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Wang H, Tian J, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Yang H, Zhang G. Current Status of Poultry Recombinant Virus Vector Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:630. [PMID: 38932359 PMCID: PMC11209050 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are the mainstays of preventing viral poultry diseases. However, the development of recombinant DNA technology in recent years has enabled the generation of recombinant virus vector vaccines, which have the advantages of preventing multiple diseases simultaneously and simplifying the vaccination schedule. More importantly, some can induce a protective immune response in the presence of maternal antibodies and offer long-term immune protection. These advantages compensate for the shortcomings of traditional vaccines. This review describes the construction and characterization of primarily poultry vaccine vectors, including fowl poxvirus (FPV), fowl adenovirus (FAdV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Marek's disease virus (MDV), and herpesvirus of turkey (HVT). In addition, the pathogens targeted and the immunoprotective effect of different poultry recombinant virus vector vaccines are also presented. Finally, this review discusses the challenges in developing vector vaccines and proposes strategies for improving immune efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaxin Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiming Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Jang WS, Lee JM, Lee E, Park S, Lim CS. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification and Lateral Flow Immunochromatography Technology for Rapid Diagnosis of Influenza A/B. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:967. [PMID: 38732380 PMCID: PMC11083224 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14090967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause highly contagious respiratory diseases that cause millions of deaths worldwide. Rapid detection of influenza viruses is essential for accurate diagnosis and the initiation of appropriate treatment. We developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification and lateral flow assay (LAMP-LFA) capable of simultaneously detecting influenza A and influenza B. Primer sets for influenza A and influenza B were designed to target conserved regions of segment 7 and the nucleoprotein gene, respectively. Optimized through various primer set ratios, the assay operated at 62 °C for 30 min. For a total of 243 (85 influenza A positive, 58 influenza B positive and 100 negative) nasopharyngeal swab samples, the performance of the influenza A/B multiplex LAMP-LFA was compared with that of the commercial AllplexTM Respiratory Panel 1 assay (Seegene, Seoul, Korea). The influenza A/B multiplex LAMP-LFA demonstrated a specificity of 98% for the non-infected clinical samples, along with sensitivities of 94.1% for the influenza A clinical samples and 96.6% for the influenza B clinical samples, respectively. The influenza A/B multiplex LAMP-LFA showed high sensitivity and specificity, indicating that it is reliable for use in a low-resource environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Sik Jang
- Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jun Min Lee
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea; (E.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Seoyeon Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea; (E.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea; (E.L.); (S.P.)
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Zahedipour F, Zahedipour F, Zamani P, Jaafari MR, Sahebkar A. Harnessing CRISPR technology for viral therapeutics and vaccines: from preclinical studies to clinical applications. Virus Res 2024; 341:199314. [PMID: 38211734 PMCID: PMC10825633 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas system, identified as a type of bacterial adaptive immune system, have attracted significant attention due to its remarkable ability to precisely detect and eliminate foreign genetic material and nucleic acids. Expanding upon these inherent capabilities, recent investigations have unveiled the potential of reprogrammed CRISPR/Cas 9, 12, and 13 systems for treating viral infections associated with human diseases, specifically targeting DNA and RNA viruses, respectively. Of particular interest is the RNA virus responsible for the recent global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which presents a substantial public health risk, coupled with limited efficacy of current prophylactic and therapeutic techniques. In this regard, the utilization of CRISPR/Cas technology offers a promising gene editing approach to overcome the limitations of conventional methods in managing viral infections. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the latest CRISPR/Cas-based therapeutic and vaccine strategies employed to combat human viral infections. Additionally, we discuss significant challenges and offer insights into the future prospects of this cutting-edge gene editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Zahedipour
- Microbiology Department, Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zahedipour
