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Xu M, Zhang W, Kong F, Wang B, Pan J, Shi J, Liu Q, He P, Ma Y, Cheng Q, Zhang Z, Lei Z. Effect of oregano essential oil on intestinal immunoglobulin G in Holstein dairy bulls. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1382396. [PMID: 39139606 PMCID: PMC11319842 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1382396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is important in mediating humoral immunity and in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the intestinal mucosa. Oregano essential oil (OEO) is a natural herbal extract that possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. As the effects of OEO on intestinal mucosal immunity in Holstein dairy bulls remained unclear, we investigated the effect of dietary supplementation of OEO on IgG levels and IgG+ cells residing in the intestinal tract in Holstein dairy bulls. Methods Twelve Holstein bulls in good health of approximately 10 months of age were selected for the experiment and randomly equally divided into two groups. The control (CK) group was fed a basal ration, and in the OEO group, the basal ration was supplemented with OEO (20 g/head/day). After 300 days of feeding, tissue samples of the jejunum, ileum, and colon of the bulls in each group were collected for histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. Results The jejunum, ileum, and colon of bulls in the CK group had obvious pathological damage, whereas the structure of each intestinal segment was clear and intact. In the OEO group, pathological damage was significantly reduced. IgG+ plasma cells were diffusely distributed in the lamina propria of the jejunum, ileum, and colon in the CK and OEO groups, with no significant difference between the groups. OEO supplementation significantly reduced the number of IgG+ plasma cells in each intestinal segment, with the highest decrease rate being noted for the ileum (22.87%), followed by the colon (19.45%) and jejunum (8.52%). ELISA test results and immunohistochemical results were mutually verified. The change in IgG content was consistent with the trend of change in the number of IgG+ plasma cells. Discussion Our findings suggest that OEO supplementation does not alter the diffuse spatial distribution of IgG+ plasma cells in the intestines of Holstein dairy bulls, but lowers immunoglobulin levels to normal levels, significantly reduces intestinal damage, and may enhance mucosal immune defence barrier function by inhibiting inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wangdong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fanyun Kong
- Jingchuan County Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Center, Pingliang, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinping Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiyan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengjia He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Jing Chuan Xu Kang Food Co., Ltd., Pingliang, Zhangye, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Gansu Huarui Agriculture Co., Ltd., Zhangye, China
| | - Zhaomin Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Wang Q, Na M, Jia S, Sun M, Gao S, Pan S, Dong W, Song Y, Yang J. Dynamic Analysis of Stool Microbiota of Simmental Calves and Effects of Diarrhea on Their Gut Microbiota. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:520. [PMID: 39056713 PMCID: PMC11273684 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota of Simmental calves before weaning and to compare the microbial composition and functionality between healthy calves and those with diarrhea. Fourteen neonatal Simmental calves were divided into a healthy group (n = 8) and a diarrhea group (n = 6). Rectal stool samples were collected from each calf on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18, 22, 26, 30, 35, and 40. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V1-V9 region was conducted to examine changes in the gut microbiota over time in both groups and to assess the influence of diarrhea on microbiota structure and function. Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, and B. vulgatus were the top three bacterial species in preweaning Simmental calves. Meanwhile, the major functions of the fecal microbiota included "metabolic pathways", "biosynthesis of secondary metabolites", "biosynthesis of antibiotics", "microbial metabolism in diverse environments", and "biosynthesis of amino acids". For calves in the healthy group, PCoA revealed that the bacterial profiles on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 differed from those on days 15, 18, 22, 26, 30, 35, and 40. The profiles on day 12 clustered with both groups, indicating that microbial structure changes increased with age. When comparing the relative abundance of bacteria between healthy and diarrheic calves, the beneficial Lactobacillus johnsonii, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Limosilactobacillus were significantly more abundant in the healthy group than those in the diarrhea group (p < 0.05). This study provides fundamental insights into the gut microbiota composition of Simmental calves before weaning, potentially facilitating early interventions for calf diarrhea and probiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yang Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China; (Q.W.); (M.N.); (S.J.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (W.D.)
| | - Jingfeng Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China; (Q.W.); (M.N.); (S.J.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (W.D.)
