonotic Arbo-and Respiratory Virus (ZARV) program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses (CVZ), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - June Williams
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD), Division of National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anton Stoltz
- Infectious diseases, Steve Biko Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Zoonotic Arbo-and Respiratory Virus (ZARV) program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses (CVZ), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pawęska JT, Jansen van Vuren P, Storm N, Markotter W, Kemp A. Vector Competence of Eucampsipoda africana (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) for Marburg Virus Transmission in Rousettus aegyptiacus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Viruses 2021; 13:2226. [PMID: 34835032 PMCID: PMC8624361 DOI: 10.3390/v13112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the vector competence of bat-associated nycteribiid flies (Eucamsipoda africana) for Marburg virus (MARV) in the Egyptian Rousette Bat (ERB), Rousettus aegyptiacus. In flies fed on subcutaneously infected ERBs and tested from 3 to 43 days post infection (dpi), MARV was detected only in those that took blood during the peak of viremia, 5-7 dpi. Seroconversion did not occur in control bats in contact with MARV-infected bats infested with bat flies up to 43 days post exposure. In flies inoculated intra-coelomically with MARV and tested on days 0-29 post inoculation, only those assayed on day 0 and day 7 after inoculation were positive by q-RT-PCR, but the virus concentration was consistent with that of the inoculum. Bats remained MARV-seronegative up to 38 days after infestation and exposure to inoculated flies. The first filial generation pupae and flies collected at different times during the experiments were all negative by q-RT-PCR. Of 1693 nycteribiid flies collected from a wild ERB colony in Mahune Cave, South Africa where the enzootic transmission of MARV occurs, only one (0.06%) tested positive for the presence of MARV RNA. Our findings seem to demonstrate that bat flies do not play a significant role in the transmission and enzootic maintenance of MARV. However, ERBs eat nycteribiid flies; thus, the mechanical transmission of the virus through the exposure of damaged mucous membranes and/or skin to flies engorged with contaminated blood cannot be ruled out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janusz T. Pawęska
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; (P.J.v.V.); (N.S.); (A.K.)
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; (P.J.v.V.); (N.S.); (A.K.)
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Nadia Storm
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; (P.J.v.V.); (N.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Alan Kemp
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; (P.J.v.V.); (N.S.); (A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Virome of bat-infesting arthropods: highly divergent viruses in different vectors. J Virol 2021; 96:e0146421. [PMID: 34586860 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01464-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoirs of important zoonotic viruses like Nipah and SARS viruses. However, whether the blood-sucking arthropods on the body surface of bats also carry these viruses, and the relationship between viruses carried by the blood-sucking arthropods and viruses carried by bats, have not been reported. This study collected 686 blood-sucking arthropods on the body surface of bats from Yunnan Province, China between 2012 and 2015, and they included wingless bat flies, bat flies, ticks, mites, and fleas. The viruses carried by these arthropods were analyzed using meta-transcriptomic approach, and 144 highly diverse positive-sense single-stranded RNA, negative-sense single-stranded RNA, and double-stranded RNA viruses were found, of which 138 were potentially new viruses. These viruses were classified into 14 different virus families or orders, including Bunyavirales, Mononegavirales, Reoviridae, and Picornavirales. Further analyses found that Bunyavirales were the most abundant virus group (84% of total virus RNA) in ticks, whereas narnaviruses were the most abundant (52-92%) in the bat flies and wingless bat flies libraries, followed by solemoviruses (1-29%) and reoviruses (0-43%). These viruses were highly structured based on the arthropod types. It is worth noting that no bat-borne zoonotic viruses were found in the virome of bat-infesting arthropod, seemly not supporting that bat surface arthropods are vectors of zoonotic viruses carried by bats. IMPORTANCE Bats are reservoir of many important viral pathogens. To evaluate whether bat-parasitic blood-sucking arthropods participate in the circulation of these important viruses, it is necessary to conduct unbiased virome studies on these arthropods. We evaluated five types of blood-sucking parasitic arthropods on the surface of bats in Yunnan, China and identified a variety of viruses, some of which had high prevalence and abundance level, although there is limited overlap in virome between distant arthropods. While most of the virome discovered here are potentially arthropod-specific viruses, we identified three possible arboviruses, including one orthobunyavirus and two vesiculoviruses (family Rhabdoviridae), suggesting bat-parasitic arthropods carry viruses with risk of spillage, which warrants further study.
