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Wang J, Fu L, Meng H, Wu K, Han B, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Wang W, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wang B, Zhang W, Zou H, Qi X. Knowledge, concerns, and vaccine acceptance related to Mpox (Monkeypox) among university students in North and Northeast China: An online cross-sectional study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2339922. [PMID: 38639480 PMCID: PMC11037288 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2339922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing number of Mpox cases in China has posed a challenge to public health. The prevalence of men who have sex with men behaviors among students has been consistently increasing each year in China, accompanied by a high frequency of unprotected anal sex. As crowded places, schools are highly likely to cause an Mpox outbreak among students through long-term close contact. Understanding university students' perceptions about Mpox and willingness to vaccinate play a vital role in implementing preventive measures in schools. This study aimed to assess knowledge, concerns, and vaccine acceptance toward Mpox among university students in North and Northeast China. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 3831 university students from seven universities in North and Northeast China between September 10 and September 25, 2023. This study found a relative insufficiency in Mpox knowledge among university students (71.60%), with less than half expressing concern about the Mpox outbreak (39.57%), and the majority exhibiting a positive attitude to vaccination (76.30%). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that a good knowledge level was associated with age, study discipline, education level, and a high level of concern about Mpox. Male, elderly, or highly educated participants had a low level of concern about Mpox. Participants with a high level of knowledge toward Mpox were more likely to have the vaccination willingness. This study might help governments and schools to understand students' Mpox perceptions and vaccination intentions, enabling them to implement effective measures in addressing the issue of inadequate understanding regarding Mpox among university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Epidemiology and Endemic Disease Control Section, Chaoyang District Center for Diseases Prevention and Control of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Leiwen Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Han Meng
- Epidemiology and Endemic Disease Control Section, Chaoyang District Center for Diseases Prevention and Control of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Epidemiology and Endemic Disease Control Section, Chaoyang District Center for Diseases Prevention and Control of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Baihui Han
- Epidemiology and Endemic Disease Control Section, Chaoyang District Center for Diseases Prevention and Control of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Epidemiology and Endemic Disease Control Section, Chaoyang District Center for Diseases Prevention and Control of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Epidemiology and Endemic Disease Control Section, Chaoyang District Center for Diseases Prevention and Control of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Health Care Department, University of International Business and Economics Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohe Zhang
- Community Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, Beijing University of Technology Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bingyi Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xiao Qi
- Epidemiology and Endemic Disease Control Section, Chaoyang District Center for Diseases Prevention and Control of Beijing, Beijing, China
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Mohapatra RK, Singh PK, Branda F, Mishra S, Kutikuppala LVS, Suvvari TK, Kandi V, Ansari A, Desai DN, Alfaresi M, Kaabi NAA, Fares MAA, Garout M, Halwani MA, Alissa M, Rabaan AA. Transmission dynamics, complications and mitigation strategies of the current mpox outbreak: A comprehensive review with bibliometric study. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2541. [PMID: 38743385 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
As the mankind counters the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), it simultaneously witnesses the emergence of mpox virus (MPXV) that signals at global spread and could potentially lead to another pandemic. Although MPXV has existed for more than 50 years now with most of the human cases being reported from the endemic West and Central African regions, the disease is recently being reported in non-endemic regions too that affect more than 50 countries. Controlling the spread of MPXV is important due to its potential danger of a global spread, causing severe morbidity and mortality. The article highlights the transmission dynamics, zoonosis potential, complication and mitigation strategies for MPXV infection, and concludes with suggested 'one health' approach for better management, control and prevention. Bibliometric analyses of the data extend the understanding and provide leads on the research trends, the global spread, and the need to revamp the critical research and healthcare interventions. Globally published mpox-related literature does not align well with endemic areas/regions of occurrence which should ideally have been the scenario. Such demographic and geographic gaps between the location of the research work and the endemic epicentres of the disease need to be bridged for greater and effective translation of the research outputs to pubic healthcare systems, it is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, India
| | - Puneet K Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Francesco Branda
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Snehasish Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Tarun K Suvvari
- Department of Medicine, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Venkataramana Kandi
- Department of Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Azaj Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
| | - Dhruv N Desai
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mubarak Alfaresi
- Department of Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nawal A Al Kaabi
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Health Services Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mona A Al Fares
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad A Halwani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
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Maqbool KU, Akhtar MT, Ayub S, Simran FNU, Malik J, Malik M, Zubair R, Mehmoodi A. Role of vaccination in patients with human monkeypox virus and its cardiovascular manifestations. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:1506-1516. [PMID: 38463133 PMCID: PMC10923390 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human monkeypox, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is an emerging infectious disease with the potential for human-to-human transmission and diverse clinical presentations. While generally considered milder than smallpox, it can lead to severe cardiovascular complications. The virus primarily spreads through contact with infected animals or through human-to-human transmission. Cardiovascular involvement in human monkeypox is rare but has been associated with myocarditis, pericarditis, arrhythmias, and even fulminant myocardial infarction. Vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing and controlling monkeypox, but the eradication of smallpox has left global populations vulnerable. This review explores the cardiovascular manifestations of human monkeypox, the role of vaccination in disease prevention, and the importance of continued research and development of effective vaccines to protect against this emerging infectious threat. The global impact of monkeypox outbreaks, particularly on vulnerable populations, further highlights the importance of understanding and addressing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shayan Ayub
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group
| | - FNU Simran
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group
| | - Jahanzeb Malik
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group
| | - Maria Malik
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group
| | - Rafia Zubair
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group
| | - Amin Mehmoodi
- Department of Medicine, Ibn e Seena Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan
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León-Figueroa DA, Barboza JJ, Valladares-Garrido MJ, Sah R, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Prevalence of intentions to receive monkeypox vaccine. A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:35. [PMID: 38166776 PMCID: PMC10763398 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunization, as a preventive strategy against infectious diseases, has consolidated its position as a fundamental pillar in the field of public health. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of the intention to receive the monkeypox (Mpox) vaccine. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of the available evidence was performed using five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and ScienceDirect) with a search strategy until July 24, 2023. Data analysis was performed in R software version 4.2.3. The quality of the included cross-sectional studies was assessed using the "JBI-MAStARI". In addition, a subgroup analysis by population and continent was developed. RESULTS Twenty-nine cross-sectional articles with a total sample of 52 658 participants were included. The pooled prevalence of intention to vaccinate against Mpox was 61% (95% CI: 53-69%; 52,658 participants; 29 studies; I2 = 100%). In the subgroup analysis, the intention to be vaccinated against Mpox according to continents was 64% (95% CI: 53-74%; 13,883 participants; 17 studies; I2 = 99%) in Asian countries, 43% (95% CI: 39-47%; 1538 participants; 3 studies; I2 = 53%) in African countries, 62% (95% CI: 45-78%; 35,811 participants; 6 studies; I2 = 99%) in European countries, and 63% (95% CI: 32-89%; 1426 participants; 3 studies; I2 = 99%) in American countries. In the subgroup analysis on the intention to be vaccinated against Mpox, according to study subjects, it was 54% (95% CI: 45-62%; 10,296 participants; 11 studies; I2 = 99%) in the general population, 57% (95% CI: 33-79%; 3333 participants; 10 studies; I2 = 99%) in health care workers, and 76% (95% CI: 70-82%; 39,029 participants; 8 studies; I2 = 98%) in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) community. In addition, as a secondary outcome, a prevalence of refusal of Mpox vaccination was found to be 22% (95% CI: 16-30%; 45,577 participants; 21 studies; I2 = 99%). CONCLUSION The study highlights the importance of recognizing regional and subgroup disparities in Mpox vaccine willingness and refusal. It emphasizes the importance of employing strategies to achieve widespread vaccination coverage and safeguard public health worldwide. TERMS USED Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI), Prospective International Registry of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshuan J Barboza
- Unidad de Revisiones Sistemáticas y Meta-análisis, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, 15046, Peru
| | - Mario J Valladares-Garrido
- Universidad Continental, Lima, 15046, Peru.