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Sockett DC, Pohly AE, Deering KM, Breuer RM. Severe colic in a newborn dairy calf caused by a large colostrum curd: a case report. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1348084. [PMID: 38962706 PMCID: PMC11220247 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1348084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A newborn female, Holstein calf weighing approximately 38.5 kg developed severe, persistent colic caused by a large colostrum curd located within the calf's abomasum. Based upon 10% body weight, the calf had been fed 4 liters (L) of first-milking colostrum approximately 30 min after birth and an additional 2 L of first-milking colostrum 6 h after the first feeding. Both the first and second feedings used an esophageal tube feeder to deliver the colostrum. Colic developed shortly after the second colostrum feeding. The affected calf did not respond to on-farm supportive medical therapy and was humanely euthanized by a penetrating captive bolt approximately 22 h after the onset of colic. This on-farm colostrum feeding protocol is routinely observed in the current dairy industry. This case demonstrates calves that are fed large volumes of colostrum during a relatively short window of time may develop a large, firm colostrum curd within the abomasum that causes abdominal distension, colic, and occasional death. There is an urgent need for prospective analytical studies that determine the optimal immunoglobulin mass (g/L) and the ideal volume of colostrum fed to newborn calves for both the first and second colostrum feedings within the most beneficial time frame. Guidelines should be developed that minimize complications that adversely affect calf health and well-being while ensuring the successful transfer of passive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C. Sockett
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Andrea E. Pohly
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Deering
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ryan M. Breuer
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Felini R, Cavallini D, Buonaiuto G, Bordin T. Assessing the impact of thermoregulatory mineral supplementation on thermal comfort in lactating Holstein cows. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 24:100363. [PMID: 38883423 PMCID: PMC11177189 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) occurs when animals are enable to effectively dissipate excessive body heat, potentially affecting their welfare and productivity. Several tools can be used to mitigate HS in dairy cows. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermoregulatory mineral supplementation on dairy cows' physiological response to HS and reproductive status. Thirty pluriparous Holstein dairy cows (2.8 ± 0.3 lactation), from a semi confinement production system (freestall barn), were enrolled in a 35 days duration experiment, and divided into two groups: 15 cows receiving a thermoregulatory mineral mixture containing calcium, sodium, chlorine, and potassium (200 g/day; TRT); and, 15 cows that did not receive any type of supplement (CON). Data on respiration rates (RR), rectal temperature (RT), milk yield, barn temperature, relative humidity, and temperature and humidity index (THI) were obtained on weekly evaluations (D7, D14, D21, D28, and D35). ANOVA and correlation analysis were used to compare variables between groups, and physiological and climate variables, regardless of group. Related to farm's protocols, on D0 and D35, all cows were submitted to US evaluation and categorized as inseminated, pregnant, and not pregnant, and this data analysed using Fisher's exact test. Cows in the TRT group had lower RT, compared to the CON group (38,8 °C and 39,0 °C, respectively; P = 0.0147), however both averages were within physiological range. As to physiological variables, stronger positive correlations were found between RR and RT with barn temperature and THI. In this study, the thermoregulatory mineral supplement did not significantly affect physiological responses to HS or reproductive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Felini
- Curso de Agronomia, Faculdade CESURG Marau, Avenida Júlio Borella, 1968, Centro, CEP 99150-000, Marau, RS, Brasil
| | - Damiano Cavallini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Buonaiuto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiago Bordin
- Curso de Agronomia, Faculdade CESURG Marau, Avenida Júlio Borella, 1968, Centro, CEP 99150-000, Marau, RS, Brasil
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Quigley JD. INVITED REVIEW: An evaluation of EFSA opinion on calf welfare from a nutritional and management perspective. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00868-3. [PMID: 38825134 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
In March, 2023, the European Food Safety Authority published a Scientific Opinion on Calf Welfare. This Opinion was prepared in response to a request from the European Commission to provide an independent view on the welfare of calves that reflected the most recent scientific knowledge. Data sources used to develop their recommendations included peer-reviewed studies, expert knowledge, and gray literature. The Opinion considered specific scenarios and welfare consequences of specific management practices, including feeding fiber to calves raised for white veal and amount of cow-calf contact. Their Opinion suggested that calves should be fed specific quantities of forage NDF during the rearing cycle. Regarding separation of calves, the Committee recommended that the calf should remain with the cow for a minimum of 24 h and then be housed with another calf. They further suggested that prolonged cow-calf contact should increasingly be implemented due to benefits to both cow and calf to minimize stress of separation. The objective of this review is to assess the veracity of these recommendations and the scientific data that underpins them. This review will present a literature to support the contention that, from a nutritional and management perspective, these recommendations may impair calf welfare by exposing calves to innutritious rations containing excess fiber and increasing their risk of morbidity and mortality due to poor colostrum intake and exposure to disease-causing pathogens. Alternative recommendations are made that may further the goal of calf welfare in the context of nutrition and housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Quigley
- Calf Notes Consulting, LLC, 7901 4th St. N., Suite 300, St. Petersburg, FL 33702 USA.
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Li S, Wang C, Zeng H, Han Z. Effects of different combinations of antibacterial compound supplements in calf pellets on growth performance, health, blood parameters, and rumen microbiome of dairy calves. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1376758. [PMID: 38803795 PMCID: PMC11128685 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1376758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different combinations of antibacterial compounds (attapulgite, plant essential oils, and chitosan oligosaccharides) on growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, and rumen microbiome of calves. A total of 48 preweaning calves were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12 per group), and fed the following full mixed-ration granule diets for the 67-d-feeding trial: (1) basal diet (control group); (2) basal diet +1,000 g/t attapulgite, plant essential oils, and chitosan oligosaccharide (AEOCO group); (3) basal diet +1,000 g/t attapulgite and chitosan oligosaccharide (ACO group); and (4) basal diet +1,000 g/t attapulgite and plant essential oil (AEO group). The results showed that the daily weight gain of the AEOCO and AEO groups significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas the feed conversion ratio decreased compared with that of the control group. Among the three treatment groups, AEO group showed the most positive effect, with the diarrhea rate reduced by 68.2% compared with that of the control group. Total protein and globulin levels were lower in the AEO group than in the control group. Albumin levels were higher in the AEOCO and AEO groups than in the control group. Immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin M concentrations were higher in the AEOCO group (p < 0.05) than in the control group. The interleukin-6 concentration was lower in the AEOCO and AEO groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). The Chao 1 richness and ACE indices were higher in the AEOCO group than in the control group (p < 0.05). The ACO group had a significantly lower (p < 0.05) relative abundance of Firmicutes than the control group. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was the lowest in the control group, whereas that of Spirochaetota and Fibrobacteriota was the highest (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Succiniclasticum was higher in the ACO and AEO groups (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that the combination of attapulgite, plant essential oils, and chitosan oligosaccharides has ameliorative effects on the growth performance, blood parameters, and rumen microbiome of calves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhaoyu Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Azorín I, Madrid J, Martínez-Miró S, López M, López MB, López MJ, Hernández F. Combined Supplementation of Two Selenium Forms (Organic and Inorganic) and Iodine in Dairy Cows' Diet to Obtain Enriched Milk, Cheese, and Yogurt. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1373. [PMID: 38731376 PMCID: PMC11083049 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation in dairy cows with two Se forms (organic and inorganic) and I at the maximum levels permitted in the European Union, with the aim to obtain naturally enriched milk and derived products. A total of 20 Holstein Friesian cows in lactation were fed 2 diets for 64 days: a control diet with a supply of 0.57 mg of inorganic Se and 0.57 mg of I per kg of ration in dry matter (DM), and an experimental diet (SeI) with a supply of 0.34 mg of inorganic Se, 0.23 mg of organic Se, and 5.68 mg of I per kg of ration in DM. The SeI diet did not modify the performance or, in general, the metabolic profile of cows. Se and I levels in milk were affected by diet type and time of measurement (p < 0.01). Thus, a marked increase of both microminerals was evident between the beginning and the end of the test, when the SeI diet was administered. For Se, this increase ranged from 1.95 to 3.29 μg/100 g of milk; and for I, from 19.69 to 110.06 μg/100 g of milk. The SeI diet increased (p < 0.01) the Se and I content in the cheese, reaching levels of 16.4 μg/100 g for Se and 269.7 μg/100 g for I. An increase in I was observed in yogurt from the SeI diet (p < 0.001). The supplementation of two forms of Se and I in the cows' ration, at the levels evaluated, produced milk and dairy products enriched in these microelements without altering their quality parameters. However, a responsible intake of these products is necessary to avoid risks of deficiencies or excesses that could negatively affect the health of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Azorín
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.A.); (S.M.-M.); (M.L.); (M.J.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Josefa Madrid
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.A.); (S.M.-M.); (M.L.); (M.J.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.A.); (S.M.-M.); (M.L.); (M.J.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Marina López
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.A.); (S.M.-M.); (M.L.); (M.J.L.); (F.H.)
| | - María Belén López
- Department of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Miguel José López
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.A.); (S.M.-M.); (M.L.); (M.J.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Fuensanta Hernández
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.A.); (S.M.-M.); (M.L.); (M.J.L.); (F.H.)
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Revilla-Ruiz A, Carulla P, Fernandez-Novo A, de Mercado E, Pérez-Navarro A, Patrón-Collantes R, Sebastián F, Pérez-Garnelo SS, González-Martín JV, Estellés F, Villagrá A, Astiz S. Effect of Milk-Feeding Frequency and Calcium Gluconate Supplementation on Growth, Health, and Reproductive and Metabolic Features of Holstein Heifers at a Rearing Farm. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1336. [PMID: 38731339 PMCID: PMC11083690 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We compared the effects of milk-feeding in 288 Holstein calves (72 per group) which were fed twice (2F) or thrice (3F) daily, with or without the addition of hydrogenated fat-embedded calcium gluconate (G) supplemented in the starter food and in the daily diet up to the age of 9 months, on the calves' metabolism, growth, health, and reproductive efficiency up to first pregnancy. The calves received 6 L of milk replacer (130 g/L) and had ad libitum access to water and textured calf starter with or without gluconate. Gluconate supplementation promoted a "catch-up" in growth in supplemented calves compared to their counterparts that did not receive gluconate. Gluconate appeared to reduce animal metabolic stress during key events, such as weaning and transfer into open-door pens, reducing fructosamine (352.61 vs. 303.06 in 3FG and 3F, respectively; p = 0.028) and urea (3F revealed the highest values compared with the other three groups: 19.06 for 3F vs. 13.9 (2F), 13.7 (2FG), and 14.3 (3FG), respectively, p = 0.002) from weaning onwards. The feeding of dairy calves with milk replacer three rather than two times per day tended to be associated with better health from weaning to 4 months old; parameters such as ultrasound lung score and calf health score improved over time (p < 0.001). Thrice-daily feeding with milk replacer tended to reduce the number of artificial inseminations per pregnancy in heifers by 0.2 points (p = 0.092). We confirmed significant correlations between early health and growth parameters and reproductive efficiency and a positive correlation between body weight and average daily weight gain and the thickness of the back fat layer in young heifers (r = 0.245; p < 0.0001; r = 0.214; p < 0.0001 respectively). Our study was conducted on a commercial farm with reasonably effective animal management, so baseline welfare was likely satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Revilla-Ruiz
- Medicine and Surgery Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-R.); (J.V.G.-M.)
| | - Patricia Carulla
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Valencia Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (P.C.); (F.E.)
- Cowvet SL, País Valenciano Avenue 6, 46117 Betera-Valencia, Spain; (A.P.-N.); (F.S.)
| | - Aitor Fernandez-Novo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain; (A.F.-N.); (R.P.-C.)
| | - Eduardo de Mercado
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Avda. Pta. Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.d.M.); (S.S.P.-G.)
| | | | - Raquel Patrón-Collantes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain; (A.F.-N.); (R.P.-C.)
| | - Francisco Sebastián
- Cowvet SL, País Valenciano Avenue 6, 46117 Betera-Valencia, Spain; (A.P.-N.); (F.S.)
| | - Sonia S. Pérez-Garnelo
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Avda. Pta. Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.d.M.); (S.S.P.-G.)
| | - Juan V. González-Martín
- Medicine and Surgery Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-R.); (J.V.G.-M.)
| | - Fernando Estellés
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Valencia Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (P.C.); (F.E.)
| | - Arantxa Villagrá
- Centro de Tecnología Animal-Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (CITA-IVIA), Polígono La Esperanza 100, 12400 Segorbe, Spain;
| | - Susana Astiz
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Avda. Pta. Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.d.M.); (S.S.P.-G.)