Collapse
|
16
|
Motlou TP, Williams J, Venter M. Epidemiology of Shuni Virus in Horses in South Africa. Viruses 2021; 13:937. [PMID: 34069356 PMCID: PMC8158722 DOI: 10.3390/v13050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Orthobunyavirus genus, family Peribunyaviridae, contains several important emerging and re-emerging arboviruses of veterinary and medical importance. These viruses may cause mild febrile illness, to severe encephalitis, fetal deformity, abortion, hemorrhagic fever and death in humans and/or animals. Shuni virus (SHUV) is a zoonotic arbovirus thought to be transmitted by hematophagous arthropods. It was previously reported in a child in Nigeria in 1966 and horses in Southern Africa in the 1970s and again in 2009, and in humans with neurological signs in 2017. Here we investigated the epidemiology and phylogenetic relationship of SHUV strains detected in horses presenting with febrile and neurological signs in South Africa. In total, 24/1820 (1.3%) horses submitted to the zoonotic arbovirus surveillance program tested positive by real-time reverse transcription (RTPCR) between 2009 and 2019. Cases were detected in all provinces with most occurring in Gauteng (9/24, 37.5%). Neurological signs occurred in 21/24 (87.5%) with a fatality rate of 45.8%. Partial sequencing of the nucleocapsid gene clustered the identified strains with SHUV strains previously identified in South Africa (SA). Full genome sequencing of a neurological case detected in 2016 showed 97.8% similarity to the SHUV SA strain (SAE18/09) and 97.5% with the Nigerian strain and 97.1% to the 2014 Israeli strain. Our findings suggest that SHUV is circulating annually in SA and despite it being relatively rare, it causes severe neurological disease and death in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thopisang P. Motlou
- Zoonotic Arbo and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa;
| | - June Williams
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Section Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Zoonotic Arbo and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ramírez-Martínez MM, Bennett AJ, Dunn CD, Yuill TM, Goldberg TL. Bat Flies of the Family Streblidae (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) Host Relatives of Medically and Agriculturally Important "Bat-Associated" Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050860. [PMID: 34066683 PMCID: PMC8150819 DOI: 10.3390/v13050860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bat flies (Hippoboscoidea: Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of bats. We collected streblid bat flies from the New World (México) and the Old World (Uganda), and used metagenomics to identify their viruses. In México, we found méjal virus (Rhabdoviridae; Vesiculovirus), Amate virus (Reoviridae: Orbivirus), and two unclassified viruses of invertebrates. Méjal virus is related to emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses and to the agriculturally important vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV). Amate virus and its sister taxon from a bat are most closely related to mosquito- and tick-borne orbiviruses, suggesting a previously unrecognized orbivirus transmission cycle involving bats and bat flies. In Uganda, we found mamucuso virus (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) and two unclassified viruses (a rhabdovirus and an invertebrate virus). Mamucuso virus is related to encephalitic viruses of mammals and to viruses from nycteribiid bat flies and louse flies, suggesting a previously unrecognized orthobunyavirus transmission cycle involving hippoboscoid insects. Bat fly virus transmission may be neither strictly vector-borne nor strictly vertical, with opportunistic feeding by bat flies occasionally leading to zoonotic transmission. Many "bat-associated" viruses, which are ecologically and epidemiologically associated with bats but rarely or never found in bats themselves, may actually be viruses of bat flies or other bat ectoparasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María M. Ramírez-Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud y Ecología Humana, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Autlán CP 48900, Mexico;
| | - Andrew J. Bennett
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.B.); (C.D.D.); (T.M.Y.)
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center–Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher D. Dunn
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.B.); (C.D.D.); (T.M.Y.)
| | - Thomas M. Yuill
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.B.); (C.D.D.); (T.M.Y.)
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.B.); (C.D.D.); (T.M.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-890-2618
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Epidemiology and Genomic Analysis of Equine Encephalosis Virus Detected in Horses with Clinical Signs in South Africa, 2010-2017. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030398. [PMID: 33801457 PMCID: PMC8001977 DOI: 10.3390/v13030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine encephalosis virus (EEV) is a neglected virus endemic to South Africa and is considered to generally result in mild disease in equines. Specimens were analyzed from live horses that presented with undefined neurological, febrile, or respiratory signs, or sudden and unexpected death. Between 2010 and 2017, 111 of 1523 (7.3%) horse samples tested positive for EEV using a nested real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Clinical signs were reported in 106 (7.2%) EEV positive and 1360 negative horses and included pyrexia (77/106, 72.6%), icterus (20/106, 18.9%) and dyspnea (12/106, 11.3%). Neurological signs were inversely associated with EEV infection (OR < 1, p < 0.05) relative to EEV negative cases despite a high percentage of animals presenting with neurological abnormalities (51/106, 48.1%). Seventeen of the EEV positive horses also had coinfections with either West Nile (5/106, 4.7%), Middelburg (4/106, 3.8%) or African Horse sickness virus (8/106, 7.6%). To investigate a possible genetic link between EEV strains causing the observed clinical signs in horses, the full genomes of six isolates were compared to the reference strains. Based on the outer capsid protein (VP2), serotype 1 and 4 were identified as the predominant serotypes with widespread reassortment between the seven different serotypes.
