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Cao X, Huang L, Tang M, Liang Y, Liu X, Hou H, Liang S. Antibiotics daptomycin interacts with S protein of SARS-CoV-2 to promote cell invasion of Omicron (B1.1.529) pseudovirus. Virulence 2024; 15:2339703. [PMID: 38576396 PMCID: PMC11057663 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2339703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has posed enormous challenges to global public health. The use of antibiotics has greatly increased during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic owing to the presence of bacterial co-infection and secondary bacterial infections. The antibiotics daptomycin (DAP) is widely used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by gram-positive bacteria owing to its highly efficient antibacterial activity. It is pivotal to study the antibiotics usage options for patients of coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) with pneumonia those need admission to receive antibiotics treatment for bacterial co-infection in managing COVID-19 disease. Herein, we have revealed the interactions of DAP with the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 and the variant Omicron (B1.1.529) using the molecular docking approach and Omicron (B1.1.529) pseudovirus (PsV) mimic invasion. Molecular docking analysis shows that DAP has a certain degree of binding ability to the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 and several derived virus variants, and co-incubation of 1-100 μM DAP with cells promotes the entry of the PsV into human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2)-expressing HEK-293T cells (HEK-293T-hACE2), and this effect is related to the concentration of extracellular calcium ions (Ca2+). The PsV invasion rate in the HEK-293T-hACE2 cells concurrently with DAP incubation was 1.7 times of PsV infection alone. In general, our findings demonstrate that DAP promotes the infection of PsV into cells, which provides certain reference of antibiotics selection and usage optimization for clinicians to treat bacterial coinfection or secondary infection during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinpeng Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huijin Hou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shufang Liang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Rothoeft T, Maier C, Talarico A, Hoffmann A, Schlegtendal A, Lange B, Petersmann A, Denz R, Timmesfeld N, Toepfner N, Vidal-Blanco E, Pfaender S, Lücke T, Brinkmann F. Natural and hybrid immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents. Infection 2024; 52:1449-1458. [PMID: 38499828 PMCID: PMC11288991 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In contrast to adults, immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents with natural or hybrid immunity is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyze different immune compartments in different age groups and whether humoral immune reactions correlate with a cellular immune response. METHODS 72 children and adolescents with a preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited. 37 were vaccinated with an RNA vaccine (BNT162b2). Humoral immunity was analyzed 3-26 months (median 10 months) after infection by measuring Spike protein (S), nucleocapsid (NCP), and neutralizing antibodies (nAB). Cellular immunity was analyzed using a SARS-CoV-2-specific interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). RESULTS All children and adolescents had S antibodies; titers were higher in those with hybrid immunity (14,900 BAU/ml vs. 2118 BAU/ml). NCP antibodies were detectable in > 90%. Neutralizing antibodies (nAB) were more frequently detected (90%) with higher titers (1914 RLU) in adolescents with hybrid immunity than in children with natural immunity (62.5%, 476 RLU). Children with natural immunity were less likely to have reactive IGRAs (43.8%) than adolescents with hybrid immunity (85%). The amount of interferon-γ released by T cells was comparable in natural and hybrid immunity. CONCLUSION Spike antibodies are the most reliable markers to monitor an immune reaction against SARS-CoV-2. High antibody titers of spike antibodies and nAB correlated with cellular immunity, a phenomenon found only in adolescents with hybrid immunity. Hybrid immunity is associated with markedly higher antibody titers and a higher probability of a cellular immune response than a natural immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rothoeft
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
| | - C Maier
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Talarico
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Hoffmann
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Schlegtendal
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - B Lange
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - A Petersmann
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - R Denz
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - N Timmesfeld
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - N Toepfner
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - E Vidal-Blanco
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - S Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - T Lücke
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - F Brinkmann
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
- University Children's Hospital, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
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3
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Sun Y, Huang W, Xiang H, Nie J. SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Assays Used in Clinical Trials: A Narrative Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:554. [PMID: 38793805 PMCID: PMC11125816 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of COVID-19, extensive research efforts have been undertaken to accelerate the development of multiple types of vaccines to combat the pandemic. These include inactivated, recombinant subunit, viral vector, and nucleic acid vaccines. In the development of these diverse vaccines, appropriate methods to assess vaccine immunogenicity are essential in both preclinical and clinical studies. Among the biomarkers used in vaccine evaluation, the neutralizing antibody level serves as a pivotal indicator for assessing vaccine efficacy. Neutralizing antibody detection methods can mainly be classified into three types: the conventional virus neutralization test, pseudovirus neutralization test, and surrogate virus neutralization test. Importantly, standardization of these assays is critical for their application to yield results that are comparable across different laboratories. The development and use of international or regional standards would facilitate assay standardization and facilitate comparisons of the immune responses induced by different vaccines. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the principles, advantages, limitations, and application of different SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays in vaccine clinical trials. This will provide guidance for the development and evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102629, China;
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102629, China;
| | - Hongyu Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102629, China;
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4
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Trischitta P, Tamburello MP, Venuti A, Pennisi R. Pseudovirus-Based Systems for Screening Natural Antiviral Agents: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5188. [PMID: 38791226 PMCID: PMC11121416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, researchers have been working tirelessly to discover effective ways to combat coronavirus infection. The use of computational drug repurposing methods and molecular docking has been instrumental in identifying compounds that have the potential to disrupt the binding between the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and human ACE2 (hACE2). Moreover, the pseudovirus approach has emerged as a robust technique for investigating the mechanism of virus attachment to cellular receptors and for screening targeted small molecule drugs. Pseudoviruses are viral particles containing envelope proteins, which mediate the virus's entry with the same efficiency as that of live viruses but lacking pathogenic genes. Therefore, they represent a safe alternative to screen potential drugs inhibiting viral entry, especially for highly pathogenic enveloped viruses. In this review, we have compiled a list of antiviral plant extracts and natural products that have been extensively studied against enveloped emerging and re-emerging viruses by pseudovirus technology. The review is organized into three parts: (1) construction of pseudoviruses based on different packaging systems and applications; (2) knowledge of emerging and re-emerging viruses; (3) natural products active against pseudovirus-mediated entry. One of the most crucial stages in the life cycle of a virus is its penetration into host cells. Therefore, the discovery of viral entry inhibitors represents a promising therapeutic option in fighting against emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Trischitta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Tamburello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.)
| | - Assunta Venuti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 69366 Lyon, CEDEX 07, France;
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.)
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5
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Wu G, Li Q, Dai J, Mao G, Ma Y. Design and Application of Biosafe Coronavirus Engineering Systems without Virulence. Viruses 2024; 16:659. [PMID: 38793541 PMCID: PMC11126016 DOI: 10.3390/v16050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last twenty years, three deadly zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs)-namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2-have emerged. They are considered highly pathogenic for humans, particularly SARS-CoV-2, which caused the 2019 CoV disease pandemic (COVID-19), endangering the lives and health of people globally and causing unpredictable economic losses. Experiments on wild-type viruses require biosafety level 3 or 4 laboratories (BSL-3 or BSL-4), which significantly hinders basic virological research. Therefore, the development of various biosafe CoV systems without virulence is urgently needed to meet the requirements of different research fields, such as antiviral and vaccine evaluation. This review aimed to comprehensively summarize the biosafety of CoV engineering systems. These systems combine virological foundations with synthetic genomics techniques, enabling the development of efficient tools for attenuated or non-virulent vaccines, the screening of antiviral drugs, and the investigation of the pathogenic mechanisms of novel microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (G.W.); (Q.L.); (J.D.)
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Qiaoyu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (G.W.); (Q.L.); (J.D.)
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Junbiao Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (G.W.); (Q.L.); (J.D.)
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Guobin Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (G.W.); (Q.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Yingxin Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (G.W.); (Q.L.); (J.D.)
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6
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Su YW, Qiu YZ, Wang YH, Xu Y, Huang CC, Zhang Q, Su C, Ma JH, Liu W, Liu Y, Zhao MS, Yang HY, Li CL, Lu X. Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous boosting with a bivalent SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (XBB.1.5/BQ.1) in Chinese participants aged 18 years or more: A randomised, double-blinded, active-controlled phase 1 trial. Vaccine 2024; 42:2438-2447. [PMID: 38461050 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Continuous emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants urges the development of new vaccines. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of SYS6006.32, a bivalent vaccine (XBB.1.5/BQ.1), in healthy adults who had received SARS-CoV-2 primary vaccination. In a randomised, double-blinded, active-controlled trial, 200 participants were randomised to receive one dose of SYS6006.32 (N = 100) or a prototype-based, monovalent control vaccine SYS6006 (N = 100). Adverse events (AEs) were collected through the study. Immunogenicity was assessed by live-virus neutralising antibody (Nab) and pseudovirus Nab. 61 (61.0 %) and 60 (60.0 %) participants reported AE in the SYS6006.32 and SYS6006 groups, respectively. Most AEs were grade 1 or 2. Pain and fever were the most common injection-site and systemic AEs, respectively. No serious AEs were observed. SYS6006.32 heterologous boosting induced robust Nab responses against BA.5, XBB.1.5 and EG.5 with live-virus Nab geometric mean titres (GMTs) increased by 17.1-, 34.0-, and 48.0-fold, and pseudovirus Nab GMTs increased by 12.2-, 32.0-, and 35.1-fold, respectively, 14 days after vaccination. SYS6006.32 demonstrated a superior immunogenicity to SYS6006. SYS6006.32 also induced robust pseudovirus Nab responses against XBB.1.16, XBB.2.3, and BA.2.86, with GMTs 3- to 6-fold higher than those induced by SYS6006. In conclusion, SYS6006.32 showed good safety profile and superior immunogenicity to the monovalent vaccine SYS6006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Su
- National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China; National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuan-Zheng Qiu
- CSPC Megalith Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yuan-Hui Wang
- National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Xu
- National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao-Chao Huang
- National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China; National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chang Su
- National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China; National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun-Heng Ma
- National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China; National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen Liu
- National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China; National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute for In Vitro Diagnostic Regents Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Zhao
- CSPC Megalith Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Han-Yu Yang
- CSPC Megalith Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chun-Lei Li
- CSPC Megalith Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Xiang Lu
- National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China; National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China.
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7
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Thümmler L, Beckmann N, Sehl C, Soddemann M, Braß P, Bormann M, Brochhagen L, Elsner C, Hoertel N, Cougoule C, Ciesek S, Widera M, Dittmer U, Lindemann M, Horn PA, Witzke O, Kadow S, Kamler M, Gulbins E, Becker KA, Krawczyk A. Fluoxetine and Sertraline Potently Neutralize the Replication of Distinct SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Viruses 2024; 16:545. [PMID: 38675888 PMCID: PMC11053511 DOI: 10.3390/v16040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is still a major health problem. Newly emerging variants and long-COVID-19 represent a challenge for the global health system. In particular, individuals in developing countries with insufficient health care need easily accessible, affordable and effective treatments of COVID-19. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase against infections with various viruses, including early variants of SARS-CoV-2. This work investigated whether the acid sphingomyelinase inhibitors fluoxetine and sertraline, usually used as antidepressant molecules in clinical practice, can inhibit the replication of the former and recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants in vitro. Fluoxetine and sertraline potently inhibited the infection with pseudotyped virus-like particles and SARS-CoV-2 variants D614G, alpha, delta, omicron BA.1 and omicron BA.5. These results highlight fluoxetine and sertraline as priority candidates for large-scale phase 3 clinical trials at different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infections, either alone or in combination with other medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thümmler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (P.B.); (M.B.); (L.B.); (O.W.)