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parvin Zamani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Apinda N, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Muenthaisong A, Sangkakam K, Nambooppha B, Rittipornlertrak A, Koonyosying P, Nair V, Sthitmatee N. Efficiency of NHEJ-CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre-LoxP Engineered Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus Expressing Pasteurella multocida OmpH Protein for Fowl Cholera Prevention in Ducks. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1498. [PMID: 37766174 PMCID: PMC10535566 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fowl cholera is caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, a highly transmissible avian ailment with significant global implications, leading to substantial economic repercussions. The control of fowl cholera outbreaks primarily relies on vaccination using traditional vaccines that are still in use today despite their many limitations. In this research, we describe the development of a genetically engineered herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) that carries the OmpH gene from P. multocida integrated into UL 45/46 intergenic region using CRISPR/Cas9-NHEJ and Cre-Lox system editing. The integration and expression of the foreign cassettes were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), indirect immunofluorescence assays, and Western blot assays. The novel recombinant virus (rHVT-OmpH) demonstrated stable integration of the OmpH gene even after 15 consecutive in vitro passages, along with similar in vitro growth kinetics as the parent HVT virus. The protective efficacy of the rHVT-OmpH vaccine was evaluated in vaccinated ducks by examining the levels of P. multocida OmpH-specific antibodies in serum samples using ELISA. Groups of ducks that received the rHVT-OmpH vaccine or the rOmpH protein with Montanide™ (SEPPIC, Paris, France) adjuvant exhibited high levels of antibodies, in contrast to the negative control groups that received the parental HVT or PBS. The recombinant rHVT-OmpH vaccine also provided complete protection against exposure to virulent P. multocida X-73 seven days post-vaccination. This outcome not only demonstrates that the HVT vector possesses many characteristics of an ideal recombinant viral vaccine vector for protecting non-chicken hosts, such as ducks, but also represents significant research progress in identifying a modern, effective vaccine candidate for combatting ancient infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisachon Apinda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.A.); (A.M.); (K.S.); (B.N.); (A.R.); (P.K.)
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (V.N.)
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (V.N.)
| | - Anucha Muenthaisong
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.A.); (A.M.); (K.S.); (B.N.); (A.R.); (P.K.)
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Sangkakam
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.A.); (A.M.); (K.S.); (B.N.); (A.R.); (P.K.)
| | - Boondarika Nambooppha
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.A.); (A.M.); (K.S.); (B.N.); (A.R.); (P.K.)
| | - Amarin Rittipornlertrak
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.A.); (A.M.); (K.S.); (B.N.); (A.R.); (P.K.)
| | - Pongpisid Koonyosying
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.A.); (A.M.); (K.S.); (B.N.); (A.R.); (P.K.)
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (V.N.)
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.A.); (A.M.); (K.S.); (B.N.); (A.R.); (P.K.)
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Naeem M, Alkhodairy HF, Ashraf I, Khalil AB. CRISPR/Cas System Toward the Development of Next-Generation Recombinant Vaccines: Current Scenario and Future Prospects. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2023; 48:1-11. [PMID: 36185592 PMCID: PMC9510529 DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The initially developed vaccines were relying mostly on attenuation and inactivation of pathogens. The use of recombinant DNA technology allows the targeting of immune responses focused against a few protective antigens. The conventional recombination methods for generating vaccines are time-consuming, laborious, and less efficient. To overcome these limitations, a new precise CRISPR/Cas9 with high efficacy, specificity, and low-cost properties has solved a lot of current problems of recombinant vaccines that intrigued the inspiration for novel recombinant vaccine development. CRISPR/Cas9 system was discovered as a bacterial adaptive immune system. In the domain of virology, CRISPR/Cas9 is used to engineer the virus genome to understand the fundamentals of viral pathogenesis, gene therapy, and virus-host interactions. One step ahead CRISPR/Cass9 bypassed the vaccine to precisely engineer the B-cells to secrete the specific antibodies against deadly viral pathogens. There is a critical literature review gap especially in the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to generate recombinant vaccines against viral diseases and its prospective application to engineering the B-cells in immunocompromised people. This review heights the application of CRISPR/Cas9 compared to conventional approaches for the development of recombinant vaccine vectors, editing the genes of B-cells, and challenges that need to be overcome. The factors affecting CRISPR/Cas9-edited recombinant vaccines and prospects in the context of viral genome editing for the development of vaccines will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanoof Fahd Alkhodairy