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Baba MK, Flaga J, Kowalski ZM. Effect of Addition of a Mixture of Ethyl Esters of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid of Linseed Oil to Liquid Feed on Performance and Health of Dairy Calves. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1048. [PMID: 38612287 PMCID: PMC11011137 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of supplementing liquid feeds with a mixture of ethyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acid of linseed oil (EEPUFA; α-linolenic acid-64.5%, linoleic acid-16.1%, and oleic acid-19.4%) on feed intake, body weight gain, feed efficiency, and health of dairy calves. Thirty-six healthy female Holstein-Friesian calves (7 d of age, 41.2 ± 4.0 kg) were assigned to one of two treatment groups (18 calves per group), i.e., control or EEPUFA, and fed liquid feed (whole milk (WM) or milk replacer (MR)) either without or with 10 mL/d of EEPUFA supplementation, respectively, for 56 days (till 63 d of age). Average daily intake of WM and MR was similar between treatments (p = 0.94). Average daily total DM intake and average daily starter feed DM intake were higher for the EEPUFA group (p = 0.05 and p = 0.01, respectively). The average daily body weight gain was also higher for the EEPUFA group (55 g/d; p = 0.03), although final body weight turned out not to be significantly different between groups (75.6 kg vs. 79.0 kg, control vs. EEPUFA, respectively; p = 0.20). Supplementation of liquid feeds with EEPUFA did not affect feed efficiency (p = 0.37) and most of investigated health parameters. However, the percentage of days with diarrhea relative to the number of days receiving treatment was higher in the control group than the EEPUFA group (76 vs. 42, respectively; p = 0.04). Although the results of this preliminary study are promising, further research is needed to establish the dose effect of EEPUFA on the performance and health of calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K. Baba
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Biotechnology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30059 Krakow, Poland; (M.K.B.); (J.F.)
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shabu-Lafia Campus, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Keffi 911019, Nigeria
| | - Jadwiga Flaga
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Biotechnology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30059 Krakow, Poland; (M.K.B.); (J.F.)
| | - Zygmunt M. Kowalski
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Biotechnology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30059 Krakow, Poland; (M.K.B.); (J.F.)
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Riesgraf KA, Weigel KA, Akins MS, Van Os JMC. Long-Term Effects of Pre-Weaning Individual or Pair Housing of Dairy Heifer Calves on Subsequent Growth and Feed Efficiency. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:716. [PMID: 38473101 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Our objective in this exploratory study was to evaluate the long-term impacts of pre-weaning social isolation vs. contact on subsequent growth and feed efficiency of Holstein heifers. As pre-weaned calves, 41 heifers were housed individually (n = 15 heifers) or in pairs (n = 13 pairs; 26 heifers). At 18 months of age, heifers were blocked by body weight and randomly assigned to one of three pens within a block (six to eight heifers per pen; six pens total), with original pairs maintained. Body weight (BW), hip height and width, and chest girth were measured at the start and end of the study. Each pen was given 3 days of access to a GreenFeed greenhouse gas emissions monitor to assess potential physiological differences between treatments in enteric methane emissions or behavioral differences in propensity to approach a novel object. During the 9-week study, heifers were fed a common diet containing 62.3% male-sterile corn silage, 36.0% haylage, 0.7% urea, and 1.0% mineral (DM basis). To calculate daily feed intake, as-fed weights and refusals were recorded for individual heifers using Calan gates. Feed samples were collected daily, composited by week, and dried to calculate dry matter intake (DMI). Feed refusal and fecal samples were collected on 3 consecutive days at 3 timepoints, composited by heifer, dried, and analyzed to calculate neutral detergent fiber (NDF), organic matter (OM), and DM digestibility. Feed efficiency was calculated as feed conversion efficiency (FCE; DMI/average daily gain [ADG]) and residual feed intake (RFI; observed DMI-predicted DMI). Paired and individually housed heifers did not differ in DMI, ADG, FCE, or RFI. Although no differences were found in initial or final hip height, hip width, or chest girth, heifers which had been pair-housed maintained a greater BW than individually housed heifers during the trial. Methane production, intensity, and yield were similar between treatments. Pre-weaning paired or individual housing did not impact the number of visits or latency to approach the GreenFeed; approximately 50% of heifers in each treatment visited the GreenFeed within 8 h of exposure. Digestibility of OM, DM, and NDF were also similar between housing treatments. In conclusion, pre-weaning pair housing had no adverse effects on growth, feed efficiency, or methane emissions at 18 to 20 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee A Riesgraf
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kent A Weigel
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Matthew S Akins
- USDA-ARS Institute for Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Jennifer M C Van Os
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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11
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Tan Z, Liu J, Wang L. Factors affecting the rumen fluid foaming performance in goat fed high concentrate diet. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1299404. [PMID: 38435370 PMCID: PMC10904640 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1299404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Feeding high concentrate diets is highly prone to rumen bloat in ruminants, which is very common in production. This study explored the factors responsible for the occurrence of foamy rumen bloat. The experiment was conducted using goats as test animals, fed high concentrate diets and scored for rumen distension into high, medium and low bloat score groups. Rumen fluid was collected from 6 goats in each group separately. The foaming production, foam persistence, pH value, viscosity and the content of protein, total saccharide and mineral elements in rumen original fluid (ROL) were measured, and the protein and total saccharide content in rumen foam liquid (RFL) and rumen residual liquid (RRL) were determined. The results showed that the protein content in rumen original fluid and rumen foam liquid was significantly higher than that in rumen residual liquid (p < 0.05), and the protein content in rumen foam liquid was 10.81% higher than