- Oficina de Epidemiología, Hospital Regional Lambayeque, Chiclayo, 14012, Peru.
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, 15067, Peru
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, 1102, Lebanon
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Mazur-Melewska K. Poxviruses in Children. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:205-217. [PMID: 38801580 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The family Poxviridae is a large family of viruses with a ubiquitous distribution, subdivided into two subfamilies: Chordopoxvirinae (poxviruses of vertebrates) and Entomopoxvirinae (poxviruses of insects). Only three species from the first subfamily, Orthopoxvirus (OPV), Molluscipoxvirus and Parapoxvirus, can infect the human being. In the paediatric population, viruses belonging to the first two subfamilies have the greatest importance. Following the eradication of smallpox in 1980, vaccination of the general population was discontinued after careful consideration of the risks and benefits. However, nearly all children and most of the world's population had little to no protection against OPV. The aim of this chapter is to review the current evidence on the aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of Poxviridae infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Mazur-Melewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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Hou F, Zhang Y, Liu X, Murad YM, Xu J, Yu Z, Hua X, Song Y, Ding J, Huang H, Zhao R, Jia W, Yang X. mRNA vaccines encoding fusion proteins of monkeypox virus antigens protect mice from vaccinia virus challenge. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5925. [PMID: 37739969 PMCID: PMC10516993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreaks of mpox have raised concerns over the need for effective vaccines. However, the current approved vaccines have either been associated with safety concerns or are in limited supply. mRNA vaccines, which have shown high efficacy and safety against SARS-CoV-2 infection, are a promising alternative. In this study, three mRNA vaccines are developed that encode monkeypox virus (MPXV) proteins A35R and M1R, including A35R extracellular domain -M1R fusions (VGPox 1 and VGPox 2) and a mixture of encapsulated full-length mRNAs for A35R and M1R (VGPox 3). All three vaccines induce early anti-A35R antibodies in female Balb/c mice, but only VGPox 1 and 2 generate detectable levels of anti-M1R antibodies at day 7 after vaccination. However, all three mRNA vaccine groups completely protect mice from a lethal dose of vaccinia virus (VACV) challenge. A single dose of VGPox 1, 2, and 3 provide protection against the lethal viral challenge within 7 days post-vaccination. Long-term immunity and protection were also observed in all three candidates. Additionally, VGPox 2 provided better passive protection. These results suggest that the VGPox series vaccines enhance immunogenicity and can be a viable alternative to current whole-virus vaccines to defend against mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Hou
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- Hangzhou Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited (CNBG), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Liu
- Virogin Biotech Canada Ltd., Richmond, Canada
| | | | - Jiang Xu
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibin Yu
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xianwu Hua
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jun Ding
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Huang
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- Hangzhou Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, China
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- Virogin Biotech Canada Ltd., Richmond, Canada
| | - Ronghua Zhao
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- Virogin Biotech Canada Ltd., Richmond, Canada
| | - William Jia
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China.
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China.
- Virogin Biotech Canada Ltd., Richmond, Canada.
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited (CNBG), Beijing, China.