Collapse
|
19
|
Farkas SL, Varga-Kugler R, Ihász K, Marton S, Gál J, Palya V, Bányai K. Genomic characterization of avian and neoavian orthoreoviruses detected in pheasants. Virus Res 2021; 297:198349. [PMID: 33631220 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Avian reoviruses are well-known pathogens seriously affecting the productivity of poultry industry. Game birds represent a small segment of the agricultural sector and much remained to be learnt about factors affecting productivity. Here we show that reovirus infections might occur in pheasants and demonstrate that reoviruses of pheasants are of diverse origin. The complete or coding-complete genomic sequences of two Hungarian reovirus strains, D1996/2/1 and Reo/HUN/Pheasant/216/2015, have been determined in this study. The strain D1996/2/1 was isolated in 2012 from birds with gizzard erosion, whereas the other strain was isolated in 2015 from diarrheic pheasant poults. Phylogenetic analyses showed that none of the Hungarian isolates shared common origin with a pheasant reovirus detected recently in the United States. Additionally, we found that Reo/HUN/Pheasant/216/2015 is a multi-reassortant reovirus within the species Avian orthoreovirus that shared genetic relationship with turkey reoviruses (σC), partridge reoviruses (λA, σB), and chicken reoviruses (λB, λC, μA, σA, and σNS), in the respective gene phylogenies, whereas two genes (μB and μNS) did not reveal any possible common ancestors. The other isolate, D1996/2/1, was found to be distantly related to previously described reoviruses raising the possibility that it might represent a novel orthoreovirus species or a new genogroup within the newly accepted species, Neoavian orthoreovirus. The genetic diversity among pheasant reoviruses could raise challenges for virus classification as well as for development of molecular diagnostic tools and vaccine based prevention and control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia L Farkas
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungaria krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary; University of Veterinary Medicine, Istvan u. 2, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Renáta Varga-Kugler
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungaria krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Katalin Ihász
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungaria krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungaria krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - János Gál
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Istvan u. 2, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Vilmos Palya
- Ceva-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co. LTD, Szállás u. 5, Budapest, 1107, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungaria krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Szentiványi T, Markotter W, Dietrich M, Clément L, Ançay L, Brun L, Genzoni E, Kearney T, Seamark E, Estók P, Christe P, Glaizot O. Host conservation through their parasites: molecular surveillance of vector-borne microorganisms in bats using ectoparasitic bat flies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:72. [PMID: 33306024 PMCID: PMC7731914 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Most vertebrates host a wide variety of haematophagous parasites, which may play an important role in the transmission of vector-borne microorganisms to hosts. Surveillance is usually performed by collecting blood and/or tissue samples from vertebrate hosts. There are multiple methods to obtain samples, which can be stored for decades if properly kept. However, blood sampling is considered an invasive method and may possibly be harmful to the sampled individual. In this study, we investigated the use of ectoparasites as a tool to acquire molecular information about the presence and diversity of infectious microorganism in host populations. We tested the presence of three distinct vector-borne microorganisms in both bat blood and bat flies: Bartonella bacteria, malaria-like Polychromophilus sp. (Apicomplexa), and Trypanosoma sp. (Kinetoplastea). We detected the presence of these microorganisms both in bats and in their bat flies, with the exception of Trypanosoma sp. in South African bat flies. Additionally, we found Bartonella sp. in bat flies from one population in Spain, suggesting its presence in the host population even if not detected in bats. Bartonella and Polychromophilus infection showed the highest prevalence in both bat and bat fly populations. Single, co- and triple infections were also frequently present in both. We highlight the use of haematophagous ectoparasites to study the presence of infectious microorganism in host blood and its use as an alternative, less invasive sampling method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Szentiványi
- Museum of Zoology, 1014 Lausanne, Switzerland - Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa - AfricanBats NPC, 0157 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Muriel Dietrich
- UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Laura Clément
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurie Ançay
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Brun
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eléonore Genzoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Kearney
- AfricanBats NPC, 0157 Pretoria, South Africa - Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa - Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, 0083 Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Peter Estók
- Department of Zoology, Eszterházy Károly University, 3300 Eger, Hungary
| | - Philippe Christe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Glaizot
- Museum of Zoology, 1014 Lausanne, Switzerland - Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li X, Sun X, Lu C, Kuang D, Han Y, Wang W, Tong P, Li N, Zhou J, Dai J. Isolation and identification of two new strains of mammalian orthoreovirus from Chinese tree shrews. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1541-1550. [PMID: 32335768 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chinese tree shrews have been used extensively in studies of different types of cancer and for the modeling of viral infections. In the present study, we report the isolation and characterization of two strains of mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV), MRV1/TS/2011 and MRV3/TS/2012, which were isolated from the feces of tree shrews in Yunnan, China. These two strains of MRV were isolated and cultured in both primary tree shrew intestinal epithelial cells (pTIECs) and primary tree shrew alveolar epithelial cells (pTAECs). A neutralization test using immunofluorescence was employed to determine the subtype of each isolate. Viral RNA was extracted and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and the sequence was determined by next-generation sequencing for construction of a phylogenetic tree and analysis of gene polymorphism. Electron microscopy examination revealed the presence of virus particles with the typical morphological characteristics of MRV. Serotype analysis showed that strain MRV1/TS/2011 was of type I and strain MRV3/TS/2012 was of type III. A sequence comparison showed that the isolates were 25.4% identical in the S1 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China
| | - Caixia Lu
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, China
| | - Dexuan Kuang
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Pinfen Tong
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Na Li
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, China
| | - Jingxian Zhou
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, China
| | - Jiejie Dai
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China.
- Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang Y, Gaspard G, McMullen N, Duncan R. Polycistronic Genome Segment Evolution and Gain and Loss of FAST Protein Function during Fusogenic Orthoreovirus Speciation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070702. [PMID: 32610593 PMCID: PMC7412057 DOI: 10.3390/v12070702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Reoviridae family is the only non-enveloped virus family with members that use syncytium formation to promote cell–cell virus transmission. Syncytiogenesis is mediated by a fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein, a novel family of viral membrane fusion proteins. Previous evidence suggested the fusogenic reoviruses arose from an ancestral non-fusogenic virus, with the preponderance of fusogenic species suggesting positive evolutionary pressure to acquire and maintain the fusion phenotype. New phylogenetic analyses that included the atypical waterfowl subgroup of avian reoviruses and recently identified new orthoreovirus species indicate a more complex relationship between reovirus speciation and fusogenic capacity, with numerous predicted internal indels and 5’-terminal extensions driving the evolution of the orthoreovirus’ polycistronic genome segments and their encoded FAST and fiber proteins. These inferred recombination events generated bi- and tricistronic genome segments with diverse gene constellations, they occurred pre- and post-orthoreovirus speciation, and they directly contributed to the evolution of the four extant orthoreovirus FAST proteins by driving both the gain and loss of fusion capability. We further show that two distinct post-speciation genetic events led to the loss of fusion in the waterfowl isolates of avian reovirus, a recombination event that replaced the p10 FAST protein with a heterologous, non-fusogenic protein and point substitutions in a conserved motif that destroyed the p10 assembly into multimeric fusion platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (Y.Y.); (G.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Gerard Gaspard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (Y.Y.); (G.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Nichole McMullen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (Y.Y.); (G.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Roy Duncan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (Y.Y.); (G.G.); (N.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jiang RD, Li B, Liu XL, Liu MQ, Chen J, Luo DS, Hu BJ, Zhang W, Li SY, Yang XL, Shi ZL. Bat mammalian orthoreoviruses cause severe pneumonia in mice. Virology 2020; 551:84-92. [PMID: 32859395 PMCID: PMC7308043 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) infections are ubiquitous in mammals. Increasing evidence suggests that some MRVs can cause severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans and other animals. Previously, we isolated six bat MRV strains. However, the pathogenicity of these bat viruses remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the host range and pathogenicity of 3 bat MRV strains (WIV2, 3 and 7) which represent three serotypes. Our results showed that all of them can infect cell lines from different mammalian species and displayed different replication efficiency. The BALB/c mice infected by bat MRVs showed clinical symptoms with systematic infection especially in lung and intestines. Obvious tissue damage were found in all infected lungs. One of the strains, WIV7, showed higher replication efficiency in vitro and vivo and more severe pathogenesis in mice. Our results provide new evidence showing potential pathogenicity of bat MRVs in animals and probable risk in humans. Bat MRVs show wide cell tropism in vivo and in vitro and have a high replication efficiency in lung and intestines. Mice infected by bat MRVs showed clinical illness, but without death. The higher replication in brain, lung damage and weak innate immune response may be responsible for severe diseases for WIV7. The results indicate the potential pathogenicity of bat MRV to human and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Di Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei-Qin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Jie Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Xing-Lou Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang S, Lin F, Cheng X, Wang J, Zhu X, Xiao S, Zheng M, Huang M, Chen S, Chen S. The genomic constellation of a novel duck reovirus strain associated with hemorrhagic necrotizing hepatitis and splenitis in Muscovy ducklings in Fujian, China. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 53:101604. [PMID: 32502523 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The complete sequence of a reovirus, strain NP03 associated with necrotic focus formation in the liver and spleen of Muscovy ducklings in Fujian Province, China in 2009, was determined and compared with sequences of other waterfowl and chicken-origin avian reoviruses (ARVs). Sequencing of the complete genomes of strain NP03 showed that they consisted of 23,418 bp and were divided into 10 segments, ranging from 1191 bp (S4) to 3959 bp (L1) in length, and all segments contained conserved sequences in the 5' non-coding region (GCUUUU) and 3' non-coding region (UCAUC). Pairwise sequence comparisons demonstrated that NP03 strain showed the highest similarity with novel waterfowl origin reoviruses (WRVs). The genome analysis revealed that the S1 segment of novel WRV is a tricistronic gene, encoding the overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) for p10, p18, and σC, similar to the ARV S1 gene, but distinct from classical WRV S4 genome segment, which contained two overlapping ORFs encoding p10 and σC. Phylogenetic analyses of the nucleotide sequences of all 10 segments revealed that NP03 strain was clustered together with other novel WRVs and were distinct from classical WRVs and chicken-origin ARVs. The analyses also showed possible intra-segmental reassortment events in the segments encoding λA, λB, μB, μNS, σA, and σNS between novel and classical WRVs. Potential recombination events detection in segment L1 suggests that NP03 strain may be recombinants of novel WRVs. Based on our genetic analyses, multiple reassortment events, intra-segmental recombination, and accumulation of point mutations have possibly contributed to the emergence of this novel genotype of WRV, identified in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
| | - Fengqiang Lin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Xiaoxia Cheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Shifeng Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Meiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Shaoying Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