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqra Ashraf
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Amjad Bajes Khalil
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261 Saudi Arabia
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Ravikumar R, Chan J, Prabakaran M. Vaccines against Major Poultry Viral Diseases: Strategies to Improve the Breadth and Protective Efficacy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061195. [PMID: 35746665 PMCID: PMC9230070 DOI: 10.3390/v14061195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry is the largest source of meat and eggs for human consumption worldwide. However, viral outbreaks in farmed stock are a common occurrence and a major source of concern for the industry. Mortality and morbidity resulting from an outbreak can cause significant economic losses with subsequent detrimental impacts on the global food supply chain. Mass vaccination is one of the main strategies for controlling and preventing viral infection in poultry. The development of broadly protective vaccines against avian viral diseases will alleviate selection pressure on field virus strains and simplify vaccination regimens for commercial farms with overall savings in husbandry costs. With the increasing number of emerging and re-emerging viral infectious diseases in the poultry industry, there is an urgent need to understand the strategies for broadening the protective efficacy of the vaccines against distinct viral strains. The current review provides an overview of viral vaccines and vaccination regimens available for common avian viral infections, and strategies for developing safer and more efficacious viral vaccines for poultry.
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Zai X, Shi B, Shao H, Qian K, Ye J, Yao Y, Nair V, Qin A. Identification of a Novel Insertion Site HVT-005/006 for the Generation of Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus Vector. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:886873. [PMID: 35694305 PMCID: PMC9174942 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.886873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkey herpesvirus (HVT) has been widely used as a successful live virus vaccine against Marek's disease (MD) in chickens for more than five decades. Increasingly, HVT is also used as a highly effective recombinant vaccine vector against multiple avian pathogens. Conventional recombination, or recombineering, techniques that involve the cloning of viral genomes and, more recently, gene editing methods have been used for the generation of recombinant HVT-based vaccines. In this study, we used NHEJ-dependent CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches to insert the mCherry cassette for the screening of the HVT genome and identifying new potential sites for the insertion of foreign genes. A novel intergenic site HVT-005/006 in the unique long (UL) region of the HVT genome was identified, and mCherry was found to be stably expressed when inserted at this site. To confirm whether this site was suitable for the insertion of other exogenous genes, haemagglutinin (HA) of the H9N2 virus was inserted into this site, and a recombinant HVT-005/006-HA was rescued. The recombinant HVT-HA can grow well and express HA protein stably, which demonstrated that HVT-005/006 is a promising site for the insertion of foreign genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Zai
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
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Apinda N, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Reddy VRAP, Chang P, Nair V, Sthitmatee N. CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of Duck Enteritis Virus Genome for the Construction of a Recombinant Vaccine Vector Expressing ompH Gene of Pasteurella multocida in Two Novel Insertion Sites. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050686. [PMID: 35632442 PMCID: PMC9147145 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck enteritis virus (DEV) and Pasteurella multocida, the causative agent of duck plague and fowl cholera, are acute contagious diseases and leading causes of morbidity and mortality in duck. The NHEJ-CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing strategy, accompanied with the Cre–Lox system, have been employed in the present study to show that two new sites at UL55-LORF11 and UL44-44.5 loci in the genome of the attenuated Jansen strain of DEV can be used for the stable expression of the outer membrane protein H (ompH) gene of P. multocida that could be used as a bivalent vaccine candidate with the potential of protecting ducks simultaneously against major viral and bacterial pathogens. The two recombinant viruses, DEV-OmpH-V5-UL55-LORF11 and DEV-OmpH-V5-UL44-44.5, with the insertion of ompH-V5 gene at the UL55-LORF11 and UL44-44.5 loci respectively, showed similar growth kinetics and plaque size, compared to the wildtype virus, confirming that the insertion of the foreign gene into these did not have any detrimental effects on DEV. This is the first time the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been applied to insert a highly immunogenic gene from bacteria into the DEV genome rapidly and efficiently. This approach offers an efficient way to introduce other antigens into the DEV genome for multivalent vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisachon Apinda
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (P.C.); (V.N.)