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Zhou Y, Chen Z. Mpox: a review of laboratory detection techniques. Arch Virol 2023; 168:221. [PMID: 37543543 PMCID: PMC10404179 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05848-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Mpox (formerly monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which, like smallpox, is characterised by skin rashes. While the world is currently grappling with the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the appearance of MPXV has presented a global threat and raised concerns worldwide. Since May 2022, MPXV has spread rapidly in non-endemic mpox areas. As of 27 June 2023, the virus has spread to more than 112 countries and regions, with over 88,060 laboratory-confirmed cases and 147 deaths. Thus, measures to control the mpox epidemic are urgently needed. As the principal methods for identifying and monitoring mpox, laboratory detection techniques play an important role in mpox diagnosis. This review summarises the currently-used laboratory techniques for MPXV detection, discusses progress in improving these methods, and compares the benefits and limitations of various diagnostic detection methods. Currently, nucleic acid amplification tests, such as the polymerase chain reaction, are the most commonly used. Immunological methods have also been applied to diagnose the disease, which can help us discover new features of MPXV, improve diagnostic accuracy, track epidemic trends, and guide future prevention and control strategies, which are also vital for controlling mpox epidemics. This review provides a resource for the scientific community and should stimulate more research and development in alternative diagnostics to be applied to this and future public health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Zhou
- School of Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zixin Chen
- School of Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Alarifi AM, Alshahrani NZ, Sah R. Are Saudi Healthcare Workers Willing to Receive the Monkeypox Virus Vaccine? Evidence from a Descriptive-Baseline Survey. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:396. [PMID: 37624334 PMCID: PMC10459197 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Saudi Arabia has already confirmed multiple monkeypox (Mpox) cases, it is essential to initiate timely preventive measures, including the implementation of vaccines. In this cross-sectional study, an online survey was conducted among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Saudi Arabia to understand their willingness to receive the Mpox vaccine. A structured questionnaire was used to gather the data. The study comprised 734 samples. Our study found that among study participants, 52.7% were willing to receive the Mpox vaccine and showed that sociodemographic factors were not significantly associated with vaccine willingness. Previous vaccination history (such as influenza and COVID-19) was significantly associated with Mpox vaccine willingness. The respondents reported that the main reasons for receiving the Mpox vaccine were their trust in the Saudi Health Ministry (57.7%) and their understanding that the vaccine was a social responsibility (44.6%). Furthermore, the majority of the respondents (74.7%) reported that they were motivated by the need to protect themselves, their family and their friends. Insufficient vaccine information and fear of unknown adverse reactions were the most reported reasons for an unwillingness to receive the Mpox vaccine. In conclusion, increasing Mpox vaccine-related awareness and focusing on greater information dissemination to reduce fear and increase vaccine uptake is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M. Alarifi
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 13323, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najim Z. Alshahrani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, India
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, India
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Esqueda A, Sun H, Bonner J, Lai H, Jugler C, Kibler KV, Steinkellner H, Chen Q. A Monoclonal Antibody Produced in Glycoengineered Plants Potently Neutralizes Monkeypox Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1179. [PMID: 37514995 PMCID: PMC10416152 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2022 global outbreaks of monkeypox virus (MPXV) and increased human-to-human transmission calls for the urgent development of countermeasures to protect people who cannot benefit from vaccination. Here, we describe the development of glycovariants of 7D11, a neutralizing monoclonal IgG antibody (mAb) directed against the L1 transmembrane protein of the related vaccinia virus, in a plant-based system as a potential therapeutic against the current MPVX outbreak. Our results indicated that 7D11 mAb quickly accumulates to high levels within a week after gene introduction to plants. Plant-produced 7D11 mAb assembled correctly into the tetrameric IgG structure and can be easily purified to homogeneity. 7D11 mAb exhibited a largely homogeneous N-glycosylation profile, with or without plant-specific xylose and fucose residues, depending on the expression host, namely wild-type or glycoengineered plants. Plant-made 7D11 retained specific binding to its antigen and displayed a strong neutralization activity against MPXV, as least as potent as the reported activity against vaccinia virus. Our study highlights the utility of anti-L1 mAbs as MPXV therapeutics, and the use of glycoengineered plants to develop mAb glycovariants for potentially enhancing the efficacy of mAbs to combat ever-emerging/re-emerging viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Esqueda
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Haiyan Sun
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - James Bonner
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Huafang Lai
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Collin Jugler
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Karen V. Kibler
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Rabaan AA, Alasiri NA, Aljeldah M, Alshukairiis AN, AlMusa Z, Alfouzan WA, Abuzaid AA, Alamri AA, Al-Afghani HM, Al-Baghli N, Alqahtani N, Al-Baghli N, Almoutawa MY, Mahmoud Alawi M, Alabdullah M, Bati NAA, Alsaleh AA, Tombuloglu H, Arteaga-Livias K, Al-Ahdal T, Garout M, Imran M. An Updated Review on Monkeypox Viral Disease: Emphasis on Genomic Diversity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1832. [PMID: 37509470 PMCID: PMC10376458 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus has remained the most virulent poxvirus since the elimination of smallpox approximately 41 years ago, with distribution mostly in Central and West Africa. Monkeypox (Mpox) in humans is a zoonotically transferred disease that results in a smallpox-like disease. It was first diagnosed in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and the disease has spread over West and Central Africa. The purpose of this review was to give an up-to-date, thorough, and timely overview on the genomic diversity and evolution of a re-emerging infectious disease. The genetic profile of Mpox may also be helpful in targeting new therapeutic options based on genes, mutations, and phylogeny. Mpox has become a major threat to global health security, necessitating a quick response by virologists, veterinarians, public health professionals, doctors, and researchers to create high-efficiency diagnostic tests, vaccinations, antivirals, and other infection control techniques. The emergence of epidemics outside of Africa emphasizes the disease's global significance. Increased monitoring and identification of Mpox cases are critical tools for obtaining a better knowledge of the ever-changing epidemiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Nada A Alasiri
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aljeldah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer N Alshukairiis
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab AlMusa
- Infectious Disease Section, Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam 32253, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wadha A Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Farwania Hospital, Farwania 85000, Kuwait
| | - Abdulmonem A Abuzaid
- Medical Microbiology Department, Security Forces Hospital Programme, Dammam 32314, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aref A Alamri
- Molecular Microbiology and Cytogenetics Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Riyadh 11425, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani M Al-Afghani
- Laboratory Department, Security Forces Hospital, Makkah 24269, Saudi Arabia
- iGene Center for Research and Training, Jeddah 2022, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadira Al-Baghli
- Directorate of Public Health, Dammam Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Alqahtani
- Directorate of Public Health, Dammam Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia Al-Baghli
- Directorate of Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashahed Y Almoutawa
- Primary Healthcare, Qatif Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Safwa 32833, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Mahmoud Alawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
- Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alabdullah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al Mubarraz 36342, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neda A Al Bati
- Medical and Clinical Affairs, Rural Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmonem A Alsaleh
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huseyin Tombuloglu
- Department of Genetics Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34221, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kovy Arteaga-Livias
- Escuela de Medicina-Filial Ica, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica 11000, Peru
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán, Huanuco 10000, Peru
| | - Tareq Al-Ahdal
- Research Associate, Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimerfeld130/3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Gao F, He C, Liu M, Yuan P, Tian S, Zheng M, Zhang L, Zhou X, Xu F, Luo J, Li X. Cross-reactive immune responses to monkeypox virus induced by MVA vaccination in mice. Virol J 2023; 20:126. [PMID: 37337226 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox (monkeypox) infection cases increased recently in non-Mpox outbreak areas, potentially causing an international threat. The desire to defend against a potential outbreak has led to renewed efforts to develop Mpox vaccines. In this report, mice were immunized with various doses of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) to evaluate the cross-reactive immune response of MVA immunization against protective antigens of the current monkeypox virus. We demonstrated that MVA induced specific antibodies against protective antigens (A29, A35, B6, M1, H3, and I1), mediating the neutralization abilities against the MVA and the monkeypox virus (MPXV). Moreover, recombinant protective antigens of the MPXV elicited cross-binding and cross-neutralizing activities for MVA. Hence, the MVA induced cross-reactive immune responses, which may guide future efforts to develop vaccines against the recent MPXV. Notably, compared to the other protective antigens, the predominant A29 and M1 antigens mediated higher cross-neutralizing immune responses against the MVA, which could serve as antigen targets for novel orthologous orthopoxvirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixia Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng He
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Shihua Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Linya Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jian Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiuling Li
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China.