| | - Shilong Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Diversity, Transmission, and Cophylogeny of Ledanteviruses ( Rhabdoviridae: Ledantevirus) and Nycteribiid Bat Flies Parasitizing Angolan Soft-Furred Fruit Bats in Bundibugyo District, Uganda. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050750. [PMID: 32429498 PMCID: PMC7285350 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obligate hematophagous ectoparasitic flies of the superfamily Hippoboscoidea are distributed worldwide, but their role as vectors and reservoirs of viruses remains understudied. We examined hippoboscoid bat flies (family Nycteribiidae) parasitizing Angolan soft-furred fruit bats (Lissonycteris angolensis ruwenzorii) from Bundibugyo District, Uganda. Using metagenomic methods, we detected 21 variants of the rhabdovirid genus Ledantevirus, which contains medically important "bat-associated" viruses. These 21 viruses, representing at least two divergent viral lineages, infected 26 bat flies from 8 bats in a single roost. Cophylogenetic analyses of viruses and bat flies resulted in strong evidence of virus-host codivergence, indicating vertical transmission of bat fly ledanteviruses. Examination of oral swabs from bats revealed ledantevirus RNA in the saliva of 1 out of 11 bats, with no evidence of insect genetic material in the mouth of this bat. These data demonstrate that bat flies can harbor diverse ledanteviruses even in a single roost and that the predominant mode of transmission is likely vertical (among bat flies), but that bats can become infected and shed viruses orally. In conclusion, bat flies may serve as ectoparasitic reservoirs of "bat-associated" viruses that only transiently or sporadically infect bats.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
With no limiting membrane surrounding virions, nonenveloped viruses have no need for membrane fusion to gain access to intracellular replication compartments. Consequently, nonenveloped viruses do not encode membrane fusion proteins. The only exception to this dogma is the fusogenic reoviruses that encode fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins that induce syncytium formation. FAST proteins are the smallest viral membrane fusion proteins and, unlike their enveloped virus counterparts, are nonstructural proteins that evolved specifically to induce cell-to-cell, not virus-cell, membrane fusion. This distinct evolutionary imperative is reflected in structural and functional features that distinguish this singular family of viral fusogens from all other protein fusogens. These rudimentary fusogens comprise specific combinations of different membrane effector motifs assembled into small, modular membrane fusogens. FAST proteins offer a minimalist model to better understand the ubiquitous process of protein-mediated membrane fusion and to reveal novel mechanisms of nonenveloped virus dissemination that contribute to virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Duncan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vasilakis N, Tesh RB, Popov VL, Widen SG, Wood TG, Forrester NL, Gonzalez JP, Saluzzo JF, Alkhovsky S, Lam SK, Mackenzie JS, Walker PJ. Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters. Viruses 2019; 11:E471. [PMID: 31126128 PMCID: PMC6563318 DOI: 10.3390/v11050471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has become evident that a generational gap has developed in the community of arbovirus research. This apparent gap is due to the dis-investment of training for the next generation of arbovirologists, which threatens to derail the rich history of virus discovery, field epidemiology, and understanding of the richness of diversity that surrounds us. On the other hand, new technologies have resulted in an explosion of virus discovery that is constantly redefining the virosphere and the evolutionary relationships between viruses. This paradox presents new challenges that may have immediate and disastrous consequences for public health when yet to be discovered arboviruses emerge. In this review we endeavor to bridge this gap by providing a historical context for the work being conducted today and provide continuity between the generations. To this end, we will provide a narrative of the thrill of scientific discovery and excitement and the challenges lying ahead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Steve G Widen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston TX 77555, USA.
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston TX 77555, USA.
| | - Naomi L Forrester
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jean Paul Gonzalez
- Center of Excellence for Emerging & Zoonotic Animal Disease, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | | | - Sergey Alkhovsky
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098, 18 Gamaleya str., Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sai Kit Lam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - John S Mackenzie
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Peter J Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Szentiványi T, Christe P, Glaizot O. Bat Flies and Their Microparasites: Current Knowledge and Distribution. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:115. [PMID: 31106212 PMCID: PMC6492627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are the second most diverse mammalian group, playing keystone roles in ecosystems but also act as reservoir hosts for numerous pathogens. Due to their colonial habits which implies close contacts between individuals, bats are often parasitized by multiple species of micro- and macroparasites. The particular ecology, behavior, and environment of bat species may shape patterns of intra- and interspecific pathogen transmission, as well as the presence of specific vectorial organisms. This review synthetizes information on a multi-level parasitic system: bats, bat flies and their microparasites. Bat flies (Diptera: Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) are obligate, hematophagous ectoparasites of bats consisting of ~500 described species. Diverse parasitic organisms have been detected in bat flies including bacteria, blood parasites, fungi, and viruses, which suggest their vectorial potential. We discuss the ecological epidemiology of microparasites, their potential physiological effects on both bats and bat flies, and potential research perspectives in the domain of bat pathogens. For simplicity, we use the term microparasite throughout this review, yet it remains unclear whether some bacteria are parasites or symbionts of their bat fly hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Szentiványi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Museum of Zoology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Christe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Glaizot