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.L.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Nadine Beckmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (C.S.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (E.G.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Carolin Sehl
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (C.S.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (E.G.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Matthias Soddemann
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (C.S.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (E.G.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Peer Braß
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (P.B.); (M.B.); (L.B.); (O.W.)
| | - Maren Bormann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (P.B.); (M.B.); (L.B.); (O.W.)
| | - Leonie Brochhagen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (P.B.); (M.B.); (L.B.); (O.W.)
| | - Carina Elsner
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.E.); (U.D.)
| | - Nicolas Hoertel
- Institute Psychiatry and Neuroscience de Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris Cité University, 75014 Paris, France;
- Psychiatry and Addiction Department Corentin-Celton Hospital (AP-HP), 92130 Paris, France
| | - Céline Cougoule
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS), CNRS, University of Toulouse, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France;
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.C.); (M.W.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, 60311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.E.); (U.D.)
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.L.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.L.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (P.B.); (M.B.); (L.B.); (O.W.)
| | - Stephanie Kadow
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (C.S.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (E.G.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Markus Kamler
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (C.S.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (E.G.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Katrin Anne Becker
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (C.S.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (E.G.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (P.B.); (M.B.); (L.B.); (O.W.)
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.E.); (U.D.)
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Cantoni D, Wilkie C, Bentley EM, Mayora-Neto M, Wright E, Scott S, Ray S, Castillo-Olivares J, Heeney JL, Mattiuzzo G, Temperton NJ. Correlation between pseudotyped virus and authentic virus neutralisation assays, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184362. [PMID: 37790941 PMCID: PMC10544934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The virus neutralization assay is a principal method to assess the efficacy of antibodies in blocking viral entry. Due to biosafety handling requirements of viruses classified as hazard group 3 or 4, pseudotyped viruses can be used as a safer alternative. However, it is often queried how well the results derived from pseudotyped viruses correlate with authentic virus. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to comprehensively evaluate the correlation between the two assays. Methods Using PubMed and Google Scholar, reports that incorporated neutralisation assays with both pseudotyped virus, authentic virus, and the application of a mathematical formula to assess the relationship between the results, were selected for review. Our searches identified 67 reports, of which 22 underwent a three-level meta-analysis. Results The three-level meta-analysis revealed a high level of correlation between pseudotyped viruses and authentic viruses when used in an neutralisation assay. Reports that were not included in the meta-analysis also showed a high degree of correlation, with the exception of lentiviral-based pseudotyped Ebola viruses. Conclusion Pseudotyped viruses identified in this report can be used as a surrogate for authentic virus, though care must be taken in considering which pseudotype core to use when generating new uncharacterised pseudotyped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cantoni
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Wilkie
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Surajit Ray
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel James Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
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9
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Overheu O, Lendowski S, Quast DR, Kühn D, Vidal Blanco E, Kraeft AL, Steinmann E, Kourti E, Lugnier C, Steinmann J, Reinacher-Schick A, Pfaender S. Longitudinal data on humoral response and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and subvariants BA.4/5 and BQ.1.1 after COVID-19 vaccination in cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:10633-10644. [PMID: 37300723 PMCID: PMC10257184 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern (VOC) and subvariants like BQ.1.1 demonstrate immune evasive potential. Little is known about the efficacy of booster vaccinations regarding this VOC and subvariants in cancer patients. This study is among the first to provide data on neutralizing antibodies (nAb) against BQ.1.1. METHODS Cancer patients at our center were prospectively enrolled between 01/2021 and 02/2022. Medical data and blood samples were collected at enrollment and before and after every SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS We analyzed 408 samples from 148 patients (41% female), mainly with solid tumors (85%) on active therapy (92%; 80% chemotherapy). SARS-CoV-2 IgG and nAb titers decreased over time, however, significantly increased following third vaccination (p < 0.0001). NAb (ND50) against Omicron BA.1 was minimal prior and increased significantly after the third vaccination (p < 0.0001). ND50 titers against BQ.1.1 after the third vaccination were significantly lower than against BA.1 and BA.4/5 (p < 0.0001) and undetectable in half of the patients (48%). Factors associated with impaired immune response were hematologic malignancies, B cell depleting therapy and higher age. Choice of vaccine, sex and treatment with chemo-/immunotherapy did not influence antibody response. Patients with breakthrough infections had significantly lower nAb titers after both 6 months (p < 0.001) and the third vaccination (p = 0.018). CONCLUSION We present the first data on nAb against BQ.1.1 following the third vaccination in cancer patients. Our results highlight the threat that new emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants pose to cancer patients and support efforts to apply repeated vaccines. Since a considerable number of patients did not display an adequate immune response, continuing to exhibit caution remains reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Overheu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Palliative Care, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Simon Lendowski
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Palliative Care, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel R Quast
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Kühn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elena Vidal Blanco
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Kraeft
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Palliative Care, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eleni Kourti
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Palliative Care, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Celine Lugnier
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Palliative Care, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joerg Steinmann
- Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, Klinikum Nürnberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Anke Reinacher-Schick
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Palliative Care, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
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10
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Zou J, Kurhade C, Chang HC, Hu Y, Meza JA, Beaver D, Trinh K, Omlid J, Elghetany B, Desai R, McCaffrey P, Garcia JD, Shi PY, Ren P, Xie X. An Integrated Research-Clinical BSL-2 Platform for a Live SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Assay. Viruses 2023; 15:1855. [PMID: 37766263 PMCID: PMC10536566 DOI: 10.3390/v15091855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A reliable and efficient serological test is crucial for monitoring neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern (VOCs). Here, we present an integrated research-clinical platform for a live SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay, utilizing highly attenuated SARS-CoV-2 (Δ3678_WA1-spike). This strain contains mutations in viral transcription regulation sequences and deletion in the open-reading-frames 3, 6, 7, and 8, allowing for safe handling in biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) laboratories. Building on this backbone, we constructed a genetically stable reporter virus (mGFP Δ3678_WA1-spike) by incorporating a modified green fluorescent protein sequence (mGFP). We also constructed mGFP Δ3678_BA.5-spike and mGFP Δ3678_XBB.1.5-spike by substituting the WA1 spike with variants BA.5 and XBB.1.5 spike, respectively. All three viruses exhibit robust fluorescent signals in infected cells and neutralization titers in an optimized fluorescence reduction neutralization assay that highly correlates with a conventional plaque reduction assay. Furthermore, we established that a streamlined robot-aided Bench-to-Clinics COVID-19 Neutralization Test workflow demonstrated remarkably sensitive, specific, reproducible, and accurate characteristics, allowing the assessment of neutralization titers against SARS-CoV-2 variants within 24 h after sample receiving. Overall, our innovative approach provides a valuable avenue for large-scale testing of clinical samples against SARS-CoV-2 and VOCs at BSL-2, supporting pandemic preparedness and response strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Chaitanya Kurhade
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Hope C Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Yanping Hu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jose A Meza
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - David Beaver
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ky Trinh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Joseph Omlid
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bassem Elghetany
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ragini Desai
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Peter McCaffrey
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Juan D Garcia
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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11
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Emanuel J, Papies J, Galander C, Adler JM, Heinemann N, Eschke K, Merz S, Pischon H, Rose R, Krumbholz A, Kulić Ž, Lehner MD, Trimpert J, Müller MA. In vitro and in vivo effects of Pelargonium sidoides DC. root extract EPs ® 7630 and selected constituents against SARS-CoV-2 B.1, Delta AY.4/AY.117 and Omicron BA.2. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1214351. [PMID: 37564181 PMCID: PMC10410074 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1214351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of immune-evasive SARS-CoV-2 strains emphasizes the importance to search for broad-acting antiviral compounds. Our previous in vitro study showed that Pelargonium sidoides DC. root extract EPs® 7630 has combined antiviral and immunomodulatory properties in SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung cells. Here we assessed in vivo effects of EPs® 7630 in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters, and investigated properties of EPs® 7630 and its functionally relevant constituents in context of phenotypically distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants. We show that EPs® 7630 reduced viral load early in the course of infection and displayed significant immunomodulatory properties positively modulating disease progression in hamsters. In addition, we find that EPs® 7630 differentially inhibits SARS-CoV-2 variants in nasal and bronchial human airway epithelial cells. Antiviral effects were more pronounced against Omicron BA.2 compared to B.1 and Delta, the latter two preferring TMPRSS2-mediated fusion with the plasma membrane for cell entry instead of receptor-mediated low pH-dependent endocytosis. By using SARS-CoV-2 Spike VSV-based pseudo particles (VSVpp), we confirm higher EPs® 7630 activity against Omicron Spike-VSVpp, which seems independent of the serine protease TMPRSS2, suggesting that EPs® 7630 targets endosomal entry. We identify at least two molecular constituents of EPs® 7630, i.e., (-)-epigallocatechin and taxifolin with antiviral effects on SARS-CoV-2 replication and cell entry. In summary, our study shows that EPs® 7630 ameliorates disease outcome in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters and has enhanced activity against Omicron, apparently by limiting late endosomal SARS-CoV-2 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Emanuel
- Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Papies
- Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Celine Galander
- Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia M. Adler
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Heinemann
- Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Eschke
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Ruben Rose
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Labor Dr. Krause und Kollegen MVZ GmbH, Kiel, Germany
| | - Žarko Kulić
- Preclinical R&D, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH and Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin D. Lehner
- Preclinical R&D, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH and Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel A. Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Wu X, Fang N, Liang Z, Nie J, Lang S, Fan C, Liang C, Huang W, Wang Y. Development of a Bioluminescent Imaging Mouse Model for SARS-CoV-2 Infection Based on a Pseudovirus System. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1133. [PMID: 37514949 PMCID: PMC10385336 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains widely pandemic around the world. Animal models that are sensitive to the virus are therefore urgently needed to evaluate potential vaccines and antiviral agents; however, SARS-CoV-2 requires biosafety level 3 containment. To overcome this, we developed an animal model using the intranasal administration of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. As the pseudovirus contains the firefly luciferase reporter gene, infected tissues and the viral load could be monitored by in vivo bioluminescent imaging. We used the model to evaluate the protective efficacy of monoclonal antibodies and the tissue tropism of different variants. The model may also be a useful tool for the safe and convenient preliminary evaluation of the protective efficacy of vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2, as well as the treatment efficacy of anti-viral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Nana Fang
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Ziteng Liang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Sen Lang
- National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Changfa Fan
- National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Chunnan Liang
- National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100006, China
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
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13