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Islam MR, Haque MA, Ahamed B, Tanbir M, Khan MR, Eqbal S, Rahman MA, Shahriar M, Bhuiyan MA. Assessment of vaccine perception and vaccination intention of Mpox infection among the adult males in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study findings. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286322. [PMID: 37289746 PMCID: PMC10249809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mpox (monkeypox) infection has become a global concern for healthcare authorities after spreading in multiple non-endemic countries. Following the sudden multi-country outbreak of Mpox, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a public health emergency of international concern. We do not have any vaccines approved for the prevention of Mpox infection. Therefore, international healthcare authorities endorsed smallpox vaccines for the prevention of Mpox disease. Here we intended to perform this cross-sectional study among the adult males in Bangladesh to assess the Mpox vaccine perception and vaccination intention. METHODS We conducted this web-based survey among the adult males in Bangladesh from September 1, 2022, to November 30, 2022, using Google Forms. We assessed the Mpox vaccine perception and vaccination intention. We performed a chi-square test to compare vaccine perception and vaccination intention levels. Also, we performed multiple logistic regression analyses to determine the association between the study parameters and the sociodemographic profile of the participants. RESULTS According to the present study, the Mpox vaccine perception was high among 60.54% of the respondents. Also, 60.05% of respondents showed medium vaccination intention. Mpox vaccine perception and vaccination intention were strongly associated with the sociodemographic profiles of the participants. Furthermore, we discovered a significant association between the level of education and vaccination intention among the respondents. Also, age and marital status played a role in the Mpox vaccine perception and vaccination intention. CONCLUSION Our findings showed a significant association between sociodemographic characteristics and the Mpox vaccine perception/vaccination intention. Along with the country's long experience in mass immunization, campaigns about Covid-19 vaccines and high vaccination rates might play a role in Mpox vaccine perception and vaccination intention. We recommend more social awareness and educational communications or seminars for the target population to bring more positive changes in their attitude towards Mpox prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Rabiul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Anamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bulbul Ahamed
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tanbir
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Robin Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saba Eqbal
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ashrafur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wilkes University, Wilkes Barre, PA, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Shahriar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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13
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Rajkhowa P, Dsouza VS, Kharel R, Cauvery K, Mallya BR, Raksha DS, Mrinalini V, Sharma P, Pattanshetty S, Narayanan P, Lahariya C, Brand H. Factors Influencing Monkeypox Vaccination: A Cue to Policy Implementation. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2023; 13:226-238. [PMID: 37119512 PMCID: PMC10148003 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-023-00100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following the mpox 2022 outbreak, several high-income countries have developed plans with inclusion criteria for vaccination against the mpox disease. This study was carried out to map the factors influencing mpox vaccination uptake to help address the challenges and increase vaccination confidence. METHODS This was a study based on Tweet analysis. The VADER, Text Blob, and Flair analyzers were adopted for sentiment analysis. The "Levesque conceptual framework for healthcare access" was adopted to evaluate the factors impacting access and the decision to get mpox vaccination. Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) criteria were adopted. FINDINGS A total of 149,133 tweets were extracted between 01/05/2022 and 23/09/2022. Around 1% of the random tweets were used for qualitative analysis. Of the 149,113, tweets were classified as positive, negative and neutral, respectively, by (a) VADER: (55,040) 37.05%, (44,395) 29.89%, and (49,106) 33.06%, (b) TextBlob: (70,900) 47.73%, (22,729) 15.30%, and (54,921) 36.97%, and (c) Flair: (31,389) 21.13%, (117,152) 78.87%, and 0.00%. Sentiment trajectories revealed that communication, stigmatization, accessibility to and availability of vaccines, and concerns about vaccine safety as factors influencing decision-making in the content and flow of tweets. INTERPRETATION Twitter is a key surveillance tool for understanding factors influencing decisions and access to mpox vaccination. To address vaccine mistrust and disinformation, a social media-based risk communication plan must be devised. Adopting measures to remove logistical vaccination hurdles is needed. Obtaining fact-based information from credible sources is key to improving public confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyobrat Rajkhowa
- Department of Health Policy, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute-CAPHRI, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Viola Savy Dsouza
- Department of Health Policy, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Rashmi Kharel
- Institute for Global Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - K Cauvery
- Department of Global Health Governance, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - B Rashmi Mallya
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - D S Raksha
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - V Mrinalini
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Preejana Sharma
- Department of Psychiatric (Mental Health) Nursing, Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sanjay Pattanshetty
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute-CAPHRI, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Global Health Governance, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Prakash Narayanan
- Department of Health Policy, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Chandrakant Lahariya
- Integrated Department of Pediatrics and Community Medicine, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Helmut Brand
- Department of Health Policy, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute-CAPHRI, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Anoop V, Sreelakshmi S. Public discourse and sentiment during Mpox outbreak: an analysis using natural language processing. Public Health 2023; 218:114-120. [PMID: 37019026 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mpox has been declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization on July 23, 2022. Since early May 2022, Mpox has been continuously reported in several endemic countries with alarming death rates. This led to several discussions and deliberations on the Mpox virus among the general public through social media and platforms such as health forums. This study proposes natural language processing techniques such as topic modeling to unearth the general public's perspectives and sentiments on growing Mpox cases worldwide. STUDY DESIGN This was a detailed qualitative study using natural language processing on the user-generated comments from social media. METHODS A detailed analysis using topic modeling and sentiment analysis on Reddit comments (n = 289,073) that were posted between June 1 and August 5, 2022, was conducted. While the topic modeling was used to infer major themes related to the health emergency and user concerns, the sentiment analysis was conducted to see how the general public responded to different aspects of the outbreak. RESULTS The results revealed several interesting and useful themes, such as Mpox symptoms, Mpox transmission, international travel, government interventions, and homophobia from the user-generated contents. The results further confirm that there are many stigmas and fear of the unknown nature of the Mpox virus, which is prevalent in almost all topics and themes unearthed. CONCLUSIONS Analyzing public discourse and sentiments toward health emergencies and disease outbreaks is highly important. The insights that could be leveraged from the user-generated comments from public forums such as social media may be important for community health intervention programs and infodemiology researchers. The findings from this study effectively analyzed the public perceptions that may enable quantifying the effectiveness of measures imposed by governmental administrations. The themes unearthed may also benefit health policy researchers and decision-makers to make informed and data-driven decisions.