that in rumen original fluid. The higher the rumen bloat score, the higher the foam production, foam persistence, viscosity, protein, Ni, Mg, Ca, and K concentrations of the rumen original fluid, and the lower the PH and Na concentrations of the rumen original fluid; correlation analysis showed that the viscosity of the rumen original fluid was significantly and positively correlated with the foam production and foam persistence (p < 0.05). Foaming production and foam persistence of rumen original fluid were significantly and positively correlated with the contents of protein, total saccharide, K, Ca, Mg and Ni (p < 0.05). and negatively correlated with the content of Na (p < 0.05); after controlling other components those were significantly related to the foaming performance of rumen original fluid only protein still was significantly positively correlated with the foam persistence of rumen original fluid (P<0.05). In summary, the contents of protein, total saccharide and mineral elements in the rumen fluid had a significant effect on the foaming performance of rumen in ruminants, with protein playing a decisive role and the other components playing a supporting role. Reducing the content of protein in the diet in production is beneficial to reduce the occurrence of rumen bloat in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Tan
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - JunFeng Liu
- Wuhan Xinzhou Vocational High School, Wuhan, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Niu X, Xing Y, Wang J, Bai L, Xie Y, Zhu S, Sun M, Yang J, Li D, Liu Y. Effects of Caragana korshinskii tannin on fermentation, methane emission, community of methanogens, and metabolome of rumen in sheep. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1334045. [PMID: 38426060 PMCID: PMC10902071 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1334045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of dietary supplementation of Caragana korshinskii tannin (CKT) on rumen fermentation, methane emission, methanogen community and metabolome in rumen of sheep. A total of 15 crossbred sheep of the Dumont breed with similar body conditions, were divided into three groups (n = 5), which were fed with CKT addition at 0, 2 and 4%/kg DM. The study spanned a total of 74 days, with a 14-day period dedicated to adaptation and a subsequent 60-day period for conducting treatments. The results indicated that the levels of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and acetate were reduced (p < 0.05) in rumen sheep fed with 2 and 4% CKT; The crude protein (CP) digestibility of sheep in 2 and 4% CKT groups was decreased(p < 0.05); while the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility was increased (p < 0.05) in 4% CKT group. Furthermore, the supplementation of CKT resulted in a decrease (p < 0.05) in daily CH4 emissions from sheep by reducing the richness and diversity of ruminal methanogens community, meanwhile decreasing (p < 0.05) concentrations of tyramine that contribute to methane synthesis and increasing (p < 0.05) concentrations of N-methy-L-glutamic acid that do not contribute to CH4 synthesis. However, CH4 production of DMI, OMI, NDFI and metabolic weight did not differ significantly across the various treatments. To sum up, the addition of 4% CKT appeared to be a viable approach for reducing CH4 emissions from sheep without no negative effects. These findings suggest that CKT hold promise in mitigating methane emissions of ruminant. Further investigation is required to evaluate it effectiveness in practical feeding strategies for livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Niu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuanyaun Xing
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jingyao Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lili Bai
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yongfang Xie
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shouqian Zhu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Mei Sun
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Dabiao Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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13
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Sartori LVC, Gurgeira DN, Crisóstomo C, de Paz CCP, Ferreira J, da Costa RLD. Performance, feed efficiency, feeding behavior, and cortisol concentration of lambs ranked for Residual Feed Intake and Residual Intake and Gain. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:51. [PMID: 38236323 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the performance, feed efficiency, feeding behavior, and cortisol concentrations of lambs ranked into different groups of Residual Feed Intake (RFI) and Residual Intake and Gain (RIG). Forty Santa Inês lambs with a mean initial age of 120 ± 30 days and mean initial (IBW) and final body weight (FBW) of 28.9 ± 3.2 and 43.7 ± 3.9 kg, respectively, were used. The animals were fed at an automatic feed and water station (Intergado®) for 60 days and classified at the end of the experiment as low-RFI/RIG, medium-RFI/RIG, and high-RFI/RIG according to RFI and RIG. Performance, feed efficiency measures, ingestive behavior, temperament, and cortisol concentrations were measured, and Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the variables studied. The variables that differed most between RFI groups were dry matter intake, feed conversion, and feed efficiency, with better values in efficient animals (RFI-). Regarding the RGI groups, the average daily gain of animals classified as RIG- was 19.37% lower than that of animals classified as RIG± and 39.28% lower than that of animals classified as RIG+. Only the hourly feeding rate per day (p = 0.04) differed significantly between RFI and RIG classes, while no differences were observed for the ingestive behavior variables or cortisol. The number of visits to the feed bunk (total, with or without intake) showed no correlation with any performance or efficiency measure. Identifying animals ranked into different RFI and RIG classes shows that more efficient animals have a lower feed intake for the same weight gain and spend less time at the feed bunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Vage Coelho Sartori
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Zootecnia Diversificada, Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, SP, 13380011, Brazil
| | - Danielle Nunes Gurgeira
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Zootecnia Diversificada, Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, SP, 13380011, Brazil
| | - Charleni Crisóstomo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13400970, Brazil
| | | | - Josiel Ferreira
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Zootecnia Diversificada, Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, SP, 13380011, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Lopes Dias da Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Zootecnia Diversificada, Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, SP, 13380011, Brazil.