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Gradauskaite V, Inglebert M, Doench J, Scherer M, Dettwiler M, Wyss M, Shrestha N, Rottenberg S, Plattet P. LRP6 Is a Functional Receptor for Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus. mBio 2023; 14:e0311422. [PMID: 36645301 PMCID: PMC9973313 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03114-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild-type canine distemper virus (CDV) is an important pathogen of dogs as well as wildlife that can infect immune and epithelial cells through two known receptors: the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) and nectin-4, respectively. Conversely, the ferret and egg-adapted CDV-Onderstepoort strain (CDV-OP) is employed as an effective vaccine for dogs. CDV-OP also exhibits promising oncolytic properties, such as its abilities to infect and kill multiple cancer cells in vitro. Interestingly, several cancer cells do not express SLAM or nectin-4, suggesting the presence of a yet unknown entry factor for CDV-OP. By conducting a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (KO) screen in CDV-OP-susceptible canine mammary carcinoma P114 cells, which neither express SLAM nor nectin-4, we identified low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) as a host factor that promotes CDV-OP infectivity. Whereas the genetic ablation of LRP6 rendered cells resistant to infection, ectopic expression in resistant LRP6KO cells restored susceptibility. Furthermore, multiple functional studies revealed that (i) the overexpression of LRP6 leads to increased cell-cell fusion, (ii) a soluble construct of the viral receptor-binding protein (solHOP) interacts with a soluble form of LRP6 (solLRP6), (iii) an H-OP point mutant that prevents interaction with solLRP6 abrogates cell entry in multiple cell lines once transferred into recombinant viral particles, and (iv) vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotyped with CDV-OP envelope glycoproteins loses its infectivity in LRP6KO cells. Collectively, our study identified LRP6 as the long sought-after cell entry receptor of CDV-OP in multiple cell lines, which set the molecular bases to refine our understanding of viral-cell adaptation and to further investigate its oncolytic properties. IMPORTANCE Oncolytic viruses (OV) have gathered increasing interest in recent years as an alternative option to treat cancers. The Onderstepoort strain of canine distemper virus (CDV-OP), an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus, is employed as a safe and efficient vaccine for dogs against distemper disease. Importantly, although CDV-OP can infect and kill multiple cancer cell lines, the basic mechanisms of entry remain to be elucidated, as most of those transformed cells do not express natural receptors (i.e., SLAM and nectin-4). In this study, using a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen, we describe the discovery of LRP6 as a novel functional entry receptor for CDV-OP in various cancer cell lines and thereby uncover a basic mechanism of cell culture adaptation. Since LRP6 is upregulated in various cancer types, our data provide important insights in order to further investigate the oncolytic properties of CDV-OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaiva Gradauskaite
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marine Inglebert
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - John Doench
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melanie Scherer
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Dettwiler
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Wyss
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Neeta Shrestha
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Plattet
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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14
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Klüpfel J, Paßreiter S, Rumpf M, Christa C, Holthoff HP, Ungerer M, Lohse M, Knolle P, Protzer U, Elsner M, Seidel M. Automated detection of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in minutes using a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:391-404. [PMID: 36346456 PMCID: PMC9643999 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shown the importance of rapid and comprehensive diagnostic tools. While there are numerous rapid antigen tests available, rapid serological assays for the detection of neutralizing antibodies are and will be needed to determine not only the amount of antibodies formed after infection or vaccination but also their neutralizing potential, preventing the cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. Current active-virus neutralization assays require biosafety level 3 facilities, while virus-free surrogate assays are more versatile in applications, but still take typically several hours until results are available. To overcome these disadvantages, we developed a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay that enables the detection of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies within 7 min. The neutralizing antibodies bind to the viral receptor binding domain (RBD) and inhibit the binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. This competitive binding inhibition test was characterized with a set of 80 samples, which could all be classified correctly. The assay results favorably compare to those obtained with a more time-intensive ELISA-based neutralization test and a commercial surrogate neutralization assay. Our test could further be used to detect individuals with a high total IgG antibody titer, but only a low neutralizing titer, as well as for monitoring neutralizing antibodies after vaccinations. This effective performance in SARS-CoV-2 seromonitoring delineates the potential for the test to be adapted to other diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klüpfel
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sandra Paßreiter
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Melina Rumpf
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Catharina Christa
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Martin Ungerer
- ISAR Bioscience GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Martin Lohse
- ISAR Bioscience GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology/Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 Munich, Germany ,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Seidel
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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15
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Heinen N, Marheinecke CS, Bessen C, Blazquez-Navarro A, Roch T, Stervbo U, Anft M, Plaza-Sirvent C, Busse S, Klöhn M, Schrader J, Vidal Blanco E, Urlaub D, Watzl C, Hoffmann M, Pöhlmann S, Tenbusch M, Steinmann E, Todt D, Hagenbeck C, Zimmer G, Schmidt WE, Quast DR, Babel N, Schmitz I, Pfänder S. In-depth analysis of T cell immunity and antibody responses in heterologous prime-boost-boost vaccine regimens against SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron variant. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1062210. [PMID: 36618413 PMCID: PMC9811676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1062210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variants of Concern (VOCs), vaccination studies that elucidate the efficiency and effectiveness of a vaccination campaign are critical to assess the durability and the protective immunity provided by vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been found to induce robust humoral and cell-mediated immunity in individuals vaccinated with homologous vaccination regimens. Recent studies also suggest improved immune response against SARS-CoV-2 when heterologous vaccination strategies are employed. Yet, few data exist on the extent to which heterologous prime-boost-boost vaccinations with two different vaccine platforms have an impact on the T cell-mediated immune responses with a special emphasis on the currently dominantly circulating Omicron strain. In this study, we collected serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 57 study participants of median 35-year old's working in the health care field, who have received different vaccination regimens. Neutralization assays revealed robust but decreased neutralization of Omicron VOC, including BA.1 and BA.4/5, compared to WT SARS-CoV-2 in all vaccine groups and increased WT SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibodies titers in homologous mRNA prime-boost-boost study participants. By investigating cytokine production, we found that homologous and heterologous prime-boost-boost-vaccination induces a robust cytokine response of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Collectively, our results indicate robust humoral and T cell mediated immunity against Omicron in homologous and heterologous prime-boost-boost vaccinated study participants, which might serve as a guide for policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Heinen
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Clara Bessen
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Arturo Blazquez-Navarro
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toralf Roch
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrik Stervbo
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Moritz Anft
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Busse
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mara Klöhn
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jil Schrader
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elena Vidal Blanco
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Doris Urlaub
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Hagenbeck
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Robert Quast
- Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pfänder
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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16
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Faissner S, Heitmann N, Rohling R, Ceylan U, Bongert M, Plaza-Sirvent C, Marheinecke C, Pedreiturria X, Ayzenberg I, Hellwig K, Schmitz I, Pfaender S, Gold R. Preserved T-cell response in anti-CD20-treated multiple sclerosis patients following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2022; 15:17562864221141505. [PMCID: PMC9742512 DOI: 10.1177/17562864221141505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has tremendous implications for the management of patients with autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) under immune therapies targeting CD20+ B cells (aCD20). Objectives: Here, we investigated humoral and cellular immune responses, including anti-spike titers, neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 wild-type (WT), delta, and omicron variant and T cell responses of aCD20-treated relapsing–remitting MS patients following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination compared with healthy controls. Methods: Blood samples were collected within 4–8 weeks following the second vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Sera were analyzed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies and neutralization capacity against pseudovirus for wild-type (WT), delta, and omicron variant. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with a SARS-CoV-2 peptide pool and analyzed via flow cytometry. Results: The aCD20-treated MS patients had lower anti-SARS-CoV-2-spike titers, which correlated with B cell repopulation. Sera of aCD20-treated patients had reduced capacity to neutralize WT, delta, and omicron pseudoviruses in vitro. On the contrary, PBMCs of aCD20-treated patients elicited higher frequencies of CD3+ T cells and CD4+ T cells and comparable response of cytotoxic T cells, while Th1 response was reduced following restimulation with SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion: In summary, aCD20-treated patients have a reduced humoral immune response, depending on B cell repopulation, in accordance with preserved cellular immune response, suggesting partial cellular protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neele Heitmann
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ricarda Rohling
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulas Ceylan
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Corinna Marheinecke
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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17
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Bessen C, Plaza-Sirvent C, Simsek A, Bhat J, Marheinecke C, Urlaub D, Bonowitz P, Busse S, Schumann S, Blanco EV, Skaletz-Rorowski A, Brockmeyer NH, Overheu O, Reinacher-Schick A, Faissner S, Watzl C, Pfaender S, Potthoff A, Schmitz I. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on systemic immune responses in people living with HIV. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1049070. [PMID: 36532034 PMCID: PMC9755486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1049070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of vaccines, which protect healthy people from severe and life-threatening Covid-19, the immunological responses of people with secondary immunodeficiencies to these vaccines remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in a cohort of people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving anti-retroviral therapy. While antibody responses in PLWH increased progressively after each vaccination, they were significantly reduced compared to the HIV-negative control group. This was particularly noteworthy for the Delta and Omicron variants. In contrast, CD4+ Th cell responses exhibited a vaccination-dependent increase, which was comparable in both groups. Interestingly, CD4+ T cell activation negatively correlated with the CD4 to CD8 ratio, indicating that low CD4+ T cell numbers do not necessarily interfere with cellular immune responses. Our data demonstrate that despite the lower CD4+ T cell counts SARS-CoV-2 vaccination results in potent cellular immune responses in PLWH. However, the reduced humoral response also provides strong evidence to consider PLWH as vulnerable group and suggests subsequent vaccinations being required to enhance their protection against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bessen
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Agit Simsek
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jaydeep Bhat
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Corinna Marheinecke
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Doris Urlaub
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Petra Bonowitz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sandra Busse
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schumann
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elena Vidal Blanco
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Adriane Skaletz-Rorowski
- WIR - Walk In Ruhr, Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, Bochum, Germany,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Interdisciplinary Immunological Outpatient Clinic, Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Norbert H. Brockmeyer
- WIR - Walk In Ruhr, Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, Bochum, Germany,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Interdisciplinary Immunological Outpatient Clinic, Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver Overheu
- Department of Hematology, Oncology with Palliative Care, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anke Reinacher-Schick
- Department of Hematology, Oncology with Palliative Care, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon Faissner
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anja Potthoff
- WIR - Walk In Ruhr, Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, Bochum, Germany,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Interdisciplinary Immunological Outpatient Clinic, Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany,*Correspondence: Ingo Schmitz,
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18
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Taddeo A, Veiga IB, Devisme C, Boss R, Plattet P, Weigang S, Kochs G, Thiel V, Benarafa C, Zimmer G. Optimized intramuscular immunization with VSV-vectored spike protein triggers a superior immune response to SARS-CoV-2. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:82. [PMID: 35879345 PMCID: PMC9309237 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-vectored COVID-19 vaccine candidates expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in place of the VSV glycoprotein relies implicitly on expression of the ACE2 receptor at the muscular injection site. Here, we report that such a viral vector vaccine did not induce protective immunity following intramuscular immunization of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. However, when the viral vector was trans-complemented with the VSV glycoprotein, intramuscular immunization resulted in high titers of spike-specific neutralizing antibodies. The vaccinated animals were fully protected following infection with a lethal dose of SARS-CoV-2-SD614G via the nasal route, and partially protected if challenged with the SARS-CoV-2Delta variant. While dissemination of the challenge virus to the brain was completely inhibited, replication in the lung with consequent lung pathology was not entirely controlled. Thus, intramuscular immunization was clearly enhanced by trans-complementation of the VSV-vectored vaccines by the VSV glycoprotein and led to protection from COVID-19, although not achieving sterilizing immunity.