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15
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Hudu SA, Alshrari AS, Al Qtaitat A, Imran M. VP37 Protein Inhibitors for Mpox Treatment: Highlights on Recent Advances, Patent Literature, and Future Directions. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041106. [PMID: 37189724 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox disease (Mpox) has threatened humankind worldwide since mid-2022. The Mpox virus (MpoxV) is an example of Orthopoxviruses (OPVs), which share similar genomic structures. A few treatments and vaccines are available for Mpox. OPV-specific VP37 protein (VP37P) is a target for developing drugs against Mpox and other OPV-induced infections such as smallpox. This review spotlights the existing and prospective VP37P inhibitors (VP37PIs) for Mpox. The non-patent literature was collected from PubMed, and the patent literature was gathered from free patent databases. Very little work has been carried out on developing VP37PIs. One VP37PI (tecovirimat) has already been approved in Europe to treat Mpox, while another drug, NIOCH-14, is under clinical trial. Developing tecovirimat/NIOCH-14-based combination therapies with clinically used drugs demonstrating activity against Mpox or other OPV infections (mitoxantrone, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, novobiocin, cidofovir, brincidofovir, idoxuridine, trifluridine, vidarabine, fialuridine, adefovir, imatinib, and rifampicin), immunity boosters (vitamin C, zinc, thymoquinone, quercetin, ginseng, etc.), and vaccines may appear a promising strategy to fight against Mpox and other OPV infections. Drug repurposing is also a good approach for identifying clinically useful VP37PIs. The dearth in the discovery process of VP37PIs makes it an interesting area for further research. The development of the tecovirimat/NIOCH-14-based hybrid molecules with certain chemotherapeutic agents looks fruitful and can be explored to obtain new VP37PI. It would be interesting and challenging to develop an ideal VP37PI concerning its specificity, safety, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibu A Hudu
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed S Alshrari
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiman Al Qtaitat
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Swed S, Bohsas H, Alibrahim H, Rakab A, Hafez W, Sawaf B, Amir RM, Motawei AS, Aljabali A, Shoib S, Atef Ismail Ahmed Ibrahim I, Ahmad Almashaqbeh SH, Qaid Shaddad EA, Alqaisi M, Abdelrahman A, Fathey S, Hurlemann R, Elsayed MEG, Barboza JJ, Mohanty A, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Padhi BK, Sah R. Monkeypox Post-COVID-19: Knowledge, Worrying, and Vaccine Adoption in the Arabic General Population. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040759. [PMID: 37112671 PMCID: PMC10141174 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The outbreak of monkeypox was declared a global public health emergency by the World Health Organization on 23 July 2022. There have been 60,000 cases reported worldwide, most of which are in places where monkeypox has never been seen due to the travel of people who have the virus. This research aims to evaluate the general Arabic population in regard to the monkeypox disease, fears, and vaccine adoption after the WHO proclaimed a monkeypox epidemic and to compare these attitudes to those of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in some Arabic countries (Syria, Egypt, Qatar, Yemen, Jordan, Sudan, Algeria, and Iraq) between 18 August and 7 September 2022. The inclusion criteria were the general public residing in Arabic nations and being older than 18. This questionnaire has 32 questions separated into three sections: sociodemographic variables, prior COVID-19 exposure, and COVID-19 vaccination history. The second portion assesses the knowledge and anxieties about monkeypox, while the third section includes the generalized anxiety disorder (GAD7) scale. Logistic regression analyses were performed to compute the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and their confidence intervals (95%CI) using STATA (version 17.0). Results: A total of 3665 respondents from 17 Arabic countries were involved in this study. Almost two-thirds (n = 2427, 66.2%) of the participants expressed more worry about COVID-19 than monkeypox diseases. Regarding the major cause for concern about monkeypox, 39.5% of participants attributed their anxiety to the fear that they or a member of their family may contract the illness, while 38.4% were concerned about monkeypox becoming another worldwide pandemic. According to the GAD 7 score, 71.7% of the respondents showed very low anxiety toward monkeypox and 43.8% of the participants scored poor levels of knowledge about monkeypox disease. Participants with previous COVID-19 infection showed a 1.206 times greater acceptance to receive the monkeypox vaccine than those with no previous infection. A 3.097 times higher concern for monkeypox than COVID-19 was shown by the participants who perceived monkeypox as dangerous and virulent than those who did not. Participants who have a chronic disease (aOR: 1.32; 95%CI: 1.09–1.60); participants worried about monkeypox (aOR: 1.21; 95%CI: 1.04–1.40), and perceived monkeypox as a dangerous and virulent disease (aOR: 2.25; 95%CI: 1.92–2.65); and excellent knowledge level (aOR: 2.28; 95%CI: 1.79–2.90) have emerged as significant predictors. Conclusions: Our study reported that three-fourths of the participants were more concerned about COVID-19 than monkeypox disease. In addition, most of the participants have inadequate levels of knowledge regarding monkeypox disease. Hence, immediate action should be taken to address this problem. Consequently, learning about monkeypox and spreading information about its prevention is crucial.