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14
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Izadbakhsh MH, Hashemzadeh F, Alikhani M, Ghorbani GR, Khorvash M, Heidari M, Ghaffari MH, Ahmadi F. Effects of Dietary Fiber Level and Forage Particle Size on Growth, Nutrient Digestion, Ruminal Fermentation, and Behavior of Weaned Holstein Calves under Heat Stress. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:275. [PMID: 38254444 PMCID: PMC10812499 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of feeding diets with different fiber content and forage particle size on the performance, health, nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation, and behavioral and sorting activity of Holstein dairy calves kept under elevated environmental temperature. Sixty weaned Holstein female calves (age = 96.7 ± 7.62 days old; body weight = 82.4 ± 10.4 kg) were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments arranged in a 2-by-2 factorial design in a 70-day experiment. Dietary forage content (moderate, 22.5%; or high, 40.0% on DM basis) and alfalfa hay particle size (short, 4.39 mm; or long, 7.22 mm as geometric mean) were the experimental factors, resulting in the following combinations: (1) high-fiber (HF) diets with forage-to-concentrate ratio of 40:60 and long particle-sized alfalfa hay (LPS; HF-LPS); (2) HF diets with short particle-sized alfalfa hay (SPS; HF-SPS); (3) moderate-fiber (MF) diets with forage-to-concentrate ratio of 22.5:77.5 with LPS (MF-LPS); and (4) MF diets with SPS (MF-SPS). The temperature-humidity index averaged 73.0 ± 1.86, indicating that weaned calves experienced a moderate extent of heat stress. Fiber level and AH particle size interacted and affected dry matter intake, with the greatest intake (4.83 kg/d) observed in MF-SPS-fed calves. Final body weight was greater in calves receiving MF vs. HF diets (164 vs. 152 kg; p < 0.01). Respiration rate decreased when SPS vs. LPS AH was included in HF but not MF diet. Lower rectal temperature was recorded in calves fed MF vs. HF diet. Digestibility of dry matter and crude protein was greater in calves fed MF than HF diets, resulting in lower ruminal pH (6.12 vs. 6.30; p = 0.03). Fiber digestibility was greater in calves fed SPS compared with those fed LPS alfalfa hay. Feeding HF compared with MF diet increased acetate but lowered propionate molar proportions. The inclusion of SPS vs. LPS alfalfa hay decreased lying time in HF diet (920 vs. 861 min; p < 0.01). Calves fed MF vs. HF diets spent less time eating but more time lying, which is likely indicative of better animal comfort. Dietary fiber level and forage particle size interacted and affected sorting against 19 mm particles, the extent of which was greater in HF-SPS diet. Overall, dietary fiber level had a stronger effect than forage particle size on the performance of weaned calves exposed to a moderate degree of heat stress as feeding MF vs. HF diet resulted in greater feed intake, final body weight, structural growth measures, nutrient digestion, as well as longer lying behavior. The inclusion of SPS alfalfa hay in MF diets increased feed consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Hossein Izadbakhsh
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran (F.H.)
| | - Farzad Hashemzadeh
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran (F.H.)
| | - Masoud Alikhani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran (F.H.)
| | - Gholam-Reza Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran (F.H.)
| | - Mohammad Khorvash
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran (F.H.)
| | - Mostafa Heidari
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran (F.H.)
| | | | - Farhad Ahmadi
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Eco-Friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
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15
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McFarland ED, Elsohaby I, Baes CF, Stryhn H, Keefe G, McClure JT. Impacts of preweaning colostrum feeding practices and health measures on dairy cow production, while accounting for genetic potential. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae061. [PMID: 38459921 PMCID: PMC10998465 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Calf management and health are essential for setting up the foundation of a productive cow. The objectives of this study were to estimate the impact of preweaning practices on milk production parameters while accounting for an animal's genetic potential in New Brunswick, Canada. A retrospective cohort study was performed on 220 heifer calves from eight herds born in 2014-2015. Preweaning practices and health data were recorded by producers and reviewed by the herd veterinarian for each calf. The herd veterinarian also visited the farms to collect serum samples from calves and frozen colostrum samples. The production outcomes assessed were milk, protein and fat yields, standardized to 305 d for the first lactation (L1) and a combined group of lactations two and three (L2 + 3). The genomic potential was determined as genomic parent averages (GPA) for the associated production parameters. Analysis was performed with multivariable linear (L1) and linear mixed (L2 + 3) regression models. In L1, for every 1.0 kg increase in weaning weight, milk, protein, and fat yield increased by 25.5, 0.82, and 1.01 kg, respectively (P < 0.006). Colostrum feeding time (CFT) positively impacted L1 milk and protein production, with feeding between 1-2 h of life producing the greatest estimates of 626 kg of milk and 18.2 kg of protein yield (P < 0.007), compared to earlier or later CFT. Fat yield production was decreased by 80.5 kg (P < 0.006) in L1 when evaluating animals that developed a preweaning disease and were not treated with antibiotics compared to healthy untreated animals. Impacts on L2 + 3 were similar across all production outcomes, with a positive interaction effect of CFT and weaning weight. Compared to CFT < 1 h, the later CFT groups of 1-2 h and > 2 h produced greater yield outcomes of 68.2 to 72.6 kg for milk (P < 0.006), 2.06 to 2.15 kg for protein (P < 0.005), and 1.8 to 1.9 kg for fat (P < 0.045) for every 1 kg increase of weaning weight, respectively. The fit of all models was significantly improved with the inclusion of GPA. These results indicate that colostrum management and preweaning health measures impacted production parameters as adults. The inclusion of GPA significantly improved the accuracy of the models, indicating that this can be an important parameter to include in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizah D McFarland
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Christine F Baes
- Centre of Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Gregory Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - J T McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