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (P.C.); (V.N.)
| | | | - Pengxiang Chang
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (P.C.); (V.N.)
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (V.R.A.P.R.); (P.C.); (V.N.)
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Excellence Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53-948-017; Fax: +66-53-948-041
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A Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus Expressing the F Protein of Newcastle Disease Virus Genotype XII Generated by NHEJ-CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre-LoxP Systems Confers Protection against Genotype XII Challenge in Chickens. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040793. [PMID: 35458523 PMCID: PMC9030537 DOI: 10.3390/v14040793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a new recombinant virus rHVT-F using a Turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vector, expressing the fusion (F) protein of the genotype XII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) circulating in Peru. We evaluated the viral shedding and efficacy against the NDV genotype XII challenge in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The F protein expression cassette was inserted in the unique long (UL) UL45–UL46 intergenic locus of the HVT genome by utilizing a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene-editing technology via a non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair pathway. The rHVT-F virus, which expressed the F protein stably in vitro and in vivo, showed similar growth kinetics to the wild-type HVT (wtHVT) virus. The F protein expression of the rHVT-F virus was detected by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), Western blotting, and a flow cytometry assay. The presence of an NDV-specific IgY antibody was detected in serum samples by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in SPF chickens vaccinated with the rHVT-F virus. In the challenge experiment, the rHVT-F vaccine fully protects a high, and significantly reduced, virus shedding in oral at 5 days post-challenge (dpc). In conclusion, this new rHVT-F vaccine candidate is capable of fully protecting SPF chickens against the genotype XII challenge.
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Najafi S, Tan SC, Aghamiri S, Raee P, Ebrahimi Z, Jahromi ZK, Rahmati Y, Sadri Nahand J, Piroozmand A, Jajarmi V, Mirzaei H. Therapeutic potentials of CRISPR-Cas genome editing technology in human viral infections. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112743. [PMID: 35228065 PMCID: PMC8872819 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are a common cause of morbidity worldwide. The emergence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to more attention to viral infections and finding novel therapeutics. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has been recently proposed as a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of viral diseases. Here, we review the research progress in the use of CRISPR-Cas technology for treating viral infections, as well as the strategies for improving the delivery of this gene-editing tool in vivo. Key challenges that hinder the widespread clinical application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology are also discussed, and several possible directions for future research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Najafi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shing Cheng Tan
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahin Aghamiri
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pourya Raee
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ebrahimi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Kargar Jahromi
- Central Research Laboratory, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Yazdan Rahmati
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Piroozmand
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Vahid Jajarmi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence to: Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395-4818, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,Corresponding author at: Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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11
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Gupta R, Kazi TA, Dey D, Ghosh A, Ravichandiran V, Swarnakar S, Roy S, Biswas SR, Ghosh D. CRISPR detectives against SARS-CoV-2: a major setback against COVID-19 blowout. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7593-7605. [PMID: 34542686 PMCID: PMC8450312 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has brought the world to a standstill, and till date, effective treatments and diagnostics against this idiosyncratic pathogen are lacking. As compared to the standard WHO/CDC qPCR detection method, which consumes several hours for detection, CRISPR-based SHERLOCK, DETECTR, and FELUDA have emerged as rapid diagnostic tools for the detection of the RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 within an hour with 100% accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. These attributes of CRISPR-based detection technologies have taken themselves one step ahead of available detection systems and are emerging as an inevitable tool for quick detection of the virus. Further, the discovery of Cas13s nucleases and their orthologs has opened a new corridor for exploitation of Cas13s as an antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2 and other viral diseases. One such approach is Prophylactic Antiviral CRISPR in huMAN cells (PACMAN), which needs a long haul to bring into therapy. The approval of SHERLOCK as the first CRISPR-based SARS-CoV-2 test kit by the FDA, for emergency diagnosis of COVID-19 patients, has given positive hope to scientists that sooner human trials of CRISPR-based therapy will be ratified. In this review, we have extensively reviewed the present CRISPR-based approaches, challenges, and future prospects in the light of diagnostics and therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. KEY POINTS: • The discovery of Cas12 and Cas13 siblings allowed scientists to detect the viral genes. • Cas13d's identification aided scientists in precisely cleaving the SARS-CoV-2 ssRNA. • CRISPR-Cas system acts as "molecular detector and antiviral proctor."