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Niu L, Liang D, Ling Q, Zhang J, Li Z, Zhang D, Xia P, Zhu Z, Lin J, Shi A, Ma J, Yu P, Liu X. Insights into monkeypox pathophysiology, global prevalence, clinical manifestation and treatments. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1132250. [PMID: 37026012 PMCID: PMC10070694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1132250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
On 23rd July 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized the ongoing monkeypox outbreak as a public medical crisis. Monkeypox virus (MPV), the etiological agent of monkeypox, is a zoonotic, linear, double-stranded DNA virus. In 1970, the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported the first case of MPV infection. Human-to-human transmission can happen through sexual contact, inhaled droplets, or skin-to-skin contact. Once inoculated, the viruses multiply rapidly and spread into the bloodstream to cause viremia, which then affect multiple organs, including the skin, gastrointestinal tract, genitals, lungs, and liver. By September 9, 2022, more than 57,000 cases had been reported in 103 locations, especially in Europe and the United States. Infected patients are characterized by physical symptoms such as red rash, fatigue, backache, muscle aches, headache, and fever. A variety of medical strategies are available for orthopoxviruses, including monkeypox. Monkeypox prevention following the smallpox vaccine has shown up to 85% efficacy, and several antiviral drugs, such as Cidofovir and Brincidofovir, may slow the viral spread. In this article, we review the origin, pathophysiology, global epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and possible treatments of MPV to prevent the propagation of the virus and provide cues to generate specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Niu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Huan Kui College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dingfa Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qin Ling
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ziwen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Deju Zhang
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Panpan Xia
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zicheng Zhu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jitao Lin
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ao Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- School of Medicine, St. George University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jianyong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Peng Yu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Malik S, Ahmad T, Ahsan O, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Recent Developments in Mpox Prevention and Treatment Options. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:500. [PMID: 36992085 PMCID: PMC10057056 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mpox is an emerging epidemic in the world. The monkey pox virus (MPXV) belongs to the same family of zoonotic Orthopoxviridae as that of the smallpox virus and exhibits similar clinical symptomology. Information regarding its diagnostics, disease epidemiology, surveillance, preventive methods, and treatment strategies are being collated with time. The purpose of this review is to trace the recent events in the scientific platform that have defined new preventive and treatment strategies against mpox. A methodological approach has been used to gather data from the latest literature to comprehensively overview the emerging treatment options. The results portion will cover details regarding the prevention of mpox. It will also shed light on a brief description of contemporary vaccines and antiviral agents that have been evaluated for their treatment potential since the emergence of the mpox threat. These treatment options are setting the pace for controlling the widespread monkeypox infection. However, the limitations attached to these treatment strategies need to be tackled quickly to increase their efficacy so that they can be deployed on a large scale for the prevention of this epidemic becoming another pandemic in this decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Malik
- Bridging Health Foundation, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Ahmad
- Industrial Biotechnology, Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Omar Ahsan
- Department of Medicine, Foundation University School of Health Sciences, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1401, Lebanon
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Mohamed NA, Zupin L, Mazi SI, Al-Khatib HA, Crovella S. Nanomedicine as a Potential Tool against Monkeypox. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:428. [PMID: 36851305 PMCID: PMC9963669 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monkeypox is a rare viral zoonosis that was first identified in 1970; since then, this infectious disease has been marked as endemic in central and western Africa. The disease has always been considered rare and self-limiting; however, recent worldwide reports of several cases suggest otherwise. Especially with monkeypox being recognized as the most important orthopoxvirus infection in humans in the smallpox post-eradication era, its spread across the globe marks a new epidemic. Currently, there is no proven treatment for human monkeypox, and questions about the necessity of developing a vaccine persist. Notably, if we are to take lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic, developing a nanomedicine-based preventative strategy might be prudent, particularly with the rapid growth of the use of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in medical research. Unfortunately, the collected data in this area is limited, dispersed, and often incomplete. Therefore, this review aims to trace all reported nanomedicine approaches made in the monkeypox area and to suggest possible directions that could be further investigated to develop a counteractive strategy against emerging and existing viruses that could diminish this epidemic and prevent it from becoming a potential pandemic, especially with the world still recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nura Adam Mohamed
- Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Luisa Zupin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sarah Ismail Mazi
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 7805, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hebah A. Al-Khatib
- Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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20
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Kamal A, Suppah M, Saadoun R, Yassin M. A Comprehensive Review of the Current Monkeypox Outbreak. Cureus 2023; 15:e34807. [PMID: 36915842 PMCID: PMC10008051 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by an orthopoxvirus named monkeypox virus. The virus was identified in 1958, while the first human monkeypox case was discovered in 1970. Monkeypox caused a wide outbreak that was considered a global health emergency in July 2022. Monkeypox is transmitted through direct or indirect contact with the lesions and respiratory droplets. Animals can also transmit the disease if contacted without protection or if their products are consumed without proper processing. The disease presents as a prodromal period followed by the appearance of a rash filled with exudate. The rash appears initially on the face and then spreads to involve the genital area and the anus. Typically, the disease is mild and resolves spontaneously, but antiviral therapy with tecovirimat might be required. Monkeypox can be controlled by avoiding contact with the cases and vaccinating those at high risk for acquiring the infection and those at high risk for developing severe illness (immune deficient individuals, pregnant women, and children). Our review aims to comprehensively review the current literature regarding Monkeypox, including modes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, preventive measures, and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Kamal
- Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Rakan Saadoun
- Otolaryngology, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, DEU
| | - Mohamed Yassin
- Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
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21
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Oral Brincidofovir Therapy for Monkeypox Outbreak: A Focused Review on the Therapeutic Potential, Clinical Studies, Patent Literature, and Prospects. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020278. [PMID: 36830816 PMCID: PMC9953536 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox disease (MPX) outbreak of 2022 has been reported in more than one hundred countries and is becoming a global concern. Unfortunately, only a few treatments, such as tecovirimat (TCV), are available against MPX. Brincidofovir (BCV) is a United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)-approved antiviral against smallpox. This article reviews the potential of BCV for treating MPX and other Orthopoxvirus (OPXVs) diseases. The literature for this review was collected from PubMed, authentic websites (USFDA, Chimerix), and freely available patent databases (USPTO, Espacenet, and Patentscope). BCV (a lipophilic derivative of cidofovir) has been discovered and developed by Chimerix Incorporation, USA. Besides smallpox, BCV has also been tested clinically for various viral infections (adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, ebola virus, herpes simplex virus, and double-stranded DNA virus). Many health agencies and reports have recommended using BCV for MPX. However, no health agency has yet approved BCV for MPX. Accordingly, the off-label use of BCV is anticipated for MPX and various viral diseases. The patent literature revealed some important antiviral compositions of BCV. The authors believe there is a huge opportunity to create novel, inventive, and patentable BCV-based antiviral therapies (new combinations with existing antivirals) for OPXVs illnesses (MPX, smallpox, cowpox, camelpox, and vaccinia). It is also advised to conduct drug interaction (food, drug, and disease interaction) and drug resistance investigations on BCV while developing its combinations with other medications. The BCV-based drug repurposing options are also open for further exploration. BCV offers a promising opportunity for biosecurity against OPXV-based bioterrorism attacks and to control the MPX outbreak of 2022.