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Museum of Zoology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fagre AC, Kading RC. Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses? Viruses 2019; 11:E215. [PMID: 30832426 PMCID: PMC6466281 DOI: 10.3390/v11030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are known to harbor and transmit many emerging and re-emerging viruses, many of which are extremely pathogenic in humans but do not cause overt pathology in their bat reservoir hosts: henipaviruses (Nipah and Hendra), filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg), and coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV). Direct transmission cycles are often implicated in these outbreaks, with virus shed in bat feces, urine, and saliva. An additional mode of virus transmission between bats and humans requiring further exploration is the spread of disease via arthropod vectors. Despite the shared ecological niches that bats fill with many hematophagous arthropods (e.g. mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges, etc.) known to play a role in the transmission of medically important arboviruses, knowledge surrounding the potential for bats to act as reservoirs for arboviruses is limited. To this end, a comprehensive literature review was undertaken examining the current understanding and potential for bats to act as reservoirs for viruses transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods. Serosurveillance and viral isolation from either free-ranging or captive bats are described in relation to four arboviral groups (Bunyavirales, Flaviviridae, Reoviridae, Togaviridae). Further, ecological associations between bats and hematophagous viral vectors are characterized (e.g. bat bloodmeals in mosquitoes, ingestion of mosquitoes by bats, etc). Lastly, knowledge gaps related to hematophagous ectoparasites (bat bugs and bed bugs (Cimicidae) and bat flies (Nycteribiidae and Streblidae)), in addition to future directions for characterization of bat-vector-virus relationships are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Fagre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Rebekah C Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Feng Y, Ren X, Xu Z, Fu S, Li X, Zhang H, Yang W, Zhang Y, Liang G. Genetic diversity of the Yokose virus, XYBX1332, isolated from bats (Myotis daubentonii) in China. Virol J 2019; 16:8. [PMID: 30634973 PMCID: PMC6330390 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yokose virus was first isolated from bats (Miniopterus fuliginosus) collected in Yokosuka, Japan, in 1971, and is a new member of the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. In this study, we isolated a Yokose virus from a serum sample of Myotis daubentonii (order Chiroptera, family Vespertilionidae) collected in Yunnan province, China in 2013. METHODS The serum specimens of bat were used to inoculate in BHK-21 and Vero E6 cells for virus isolation. Then the viral complete genome sequence was obtained and was used for phylogenetic analysis performed by BEAST software package. RESULTS The virus was shown to have cytopathic effects in mammalian cells (BHK-21 and Vero E6). Genome sequencing indicated that it has a single open reading frame (ORF), with a genome of 10,785 nucleotides in total. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral genome suggests that XYBX1332 is a Yokose virus (YOKV) of the genus Flavivirus. Nucleotide and amino acid homology levels of the ORF of XYBX1332 and Oita-36, the original strain of YOKV, were 72 and 82%, respectively. The ORFs of XYBX1332 and Oita-36 encode 3422 and 3425 amino acids, respectively. In addition, the non-coding regions (5'- and 3'-untranslated regions [UTRs]) of these two strains differ in length and the homology of the 5'- and 3'-UTRs was 81.5 and 78.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION The isolation of YOKV (XYBX1332) from inland China thousands of kilometers from Yokosuka, Japan, suggests that the geographical distribution of YOKV is not limited to the islands of Japan and that it can also exist in the inland areas of Asia. However, there are large differences between the Chinese and Japanese YOKV strains in viral genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Feng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Xiaojie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Weihong Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bennett AJ, Bushmaker T, Cameron K, Ondzie A, Niama FR, Parra HJ, Mombouli JV, Olson SH, Munster VJ, Goldberg TL. Diverse RNA viruses of arthropod origin in the blood of fruit bats suggest a link between bat and arthropod viromes. Virology 2018; 528:64-72. [PMID: 30576861 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bats host diverse viruses due to their unique ecology, behavior, and immunology. However, the role of other organisms with which bats interact in nature is understudied as a contributor to bat viral diversity. We discovered five viruses in the blood of fruit bats (Hypsignathus monstrosus) from the Republic of Congo. Of these five viruses, four have phylogenetic and genomic features suggesting an arthropod origin (a dicistrovirus, a nodavirus, and two tombus-like viruses), while the fifth (a hepadnavirus) is clearly of mammalian origin. We also report the parallel discovery of related tombus-like viruses in fig wasps and primitive crane flies from bat habitats, as well as high infection rates of bats with haemosporidian parasites (Hepatocystis sp.). These findings suggest transmission between arthropods and bats, perhaps through ingestion or hyperparasitism (viral infection of bat parasites). Some "bat-associated" viruses may be epidemiologically linked to bats through their ecological associations with invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bennett
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, Virus Ecology Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, USA
| | - Kenneth Cameron
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alain Ondzie
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Fabien R Niama