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19
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High-throughput analysis of anti-poliovirus neutralization antibody titre in human serum by the pseudovirus neutralization test. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16074. [PMID: 36167892 PMCID: PMC9514167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To monitor vulnerability of countries to poliovirus (PV) outbreaks, serosurveillance of anti-PV neutralization antibody is conducted by conventional PV neutralization test (cPNT), which uses live PV strains. We previously developed a pseudovirus PV neutralization test (pPNT) as an alternative to cPNT, which uses PV pseudovirus that expresses luciferase as a reporter in the infection without producing infectious PV. In the present study, we established a high-throughput pPNT (HTpPNT) for a large-scale serosurveillance. The HTpPNT system was evaluated with 600 human serum samples obtained from a broad range of age groups of healthy volunteers (ages of 0–89 years). HTpPNT showed high correlation with cPNT (R2 for anti-type 1, 2, and 3 PV neutralization antibody titres are 0.90, 0.84, and 0.90, respectively). By using HTpPNT, we analyzed relative neutralizing antibody titre of the sera against a type 1 PV wild-type strain (Mahoney strain) to that against the type 1 Sabin strain. As a result, a correlation between the age (≥ 60 years) and the relative neutralizing antibody titre was observed (n = 15–16, P = 0.0000023–0.041), while the types of PV vaccine (i.e., oral PV vaccine and Sabin strain-based IPV) had no effect. HTpPNT would serve as a useful alternative to cPNT in a large-scale serosurveillance.
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20
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Schlör A, Hirschberg S, Amor GB, Meister TL, Arora P, Pöhlmann S, Hoffmann M, Pfaender S, Eddin OK, Kamhieh-Milz J, Hanack K. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies as powerful tools for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:930975. [PMID: 36189209 PMCID: PMC9517167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe ongoing COVID-19 pandemic situation caused by SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern such as B.1.617.2 (Delta) and recently, B.1.1.529 (Omicron) is posing multiple challenges to humanity. The rapid evolution of the virus requires adaptation of diagnostic and therapeutic applications.ObjectivesIn this study, we describe camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (hcAb) as useful tools for novel in vitro diagnostic assays and for therapeutic applications due to their neutralizing capacity.MethodsFive antibody candidates were selected out of a naïve camelid library by phage display and expressed as full length IgG2 antibodies. The antibodies were characterized by Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, surface plasmon resonance with regard to their specificity to the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and to SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles. Neutralization assays were performed with authentic SARS-CoV-2 and pseudotyped viruses (wildtype and Omicron).ResultsAll antibodies efficiently detect recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles in different ELISA setups. The best combination was shown with hcAb B10 as catcher antibody and HRP-conjugated hcAb A7.2 as the detection antibody. Further, four out of five antibodies potently neutralized authentic wildtype SARS-CoV-2 and particles pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins of the wildtype and Omicron variant, sublineage BA.1 at concentrations between 0.1 and 0.35 ng/mL (ND50).ConclusionCollectively, we report novel camelid hcAbs suitable for diagnostics and potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Hirschberg
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Toni Luise Meister
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Prerna Arora
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center– Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center– Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center– Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Julian Kamhieh-Milz
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Wimedko GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Hanack
- New/era/mabs GmbH, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- *Correspondence: Katja Hanack,
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21
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Faissner S, Heitmann N, Plaza-Sirvent C, Trendelenburg P, Ceylan U, Motte J, Bessen C, Urlaub D, Watzl C, Overheu O, Reinacher-Schick A, Hellwig K, Pfaender S, Schmitz I, Gold R. Immune response in ofatumumab treated multiple sclerosis patients after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:980526. [PMID: 36119053 PMCID: PMC9471319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The pandemic induced by SARS-CoV-2 has huge implications for patients with immunosuppression that is caused by disorders or specific treatments. Especially approaches targeting B cells via anti-CD20 therapy are associated with impaired humoral immune response but sustained cellular immunity. Ofatumumab is a human anti-CD20 directed antibody applied in low dosages subcutaneously, recently licensed for Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Effects of early ofatumumab treatment on alterations of immune cell composition and immune response towards SARS-CoV-2 are incompletely understood. Methods We here investigated immune cell alterations in early ofatumumab (Ofa) treated patients and effects on humoral (titer, neutralization capacity against wild type, Delta and Omicron) and cellular immune responses in Ofa treated MS patients following a third vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 compared to healthy controls. Results We show that a mean treatment duration of three months in the Ofa group led to near complete B cell depletion in line with altered composition of certain CD4+ T cell subpopulations such as enhanced frequencies of naive and a decrease of non-suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). Titer and neutralization capacity against SARS-CoV-2 variants was impaired while cellular immune response was sustained, characterized by a strong T helper 1 profile (Th1). Interpretation In summary, low dosage ofatumumab treatment elicits sustained depletion of B cells in line with alterations of immune cells, mainly Tregs. This is associated with impaired humoral immune response towards SARS-CoV-2 vaccination but preserved, Th1 driven cellular immunity adding crucial information regarding early effects of low dosage anti-CD20 therapy on humoral and cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Faissner
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Simon Faissner,
| | - Neele Heitmann
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Paulina Trendelenburg
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulas Ceylan
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jeremias Motte
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Clara Bessen
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Doris Urlaub
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) Technical University (TU) Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) Technical University (TU) Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Overheu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Palliative Care, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anke Reinacher-Schick
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Palliative Care, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
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22
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Callegari I, Schneider M, Berloffa G, Mühlethaler T, Holdermann S, Galli E, Roloff T, Boss R, Infanti L, Khanna N, Egli A, Buser A, Zimmer G, Derfuss T, Sanderson NSR. Potent neutralization by monoclonal human IgM against SARS-CoV-2 is impaired by class switch. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53956. [PMID: 35548920 PMCID: PMC9253785 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the class‐dependent properties of anti‐viral IgM antibodies, we use membrane antigen capture activated cell sorting to isolate spike‐protein‐specific B cells from donors recently infected with SARS‐CoV‐2, allowing production of recombinant antibodies. We isolate 20, spike‐protein‐specific antibodies of classes IgM, IgG, and IgA, none of which shows any antigen‐independent binding to human cells. Two antibodies of class IgM mediate virus neutralization at picomolar concentrations, but this potency is lost following artificial switch to IgG. Although, as expected, the IgG versions of the antibodies appear to have lower avidity than their IgM parents, this is not sufficient to explain the loss of potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Callegari
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mika Schneider
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giuliano Berloffa
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Mühlethaler
- Biophysics Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Holdermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Galli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Roloff
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renate Boss
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Infanti
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Buser
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas S R Sanderson
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Zou J, Xia H, Shi PY, Xie X, Ren P. A Single-Round Infection Fluorescent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Test for COVID-19 Serological Testing at a Biosafety Level-2 Laboratory. Viruses 2022; 14:1211. [PMID: 35746682 PMCID: PMC9230609 DOI: 10.3390/v14061211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A robust serological test to measure neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in biosafety level-2 (BSL-2) laboratories is useful for monitoring antibody response after vaccination or natural infection. The gold standard assay is the conventional plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) which requires extensive labor, live viruses, and BSL-3 facilities. Recently, we developed a novel single-round infection fluorescent SARS-CoV-2 virus (SFV) that can be safely used at BSL-2 laboratories for high-throughput neutralization and antiviral testing. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the neutralization test using this SFV with 80 PRNT-positive and 92 PRNT-negative clinical serum or plasma specimens. The SFV neutralization test (SFVNT) has 100% sensitivity and specificity compared to the PRNT. Furthermore, the neutralizing titers generated by the SFVNT and PRNT are highly correlated, with R2 = 0.903 (p < 0.0001). Due to high sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and reproducibility, the SFVNT can be deployed for the large-scale testing of COVID-19 patients or vaccinated people in general lab settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (P.-Y.S.)
| | - Hongjie Xia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (P.-Y.S.)
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (P.-Y.S.)
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (P.-Y.S.)
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ping Ren
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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24
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Kobayashi R, Suzuki E, Murai R, Tanaka M, Fujiya Y, Takahashi S. Performance analysis among multiple fully automated anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody measurement reagents: A potential indicator for the correlation of protection in the antibody titer. J Infect Chemother 2022; 28:1295-1303. [PMID: 35667939 PMCID: PMC9149151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background To evaluate the performance of various reagents in automated analyzers for antibody detection against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods Using 100 serum samples from 100 individual patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection, the precision, linearity, determination agreement, and correlation of five qualitative reagents (Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2, ARCHITECT SARS-CoV-2 IgG, ARCHITECT SARS-CoV-2 IgM, Access SARS-CoV-2 IgM, and SARS-CoV-2 IgM) and four quantitative reagents (Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S, ARCHITECT SARS-CoV-2 IgG II, Access SARS-CoV-2 IgG 1st IS, and SARS-COV-2 IgG S) were analyzed. A surrogate virus-neutralizing test (sVNT) kit was used to evaluate the measurement value of each quantitative reagent corresponding to the amount of neutralizing antibody, similar to that of patients in the late stage of infection. Results Precision and linearity were found to be sufficient for clinical use. Five discrepant samples were observed in the positive and negative judgments of the qualitative reagents for IgG, and one discrepant sample was observed in the qualitative reagent for IgM. Although the measurement values of the quantitative reagents were different, they were correlated with each reagent. The reference values inferred from the sVNT were Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2: 71.8 U/L, ARCHITECT SARS-CoV-2 IgGⅡ: 2976.3 AU/mL, Access SARS-CoV-2 IgG 1st IS: 689.6 IU/mL, and SARS-CoV-2 IgG S: 19.3 U/L. Conclusions The performance observed for each anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection reagent was sufficient. The reference values based on the inhibition rate of sVNT have potential as indicators of the correlation of protection and are expected to be leveraged in automated antibody tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kobayashi
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Ema Suzuki
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Ryosei Murai
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Makito Tanaka
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fujiya
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan; Division of Infection Control, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
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25
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Petitjean SJL, Chen W, Koehler M, Jimmidi R, Yang J, Mohammed D, Juniku B, Stanifer ML, Boulant S, Vincent SP, Alsteens D. Multivalent 9-O-Acetylated-sialic acid glycoclusters as potent inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2564. [PMID: 35538121 PMCID: PMC9091252 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants illustrates the urgent need to better understand the molecular details of the virus binding to its host cell and to develop anti-viral strategies. While many studies focused on the role of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in the infection, others suggest the important role of cell attachment factors such as glycans. Here, we use atomic force microscopy to study these early binding events with the focus on the role of sialic acids (SA). We show that SARS-CoV-2 binds specifically to 9-O-acetylated-SA with a moderate affinity, supporting its role as an attachment factor during virus landing to cell host surfaces. For therapeutic purposes and based on this finding, we have designed novel blocking molecules with various topologies and carrying a controlled number of SA residues, enhancing affinity through a multivalent effect. Inhibition assays show that the AcSA-derived glycoclusters are potent inhibitors of cell binding and infectivity, offering new perspectives in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell surface attachment factors, such as glycans, play an important role in viral infection. Here, Petitjean et al. show that SARS-CoV-2 specifically binds to 9-Oacetylated sialic acid and have designed novel inhibitors based on multivalent derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J L Petitjean
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Wenzhang Chen
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry (NARILIS), UNamur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Melanie Koehler
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ravikumar Jimmidi
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry (NARILIS), UNamur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jinsung Yang
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Danahe Mohammed
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Blinera Juniku
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | | | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. .,Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Wavre, Belgium.