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Gupta
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Dhritiman Dey
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | | | - V Ravichandiran
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Snehasikta Swarnakar
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Dipanjan Ghosh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India.
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12
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Abkallo HM, Svitek N, Oduor B, Awino E, Henson SP, Oyola SO, Mwalimu S, Assad-Garcia N, Fuchs W, Vashee S, Steinaa L. Rapid CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of Genotype IX African Swine Fever Virus Circulating in Eastern and Central Africa. Front Genet 2021; 12:733674. [PMID: 34527025 PMCID: PMC8435729 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.733674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a contagious and fatal disease of domestic pigs that has significant economic consequences for the global swine industry. Due to the lack of effective treatment and vaccines against African swine fever, there is an urgent need to leverage cutting-edge technologies and cost-effective approaches for generating and purifying recombinant virus to fast-track the development of live-attenuated ASFV vaccines. Here, we describe the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and a cost-effective cloning system to produce recombinant ASFVs. Combining these approaches, we developed a recombinant virus lacking the non-essential gene A238L (5EL) in the highly virulent genotype IX ASFV (ASFV-Kenya-IX-1033) genome in less than 2 months as opposed to the standard homologous recombination with conventional purification techniques which takes up to 6 months on average. Our approach could therefore be a method of choice for less resourced laboratories in developing nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein M Abkallo
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicholas Svitek
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Oduor
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elias Awino
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sonal P Henson
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel O Oyola
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Mwalimu
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nacrya Assad-Garcia
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
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13
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Tang N, Zhang Y, Shen Z, Yao Y, Nair V. Application of CRISPR-Cas9 Editing for Virus Engineering and the Development of Recombinant Viral Vaccines. CRISPR J 2021; 4:477-490. [PMID: 34406035 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas technology, discovered originally as a bacterial defense system, has been extensively repurposed as a powerful tool for genome editing for multiple applications in biology. In the field of virology, CRISPR-Cas9 technology has been widely applied on genetic recombination and engineering of genomes of various viruses to ask some fundamental questions about virus-host interactions. Its high efficiency, specificity, versatility, and low cost have also provided great inspiration and hope in the field of vaccinology to solve a series of bottleneck problems in the development of recombinant viral vaccines. This review highlights the applications of CRISPR editing in the technological advances compared to the traditional approaches used for the construction of recombinant viral vaccines and vectors, the main factors affecting their application, and the challenges that need to be overcome for further streamlining their effective usage in the prevention and control of diseases. Factors affecting efficiency, target specificity, and fidelity of CRISPR-Cas editing in the context of viral genome editing and development of recombinant vaccines are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Tang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Binzhou, P.R. China; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Binzhou, P.R. China; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Methods for the Manipulation of Herpesvirus Genome and the Application to Marek's Disease Virus Research. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061260. [PMID: 34200544 PMCID: PMC8228275 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are a group of double-strand DNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including humans and animals. In the past decades, numerous methods have been developed to manipulate herpesviruses genomes, from the introduction of random mutations to specific genome editing. The development of genome manipulation methods has largely advanced the study of viral genes function, contributing not only to the understanding of herpesvirus biology and pathogenesis, but also the generation of novel vaccines and therapies to control and treat diseases. In this review, we summarize the major methods of herpesvirus genome manipulation with emphasis in their application to Marek’s disease virus research.