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | | | - Sarah H Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Virus Ecology Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Xu Z, Yang W, Feng Y, Li Y, Fu S, Li X, Song J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Liu WJ, Gao GF, Liang G. Isolation and Identification of a Highly Divergent Kaeng Khoi Virus from Bat Flies (Eucampsipoda sundaica) in China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:73-80. [PMID: 30526415 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaeng Khoi virus (KKV), which belongs to the genus Orthobunyavirus, family Perbunyaviridae, was originally isolated from the brain tissue of bats and may cause infection in humans. In this study, the KKV strain WDBC1403 was isolated from bat flies (Eucampsipoda sundaica), ectoparasites of the bat Rousettus leschenaultia, collected from Yunnan Province of China at the Sino-Burmese border. METHODS AND RESULTS The bat fly specimens were ground and inoculated in culture cells. The WDBC1403 strain was shown to induce cytopathic effects in Vero, baby hamster kidney (BHK-21), and Tb1Lu cells, but not in C6/36 cells; however, viral gene amplification was detected in the supernatants of C6/36 cells. Using electron microscopy, the virus was determined to be spherical, enveloped, and 80-90 nm in diameter; it was also shown to form plaques in BHK-21 cells and the titer reached 1 × 106.57 plaque-forming units/mL 24 h after infection. The phylogenetic analysis showed that WDBC1403 is a KKV strain, but is independent of the original KKV strain (PSC-19). Viral genome analysis revealed that the nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities of the S, M, and L segments of WDBC1403 with PSC-19 were 88.2% and 96.1%, 76.7% and 85.0%, and 78.3% and 88.9%, respectively. Two amino acids were removed at the end of the open reading frame of the M segment, and 47 nucleotides were removed in the 3'-untranslated region of the M segment of the WDBC1403 strain compared with the PSC-19 strain. CONCLUSIONS The WDBC1403 strain is a highly divergent KKV strain, suggesting that there are a variety of KKV strains that exhibit molecular differences. Moreover, because of the large variations in nucleotide and amino acid sequence in the M segment, which encodes an important membrane protein, further research on antigenicity and pathogenicity in humans and animals is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Xu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Yang
- 3 Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yun Feng
- 3 Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- 4 National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingdong Song
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- 3 Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- 3 Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - William J Liu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - George F Gao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Genomic sequence and phylogenetic analyses of two novel orthoreovirus strains isolated from Pekin ducks in 2014 in Germany. Virus Res 2018; 257:57-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
34
|
Jansen van Vuren P, Allam M, Wiley MR, Ismail A, Storm N, Birkhead M, Markotter W, Palacios G, Paweska JT. A novel adenovirus isolated from the Egyptian fruit bat in South Africa is closely related to recent isolates from China. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9584. [PMID: 29942032 PMCID: PMC6018157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27836-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently a number of novel adenoviruses have been isolated from diverse bat species and from diverse geographical locations. We describe the isolation of a novel adenovirus (Family Adenoviridae, genus Mastadenovirus) from a pool of liver and spleen tissue of an apparently healthy wild-caught Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in South Africa. Genetically the virus is most closely related to four mastadenoviruses recently isolated in China, from Miniopterus schreibersi and Rousettus leschenaultii bats, which are highly divergent from previously identified bat adenoviruses. The length of the Rousettus aegyptiacus adenovirus-3085 (RaegAdV-3085) genome, at 29,342 bp is similar to its closest relatives, and contains 27 open reading frames. The RaegAdV-3085 genome has a low G + C content (36.4%) relative to other viruses in the genus (between 43.6 and 63.9%) but similar to its closest relatives. The inverted terminal repeat (ITR) of RaegAdV-3085 is only 40 bp compared to between 61 and 178 bp of its closest relatives. The discovery of RaegAdV-3085 expands the diversity of known adenoviruses in bats and might represent a member of a new mastadenovirus species in bats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mushal Allam
- Core Sequencing Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michael R Wiley
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, USA
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Core Sequencing Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nadia Storm
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Monica Birkhead
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, USA
| | - Janusz T Paweska
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lee VN, Mendenhall IH, Lee BPYH, Posa MRC. Parasitism by Bat Flies on an Urban Population of Cynopterus brachyotis in Singapore. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2018.20.1.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Naomi Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 129793, Singapore
| | - Ian H. Mendenhall
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Benjamin P. Y.-H. Lee
- Centre for Urban Greenery and Ecology, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Mary Rose C. Posa
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 129793, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Goldberg TL, Bennett AJ, Kityo R, Kuhn JH, Chapman CA. Kanyawara Virus: A Novel Rhabdovirus Infecting Newly Discovered Nycteribiid Bat Flies Infesting Previously Unknown Pteropodid Bats in Uganda. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5287. [PMID: 28706276 PMCID: PMC5509700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05236-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoir hosts of highly virulent pathogens such as Marburg virus, Nipah virus, and SARS coronavirus. However, little is known about the role of bat ectoparasites in transmitting and maintaining such viruses. The intricate relationship between bats and their ectoparasites suggests that ectoparasites might serve as viral vectors, but evidence to date is scant. Bat flies, in particular, are highly specialized obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that incidentally bite humans. Using next-generation sequencing, we discovered a novel ledantevirus (mononegaviral family Rhabdoviridae, genus Ledantevirus) in nycteribiid bat flies infesting pteropodid bats in western Uganda. Mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that both the bat flies and their bat hosts belong to putative new species. The coding-complete genome of the new virus, named Kanyawara virus (KYAV), is only distantly related to that of its closest known relative, Mount Elgon bat virus, and was found at high titers in bat flies but not in blood or on mucosal surfaces of host bats. Viral genome analysis indicates unusually low CpG dinucleotide depletion in KYAV compared to other ledanteviruses and rhabdovirus groups, with KYAV displaying values similar to rhabdoviruses of arthropods. Our findings highlight the possibility of a yet-to-be-discovered diversity of potentially pathogenic viruses in bat ectoparasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA.
- Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA.