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26
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Mohamed FF, Anhlan D, Schöfbänker M, Schreiber A, Classen N, Hensel A, Hempel G, Scholz W, Kühn J, Hrincius ER, Ludwig S. Hypericum perforatum and Its Ingredients Hypericin and Pseudohypericin Demonstrate an Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:530. [PMID: 35631357 PMCID: PMC9146521 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For almost two years, the COVID-19 pandemic has constituted a major challenge to human health, particularly due to the lack of efficient antivirals to be used against the virus during routine treatment interventions. Multiple treatment options have been investigated for their potential inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2. Natural products, such as plant extracts, may be a promising option, as they have shown an antiviral activity against other viruses in the past. Here, a quantified extract of Hypericum perforatum was tested and found to possess a potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. The antiviral potency of the extract could be attributed to the naphtodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin, in contrast to other tested ingredients of the plant material, which did not show any antiviral activity. Hypericum perforatum and its main active ingredient hypericin were also effective against different SARS-CoV-2 variants (Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron). Concerning its mechanism of action, evidence was obtained that Hypericum perforatum and hypericin may hold a direct virus-blocking effect against SARS-CoV-2 virus particles. Taken together, the presented data clearly emphasize the promising antiviral activity of Hypericum perforatum and its active ingredients against SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakry F. Mohamed
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (F.F.M.); (D.A.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.R.H.)
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Darisuren Anhlan
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (F.F.M.); (D.A.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.R.H.)
| | - Michael Schöfbänker
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (F.F.M.); (D.A.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.R.H.)
| | - André Schreiber
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (F.F.M.); (D.A.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.R.H.)
| | - Nica Classen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (N.C.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Hensel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (N.C.); (A.H.)
| | - Georg Hempel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | | | - Joachim Kühn
- Division of Clinical Virology, Institute of Virology, University Hospital Muenster, 48151 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Eike R. Hrincius
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (F.F.M.); (D.A.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.R.H.)
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (F.F.M.); (D.A.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.R.H.)
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27
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Walter JD, Scherer M, Hutter CAJ, Garaeva AA, Zimmermann I, Wyss M, Rheinberger J, Ruedin Y, Earp JC, Egloff P, Sorgenfrei M, Hürlimann LM, Gonda I, Meier G, Remm S, Thavarasah S, van Geest G, Bruggmann R, Zimmer G, Slotboom DJ, Paulino C, Plattet P, Seeger MA. Biparatopic sybodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and mitigate drug resistance. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54199. [PMID: 35253970 PMCID: PMC8982573 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic represents an unprecedented global health crisis. Here, we report the identification of a synthetic nanobody (sybody) pair, Sb#15 and Sb#68, that can bind simultaneously to the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike RBD and efficiently neutralize pseudotyped and live viruses by interfering with ACE2 interaction. Cryo‐EM confirms that Sb#15 and Sb#68 engage two spatially discrete epitopes, influencing rational design of bispecific and tri‐bispecific fusion constructs that exhibit up to 100‐ and 1,000‐fold increase in neutralization potency, respectively. Cryo‐EM of the sybody‐spike complex additionally reveals a novel up‐out RBD conformation. While resistant viruses emerge rapidly in the presence of single binders, no escape variants are observed in the presence of the bispecific sybody. The multivalent bispecific constructs further increase the neutralization potency against globally circulating SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern. Our study illustrates the power of multivalency and biparatopic nanobody fusions for the potential development of therapeutic strategies that mitigate the emergence of new SARS‐CoV‐2 escape mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Walter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Scherer
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cedric A J Hutter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alisa A Garaeva
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Membrane Enzymology at the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan Zimmermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Linkster Therapeutics AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Wyss
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Rheinberger
- Department of Structural Biology at the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yelena Ruedin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer C Earp
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Egloff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Linkster Therapeutics AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Sorgenfrei
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lea M Hürlimann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Imre Gonda
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gianmarco Meier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sille Remm
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sujani Thavarasah
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Geert van Geest
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dirk J Slotboom
- Department of Membrane Enzymology at the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Paulino
- Department of Membrane Enzymology at the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Structural Biology at the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Plattet
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus A Seeger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Ashur I, Alter J, Werbner M, Ogungbile A, Dessau M, Gal-Tanamy M, Vernick S. Rapid electrochemical immunodetection of SARS-CoV-2 using a pseudo-typed vesicular stomatitis virus model. Talanta 2022; 239:123147. [PMID: 34920254 PMCID: PMC8667521 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for reliable and accurate diagnostic tools that provide quantitative results at the point of care. Real-time RT-PCR requires large laboratories, a skilled workforce, complex and costly equipment, and labor-intensive sample processing. Despite tremendous efforts, scaling up RT-PCR tests is seemingly unattainable. To date, hundreds of millions of COVID-19 tests have been performed globally, but the demand for timely, accurate testing continues to outstrip supply. Antigen-based rapid diagnostic testing is emerging as an alternative to RT-PCR. However, the performance of these tests, namely their sensitivity, is still inadequate. To overcome the limitations of currently employed diagnostic tests, new tools that are both sensitive and scalable are urgently needed. We have developed a miniaturized electrochemical biosensor based on the integration of specific monoclonal antibodies with a biochip and a measurement platform, and applied it in the detection of Spike S1 protein, the binding protein of SARS-CoV-2. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, quantitative detection of sub-nanomolar concentrations of Spike S1 was demonstrated, exhibiting a broad detection range. To demonstrate the applicability of the biosensor, we have further developed a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus based on Spike protein-pseudo-typed VSV platform. Specific detection of different concentrations of pseudovirus particles was feasible in <30 min. This new tool may largely contribute to the fight against COVID-19 by enabling intensive testing to be performed and alleviating most of the hurdles that plague current diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Ashur
- Department of Sensing, Information and Mechanization Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO Volcani Center, 68 Hamaccabim Rd, Rishon lezion, 5025001, Israel.
| | - Joel Alter
- The Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
| | - Michal Werbner
- Molecular Virology Lab, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
| | - Abraham Ogungbile
- Department of Sensing, Information and Mechanization Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO Volcani Center, 68 Hamaccabim Rd, Rishon lezion, 5025001, Israel; Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel.
| | - Moshe Dessau
- The Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
| | - Meital Gal-Tanamy
- Molecular Virology Lab, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
| | - Sefi Vernick
- Department of Sensing, Information and Mechanization Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO Volcani Center, 68 Hamaccabim Rd, Rishon lezion, 5025001, Israel.