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16
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Spina AA, Lopreiato V, Britti D, Minuti A, Trevisi E, Tilocca B, Perri A, Morittu VM. The Effect of Feeding a Total Mixed Ration with an ad libitum or Restricted Pelleted Starter on Growth Performance, Rumination Behavior, Blood Metabolites, and Rumen Fermentation in Weaning Holstein Dairy Calves. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:81. [PMID: 38200812 PMCID: PMC10778400 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of the starter restriction and of the ad libitum TMR (total mixed ration) inclusion on intake, growth performance, rumination time (RT), and health condition of Holstein dairy calves during weaning. We randomly assigned thirty female Holstein calves (with an average weight of 38.5 ± 1.96 kg at birth) to one of three treatments. From 21 days of age, the calves were fed one of three treatments as follows: a control diet (CTR) with an ad libitum calf starter but without TMR; Treatment 1 diet (TRT1) with both an ad libitum calf starter and ad libitum TMR; Treatment 2 diet (TRT2) with ad libitum TMR and a restricted amount of a calf starter (50% of the intake recorder in the control group day by day). Calves in the TRT2 group, between 56 and 63 days of age, had a lower body weight (80.1; 79.5; 75.6 kg for the CTR, TRT1, and TRT2 groups, respectively) compared with CTR and TRT1 calves. This outcome is ascribed to the average daily gain (0.759; 0.913; 0.508 kg/day for the CTR, TRT1, and TRT2 groups, respectively), resulting also in TRT2 being lower than CTR or TRT1 calves. The inclusion of ad libitum TMR increased the rumination time, especially after weaning (15.28 min/h, 18.38 min/h, and 18.95 min/h for the CTR, TRT1, and TRT2 groups, respectively). Concerning the rumen metabolism and inflammometabolic response, overall, no differences were observed between the three dietary treatments. In conclusion, the results indicated that a TMR could partially replace a calf starter in weaning dairy calves, since neither growth performance nor health status were impaired. In addition, providing TMR (with or without concentrate restriction) led to a better rumen development and likely a better rumen fermentation efficiency in post-weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Antonella Spina
- Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health (CISVetSUA), University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (D.B.); (B.T.); (V.M.M.)
- Department of Health Science, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Lopreiato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Domenico Britti
- Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health (CISVetSUA), University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (D.B.); (B.T.); (V.M.M.)
- Department of Health Science, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DiANA), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (A.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DiANA), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (A.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Bruno Tilocca
- Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health (CISVetSUA), University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (D.B.); (B.T.); (V.M.M.)
- Department of Health Science, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Alessia Perri
- Department of Health Science, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Valeria Maria Morittu
- Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health (CISVetSUA), University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (D.B.); (B.T.); (V.M.M.)
- Department of Health Science, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
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17
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Xu Y, Chen T, Zhang H, Nuermaimaiti Y, Zhang S, Wang F, Xiao J, Liu S, Shao W, Cao Z, Wang J, Chen Y. Application of Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Predicting Chemical Composition of Feces in Holstein Dairy Cows and Calves. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:52. [PMID: 38200783 PMCID: PMC10778093 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional methods for determining the chemical composition of cattle feces are uneconomical. In contrast, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has emerged as a successful technique for assessing chemical compositions. Therefore, in this study, the feasibility of NIRS in terms of predicting fecal chemical composition was explored. Cattle fecal samples were subjected to chemical analysis using conventional wet chemistry techniques and a NIRS spectrometer. The resulting fecal spectra were used to construct predictive equations to estimate the chemical composition of the feces in both cows and calves. The coefficients of determination for calibration (RSQ) were employed to evaluate the calibration of the predictive equations. Calibration results for cows (dry matter [DM], RSQ = 0.98; crude protein [CP], RSQ = 0.93; ether extract [EE], RSQ = 0.91; neutral detergent fiber [NDF], RSQ = 0.82; acid detergent fiber [ADF], RSQ = 0.89; ash, RSQ = 0.84) and calves (DM, RSQ = 0.92; CP, RSQ = 0.89; EE, RSQ = 0.77; NDF, RSQ = 0.76; ADF, RSQ = 0.92; ash, RSQ = 0.97) demonstrated that NIRS is a cost-effective and efficient alternative for assessing the chemical composition of dairy cattle feces. This provides a new method for rapidly predicting fecal chemical content in cows and calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Xu
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.X.); (S.Z.); (F.W.); (W.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.N.); (J.X.); (S.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.N.); (J.X.); (S.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.N.); (J.X.); (S.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Yiliyaer Nuermaimaiti
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.N.); (J.X.); (S.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.X.); (S.Z.); (F.W.); (W.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.N.); (J.X.); (S.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.X.); (S.Z.); (F.W.); (W.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.N.); (J.X.); (S.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.N.); (J.X.); (S.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.N.); (J.X.); (S.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Wei Shao
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.X.); (S.Z.); (F.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.N.); (J.X.); (S.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Jingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.N.); (J.X.); (S.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.X.); (S.Z.); (F.W.); (W.S.)