- Department of Zoology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Andrew J Bennett
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Robert Kityo
- Department of Zoology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Department of Zoology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Anthropology and School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2T7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Feng Y, Li Y, Fu S, Li X, Song J, Zhang H, Yang W, Zhang Y, Pan H, Liang G. Isolation of Kaeng Khoi virus (KKV) from Eucampsipoda sundaica bat flies in China. Virus Res 2017; 238:94-100. [PMID: 28606385 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A virus strain (WDBC1210) was isolated from specimens of bat flies (Eucampsipoda sundaica) associated with Leschenault's Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultii) in the China-Myanmar border area of Yunnan Province, China. Both BHK-21 and VeroE6 cells infected with WDBC1210 showed evident cytopathic effects (CPE), and the highest propagation titer was 1×105.6. The virus particles were spherical, 70nm in diameter. Virus plaques could be observed in BHK-21 cells. The whole genome of WDBC1210 contained three RNA segments: the small gene (S), 975 nucleotides long; the medium gene (M), 4568 nucleotides long; and the large gene (L), 6866 nucleotides long. The nucleotide homologies of the S, M, and L genes between WDBC1210 and the original isolate of Kaeng Khoi virus (KKV; PSC-19 strain) were 96.9%, 94.1%, and 95.2%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on the S, M, and L segments indicated that WDBC1210 belongs within the same clade as the KKV strain PSC-19, a member of the Bunyaviridae family. This is the first report on the isolation of KKV from bat flies (Eucampsipoda sundaica) and from an inland area, nearly 2000km north from the original isolation site of KKV in Thailand, suggesting that KKV virus not only has a diverse set of vectors, but also a wide geographic distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Feng
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingdong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Weihong Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jansen van Vuren P, Wiley MR, Palacios G, Storm N, Markotter W, Birkhead M, Kemp A, Paweska JT. Isolation of a novel orthobunyavirus from bat flies (Eucampsipoda africana). J Gen Virol 2017; 98:935-945. [PMID: 28488954 PMCID: PMC5656801 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bunyaviridae family comprises viruses causing diseases of public and veterinary health importance, including viral haemorrhagic and arboviral fevers. We report the isolation, identification and genome characterization of a novel orthobunyavirus, named Wolkberg virus (WBV), from wingless bat fly ectoparasites (Eucampsipoda africana) of Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in South Africa. Complete genome sequence data of WBV suggests it is most closely related to two bat viruses (Mojuí dos Campos and Kaeng Khoi viruses) and an arbovirus (Nyando virus) previously shown to infect humans. WBV replicates to high titres in VeroE6 and C6-36 cells, characteristic of mosquito-borne arboviruses. These findings expand our knowledge of the diversity of orthobunyaviruses and their insect vector host range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- Centre for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael R. Wiley
- Centre for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Centre for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nadia Storm
- Centre for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Monica Birkhead
- Centre for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Alan Kemp
- Centre for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Janusz T. Paweska
- Centre for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Janusz T. Paweska,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Obame-Nkoghe J, Leroy EM, Paupy C. Diversity and role of cave-dwelling hematophagous insects in pathogen transmission in the Afrotropical region. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e20. [PMID: 28400590 PMCID: PMC5457679 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The progressive anthropization of caves for food resources or economic purposes increases human exposure to pathogens that naturally infect cave-dwelling animals. The presence of wild or domestic animals in the immediate surroundings of caves also may contribute to increasing the risk of emergence of such pathogens. Some zoonotic pathogens are transmitted through direct contact, but many others require arthropod vectors, such as blood-feeding insects. In Africa, hematophagous insects often play a key role in the epidemiology of many pathogens; however, their ecology in cave habitats remains poorly known. During the last decades, several investigations carried out in Afrotropical caves suggested the medical and veterinary importance particularly of insect taxa of the Diptera order. Therefore, the role of some of these insects as vectors of pathogens that infect cave-dwelling vertebrates has been studied. The present review summarizes these findings, brings insights into the diversity of cave-dwelling hematophagous Diptera and their involvement in pathogen transmission, and finally discusses new challenges and future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judicaël Obame-Nkoghe
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224-5290 CNRS-IRD-UM, IRD Montpellier, 911, Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Eric-Maurice Leroy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224-5290 CNRS-IRD-UM, IRD Montpellier, 911, Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224-5290 CNRS-IRD-UM, IRD Montpellier, 911, Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wiley MR, Prieto K, Blasdell KR, Caì Y, Campos Lawson C, Walker PJ, Chiu CY, Palacios G, Kuhn JH. Beatrice Hill Virus Represents a Novel Species in the Genus Tibrovirus (Mononegavirales: Rhabdoviridae). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:e01485-16. [PMID: 28126935 PMCID: PMC5270694 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01485-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The rhabdoviral genus Tibrovirus currently has three official members assigned to two species: Bivens Arm virus and Tibrogargan virus (species Tibrogargan tibrovirus) and Coastal Plains virus (species Coastal Plains tibrovirus). Here, we report the complete genome sequence of a new putative member of this genus, Beatrice Hill virus. Although relatively closely related to the three classified viruses, Beatrice Hill virus represents a novel Tibrovirus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wiley
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Karla Prieto
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kim R Blasdell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yíngyún Caì
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Cristine Campos Lawson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter J Walker
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|