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29
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Huang L, Li Y, Luo C, Chen Y, Touil N, Annaz HE, Zeng S, Dang T, Liang J, Hu W, Xu H, Tu J, Wang L, Shen Y, Liu GL. Novel nanostructure-coupled biosensor platform for one-step high-throughput quantification of serum neutralizing antibody after COVID-19 vaccination. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 199:113868. [PMID: 34920226 PMCID: PMC8651493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination efficacy depends on serum levels of the neutralizing antibodies (NAs) specific to the receptor-binding domain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. Therefore, a high-throughput rapid assay capable of measuring the total SARS-CoV-2 NA level is urgently needed for COVID-19 serodiagnosis, convalescent plasma therapy, vaccine development, and assessment. Here, we developed a novel nanoplasmonic immunosorbent assay (NanoPISA) platform for one-step rapid quantification of SARS-CoV-2 NAs in clinical serum samples for high-throughput evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness. The NanoPISA platform enhanced by the use of nanoporous hollow gold nanoparticle coupling was able to detect SARS-CoV-2 NAs with a limit of detection of 0.2 pM within 15 min without washing steps. The one-step NanoPISA for SARS-CoV-2 NA detection in clinical specimens yielded good results, comparable with those obtained in the gold-standard seroneutralization test and the surrogate virus-neutralizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Collectively, the one-step NanoPISA might be a rapid and high-throughput NA-quantification platform for evaluating the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luo Yu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Liangzhun (Shanghai) Industrial Co. Ltd., 1582 Gu Mei Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luo Yu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Changyou Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Youqian Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luo Yu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Liangzhun (Shanghai) Industrial Co. Ltd., 1582 Gu Mei Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Nadia Touil
- Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Med V, Rabat, Um5, Souissi, 10000, Morocco
| | - Hicham-El Annaz
- Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Med V, Rabat, Um5, Souissi, 10000, Morocco
| | - Shaoqi Zeng
- Liangzhun (Shanghai) Industrial Co. Ltd., 1582 Gu Mei Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Tang Dang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luo Yu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jiawei Liang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luo Yu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luo Yu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Hao Xu
- Liangzhun (Shanghai) Industrial Co. Ltd., 1582 Gu Mei Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jiasheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Gang L Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luo Yu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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30
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Mou L, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Hong H, Xia Y, Jiang X. Multiplexed Lab-on-a-Chip Bioassays for Testing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants in Multiple Individuals. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2510-2516. [PMID: 35080377 PMCID: PMC8805706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutralization assays that can measure neutralizing antibodies in serum are vital for large-scale serodiagnosis and vaccine evaluation. Here, we establish multiplexed lab-on-a-chip bioassays for testing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants. Compared with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), our method exhibits a low consumption of sample and reagents (10 μL), a low limit of detection (LOD: 0.08 ng/mL), a quick sample-to-answer time (about 70 min), and multiplexed ability (5 targets in each of 7 samples in one assay). We can also increase the throughput as needed. The concentrations of antibodies against RBD, D614G, N501Y, E484K, and L452R/E484Q-mutants after two doses of vaccines are 6.6 ± 3.6, 8.7 ± 4.6, 3.4 ± 2.8, 3.8 ± 2.8, and 2.8 ± 2.3 ng/mL, respectively. This suggests that neutralizing activities against N501Y, E484K, and L452R/E484Q-mutants were less effective than RBD and D614G-mutant. We performed a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for all volunteers. Compared with PRNT, our assay is fast, accurate, inexpensive, and multiplexed with multiple-sample processing ability, which is good for large-scale serodiagnosis and vaccine evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mou
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated
Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University
of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated
Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Bao’an Authentic
TCM Therapy Hospital, No. 99, Laian Road, Baoan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518101, P. R. China
| | - Yao Feng
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated
Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Honghai Hong
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated
Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated
Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated
Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University
of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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31
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Maciola AK, La Raja M, Pacenti M, Salata C, De Silvestro G, Rosato A, Pasqual G. Neutralizing Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Recovered COVID-19 Patients Are Variable and Correlate With Disease Severity and Receptor-Binding Domain Recognition. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830710. [PMID: 35173741 PMCID: PMC8841804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused outbreaks of the pandemic starting from the end of 2019 and, despite ongoing vaccination campaigns, still influences health services and economic factors globally. Understanding immune protection elicited by natural infection is of critical importance for public health policy. This knowledge is instrumental to set scientific parameters for the release of “immunity pass” adopted with different criteria across Europe and other countries and to provide guidelines for the vaccination of COVID-19 recovered patients. Here, we characterized the humoral response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 natural infection by analyzing serum samples from 94 COVID-19 convalescent patients with three serological platforms, including live virus neutralization, pseudovirus neutralization, and ELISA. We found that neutralization potency varies greatly across individuals, is significantly higher in severe patients compared with mild ones, and correlates with both Spike and receptor-binding domain (RBD) recognition. We also show that RBD-targeting antibodies consistently represent only a modest proportion of Spike-specific IgG, suggesting broad specificity of the humoral response in naturally infected individuals. Collectively, this study contributes to the characterization of the humoral immune response in the context of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting its variability in terms of neutralization activity, with implications for immune protection in COVID-19 recovered patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Katarzyna Maciola
- Laboratory of Synthetic Immunology, Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo La Raja
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Monia Pacenti
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Rosato
- Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulia Pasqual, ; Antonio Rosato,
| | - Giulia Pasqual
- Laboratory of Synthetic Immunology, Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulia Pasqual, ; Antonio Rosato,
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32
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Salazar-García M, Acosta-Contreras S, Rodríguez-Martínez G, Cruz-Rangel A, Flores-Alanis A, Patiño-López G, Luna-Pineda VM. Pseudotyped Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 Spike for the Study of Variants, Vaccines, and Therapeutics Against Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:817200. [PMID: 35095820 PMCID: PMC8795712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.817200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritized the infectious emerging diseases such as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in terms of research and development of effective tests, vaccines, antivirals, and other treatments. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological causative agent of COVID-19, is a virus belonging to risk group 3 that requires Biosafety Level (BSL)-3 laboratories and the corresponding facilities for handling. An alternative to these BSL-3/-4 laboratories is to use a pseudotyped virus that can be handled in a BSL-2 laboratory for study purposes. Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) can be generated with complementary DNA from complete negative-stranded genomic RNA, with deleted G glycoprotein and, instead, incorporation of other fusion protein, like SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S protein). Accordingly, it is called pseudotyped VSV-SARS-CoV-2 S. In this review, we have described the generation of pseudotyped VSV with a focus on the optimization and application of pseudotyped VSV-SARS-CoV-2 S. The application of this pseudovirus has been addressed by its use in neutralizing antibody assays in order to evaluate a new vaccine, emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants (delta and omicron), and approved vaccine efficacy against variants of concern as well as in viral fusion-focused treatment analysis that can be performed under BSL-2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Salazar-García
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samyr Acosta-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Armando Cruz-Rangel
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Flores-Alanis
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Genaro Patiño-López
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victor M. Luna-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
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33
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Tabata K, Prasad V, Paul D, Lee JY, Pham MT, Twu WI, Neufeldt CJ, Cortese M, Cerikan B, Stahl Y, Joecks S, Tran CS, Lüchtenborg C, V'kovski P, Hörmann K, Müller AC, Zitzmann C, Haselmann U, Beneke J, Kaderali L, Erfle H, Thiel V, Lohmann V, Superti-Furga G, Brügger B, Bartenschlager R. Convergent use of phosphatidic acid for hepatitis C virus and SARS-CoV-2 replication organelle formation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7276. [PMID: 34907161 PMCID: PMC8671429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Double membrane vesicles (DMVs) serve as replication organelles of plus-strand RNA viruses such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and SARS-CoV-2. Viral DMVs are morphologically analogous to DMVs formed during autophagy, but lipids driving their biogenesis are largely unknown. Here we show that production of the lipid phosphatidic acid (PA) by acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT) 1 and 2 in the ER is important for DMV biogenesis in viral replication and autophagy. Using DMVs in HCV-replicating cells as model, we found that AGPATs are recruited to and critically contribute to HCV and SARS-CoV-2 replication and proper DMV formation. An intracellular PA sensor accumulated at viral DMV formation sites, consistent with elevated levels of PA in fractions of purified DMVs analyzed by lipidomics. Apart from AGPATs, PA is generated by alternative pathways and their pharmacological inhibition also impaired HCV and SARS-CoV-2 replication as well as formation of autophagosome-like DMVs. These data identify PA as host cell lipid involved in proper replication organelle formation by HCV and SARS-CoV-2, two phylogenetically disparate viruses causing very different diseases, i.e. chronic liver disease and COVID-19, respectively. Host-targeting therapy aiming at PA synthesis pathways might be suitable to attenuate replication of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tabata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vibhu Prasad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Paul
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Minh-Tu Pham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Woan-Ing Twu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher J Neufeldt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Berati Cerikan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Stahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Joecks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- LI-COR Biosciences GmbH, Siemensstrasse 25A, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Cong Si Tran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Philip V'kovski
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Hörmann
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - André C Müller
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carolin Zitzmann
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Uta Haselmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Beneke
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Kaderali
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Holger Erfle
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Britta Brügger
- Biochemistry Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany.
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34
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Embregts CW, Verstrepen B, Langermans JA, Böszörményi KP, Sikkema RS, de Vries RD, Hoffmann D, Wernike K, Smit LA, Zhao S, Rockx B, Koopmans MP, Haagmans BL, Kuiken T, GeurtsvanKessel CH. Evaluation of a multi-species SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization test. One Health 2021; 13:100313. [PMID: 34458548 PMCID: PMC8378998 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Assays to measure SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies are important to monitor seroprevalence, to study asymptomatic infections and to reveal (intermediate) hosts. A recently developed assay, the surrogate virus-neutralization test (sVNT) is a quick and commercially available alternative to the "gold standard" virus neutralization assay using authentic virus, and does not require processing at BSL-3 level. The assay relies on the inhibition of binding of the receptor binding domain (RBD) on the spike (S) protein to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) by antibodies present in sera. As the sVNT does not require species- or isotype-specific conjugates, it can be similarly used for antibody detection in human and animal sera. In this study, we used 298 sera from PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients and 151 sera from patients confirmed with other coronavirus or other (respiratory) infections, to evaluate the performance of the sVNT. To analyze the use of the assay in a One Health setting, we studied the presence of RBD-binding antibodies in 154 sera from nine animal species (cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, ferrets, rabbits, hamsters, cats, cattle, mink and dromedary camels). The sVNT showed a moderate to high sensitivity and a high specificity using sera from confirmed COVID-19 patients (91.3% and 100%, respectively) and animal sera (93.9% and 100%), however it lacked sensitivity to detect low titers. Significant correlations were found between the sVNT outcomes and PRNT50 and the Wantai total Ig and IgM ELISAs. While species-specific validation will be essential, our results show that the sVNT holds promise in detecting RBD-binding antibodies in multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Babs Verstrepen
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A.M. Langermans
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Reina S. Sikkema
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rory D. de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Lidwien A.M. Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Shan Zhao
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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35