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22
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Tehranchinia Z, Robati RM, Moravvej H, Memariani M, Memariani H. Monkeypox Disease with a Focus on the 2022 Outbreak; a Narrative Review. ARCHIVES OF ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2023; 11:e19. [PMID: 36743704 PMCID: PMC9887230 DOI: 10.22037/aaem.v11i1.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus. Despite being endemic in Central and West Africa, the disease has received relatively little research attention until recent times. As the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to affect the world, the rising number of monkeypox cases in non-endemic countries has further stoked global public health concerns about another pandemic. Unlike previous outbreaks outside Africa, most patients in the present outbreak had no history of travel to the endemic regions. The overwhelming majority of patients were initially identified amongst homosexual men, who had attended large gatherings. Mutations in the coding regions of the viral genome may have resulted in fitness adaptation, enhancement of immune evasion mechanisms, and more efficient transmissibility of the 2022 monkeypox virus. Multiple factors such as diminished cross-protective herd immunity (cessation of smallpox vaccination), deforestation, civil war, refugee displacement, farming, enhanced global interconnectedness, and even climate change may facilitate the unexpected emergence of the disease. In light of the increasing number of cases reported in the present outbreak, healthcare professionals should update their knowledge about monkeypox disease, including its diagnosis, prevention, and clinical management. Herein, we provide an overview of monkeypox, with a focus on the 2022 outbreak, to serve as a primer for clinical practitioners who may encounter the disease in their practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Tehranchinia
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza M Robati
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Moravvej
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Memariani
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Memariani
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Mitjà O, Ogoina D, Titanji BK, Galvan C, Muyembe JJ, Marks M, Orkin CM. Monkeypox. Lancet 2023; 401:60-74. [PMID: 36403582 PMCID: PMC9671644 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 172.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic illness caused by the monkeypox virus, an Orthopoxvirus in the same genus as the variola, vaccinia, and cowpox viruses. Since the detection of the first human case in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970, the disease has caused sporadic infections and outbreaks, mainly restricted to some countries in west and central Africa. In July, 2022, WHO declared monkeypox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, on account of the unprecedented global spread of the disease outside previously endemic countries in Africa and the need for global solidarity to address this previously neglected disease. The 2022 outbreak has been primarily associated with close intimate contact (including sexual activity) and most cases have been diagnosed among men who have sex with men, who often present with novel epidemiological and clinical characteristics. In the 2022 outbreak, the incubation period ranges from 7 days to 10 days and most patients present with a systemic illness that includes fever and myalgia and a characteristic rash, with papules that evolve to vesicles, pustules, and crusts in the genital, anal, or oral regions and often involve the mucosa. Complications that require medical treatment (eg, antiviral therapy, antibacterials, and pain control) occur in up to 40% of patients and include rectal pain, odynophagia, penile oedema, and skin and anorectal abscesses. Most patients have a self-limited illness; between 1% and 13% require hospital admission (for treatment or isolation), and the case-fatality rate is less than 0·1%. A diagnosis can be made through the presence of Orthopoxvirus DNA in PCRs from lesion swabs or body fluids. Patients with severe manifestations and people at risk of severe disease (eg, immunosuppressed people) could benefit from antiviral treatment (eg, tecovirimat). The current strategy for post-exposure prophylaxis or pre-exposure prophylaxis for people at high risk is vaccination with the non-replicating modified vaccinia Ankara. Antiviral treatment and vaccines are not yet available in endemic countries in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Mitjà
- Skin Neglected Tropical Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections section, Hospital Universitari Germans Trías i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Fight Infectious Diseases Foundation, Badalona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
| | - Dimie Ogoina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Niger Delta University and Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Bayelsa, Nigeria
| | - Boghuma K Titanji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Medecins du Cameroun (Medcamer), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Michael Marks
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospital, London, UK; Division of Infection and Immunology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chloe M Orkin
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
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24
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Costa AR, Pedrosa MDS. Postpandemic lessons and the monkeypox virus infection in humans in the context of dental practice. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28257. [PMID: 36305485 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marlus da Silva Pedrosa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North California, USA
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25
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Virk J, Parikh T, Gopalakrishnan Ravikumar NP, Goti AM, Goyal L, Yashi K. The 2022 Monkeypox Epidemic and What Has Led to the Current State of the Disease in the US: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e33515. [PMID: 36779102 PMCID: PMC9904802 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPOX) is a zoonotic disease in humans. It is similar genetically to its virus family member, smallpox. This virus has been studied since the 1970s. The virus remains endemic to the Congo and West African regions, but non-endemic spreads have been cited. The most recent non-endemic outbreak in the spring of 2022 amidst the current COVID-19 pandemic is of interest due to its impact on global medical, economic, and societal climates. This literature review aims to highlight the virology, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of MPOX and discuss the social implications of the recent 2022 outbreak. We hope this review can pinpoint important clinical pearls of the MPOX virus and its societal impacts to further promote important discussion of this virus and its disease.