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15
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Latest Advances of Virology Research Using CRISPR/Cas9-Based Gene-Editing Technology and Its Application to Vaccine Development. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050779. [PMID: 33924851 PMCID: PMC8146441 DOI: 10.3390/v13050779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-editing techniques have been well developed and applied widely in several aspects of research in the biological sciences, in many species, including humans, animals, plants, and even in viruses. Modification of the viral genome is crucial for revealing gene function, virus pathogenesis, gene therapy, genetic engineering, and vaccine development. Herein, we have provided a brief review of the different technologies for the modification of the viral genomes. Particularly, we have focused on the recently developed CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-editing system, detailing its origin, functional principles, and touching on its latest achievements in virology research and applications in vaccine development, especially in large DNA viruses of humans and animals. Future prospects of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-editing technology in virology research, including the potential shortcomings, are also discussed.
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16
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Ding R, Long J, Yuan M, Jin Y, Yang H, Chen M, Chen S, Duan G. CRISPR/Cas System: A Potential Technology for the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:639108. [PMID: 33968799 PMCID: PMC8102830 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.639108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The continued global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses a serious threat to global public health and social stability and it has become a serious global public health problem. Unfortunately, existing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the prevention and control of COVID-19 have many shortcomings. In recent years, the emerging CRISPR/Cas technology can complement the problems of traditional methods. Biological tools based on CRISPR/Cas systems have been widely used in biomedicine. In particular, they are advantageous in pathogen detection, clinical antiviral therapy, drug, and vaccine development. Therefore, CRISPR/Cas technology may have great potential for application in the prevention and control of COVID-19 and emerging infectious diseases in the future. This article summarizes the existing applications of CRISPR/Cas technology in infectious diseases with the aim of providing effective strategies for the prevention and control of COVID-19 and other emerging infectious diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Ding
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinzhao Long
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingzhu Yuan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengshi Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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17
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Vilela J, Rohaim MA, Munir M. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 in Understanding Avian Viruses and Developing Poultry Vaccines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:581504. [PMID: 33330126 PMCID: PMC7732654 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.581504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein nuclease 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) technology offers novel approaches to precisely, cost-effectively, and user-friendly edit genomes for a wide array of applications and across multiple disciplines. This methodology can be leveraged to underpin host-virus interactions, elucidate viral gene functions, and to develop recombinant vaccines. The successful utilization of CRISPR/Cas9 in editing viral genomes has paved the way of developing novel and multiplex viral vectored poultry vaccines. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 can be exploited to rectify major limitations of conventional approaches including reversion to virulent form, recombination with field viruses and transgene, and genome instability. This review provides comprehensive analysis of the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique in understanding avian virus-host interactions and developing novel poultry vaccines. Finally, we discuss the simplest and practical aspects of genome editing approaches in generating multivalent recombinant poultry vaccines that conform simultaneous protection against major avian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Vilela
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, The Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed A Rohaim
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, The Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, The Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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18
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Generation of A Triple Insert Live Avian Herpesvirus Vectored Vaccine Using CRISPR/Cas9-Based Gene Editing. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010097. [PMID: 32098149 PMCID: PMC7157232 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT), used originally as a vaccine against Marek’s disease (MD), has recently been shown to be a highly effective viral vector for generation of recombinant vaccines that deliver protective antigens of other avian pathogens. Until the recent launch of commercial HVT-vectored dual insert vaccines, most of the HVT-vectored vaccines in the market carry a single foreign gene and are usually developed with slow and less efficient conventional recombination methods. There is immense value in developing multivalent HVT-vectored vaccines capable of inducing simultaneous protection against multiple avian pathogens, particularly to overcome the interference between individual recombinant HVT vaccines. Here we demonstrate the use of a previously developed CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing protocol for the insertion of ILTV gD-gI and the H9N2 AIV hemagglutinin expression cassettes into the distinct locations of the recombinant HVT-IBDV VP2 viral genome, to generate the triple insert HVT-VP2-gDgI-HA recombinant vaccine. The insertion, protein expression, and stability of each insert were then evaluated by PCR, immunostaining and Western blot analyses. The successful generation of the first triple insert recombinant HVT vaccine with the potential for the simultaneous protection against three major avian viral diseases in addition to MD is a major innovation in vaccination-based control of major poultry diseases.
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