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Weigang S, Fuchs J, Zimmer G, Schnepf D, Kern L, Beer J, Luxenburger H, Ankerhold J, Falcone V, Kemming J, Hofmann M, Thimme R, Neumann-Haefelin C, Ulferts S, Grosse R, Hornuss D, Tanriver Y, Rieg S, Wagner D, Huzly D, Schwemmle M, Panning M, Kochs G. Within-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an immunosuppressed COVID-19 patient as a source of immune escape variants. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6405. [PMID: 34737266 PMCID: PMC8568958 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern remains unclear. Here, we test whether intra-host virus evolution during persistent infections could be a contributing factor by characterizing the long-term SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in an immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipient. Applying RT-qPCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of sequential respiratory specimens, we identify several mutations in the viral genome late in infection. We demonstrate that a late viral isolate exhibiting genome mutations similar to those found in variants of concern first identified in UK, South Africa, and Brazil, can escape neutralization by COVID-19 antisera. Moreover, infection of susceptible mice with this patient’s escape variant elicits protective immunity against re-infection with either the parental virus and the escape variant, as well as high neutralization titers against the alpha and beta SARS-CoV-2 variants, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, demonstrating a considerable immune control against such variants of concern. Upon lowering immunosuppressive treatment, the patient generated spike-specific neutralizing antibodies and resolved the infection. Our results suggest that immunocompromised patients could be a source for the emergence of potentially harmful SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, in a longitudinal case study, Weigang et al. demonstrate that evolution of SARS-CoV-2 within a persistently infected immunosuppressed patient can result in the emergence of novel variants with reduced sensitivity to antibody neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Weigang
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Fuchs
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schnepf
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Kern
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julius Beer
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Luxenburger
- Department of Medicine II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Ankerhold
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Falcone
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Janine Kemming
- Department of Medicine II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Department of Medicine II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Ulferts
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hornuss
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept. Med. II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yakup Tanriver
- Division of Nephrology, Dept. Med. IV, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Siegbert Rieg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept. Med. II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Wagner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept. Med. II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Huzly
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Panning
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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36
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Tang H, Gao L, Wu Z, Meng F, Zhao X, Shao Y, Shi X, Qiao S, An J, Du X, Qin FXF. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants N501Y.V1 and N501Y.V2 Spike on Viral Infectivity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:720357. [PMID: 34722330 PMCID: PMC8549493 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.720357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), pathogen of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is constantly evolving to adapt to the host and evade antiviral immunity. The newly emerging variants N501Y.V1 (B.1.1.7) and N501Y.V2 (B.1.351), first reported in the United Kingdom and South Africa respectively, raised concerns due to the unusually rapid global spread. The mutations in spike (S) protein may contribute to the rapid spread of these variants. Here, with a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based pseudotype system, we demonstrated that the pseudovirus bearing N501Y.V2 S protein has higher infection efficiency than pseudovirus with wildtype (WT) and D614G S protein. Moreover, pseudovirus with N501Y.V1 or N501Y.V2 S protein has better thermal stability than WT and D614G, suggesting these mutations of variants may increase the stability of SARS-CoV-2 S protein and virion. However, the pseudovirus bearing N501Y.V1 or N501Y.V2 S protein has similar sensitivity to inhibitors of protease and endocytosis with WT and D614G. These findings could be of value in preventing the spread of virus and developing drugs for emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Tang
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Long Gao
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Fang Meng
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yun Shao
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shigang Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong An
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Du
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - F Xiao-Feng Qin
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
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37
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Shem-Tov N, Yerushalmi R, Danylesko I, Litachevsky V, Levy I, Olmer L, Lusitg Y, Avigdor A, Nagler A, Shimoni A, Rahav G. Immunogenicity and safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. Br J Haematol 2021; 196:884-891. [PMID: 34713441 PMCID: PMC8652777 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity and safety of Pfizer‐BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients are unknown. We prospectively followed 152 HSCT recipients who were at least six months following transplantation and with no active acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD). Blood samples were taken 2–4 weeks after the second vaccination and analyzed for receptor‐binding domain (RBD) antibodies and neutralizing antibodies (NA). 272 immunocompetent healthcare workers served as controls. At a median of 28 days after the second vaccination, 118 patients (77·6%) developed RBD immunoglobulin G (IgG) with a geometric mean titre (GMT) of 2·61 [95% CI (confidence interval), 2·16–3·16]. In the control group 269/272 (98·9%) developed RBD IgG, with a GMT of 5·98 (95% CI 5·70–6·28), P < 0·0001. The GMT of NA in HSCT recipients and controls was 116·0 (95% CI 76·5–175·9), and 427·9 (95% CI 354·3–516·7) respectively (P < 0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that HSCT recipients with no chronic GVHD and no immunosuppressive therapy at the time of vaccination had significantly higher levels of NA following the second vaccination. Adverse events were minimal and were less common than in healthy controls. In conclusion; the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination is safe and effective in HSCT recipients, especially those who are immunosuppression‐free. A significant fraction developed protecting NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Shem-Tov
- Division of Hematology and Bone-Marrow Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Yerushalmi
- Division of Hematology and Bone-Marrow Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ivetta Danylesko
- Division of Hematology and Bone-Marrow Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Itzchak Levy
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Infectious Diseases Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Liraz Olmer
- Bio-statistical and Bio-mathematical Unit, The Gertner Institute of Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yaniv Lusitg
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Abraham Avigdor
- Division of Hematology and Bone-Marrow Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Division of Hematology and Bone-Marrow Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avichai Shimoni
- Division of Hematology and Bone-Marrow Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Galia Rahav
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Infectious Diseases Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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Papies J, Emanuel J, Heinemann N, Kulić Ž, Schroeder S, Tenner B, Lehner MD, Seifert G, Müller MA. Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Pelargonium sidoides DC. Root Extract EPs® 7630 in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Human Lung Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:757666. [PMID: 34759825 PMCID: PMC8573200 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.757666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for COVID-19 are currently limited. Drugs reducing both viral loads and SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammatory responses would be ideal candidates for COVID-19 therapeutics. Previous in vitro and clinical studies suggest that the proprietary Pelargonium sidoides DC. root extract EPs 7630 has antiviral and immunomodulatory properties, limiting symptom severity and disease duration of infections with several upper respiratory viruses. Here we assessed if EPs 7630 affects SARS-CoV-2 propagation and the innate immune response in the human lung cell line Calu-3. In direct comparison to other highly pathogenic CoV (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 growth was most efficiently inhibited at a non-toxic concentration with an IC50 of 1.61 μg/ml. Particularly, the cellular entry step of SARS-CoV-2 was significantly reduced by EPs 7630 pretreatment (10-100 μg/ml) as shown by spike protein-carrying pseudovirus particles and infectious SARS-CoV-2. Using sequential ultrafiltration, EPs 7630 was separated into fractions containing either prodelphinidins of different oligomerization degrees or small molecule constituents like benzopyranones and purine derivatives. Prodelphinidins with a low oligomerization degree and small molecule constituents were most efficient in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 entry already at 10 μg/ml and had comparable effects on immune gene regulation as EPs 7630. Downregulation of multiple pro-inflammatory genes (CCL5, IL6, IL1B) was accompanied by upregulation of anti-inflammatory TNFAIP3 at 48 h post-infection. At high concentrations (100 μg/ml) moderately oligomerized prodelphinidins reduced SARS-CoV-2 propagation most efficiently and exhibited pronounced immune gene modulation. Assessment of cytokine secretion in EPs 7630-treated and SARS-CoV-2-coinfected Calu-3 cells showed that pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 were elevated whereas multiple other COVID-19-associated cytokines (IL-8, IL-13, TNF-α), chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10), and growth factors (PDGF, VEGF-A, CD40L) were significantly reduced by EPs 7630. SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibition and the differential immunomodulatory functions of EPs 7630 against SARS-CoV-2 encourage further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Papies
- Institute of Virology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jackson Emanuel
- Institute of Virology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Heinemann
- Institute of Virology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Žarko Kulić
- Preclinical R & D, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Simon Schroeder
- Institute of Virology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Tenner
- Institute of Virology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin D. Lehner
- Preclinical R & D, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Georg Seifert
- Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, Otto-Heubner Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (OHC), Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcel A. Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
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A bioluminescent and homogeneous SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and hACE2 interaction assay for antiviral screening and monitoring patient neutralizing antibody levels. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18428. [PMID: 34531417 PMCID: PMC8445915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a homogeneous bioluminescent immunoassay based on the interaction between Fc-tagged SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and human ACE2, and its detection by secondary antibodies labeled with NanoLuc luciferase fragments LgBit and SmBit. The assay utility for the discovery of novel inhibitors was demonstrated with a panel of anti-RBD antibodies, ACE2-derived miniproteins and soluble ACE2. Studying the effect of RBD mutations on ACE2 binding showed that the N501Y mutation increased RBD apparent affinity toward ACE2 tenfold that resulted in escaping inhibition by some anti-RBD antibodies. In contrast, while E484K mutation did not highly change the binding affinity, it still escaped antibody inhibition likely due to changes in the epitope recognized by the antibody. Also, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) from COVID-19 positive samples from two distinct regions (USA and Brazil) were successfully detected and the results further suggest the persistence of NAbs for at least 6 months post symptom onset. Finally, sera from vaccinated individuals were tested for NAbs and showed varying neutralizing activity after first and second doses, suggesting the assay can be used to assess immunity of vaccinated populations. Our results demonstrate the broad utility and ease of use of this methodology both for drug discovery and clinical research applications.
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Altawalah H. Antibody Responses to Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection or after COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:910. [PMID: 34452035 PMCID: PMC8402626 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the causative agent of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The clinical severity of COVID-19 ranges from asymptomatic to critical disease and, eventually, death in smaller subsets of patients. The first case of COVID-19 was declared at the end of 2019 and it has since spread worldwide and remained a challenge in 2021, with the emergence of variants of concern. In fact, new concerns were the still unclear situation of SARS-CoV-2 immunity during the ongoing pandemic and progress with vaccination. If maintained at sufficiently high levels, the immune response could effectively block reinfection, which might confer long-lived protection. Understanding the protective capacity and the duration of humoral immunity during SARS-CoV-2 infection or after vaccination is critical for managing the pandemic and would also provide more evidence about the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. However, the exact features of antibody responses that govern SARS-CoV-2 infection or after vaccination remain unclear. This review summarizes the main knowledge that we have about the humoral immune response during COVID-19 disease or after vaccination. Such knowledge should help to optimize vaccination strategies and public health decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya Altawalah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 24923, Kuwait; or
- Virology Unit, Yacoub Behbehani Center, Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Safat 24923, Kuwait
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Rapid and Flexible Platform To Assess Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Neutralization and Spike Protein-Specific Antivirals. mSphere 2021; 6:e0057121. [PMID: 34319126 PMCID: PMC8386372 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00571-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is ongoing and has shown the community that flexible methods for rapidly identifying and screening candidate antivirals are needed. Assessing virus-neutralizing activity of human serum to monitor population immunity and response to infection and vaccination is key to pandemic control. We developed a virus neutralization platform strategy that relies only on bioinformatic and genetic information of the virus of interest. The platform uses viral envelope glycoprotein cDNAs to set up an assay that mimics multicycle infection but is safe and, therefore, amenable to biosafety level 2 (BSL2) conditions for viruses that require BSL3 facilities (e.g., SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2). As a complement to this platform, we present a new cell-based immunofluorescent (CBI) assay that uses SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S)-expressing cells to accurately measure the neutralization potential of human sera and is readily adaptable to variants of concern. These methods should be useful additions to the tools for assessing antiviral immunity, whether acquired via natural infection or vaccines. IMPORTANCE Assays for rapid biosafety level 2 (BSL2) evaluation of neutralizing properties of antibodies acquired via natural infection or through vaccination is urgently needed. Here, we propose a combinatorial approach in which sera are screened for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) binding using a cell-based immunofluorescent (CBI) assay, and positive samples are further evaluated in a pseudotyped viral multicycle infection-mimicking protocol under BSL2 conditions.