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18
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Guo C, Wang X, Dai D, Kong F, Wang S, Sun X, Li S, Xu X, Zhang L. Effects of alkaline mineral complex supplementation on production performance, serum variables, and liver transcriptome in calves. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1282055. [PMID: 38125683 PMCID: PMC10730931 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1282055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Calf diarrhea causes huge economic losses to livestock due to its high incidence and mortality rates. Alkaline mineral complex water is an alkaline solution containing silicon, sodium, potassium, zinc, and germanium, and has biological benefits and therapeutic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of alkaline mineral complex water supplementation on the health of calves and to investigate the effect of Alkaline mineral complex water supplementation on neonatal calf serum variables and the liver transcriptome. Sixty Holstein calves (age 1.88 ± 0.85 days, weight 36.63 ± 3.34 kg) were selected and randomly divided into two groups: the T group (treatment group with alkaline mineral complex water supplemented during the experiment) and C group (control group without alkaline mineral complex water supplementation). Alkaline mineral complex water supplementation significantly increased the body weight for calves aged 60 d and average daily gain during the experimental period (1-60 d). In addition, Alkaline mineral complex water supplementation could significantly decrease the diarrhea rate for calves aged 16-30 d, enhance the T-AOC, IgG, IGF-1, and IGFBP-2 in concentrations. The results of KEGG enrichment analysis in transcriptomics indicate that Alkaline mineral complex water supplementation inhibited the target IL-1B gene of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway of liver. Alkaline mineral complex water supplementation decreased calf diarrhea and improved partial immune function, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant capacity, and health of calves. Alkaline mineral complex is a candidate to replace medicated feed additives. Alkaline mineral complex waterAlkaline mineral complex waterAlkaline mineral complex waterAlkaline mineral complex waterAlkaline mineral complex waterAlkaline mineral complex waterAlkaline mineral complex water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Dongwen Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanlin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoge Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengli Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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19
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Muca E, Buonaiuto G, Lamanna M, Silvestrelli S, Ghiaccio F, Federiconi A, De Matos Vettori J, Colleluori R, Fusaro I, Raspa F, Valle E, Formigoni A, Cavallini D. Reaching a Wider Audience: Instagram's Role in Dairy Cow Nutrition Education and Engagement. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3503. [PMID: 38003121 PMCID: PMC10668764 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper presents an overview of the usage of Instagram as a social media platform for teaching and engagement in the field of dairy cow nutrition and management. Our Instagram content, which includes posts, stories, hashtags, reels, and live videos, aims to educate and engage our followers and covers a wide range of topics, including research updates, student activities, and information on dairy cow health and welfare. This approach to education allows us to reach a larger audience while also providing a forum for interaction and discussion on essential dairy cow nutrition concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edlira Muca
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (F.R.); (E.V.)
| | - Giovanni Buonaiuto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (F.G.); (A.F.); (R.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Martina Lamanna
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (F.G.); (A.F.); (R.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Simone Silvestrelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (F.G.); (A.F.); (R.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Francesca Ghiaccio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (F.G.); (A.F.); (R.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessia Federiconi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (F.G.); (A.F.); (R.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Julio De Matos Vettori
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (J.D.M.V.); (I.F.)
| | - Riccardo Colleluori
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (F.G.); (A.F.); (R.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Isa Fusaro
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (J.D.M.V.); (I.F.)
| | - Federica Raspa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (F.R.); (E.V.)
| | - Emanuela Valle
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (F.R.); (E.V.)
| | - Andrea Formigoni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (F.G.); (A.F.); (R.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Damiano Cavallini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (F.G.); (A.F.); (R.C.); (A.F.)
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20
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Ma J, Liu H, Liu M, Xu J, Lu J, Cao S, Li S, Ma S, Wang Z, Zhu X, Li D, Sun H, Shi Y, Cui Y. Effects of Diets Combining Peanut Vine and Whole-Plant Corn Silage on Growth Performance, Meat Quality and Rumen Microbiota of Simmental Crossbred Cattle. Foods 2023; 12:3786. [PMID: 37893679 PMCID: PMC10606686 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peanut vine is a typical peanut by-product and can be used as a quality roughage resource. Whole-plant corn silage is a commonly used roughage. However, few studies have investigated the effects of diets combining peanut vine and whole-plant corn silage on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, meat quality, rumen fermentation and microbiota of beef cattle. To investigate these effects, eighty Simmental crossbred cattle (body weight, 451.27 ± 10.38 kg) approximately 14 months old were randomly divided into four treatments for a 90-day feeding experiment. A one-way design method was used in this experiment. According to the roughage composition, the cattle were divided into a control treatment of 45% wheat straw and 55% whole-plant corn silage (WG), and three treatments of 25% peanut vine and 75% whole-plant corn silage (LPG), 45% peanut vine and 55% whole-plant corn silage (MPG), and 65% peanut vine and 35% whole-plant corn silage (HPG), and the concentrate was the same for all four treatment diets. The results showed that compared to the WG group, the MPG group experienced an increase in their average daily feed intake of 14%, an average daily gain of 32%, and an increase in SOD activity in the spleen of 33%; in the meat, dry matter content increased by 11%, crude protein by 9%, and ether extract content by 40%; in the rumen, the NH3-N content was reduced by 36%, the relative abundance of Firmicutes increased, and the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes decreased (p < 0.05). These results showed the composition of 45% peanut vine and 55% whole-plant corn silage in the roughage improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity, meat quality, rumen fermentation, and microbiota of beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Y.C.)
| | - Hua Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Y.C.)
| | - Mengqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Y.C.)
| | - Junying Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Y.C.)
| | - Jiading Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Y.C.)
| | - Shixi Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Y.C.)
| | - Shouren Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Y.C.)
| | - Sen Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Y.C.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhichang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Y.C.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Y.C.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Defeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Y.C.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Y.C.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Y.C.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yalei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Y.C.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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