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26
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Zardi EM, Chello C. Human Monkeypox-A Global Public Health Emergency. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416781. [PMID: 36554659 PMCID: PMC9779584 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox, a viral zoonosis caused by an Orthopoxvirus, is clinically characterized by fever, headache, lymphadenopathy, myalgia, rash and burdened by some complications that can be severe and life threatening. Monkeypox, endemic in some central and west African countries, in tropical areas near equator, rose to the headlines following its recent outbreak in non-endemic countries of Europe and the USA. Thus, the World Health Organization, worried about the growing dimension of the problem, declared monkeypox a global public health emergency. Now, after months of careful observation, the western scientific research is drawing conclusion that African endemic countries represent a reserve pool able to feed, through travelers and sexual networks, the outbreak in non-endemic countries in which high-risk communities such as gay and bisexual men are the most affected. Prevention through vaccination and early diagnosis are the core to breaking the chain of diffusion of this epidemic. Particular attention should be paid to avoid the spread from endemic countries, also implementing the economic investments in their public health system. Information campaigns and assistance to high-risk classes in non-endemic countries are important priorities, however, assuming that specific treatments for this disease are still tentative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Maria Zardi
- Internistic Ultrasound Service, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Chello
- PhD Course, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
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27
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Meo SA, Al-Masri AA, Klonoff DC, Alshahrani AN, Al-khlaiwi T. Comparison of Biological, Pharmacological Characteristics, Indications, Contraindications and Adverse Effects of JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 Monkeypox Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1971. [PMID: 36423066 PMCID: PMC9698380 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monkeypox is an emerging viral zoonotic disease, that has caused highly distinctive, challenging and threatening problems worldwide. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has given interim authorization for the JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 vaccines for the outbreak of monkeypox 2022. The present study aims to highlight the globally derived evidence about the biological and pharmacological features, indications, contraindications and adverse effects of JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 vaccines. Initially, 82 documents were selected and, finally, 14 fact sheets, documents and international organizations were included. The data were recorded from the World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) USA, ISI-Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus. The data revealed that the JYNNEOS vaccine has been recommended to children, adults, females during pregnancy and people of all age groups with a dose of 0.5 mL, and the complete vaccination cost per person is about USD 115. It provides immunogenicity, and the mean titer of neutralizing antibodies was 153.5. However, the ACAM2000 vaccine is contraindicated in infants and pregnant females, and recommended to people over 18 years of age and older, with a single dose of 0.0025 mL, and a cost of about USD 139. ACAM2000 provides immunogenicity, and the mean titer of neutralizing antibodies was 79.3. The JYNNEOS vaccine has mild adverse effects including pain, redness, swelling or itching at the site of the vaccine shot, fever, fatigue, headache, nausea and muscle pain. However, the ACAM2000 vaccine can cause pain, redness, edema, headache, fever, fatigue, muscle pain, body ache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shortness of breath and increased risk of myopericarditis and cardiomyopathy. The evidence supports the view that both vaccines are beneficial, but the overall impact of JYNNEOS is better than that of ACAM2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Ayoub Meo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer A. Al-Masri
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - David C. Klonoff
- Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA 94401, USA
| | | | - Thamir Al-khlaiwi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Fantini J, Chahinian H, Yahi N. A Vaccine Strategy Based on the Identification of an Annular Ganglioside Binding Motif in Monkeypox Virus Protein E8L. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112531. [PMID: 36423140 PMCID: PMC9693861 DOI: 10.3390/v14112531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of Monkeypox virus requires the development of a vaccine specifically directed against this virus as quickly as possible. We propose here a new strategy based on a two-step analysis combining (i) the search for binding domains of viral proteins to gangliosides present in lipid rafts of host cells, and (ii) B epitope predictions. Based on previous studies of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 proteins, we show that the Monkeypox virus cell surface-binding protein E8L possesses a ganglioside-binding motif consisting of several subsites forming a ring structure. The binding of the E8L protein to a cluster of gangliosides GM1 mimicking a lipid raft domain is driven by both shape and electrostatic surface potential complementarities. An induced-fit mechanism unmasks selected amino acid side chains of the motif without significantly affecting the secondary structure of the protein. The ganglioside-binding motif overlaps three potential linear B epitopes that are well exposed on the unbound E8L surface that faces the host cell membrane. This situation is ideal for generating neutralizing antibodies. We thus suggest using these three sequences derived from the E8L protein as immunogens in a vaccine formulation (recombinant protein, synthetic peptides or genetically based) specific for Monkeypox virus. This lipid raft/ganglioside-based strategy could be used for developing therapeutic and vaccine responses to future virus outbreaks, in parallel to existing solutions.
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29
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Huang Y, Mu L, Wang W. Monkeypox: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:373. [PMID: 36319633 PMCID: PMC9626568 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease that was once endemic in west and central Africa caused by monkeypox virus. However, cases recently have been confirmed in many nonendemic countries outside of Africa. WHO declared the ongoing monkeypox outbreak to be a public health emergency of international concern on July 23, 2022, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The rapidly increasing number of confirmed cases could pose a threat to the international community. Here, we review the epidemiology of monkeypox, monkeypox virus reservoirs, novel transmission patterns, mutations and mechanisms of viral infection, clinical characteristics, laboratory diagnosis and treatment measures. In addition, strategies for the prevention, such as vaccination of smallpox vaccine, is also included. Current epidemiological data indicate that high frequency of human-to-human transmission could lead to further outbreaks, especially among men who have sex with men. The development of antiviral drugs and vaccines against monkeypox virus is urgently needed, despite some therapeutic effects of currently used drugs in the clinic. We provide useful information to improve the understanding of monkeypox virus and give guidance for the government and relative agency to prevent and control the further spread of monkeypox virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Mu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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30
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Sah R. FDA's authorized "JYNNEOS" vaccine for counteracting monkeypox global public health emergency; an update - Correspondence. Int J Surg 2022; 107:106971. [PMID: 36330988 PMCID: PMC9617681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Sah
- Corresponding author. Infectious Diseases Fellowship, Clinical Research (Harvard Medical School), Global Clinical Scholars Research Training (Harvard Medical School), 44600, Kathmandu, Nepal
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