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Savage HR, Santos VS, Edwards T, Giorgi E, Krishna S, Planche TD, Staines HM, Fitchett JRA, Kirwan DE, Cubas Atienzar AI, Clark DJ, Adams ER, Cuevas LE. Prevalence of neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in acute infection and convalescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009551. [PMID: 34237072 PMCID: PMC8291969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop neutralising antibodies. We investigated the proportion of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies after infection and how this proportion varies with selected covariates. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the proportion of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies after infection and how these proportions vary with selected covariates. Three models using the maximum likelihood method assessed these proportions by study group, covariates and individually extracted data (protocol CRD42020208913). A total of 983 reports were identified and 27 were included. The pooled (95%CI) proportion of individuals with neutralising antibodies was 85.3% (83.5-86.9) using the titre cut off >1:20 and 83.9% (82.2-85.6), 70.2% (68.1-72.5) and 54.2% (52.0-56.5) with titres >1:40, >1:80 and >1:160, respectively. These proportions were higher among patients with severe COVID-19 (e.g., titres >1:80, 84.8% [80.0-89.2], >1:160, 74.4% [67.5-79.7]) than those with mild presentation (56.7% [49.9-62.9] and 44.1% [37.3-50.6], respectively) and lowest among asymptomatic infections (28.6% [17.9-39.2] and 10.0% [3.7-20.1], respectively). IgG and neutralising antibody levels correlated poorly. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE 85% of individuals with proven SARS-CoV-2 infection had detectable neutralising antibodies. This proportion varied with disease severity, study setting, time since infection and the method used to measure antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R. Savage
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Victor S. Santos
- Núcleo de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Arapiraca, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Thomas Edwards
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sanjeev Krishna
- St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Timothy D. Planche
- St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London
| | | | - Joseph R. A. Fitchett
- Mologic, Thurleigh, United Kingdom
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Ana I. Cubas Atienzar
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Clark
- St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily R. Adams
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Luis E. Cuevas
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Bingham University, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has triggered a global health emergency and brought disaster to humans. Tremendous efforts have been made to control the pandemic, among which neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are of specific interest to researchers. Neutralizing antibodies are generated within weeks after infection or immunization and can protect cells from virus intrusion and confer protective immunity to cells. Thus, production of NAbs is considered as a main goal for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccines and NAbs may be used for patient treatment in the form of monoclonal antibodies. Neutralization assays are capable of quantitatively detecting NAbs against SARS‐CoV‐2, allowing to explore the relationship between the level of NAbs and the severity of the disease, and may predict the possibility of re‐infection in COVID‐19 patients. They can also be used to test the effects of monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma and vaccines. At present, wild‐type virus neutralization assay remains the gold standard for measuring Nabs, while pseudovirus neutralization assays, Surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and high‐throughput versions of neutralization assays are popular alternatives with their own advantages and disadvantages. In this review article, we summarize the characteristics and recent progress of SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralization assays. Special attention is given to the current limitations of various neutralization assays so as to promote new possible strategies with NAbs by which rapid SARS‐CoV‐2 serological diagnosis and antiviral screening in the future will be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Lu
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Qianlin Li
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Huan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
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44
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Evaluation of a Pseudovirus Neutralization Assay for SARS-CoV-2 and Correlation with Live Virus-Based Micro Neutralization Assay. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060994. [PMID: 34070824 PMCID: PMC8226551 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The unusual cases of pneumonia outbreak were reported from Wuhan city in late December 2019. Serological testing provides a powerful tool for the identification of prior infection and for epidemiological studies. Pseudotype virus neutralization assays are widely used for many viruses and applications in the fields of serology. The accuracy of pseudotype neutralizing assay allows for its use in low biosafety lab and provides a safe and effective alternative to the use of wild-type viruses. In this study, we evaluated the performance of this assay compared to the standard microneutralization assay as a reference. The lentiviral pseudotype particles were generated harboring the Spike gene of SARS-CoV-2. The generated pseudotype particles assay was used to evaluate the activity of neutralizing antibodies in 300 human serum samples from a COVID-19 sero-epidemiological study. Testing of these samples resulted in 55 positive samples and 245 negative samples by pseudotype viral particles assay while microneutralization assay resulted in 64 positive and 236 negative by MN assay. Compared to the MN, the pseudotyped viral particles assay showed a sensitivity of 85.94% and a specificity of 100%. Based on the data generated from this study, the pseudotype-based neutralization assay showed a reliable performance for the detection of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and can be used safely and efficiently as a diagnostic tool in a biosafety level 2 laboratory.
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45
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Kinetics of Neutralizing Antibodies of COVID-19 Patients Tested Using Clinical D614G, B.1.1.7, and B 1.351 Isolates in Microneutralization Assays. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060996. [PMID: 34073577 PMCID: PMC8229637 DOI: 10.3390/v13060996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that some newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) resist neutralization by antibodies elicited by the early-pandemic wild-type virus. We applied neutralization tests to paired recoveree sera (n = 38) using clinical isolates representing the first wave (D614G), VoC1, and VoC2 lineages (B.1.1.7 and B 1.351). Neutralizing antibodies inhibited contemporary and VoC1 lineages, whereas inhibition of VoC2 was reduced 8-fold, with 50% of sera failing to show neutralization. These results provide evidence for the increased potential of VoC2 to reinfect previously SARS-CoV-infected individuals. The kinetics of NAbs in different patients showed similar decline against all variants, with generally low initial anti-B.1.351 responses becoming undetectable, but with anti-B.1.1.7 NAbs remaining detectable (>20) for months after acute infection.
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46
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Heinen N, Klöhn M, Steinmann E, Pfaender S. In Vitro Lung Models and Their Application to Study SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Disease. Viruses 2021; 13:792. [PMID: 33925255 PMCID: PMC8144959 DOI: 10.3390/v13050792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has spread across the globe with an astonishing velocity and lethality that has put scientist and pharmaceutical companies worldwide on the spot to develop novel treatment options and reliable vaccination for billions of people. To combat its associated disease COVID-19 and potentially newly emerging coronaviruses, numerous pre-clinical cell culture techniques have progressively been used, which allow the study of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, basic replication mechanisms, and drug efficiency in the most authentic context. Hence, this review was designed to summarize and discuss currently used in vitro and ex vivo cell culture systems and will illustrate how these systems will help us to face the challenges imposed by the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (N.H.); (M.K.); (E.S.)
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47
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SARS-CoV-2 serology testing: Progress and challenges. J Immunol Methods 2021; 494:113060. [PMID: 33915155 PMCID: PMC8071778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused the most devasting social and economic impact of this century. The current pandemic will end only after a safe, effective vaccine becomes available and protective herd immunity has been achieved through vaccination. The key parameter to gauge protective immunity is neutralizing antibody levels. Thus, reliable serology testing is essential to diagnose whether an individual has been previously infected, as a large proportion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is asymptomatic. For both naturally infected and vaccinated individuals, it is critical to monitor their neutralizing antibody titers over time. This is because, when neutralizing antibody levels wane below a threshold which remains to be determined, they become vulnerable to reinfection. Due to the importance of serology testing, academia and industry have developed different platforms for serological diagnosis, many of which have achieved the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Emergency Use Authorizations (EUA). Here we summarize the status of COVID-19 serology testing, discuss challenges, and provide future directions for improvement.
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48
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Schmitz A, Weber A, Bayin M, Breuers S, Fieberg V, Famulok M, Mayer G. A SARS-CoV-2 Spike Binding DNA Aptamer that Inhibits Pseudovirus Infection by an RBD-Independent Mechanism. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:10367-10373. [PMID: 34230708 PMCID: PMC8250900 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike glycoprotein of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (CoV2-S) binds to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) representing the initial contact point for leveraging the infection cascade. We used an automated selection process and identified an aptamer that specifically interacts with CoV2-S. The aptamer does not bind to the RBD of CoV2-S and does not block the interaction of CoV2-S with ACE2. Nevertheless, infection studies revealed potent and specific inhibition of pseudoviral infection by the aptamer. The present study opens up new vistas in developing SARS-CoV2 infection inhibitors, independent of blocking the ACE2 interaction of the virus, and harnesses aptamers as potential drug candidates and tools to disentangle hitherto inaccessible infection modalities, which is of particular interest in light of the increasing number of escape mutants that are currently being reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Schmitz
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES)University of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str.153121BonnGermany
- Max Planck Fellow Chemical BiologyCenter of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar)Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 253175BonnGermany
| | - Anna Weber
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES)University of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str.153121BonnGermany
- Center of Aptamer Research & DevelopmentUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Mehtap Bayin
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES)University of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str.153121BonnGermany
- Max Planck Fellow Chemical BiologyCenter of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar)Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 253175BonnGermany
| | - Stefan Breuers
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES)University of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str.153121BonnGermany
- Center of Aptamer Research & DevelopmentUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Volkmar Fieberg
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES)University of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str.153121BonnGermany
- Max Planck Fellow Chemical BiologyCenter of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar)Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 253175BonnGermany
| | - Michael Famulok
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES)University of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str.153121BonnGermany
- Max Planck Fellow Chemical BiologyCenter of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar)Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 253175BonnGermany
- Center of Aptamer Research & DevelopmentUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Günter Mayer
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES)University of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str.153121BonnGermany
- Center of Aptamer Research & DevelopmentUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
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49
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Schmitz A, Weber A, Bayin M, Breuers S, Fieberg V, Famulok M, Mayer G. A SARS-CoV-2 Spike Binding DNA Aptamer that Inhibits Pseudovirus Infection by an RBD-Independent Mechanism*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10279-10285. [PMID: 33683787 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.23.424171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike glycoprotein of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (CoV2-S) binds to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) representing the initial contact point for leveraging the infection cascade. We used an automated selection process and identified an aptamer that specifically interacts with CoV2-S. The aptamer does not bind to the RBD of CoV2-S and does not block the interaction of CoV2-S with ACE2. Nevertheless, infection studies revealed potent and specific inhibition of pseudoviral infection by the aptamer. The present study opens up new vistas in developing SARS-CoV2 infection inhibitors, independent of blocking the ACE2 interaction of the virus, and harnesses aptamers as potential drug candidates and tools to disentangle hitherto inaccessible infection modalities, which is of particular interest in light of the increasing number of escape mutants that are currently being reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Schmitz
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES), University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
- Max Planck Fellow Chemical Biology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Weber
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES), University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
- Center of Aptamer Research & Development, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mehtap Bayin
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES), University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
- Max Planck Fellow Chemical Biology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Breuers
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES), University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
- Center of Aptamer Research & Development, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Volkmar Fieberg
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES), University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
- Max Planck Fellow Chemical Biology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Famulok
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES), University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
- Max Planck Fellow Chemical Biology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany
- Center of Aptamer Research & Development, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Günter Mayer
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES), University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
- Center of Aptamer Research & Development, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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Schmitz A, Weber A, Bayin M, Breuers S, Fieberg V, Famulok M, Mayer G. A SARS-CoV-2 Spike Binding DNA Aptamer that Inhibits Pseudovirus Infection by an RBD-Independent Mechanism*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10279-10285. [PMID: 33683787 PMCID: PMC8251191 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike glycoprotein of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (CoV2-S) binds to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) representing the initial contact point for leveraging the infection cascade. We used an automated selection process and identified an aptamer that specifically interacts with CoV2-S. The aptamer does not bind to the RBD of CoV2-S and does not block the interaction of CoV2-S with ACE2. Nevertheless, infection studies revealed potent and specific inhibition of pseudoviral infection by the aptamer. The present study opens up new vistas in developing SARS-CoV2 infection inhibitors, independent of blocking the ACE2 interaction of the virus, and harnesses aptamers as potential drug candidates and tools to disentangle hitherto inaccessible infection modalities, which is of particular interest in light of the increasing number of escape mutants that are currently being reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Schmitz
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES)University of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str.153121BonnGermany
- Max Planck Fellow Chemical BiologyCenter of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar)Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 253175BonnGermany
| | - Anna Weber
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES)University of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str.153121BonnGermany
- Center of Aptamer Research & DevelopmentUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Mehtap Bayin
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES)University of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str.153121BonnGermany
- Max Planck Fellow Chemical BiologyCenter of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar)Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 253175BonnGermany
| | - Stefan Breuers
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES)University of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str.153121BonnGermany
- Center of Aptamer Research & DevelopmentUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Volkmar Fieberg
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES)University of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str.153121BonnGermany
- Max Planck Fellow Chemical BiologyCenter of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar)Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 253175BonnGermany
| | - Michael Famulok
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES)University of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str.153121BonnGermany
- Max Planck Fellow Chemical BiologyCenter of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar)Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 253175BonnGermany
- Center of Aptamer Research & DevelopmentUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Günter Mayer
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES)University of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str.153121BonnGermany
- Center of Aptamer Research & DevelopmentUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
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